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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research

Volume 6 Issue 2 October 2018 www.ijifr.com ISSN : 2347-1697

71

Girish M.G.1, Akshay Kamath

2

1, 2 Department of Civil Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India,

.

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials it is usually associated with

the Portland cement as the main component for making concrete. Consumption of cement in

recent years is escalating due to large scale infrastructural developments. The continuous

degradation of natural resources for the production of cement has necessitated identifying an

alternative binder for making concrete. The production of cement involves high energy

consumption and possesses an environmental threat, since it is estimated that one ton of

carbon dioxide is released during the production. Moreover, it consumes a significant amount

of natural resources for the large-scale production to meet the global infrastructure

INVESTIGATION ON LOW SLUMP

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE Paper ID IJIFR/V6/ E2/ 013 Page No. 71-76 Subject Area Civil Engineering

Abstract

Geopolymer is an alkali aluminosilicate binder formed by the alkali silicate activation of aluminosilicate materials. This fabric has been examined extensively over the past several decades’ promises as a greener option to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. It has been found that geopolymer has good engineering properties as well with a reduced carbon footprint resulting from the zero-cement content.This experimental study was undertaken to study the strength characteristics and durability of Geopolymer concrete. Thus Geopolymer based Concrete is highly environment friendly and the same time it can be made as high-performance concrete. In the present study, 100% replacement of conventional ordinary Portland cement is made by using ASTM class F fly ash, Ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS) and alkaline liquids to prepare Geopolymer concrete mixes. In the present study we evaluated strength characteristics of Geo polymer concrete by varying the molar concentration (8M, 10M and 12M) and varying percentage of binding material. The work has been done to structural specimen like cylinders, cubes and beams at ambient curing and evaluated compressive, flexural and split tensile strength for different binding material proportions and solution concentration. The durability tests such as sulphate attack and chloride attack tests have also been carried out.

Key Words : Geopolymer Concrete, Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast

Furnace Slag (GGBS), Alkaline Activator, Compressive Strength,

Flexural Strength, Split Tensile Strength

72 Girish M.G., Kamath A. :: Investigation on low slump geopolymer concrete

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Continuous 62nd Edition, Volume - 6, Issue -2, October 2018

developments. As the demand for concrete as construction material increases, the demand for

Portland cement is also increasing. Presently in India the power sector depends on coal based

thermal power stations which produces a huge amount of fly ash that is estimated to be

around 110 million tons annually. The utilization of fly ash is about 30% in the construction

of landfills, embankments, pavement base, and sub base course; and in producing blended

cement.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] Davidovits (1978) developed a binder called geopolymer to describe an alternative

cementitious material which has ceramic like properties. He proposed that binders could

also be produced by polymeric reaction of alkaline liquids with silicon and aluminum in

source materials or by product materials such as fly ash and GGBS.

[2] Van jaarsveld et.al (1977-1999) identified the potential use of waste materials such as fly

ash, contaminated soil, mine tailing and building waste to immobilize toxic metals.

[3] Palamo et al (1999) studied on fly ash based geopolymer. They used combination of

sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate as

alkaline liquids. It was found that the type of alkaline liquid is significant factor in

affecting the strength properties and combination of sodium silicate and sodium

hydroxide gave the highest compressive strength.

[4] C. K. Madheswaran et al (2013) studied the effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete

cured at ambient temperature. In this study the authors have used alkaline liquids such as

sodium hydroxide (varying from 3M to 7M) and sodium silicate. The results of

compressive strength on geopolymer concrete indicated that the compressive strength

increased as the concentration of NaOH increased. Further, the authors also investigated

the effect of various combinations of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag on

GPC. All the combinations produce a GPC of structural grades (compressive strength

>40MPa) under self-curing mechanisms. The study concluded that the increase in GGBS

content in GPC has a detrimental effect on increasing the compressive strength of GPC.

3. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY

To investigate the properties of Geo-polymer concrete by replacement of GGBs and

fly ash in percentage.

4. MATERIALS

4.1. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

GGBS was obtained from RJC RMC concrete plant from manipal, Karnataka. Specific

gravity of GGBS was found to be 2.96

4.2 Fly Ash

Fly ashes available in India are generally classified in to two types as per specifications

of IS: 3812-2000.


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Low-lime fly ash (Class F, CaO < 10%) – Exhibit Pozzolanic properties produces

cementitious properties with the help of an activator (cement or lime).

High-lime fly ash (Class C, CaO > 10%) - Exhibit Cementitious properties itself.

Fly ash used was obtained from UPCL padubidri located in Karnataka, India. According

to IS: 3812-2000 it is classified as class-F fly ash. Specific gravity is measured as 2.15

according to IS: 1727-1967.

4.3 Table Sugar Solution

Table sugar solution was used as retarder. The intention in adding refined white sugar to the

concrete mix was to prevent the cement from fully combining with the water and thus retard

the hardening process. Potable water conforming to IS: 456-2000 is used in all mixes. And it

is free from salts and other organic impurities. The water content in GPC is the combined

water present in the alkali solution.

4.4 Alkaline Solution

The commonly used alkaline activators in Geopolymer concrete are sodium hydroxide and

sodium silicate solutions. Sodium silicate solution (A53) is obtained from a local factory and

it’s composed of Na2O- 13.54%, SiO2- 32.46% and H2O- 54.0%. The solutions are strongly

alkaline. Sodium hydroxide used is of analytical grade and is of 97% purity.

Table 4.1: Mix design of geopolymer concrete

MIX M1 M2 M3 M4 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O2 O3 O4

Fly ash

(kg/m3)

- 102 204 306 - 102 204 306 - 102 204 306

Fly ash

(%)

0 25 50 75 0 25 50 75 0 25 50 75

GGBS

(kg/m3)

408 306 204 102 408 306 204 102 408 306 204 306

GGBS

(%)

100 75 50 25 100 75 50 25 100 75 50 25

Fine agg

(kg/m3)

554 554 554 554 554 554 554 554 554 554 554 554

Coarse agg

(kg/m3)

1293 1293 1293 1293 1293 1293 1293 1293 1293 1293 1293 1293

NaOH soln.

(L/m3)

41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41

Na2SiO3 soln.

(L/m3)

103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103

Water/gps

0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.176 0176 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.176

Na2SiO3/NaOH 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Water

(%)

7 6 6 5 9 8 7 6 11 10 8 7

Molarity (M)

8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12

Sugar

(%)

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5


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5. STRENGTH RESULTS

5.1 Compressive Strength

GPC cube specimens of size 100x100x100 mm of different mixes, when tested under

compression as per IS: 516-1959, generally failed in the pattern similar to that of OPC

concrete cubes.

Table 5.1 Average compressive strength results

Average Compressive Strength (Mpa)

MIX 7 Days (Mpa) 28 Days(Mpa) 56 Days (Mpa)

M1 37.90 97.2 99.39

M2 36.5 88.3 90.83

M3 34.04 68.1 72.37

M4 25.99 59.6 63.40

N1 40.54 111.3 114.55

N2 38.57 101.86 104.75

N3 35.90 88.3 90.73

N4 26.56 74.2 76.59

O1 43 123.58 128.22

O2 40.93 113.79 116.40

O3 38.70 101.82 103.40

O4 21.27 91.7 96.54

Average compressive strength for mixes from M1-M4, N1-N4 and O1-O4 showed

incremental decrease in their compressive strength. It has been found that as the molarity

increases the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete also increased.

5.2 Flexural Strength

To measure flexural strength, beams of size 100x100x500 mm were used as per IS: 516-

1959. Two point loading system was adopted to find the flexural strength.

Table 5.2: Average flexural strength results

Average Flexural Strength (MPa)

MIX 7 Days (MPa) 28 Days (MPa)

M1 7.2 10.13

M2 6.5 8.76

M3 5.6 7.93

M4 5 7.20

N1 8.26 11.40

N2 7.67 10.40

N3 7.06 9.53

N4 6 8.73

O1 8.8 12.33

O2 8.13 11.67

O3 7.5 10.87

O4 6.67 10.07


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It has been observed that there was a significant decrease in flexural strength with the

decrease in the percentage of GGBS from 100% to 25% at ambient curing as shown in table

4.2. It can be concluded that the decrease in the GGBS content reduces the silica content of

the geopolymer concrete and thus lessens the flexural strength of GPC. The flexural strength

of the geopolymer concrete increases with increase in the molarity of NaOH.

5.2 Split Tensile Strength To measure split tensile strength, on cylinders of size 150mmx300mm conforming to IS:

5816-1999 was used.

Table 5.3: Average split tensile strength results

Average Split Tensile Strength (MPa)

MIX 7 Days (MPa) 28 Days (Mpa)

M1 2.98 5.28

M2 2.64 4.6

M3 2.48 4.07

M4 2.18 3.58

N1 3.86 6.01

N2 3.12 5.36

N3 2.72 4.91

N4 2.34 4.37

O1 4.6 6.62

O2 4 6.11

O3 3.68 5.66

O4 3.19 5.12

6. CONCLUSION

The study aimed at developing a low slump geopolymer concrete. In this study, the GGBS %

was changed from 100% to 25 % and molarity used was 8M, 10M & 12M. The behavior of

GPC in fresh and hardened state was investigated. The durability test for sulphate attack and

chloride attack were also conducted.

The following conclusion were arrived from this study

It can be concluded from the experiment that decrease in the GGBS replacement level

from 100% to 25 % decreases the compressive strength ,flexural strength and split tensile

strength irrespective of the molarity of NaOH solution.

On the other hand increase in the molarity of the NaOH solution increases the

compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength.

The geopolymer concrete gained its strength within 24 hours at ambient curing without

the need of water curing.

The necessity of heat curing of geopolymer concrete was eliminated by incorporating

GGBS and fly ash.

It has been observed increase in GGBS replacement content reduces the setting time and

increases the workability and more water is required for binding.


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Compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength for the mix M1, N1 & O1

i.e. (100% GGBS & 0% fly ash) showed maximum values, and for mix M4, N4 & O4 i.e.

(75% fly ash & 25% GGBS) showed minimum values.

Though 75% fly ash and 25% GGBS exhibited decrease in the strength for 8M, 10M &

12M it still maintains its strength. The cost is also low compared to 50% fly ash and 50%

GGBS.

7. REFERENCES

[1] Rangan, B.V., (2014), “Geopolymer concrete for environmental protection”, The Indian

Concrete Journal, Vol. 88, Issue 4, pp 41-48, 50-59

[2] Joseph Davidovits, (2013), “Geopolymer cement”, a review, Institute Geopolymere, Saint-Quentin, France

[3] Muhammad Fadhil Nuruddin, Sobia Anwar Qazi, Andri Kusbiantoro and Nasir Shafiq, (2010),

“Utilization of waste material in geopolymeric concrete”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil

Engineers, pp 1-13

[4] Madheswaran, C.K., Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan N, (2013), “Effect of molarity in geopolymer concrete”, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 2,

[5] Wallah, S.E. and Rangan, B.V., (2006), “Low-calcium fly-ash based geopolymer concrete: long-

term properties”, Research Report GC 2, Faculty of Engineering Curtin University of Technology Perth, Australia

[6] Hardjito, D. and Rangan, B.V., (2005), “Development and properties of low calcium fly-ash

based geo-polymer concrete”, Research Report GC 1, Faculty of Engineering Curtin University of Technology Perth, Australia

Authorised Signature With Seal

This is certified that the paper entitled

Investigation on low slump Geopolymer concrete Authored by

Girish M.G. Department of Civil Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India has been accepted & published online in IJIFR continuous 62nd edition

Volume 6-Issue 2, October 2018 under Paper ID: IJIFR /V6/E2/13. The mentioned paper is accepted after rigorous evaluation through double blind peer reviewed process.


www.ijifr.com

ISSN: 2347-1697

IJIFR Impact Factor (2016) = 6.051 Volume 6, Issue 2, October 2018

Dated : 29/10/2018

Authorised Signature With Seal

This is certified that the paper entitled

Investigation on low slump Geopolymer concrete Authored by

Akshay Kamath Department of Civil Engineering,

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India has been accepted & published online in IJIFR continuous 62nd edition

Volume 6-Issue 2, October 2018 under Paper ID: IJIFR /V6/E2/13. The mentioned paper is accepted after rigorous evaluation through double blind peer reviewed process.


www.ijifr.com

ISSN: 2347-1697

IJIFR Impact Factor (2016) = 6.051 Volume 6, Issue 2, October 2018

Dated : 29/10/2018

international journal of informative & futuristic research · 2018-11-01 · 72 girish m.g.,...

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