international journal of fracture and damage mechanics vol 2 issue 1

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

Subm

it

Your

Article 2

016

International Journal of

Fracture and Damage

Mechanics

Jan – June 2016IJFDM

www.journalspub.com

International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work

by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our

Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub

üJournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering.

üJournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study.

ü Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia.

üJournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness.

üJournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the

research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary

technologies.

üJournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical

and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features

üAn umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena.

üThe first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure.

üUniversal transmission and reflectivity.

üA Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process

üSpeedy Publication of Manuscripts

üEminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations.

üFree Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts.

üThe journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.

International Journal of Fracture

and Damage Mechanics

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,

CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and

opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order

Cost of Journal

National Subscription

?Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription

?Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

?Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at [email protected]

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without

notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd.,

payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy;

Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as

follows:

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B.) For Subscribers:

Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct

information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

The access will be blocked:

If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights

as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media

for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These

journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.

The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very

welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue

as per the frequency.

Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be

entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per

the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID.

Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:

[email protected]; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.


Fracture and Damage Mechanics

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics provide a comprehensive platform for

dissemination of recent technological advances that can have an impact on the industrial and institutional

research. The aim of the journal is to provide the scientific community an active mode of communication and

discussion through which they can present their theories and share the concepts of elastic-plastic fracture

mechanics and crack-damage repair mechanics. Journals publish both theoretical and experimental

research and promote practical application of applied mechanics.

Focus and Scope of the Journal! Elastic instability! Gross plastic deformation! Tensile instability! Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction! Low and high cycle fatigue damage! Brittle/elastic damage! Ductile/plastic damage! Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage! Impact damage! Modeling and numerical simulation! Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics! Crack incubation and propagation ! Crack and fracture repair techniques! Damage tolerance and fracture control

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics is published twice a year (bi-annual) by

JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not

essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the

advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing

a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written

permission to the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English

reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub

([email protected]).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager

ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Akanksha Marwah

Deepika Bhadauria

Commissioning Editors

Priyanka Garg

Chhavi Goel

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Prof. Pankaj ThakurIEC University, Solan, India

Dr. Krishan Lok SinghStructural Technologies Division (STTD), National Aerospace Laboratories, H A L

Airport Road, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Dr. Manoj KhandelwalDepartment of Mining Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap

University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India

Dr. T. R. VijayaramSchool of Mechanical and Building Sciences,

SMBS, VIT University, Chennai, India

Dr. N. BoseDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco

Schlenk Engineering College, Virudhunagar, India

Dr. Abdul A. KhanClemson University, Clemson, SC,

United States

Dr. Gang Chen School of Chemical Engineering and

Technology,Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Prof. D.S. Robinson SmartDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Karunya University,Coimbatore, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics. This journal is part of

the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Fracture and Damage

Mechanics from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of

emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Fracture and Damage

Mechanics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science

community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics in Journals Pub is to

propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and

professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Fracture and Damage

Mechanics in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their

papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics focuses on original high-quality research in the

realm of Elastic instability, Gross plastic deformation, Tensile instability, Creep damage and creep-fatigue

interaction, Low and high cycle fatigue damage, Brittle/elastic damage etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Fracture and

Damage Mechanics and solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Fracture and

Damage Mechanics community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the

idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others,

reporting new developments in the field of Fracture and Damage Mechanics

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Fracture and Damage Mechanics.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Noncontact Surface Roughness Measurement of Machined Surfaces Using Grinding Process by the Application of Digital Image Magnification N. Bose, D. Palani Kumar 1

2. Optimization of Drilling Process Parameters for Thrust Force: A Review Y.S. Chouhan, M.A. Saloda, S. Jindal, C. Agarwal 12

3. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for CNC Machines Used In GG Valves IndustryR.K. Salvi, C. Agarwal, B.P. Nandawana, M.A. Saloda 22

4. A Comparitive Study on Ceramic Powder Over Static and Dynamic CompactionR. Karthikeyan, M.V. Shanmugam, P. Divyakumar, R. Nirmal Raja 34

5. Durability Aspects of Copper Slag Admixed ConcreteG. Akhil, J. Karthikeyan 40

Contents

IJFDM (2016) 1–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Noncontact Surface Roughness Measurement of Machined

Surfaces Using Grinding Process by the Application of Digital

Image Magnification

N. Bose1, D. Palani Kumar

2

1Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India

2Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India

Abstract

In today’s competitive world, manufacturing requires fast and accurate systems that provide

the feedback to control the machining process and improve product quality and productivity.

One of the parameters to be controlled in machining is surface finish, which is a vital

criterion in the performance and utility of industrial products. The computer vision based

system is used to analyze the pattern of scattered light from the surface to assess the surface

roughness of the component. In recent years the advent of high speed digital computers and

vision systems has made image analysis easier and flexible. Unlike the stylus instruments, the

computer vision systems have the advantages of being non-contact and are capable of

measuring an area of the surface rather than a single line which makes it a 3D evaluation. In

this research work, a machine vision system has been utilized to capture the images of

ground surfaces and then the quantification of digital pictures of ground surfaces is done.

Subsequently, original images of ground surfaces have been magnified using cubic

convolution, Nearest Neighbor and Bilinear interpolation techniques. Then the optical

surface roughness parameter Ga has been estimated for all the captured surface images and

for the magnified quality improved images. Finally, a comparison has been done to find

correlation between the magnification factor and optical surface roughness parameter Ga for

the three interpolation algorithms.

Keywords: Bilinear interpolation, cubic convolution, magnification factor, surface

roughness.

INTRODUCTION

Surface roughness is usually a detrimental

by-product of all machining processes.

Surface roughness also affects several

functional attributes of parts, such as

friction, wear and tear, light reflection,

heat transmission, ability of distributing

and holding a lubricant. In manufacturing,

the surface finish is adopted as finger print

of the machining process.[1,2]

Surface

finish measurement is also useful in

providing an index of process stability.

The proper functioning of a machined part

is in many instances largely dependent on

the quality of its surface. Surface

roughness is one of the key factors for

overall work piece quality evaluation. The

study of surface texture is commonly

referred to as Surface Metrology. It

involves the measurement and

characterization of surfaces and their

relationship to the manufacturing process

that generated the part and functional

performance measures of the component.

Surface analysis relies on the assumption

that the surface geometry irregularities can



www.journalspub.com

Optimization of Drilling Process Parameters for Thrust Force: A

Review

Y.S. Chouhan*, M.A. Saloda, S. Jindal, C. Agarwal College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur,

Rajasthan, India

Abstract

The big challenge of the industries is concentrated for achieving less wear and thrust force

on the drilling tool and more tool life. In this paper an effort is made to review the literature

work on investigating the effect of drilling and tool parameters on thrust force in drilling

process on lathe machine with different-2 work piece materials, for optimization of thrust

force. Most of experiments have been carried out by considering various independent

parameters namely spindle speed, drill bit diameter and feed rate. Finally most significant

variable is found out among different input parameter for affecting thrust force by using

various mathematical and statistical techniques.

Keywords: drilling, feed rate, thrust force, spindle speed

INTRODUCTION

Now a day’s main drawback of industries

is machine tools, because machine tools

are not operating at their optimum

operating conditions and due to this there

is loss of man power, material and time.

Often, the drilling parameters such as

spindle speed, feed and depth of cut are

selected based on the worker’s

experiences. However, the performance of

machine and drill bit are not sure to be

acceptable. It has been recognized that

parameters during metal drilling such as

feed and drilling speed should be chosen

well to optimize the cost of drilling

operations. At present manufacturing

enterprises have to deal with increasing

demands for improved product quality,

tool life, less wear and less drilling force.

In today, applications of optimization

techniques in metal drilling process is

necessary for a manufacturing unit to work

effectively for severe competitiveness and

growing demand of quality product in the

market.

Drilling is a standard process for

producing holes and most common

material removal process in manufacturing

industries. Drilling is performed by a tool

(named “drill bit”) which is rotated by the

spindle of a machine. The work-piece and

the revolving drill (although in some cases

the work-piece can be revolving and

attached to the spindle) are positioned by

movements of the machine table and/or the

spindle assembly. When drilling start, a

linear movement occurs between the

rotating drill and work-piece. Most of the

time drilling operations are performed on

specialized drilling machines of different

configurations (upright, radial or

specialized), but drilling can also be

performed on lathes, boring mills and

milling machines. With all the view points

above, this paper present review on effect

of drilling parameters like feed, spindle



www.journalspub.com

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for CNC Machines Used In GG

Valves Industry

R.K. Salvi*, C. Agarwal, B.P. Nandawana, M.A. Saloda

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University

of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract

The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is widely used technique due to enhance

reliability and safety of complex system to identify and eliminate known or potential failure

modes. In the present work, the FMEA were performed with two approaches. (1)

Conventional FMEA approach and (2) Grey Relational Analysis approach. The rankings of

the failure modes are both determined by conventional FMEA and the Grey Relational

Analysis. The CNC machine failure is provided, the failure data have been collected and

analysed, and the results show that the evaluation of failure modes by both conventional

FMEA and Grey Relational Analysis. These theories are proposed in this paper helps to

enhance the reliability of the prediction, and the predicted ranking of CNC machines failure

can be used for better decision-making concerning inspection and maintenance.

Keywords: grey relational analysis, CNC machine failures, FMEA, RPN

INTRODUCTION

A CNC machine is a complex mechanical

system with high level automation and

complicated structure which employs

mechanics, electronics and hydraulics

mechanism. Now-a-days almost all the

industries are depended on CNC machines

for their manufacturing processes. A single

CNC machine is fails, when results in

halting in the production process and

requires time for repairing of the machine.

The breakdown in CNC machine in any

manufacturing plant may hamper normal

production rate, which results in loss of the

resources and manufacturing cost.

Therefore, it is unavoidable to ensure the

reliability of the machine operation during

the process. A lot of work has been carried

out to reduce the failure rate in the

machine but it requires timely maintenance

of the machine. The breakdowns in the

CNC machines are not beneficial for

manufacturing industries.

The present work is based on the CNC

machine failures of CNC machines in GG

(Gerhard Gabriel) Valves industry and its

analysis to reduce the failure rate. To

reduce the failure rate of CNC machines

different approaches have been carried out

by many researchers. The efforts to

optimize the failure of CNC machines

increase the efficiency of production. This

work would help to concern the industries

which rely majorly on CNC machines for

their manufacturing process.

The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis

(FMEA) approach helps in identification

of occasions of malfunction of

equipments. FMEA shows the causes and

effects of potential failure modes. It also

helps to identify the occurrence of failures

in CNC machines. This technique was



www.journalspub.com

A Comparitive Study on Ceramic Powder Over Static and

Dynamic Compaction

M.V. Shanmugam 1*, R. Karthikeyan

2, P. Divyakumar

3, R. Nirmal Raja

1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, K S R Institute for Engineering and Technology, Tiruchengode, India

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, India

Abstract

The unique microstructure of dense ceramic powders are studied with the help of both static

and dynamic process. Initial density, particle size distribution, particle morphology, and

loading path are the various effects that are investigated in the static experiments. At very

low velocity steady structured compaction waves are traveling in dynamic experiment. When

compared with static response the ceramic powder are found to be significantly stiffer at

dynamic response. As deformation is confined to the relatively narrow compaction wave

front, density and mechanical properties such as Vickers micro hardness and bending

strength of the powder samples were investigated. The increase in impact force tends to

decrease springback of the compaction.

INTRODUCTION

At present there are several developments

are undergoing in industries by changing

the materials in order to improve in both

mechanical and physical properties. In

such cases, ceramics are been replaced for

various different materials and even

several matrix composites are used.

Combination of compaction and sintering

are taking place for ceramic parts.

Basically cracks are originated during the

compaction process in powder metallurgy

(P/M). But the cracks will not be visible

until the sintering process is done. Since

only after the sintering process there will

takes place some changes in boundary

conditions and micro structure. The root

cause is most likely the poor inter-particle

bonding obtained prior to the sintering.

The compaction of ceramic powders using

both static and dynamic processes has been

extensively studied from the standpoint of

the manufacture of nearly fully dense

ceramics with unique microstructures from

precursor ceramic powders. In these

investigations, the change in properties can

be determined by the pressure applied

during the compaction and also depends on

the temperature during the sintering

process. Besides manufacturing issues, the

behaviour of ceramic powders under

dynamic loading is important for

understanding the behaviour of geological

materials for seismic coupling, penetration,

and planetary science applications, as well

as the performance of ceramic armour.

Ceramic Powder

Basically in powder metallurgy, the

powders have to be fine grained. Similarly

the ceramic powder characteristic and

process which includes compaction and

sintering are to be decided before the start

of operation. If not there may produce a

strong impact over mechanical behaviour

of the parts that may produce some defects

(i.e.) pores, micro cracks, density gradient

and agglomerates) In particular, the



www.journalspub.com

Durability Aspects of Copper Slag Admixed Concrete

G. Akhil*, J. Karthikeyan Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract This research work reports the results of a study undertaken in enhancing properties of

concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag. In this context an

experimental investigation to study the durability effects of replacement fine aggregate (by

weight) with zero, optimum (40%) and full (100%) percentages of copper slag were taken up.

Durability properties like permeability, elevated temperature effect, sorptivity, water

absorption were conducted along with these test Young’s Modulus and size effect ratio is also

conducted. A control mixture of proportions 1:2.10:3.18 with w/c of 0.45 was designed for

the M30 concrete. Fine aggregate (Sand) was replaced with 40% and 100% of copper slag as

optimum and full replacement. Test results showed that the replacement of fine aggregate

with copper slag reduced permeability, sorptivity and water absorption up to 100%. In

addition to this Young’s Modulus and elevated temperature test gives good result at 40%

replacement. These findings suggest that copper slag in the range 40% could potentially

replace sand in concrete without compromising the strength and durability aspects.

Keywords: copper slag, permeability, sorptivity, water absorption, elevated temperature

effect, Young’s modulus

INTRODUCTION Sustainable development is mandatory to

protect the environment. Aggregate,

besides cement and water, forms one of

the main constituent materials of concrete

since it occupies nearly 55%–80% of

concrete volume, Aggregates which are

used in concrete are obtained either from

natural sources or by crushing large size

rocks. The rapid increase in the natural

aggregates consumption every year due to

the increase in the construction industry

worldwide means that the aggregate

reserves are being depleted, the concrete

industry globally will consume 8–12

billion tons annually of natural aggregates.

This large consumption of natural

aggregates will cause destruction of the

environment. Therefore there is an urgent

need to find and supply alternative

substitutes for natural aggregates by

exploring the possibility of utilization of

industrial by-products and waste materials

like copper slag in making concrete. This

will lead to sustainable concrete design

and greener environment. [1–3]

MATERIALS USED 1) Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade

53 conforming to IS 12269:1987 was used.

The specific gravity of the cement is found

to be 3.11

2) Fine Aggregate

Good quality river sand was used as fine

aggregate conforming to grading zone I of

IS 383:1970 was used. Its specific gravity

is 2.68

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

Subm

it

Your

Article 2

016


Fracture and Damage

Mechanics

Jan – June 2016IJFDM

www.journalspub.com

international journal of fracture and damage mechanics vol 2 issue 1

Education