international journal of concrete technology vol 2 issue_1
TRANSCRIPT
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: [email protected]
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
5 more...4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications3 more...
Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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International Journal ofConcrete TechnologyJan – June 2016
IJCT
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Focus and Scope of the Journal! Advanced concrete technology
! Self-drying concrete technology
! Concrete leveling
! Concrete mixer
! Concrete masonry unit
! Concrete moisture meter
! Concrete plant
! Concrete recycling
! Reinforced concrete
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INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Prof. A. F. M. Saiful AminDepartment of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh
Univeristy of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Dr. Hasan DilbasYildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul Turkey
Dr. J. Karthikeyan Department Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Mujahid Faiyaz Hussain Shram Sadhna Trust's College of Engineering
and Technology, Bambhori,Jalgaon, India
Dr. P. Ratish Kumar Department of Civil Engineering, National
Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
Dr. Samer Al- Martini Department of Civil Engineering, College of
Engineering and Computer Science, Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates
Dr. Anil Kumar SachanDepartment of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru
National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
Dr. Saleem MuhammadDepartment of Basic Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Dammam, Saudi
Arabia
Rakesh Mehar,Transportation Engineering Department,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, MP, India
Shalem Ernest Department of Civil Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Raipur, India
Prof. Saad Issa Sarsam University of Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. Cengiz Duran AtisERCIYES University, Turkey
Zhenjun HeNorth China University of Technology,
China
Mohamed HeikalAl-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic
University, Saudi Arabia
M. N. IslamNational University of Malaysia (UKM),
Malaysia
C. M. TamDepartment of Building and Construction, City
University of Hong Kong, China
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, M.P., India
Dr. G. Nandini Devi, Professor, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar, Assistant Professor (Senior Scale) Department of
Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Osmania University, Hyderabad,
India
Sandeep Choudhary Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana
Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, MP, India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Pradeep Kumar AgarwalMaulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal (MP), India
Dr. G. Nandini Devi Professor, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur, Tamil Nadu 635109
Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar Assistant Professor (Senior Scale) Department of
Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Osmania University, Hyderabad,
India
Rajan Wankhade Assistant Professor Applied Mechanics
Department Government College of Engineering, Karad Maharashtra, India,
India
Rakesh MeharTransportation Engineering Department,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), INDIA, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Concrete Technology. This journal is part of the
Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Concrete Technology, from
theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Concrete Technology as an
emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing
researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Concrete Technology in Journals Pub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Concrete Technology in general. Journals Pub acts
as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time &
successfully.
International Journal of Concrete Technology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
advanced concrete technology, self-drying concrete technology, cement accelerator, concrete canoe,
concrete leveling, concrete plant, and concrete recycling.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Concrete
Technology and solutions in the area.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Concrete Technology
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developments in the field of Concrete Technology.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Concrete Technology readers
and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Concrete Technology.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Decision Trees Saha Dauji 1
2. Re-characterization of Strength Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Using Non-bituminous Modifier – Candle Wax Enwuso A. Igwe, Jonah C. Agwunwamba 12
3. A Review on Use of Recycled AggregatesTej Prakash Kumawat, Avanish Kumar Mishra 19
4. Tensile Strain Reduction in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures through Rubberization at the Asphalt Bound – Subgrade Layer InterfaceEnwuso A. Igwe 26
Contents
IJCT (2016) 1–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Concrete Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Decision
Trees
Saha Dauji*
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
Abstract In the past few researchers predicted the compressive strength of concrete from its
ingredients employing data driven technique like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and
Decision Tree (DT). For Indian concrete records, only one study was available which had
employed ANN for prediction. Evaluation of different performance metrics indicated that
there was scope of improvement in the prediction performance. In this paper experimental
data from the literature was utilized for development of prediction models with the data-
driven technique: Decision Tree (DT). While it is difficult to appreciate the underlying
rationale for the predictions by ANN, predictions by DT are rule based which can be easily
listed and comprehended by users. Decision tree gave better overall performance compared
to ANN models reported in the literature as was ascertained by higher correlation, lesser
root mean square error and mean absolute error. In the end, interpretation of the decision
rules had been attempted.
Keywords: compressive strength, concrete, decision tree, prediction
BACKGROUND
Concrete is a mixture of aggregates both
coarse and fine which is held together in
cement and water paste. Other ingredients
can include silica flume, fly ash, super-
plasticizers or additives for enhanced
properties in case of high performance
concrete (HPC). Owing to the progressive
hydration of the cement and other binders
the strength of concrete increases with age.
The compressive strength of concrete at
any particular time is influenced by many
factors including mix proportions, curing
conditions and methods of mixing,
transporting, placing and testing the
concrete. The prediction of concrete
strength assumes importance in the
modernized concrete construction and
engineering. It is useful for estimating the
time for concrete form removal, re-shoring
for slab, project scheduling and quality
control.[1]
For prediction of the strength of concrete
at various ages, the traditional approaches
are based on maturity concept where the
time and the temperature above datum
temperature are primarily considered. Such
models are available in form of equations
with certain number of parameters, and
these would have been developed on
limited data. Thus, any variation in the
ingredients could result in erroneous
predictions and would call for either new
value of parameters or even new form of
equation.
Data driven tools like Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) and Decision Tree (DT)
does not need a-priori definition of the
relationship between the different
IJCT (2016) 12–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Concrete Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Re-characterization of Strength Properties of Asphalt Concrete
Mixtures Using Non-bituminous Modifier – Candle Wax
Enwuso A. Igwe1, Jonah C. Agwunwamba
2
1Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology,
Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria 2Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Abstract
Improving the performance of asphalt concrete mixtures synonymous with flexible pavement
has been a major concern in highway engineering. However, design of flexible pavement
begins with proper material characterization to ensure that designs are appropriate. It is also
pertinent to say that sometimes if not most times the properties of the individual materials
that make up the pavement structure falls short of desired expectations. This has led to
exploring techniques that will help improve the properties of the pavement structure. The
present research therefore focused on re-characterizing the strength properties and in
particular stability and density of asphalt concrete mixtures that simulate flexible pavements
by the inclusion of candle wax as a modifying agent. The research was carried out for three
categories of traffic – light, medium and heavy respectively and modifications were made by
adding 5–25% of the candle wax at optimum content. The results obtained revealed the
following; percent increase in stability – 36% for light traffic, 44.4% for medium traffic and
17.3% for heavy traffic at a threshold candle wax content of 15%. Similarly, results for
density increase were – 14.6% for light traffic, 15.5% for medium traffic and 15.7% for
heavy traffic at a threshold candle wax content of 15%.
Keywords: asphalt concrete and candle wax, density, re-characterization, stability.
INTRODUCTION In highway engineering and in particular
pavement design, the term characterization
of pavement materials refers to the
evaluation of the properties of the
individual materials that make up the
pavement.
Also it includes the evaluating the
properties of the pavement as a
conglomerate such that its performance
during use is sufficient to sustain the
various loading conditions (traffic,
thermal, moisture, wind etc) during the
design period without deterioration,
deformation or failure.
The importance of characterization of
pavement materials is that it helps the
engineer to know whether or not a material
will be suitable to achieve desired results
in terms of performance during the design
period. The philosophy behind re-
characterization of pavement materials
stems from the fact that most times the
individual materials that make up a
pavement structure falls short of required
standards and stipulations. In effect when
designs are carried out such as mix design
and structural designs the pavement
performance is likely to fall short of
desired expectations. This has led to
deliberate efforts to either improve the
IJCT (2016) 19–25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Concrete Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Use of Recycled Aggregates
Tej Prakash Kumawat*, Avanish Kumar Mishra Department of Civil Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
Abstract
Conservation of natural resources and preservation of environment is the essence of any
modern development. Recycled Aggregates are made from material which is usually
recovered from demolition projects then crushed, screened and washed to produce the
required grading. The recycled coarse aggregates obtained by crushed concrete were used
for concrete production. Generally recycled aggregates are cheaper than quarried
aggregates although this does not make them any less suitable. Recycled aggregates are the
materials for the future. These are eco-friendly materials and it also reduces the cost of
making concrete.
Keywords: concrete, natural resources, recycled aggregates
INTRODUCTION
Conservation of natural resources and
preservation of environment is the essence
of any modern development. Recycled
Aggregates are made from material which
is usually recovered from demolition
projects then crushed, screened and
washed to produce the required grading.
The recycled coarse aggregates obtained
by crushed concrete were used for
concrete production. Generally recycled
aggregates are cheaper than quarried
aggregates although this does not make
them any less suitable. Recycled
aggregates are the materials for the future.
Urbanization growth rate in India is very
high due to industrialization. Growth rate
of India is reaching 9% of GDP. Rapid
infrastructure development requires a large
quantity of construction materials, land
requirements & the site. For large
construction, concrete is preferred as it has
longer life, low maintenance cost & better
performance. For achieving GDP rate,
smaller structures are demolished & new
towers are constructed. Protection of
environment is a basic factor which is
directly connected with the survival of the
human race. Parameters like
environmental consciousness, protection
of natural resources, sustainable
development, play an important role in
modern requirements of construction
works. Due to modernization, demolished
materials are dumped on land & not used
for any purpose. Such situations affect the
fertility of land. As per report of Hindu
online of March 2007, India generates
23.75 million tons demolition waste
annually. As per report of Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi, in
India, 48million tons solid waste is
produced out of which 14.5 million ton
waste is produced from the construction
waste sector, out of which only 3% waste
is used for embankment. Out of the total
construction demolition waste, 40% is of
concrete, 30% ceramics, 5% plastics, 10%
wood, 5% metal, & 10% other mixtures.
As reported by global insight, growth in
global construction sector predicts an
increase in construction spending of 4800
IJCT (2016) 26–35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
International Journal of Concrete Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Tensile Strain Reduction in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Through
Rubberization at the Asphalt Bound – Subgrade Layer Interface
Enwuso A. Igwe* Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu Oroworukwo,
Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract
Tensile strains are major contributors in determining the fatigue life of asphalt concrete
pavement because they are responsible for fatigue cracking. Therefore, knowledge of strains
and their role is of vital importance to the Highway Engineer. However, the focus of the
present study was to investigate measures by which these damage contributing factor –
“tensile strain” could be reduced at the interface of the asphalt concrete – subgrade layer.
The methodology involved introducing rubber latex at the optimum asphalt content of the
asphalt concrete mixtures in order to alter the properties of the concrete. Results revealed
that the introduction of rubber latex at varying amounts of 0-3% into the asphalt concrete
mixtures reduced the tensile strains from 9.74 × 104
–4.27 × 104
at loading frequency of 1
Hz, 10.13 × 104
–4.52 × 104
at loading frequency of 5 Hz and 10.87 × 104
–5.46 × 104
at
loading frequency of 10 Hz, respectively. In addition, results further revealed that as tensile
strain levels reduced the fatigue life of the asphalt concrete in terms of no. of load cycles to
failure increased. This was true for all categories of loading frequencies considered.
Keywords: asphalt concrete, reduction, rubberization, tensile strain
INTRODUCTION
Asphalt concrete pavement (i.e., flexible
pavements), one of the largest
infrastructure components in some parts of
the developed nations like the United
States, is a complex system that involves
multiple layers of different materials,
various combinations of irregular traffic
loading, and varying environmental
conditions such as temperature, moisture
and oxidation rates.[1]
Therefore, a realistic
prediction of the long-term service life of
asphalt pavements is one of the most
challenging tasks for pavement engineers
in Highway Engineering. It is general
knowledge among pavement engineers
that the performance of asphalt concrete
pavements (i.e. flexible pavement) is
closely related to the performance of
asphalt concrete. Thus, proper evaluation
of the performance and behavior of asphalt
concrete is of great importance; therefore
performance models of asphalt concrete
provides the links among various
processes involved in asphalt mix design,
pavement structure design, construction,
and rehabilitation. Also asphalt mixture is
a composite material of graded aggregates
bound with a mastic mortar. The physical
properties and performance of HMA is
governed by the properties of the
aggregate (e.g., shape, surface texture,
gradation, skeletal structure, modulus,
etc.); properties of the asphalt binder (e.g.,
grade, complex modulus, relaxation
characteristics, cohesion, etc.), and asphalt
aggregate interaction (e.g., adhesion,
absorption, physiochemical interactions,
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: [email protected]
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
5 more...4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications3 more...
Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
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Article 2
016
International Journal ofConcrete TechnologyJan – June 2016
IJCT
www.journalspub.com