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BIHAREAN BIOLOGIST
Univeristy of Oradea, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology
Univeristatii str. No.1, Oradea – 410087, Romania
Publisher: University of Oradea Publishing House
url: http://biozoojournals.ro/bihbiol/index.html
Contact e-mail: [email protected]
BIHAREAN BIOLOGIST
(International journal of biology)
ACCEPTED PAPER - Online until proofing -
Authors: George KEHAYIAS; Lambros TSOUNIS Title: Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 (Crustacea: Branchiura) collected in light traps – First record from Greece Journal: Biharean Biologist Article number: e182204
Status: awaiting proofing How to cite: Kehayias, G., Tsounis, L., (2019): Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 (Crustacea: Branchiura) collected in light traps – First record from Greece. Biharean Biologist 13: art.182204 Date published:
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Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 (Crustacea: Branchiura) collected in light traps – First 1
record from Greece 2
George Kehayias & Lambros Tsounis 3
Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 4
Seferi 2, 30100, Agrinio, Greece 5
Corresponding author: Kehayias G. E-mail: [email protected] 6
Running title: Argulus japonicus from Greece 7
Abstract 8
The study reports the collection of 26 specimens of Argulus japonicus in Lake Trichonis 9
using light traps with chemical light, in the first report of this species from Greece. Diagnostic 10
morphological characters are provided. The phototactic response of this species is discussed 11
pointing to the use of light traps for its detection and capture in aquatic ecosystems, and for 12
field experimentation. 13
Key words: Argulus japonicus, light traps, Lake Trichonis 14
The family Arguilidae consists of serious pathogens of freshwater fish. Three Argulus sp. 15
species have been reported in Europe named as Argulus coregoni Thorell, 1865, Argulus 16
foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900. Among the three, A. foliaceus 17
and A. japonicus are very similar morphologically and their identification is based mainly on 18
certain characteristics of the male specimens (Rushton-Mellor & Boxshall 1994, Soes et al. 19
2010). 20
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A. japonicus is an exotic species for Europe and it was originally described in China. Later, it 21
has spread to Europe, Africa, Australia and North America through the importation of carp 22
and gold fish (Avenant-Oldewage & Everts 2010). Within Europe, A. japonicus was first 23
recorded in 1921 in Spain, while it has been found in Belgium and Fennoscandinavia, Britain, 24
France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia and Slovakia (Soes et al. 2010). The 25
present study provides the first report of A. japonicus in Lake Trichonis which is the largest 26
natural lake of Greece. 27
A. japonicus specimens were collected using light traps constructed according to Kehayias & 28
Doulka (2007), in which the light was produced by 3 yellow Cyalume light sticks. Three light 29
traps were deployed in May 2016 for 50 min in various locations in Lake Trichonis (Figure 30
1), suspended from buoys at 2 m under the surface. After the retrieval of the light traps, their 31
content was washed through a 50 μm mesh gauze and fixed with buffered 4% formalin. The 32
sample analysis was made under a Leitz MZ 7.5 stereoscope and photographs were taken 33
under an Olympus CH20 microscope. The total length and width of all specimens was 34
measured with an ocular micrometer. 35
Material examined: 26 specimens (14 ♀, 12 ♂), Greece, Etoloakarnania prefecture, Lake 36
Trichonis (38o30′– 38o36′ N, 21o26′–21o39′ E), 30.05.2016, leg. G. Kehayias. 37
Diagnosis: Species identification was made according to Rushton-Mellor (1994), Wadeh et 38
al. (2008), Soes et al. (2010), Avenant-Oldewage & Everts (2010) and Aalberg et al. (2016). 39
Female description: Total length 2.12 to 8.80 mm (Standard deviation: ± 2.17), total width 40
1.32 to 6.28 mm (± 1.60). Body with oval shape, flattened dorso-ventrally (Figure 2), with 2 41
noticeable compound eyes (dorsally) and 2 sucking discs (ventrally). There are four pairs of 42
thoracic legs. The carapace covers the base of the fourth pair of legs. The abdomen consists of 43
two acutely rounded lobes, in which the abdominal incision reaches more than half their 44
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length. There is a pair of respiratory areas on the ventral surface of the lateral lobes, with the 45
anterior region being smaller and almost circular, having less than half the size of the larger 46
kidney-shaped posterior one (Figure 3). 47
Male description: Total length 1.52 to 5.40 mm (± 1.32), total width 1.00 to 3.44 mm (± 0.85). 48
The cephalic appendages and carapace structure are similar to those of females (Figure 2). 49
Differences accounted for the copulatory structures located on the second, third and fourth 50
leg. In particular, there are two projections positioned on the posterior margin on the basis of 51
the second leg, a bubble-like socket on the first segment of the third leg, and a peg on the 52
fourth leg being folded/rolled like a cone (Figure 4). The abdomen lobes are separated by 53
deep sinus comprising about 40% of the total abdomen length. 54
Ecological remarks: The present report extends the known geographic distribution of A. 55
japonicus to the south-east of Europe. Usually Argulus sp. specimens are recovered as 56
external parasites from fish, mainly cyprinids. Lake Trichonis is inhabited by 20 fish species, 57
among which eleven cyprinids. However, there have been no reports of Argulus parasites 58
from any of the fishes of the lake, either because the fishermen do not pay attention on them, 59
or/and their density in their hosts is not alarming for the fishermen. Thus, it was a surprise to 60
find this species in samples taken with light traps, while to our knowledge this must be the 61
first report of capturing this species with the use of light traps. It is well known that vision is 62
important for the Argulidae when they are searching for hosts (Mikheev et al., 1998) and that 63
a change in the illumination level produced a clear difference in the searching behavior 64
(Mikheev et al., 2000). Thus, it is assumed that A. japonicus specimens, being positively 65
phototactic, swum towards the light cue and managed to find the entrances to get inside the 66
light traps, in a time and energy consuming process, probably as an intense effort to find 67
hosts. This behavior could be triggered by the presence of fish fry captured inside the light 68
traps. Indeed, intense fry infestation by A. foliaceus in illuminated cages has been reported by 69
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Ziliukiene et al. (2012). In any case, the presently reported phototactic response of A. 70
japonicus is interesting and could stimulate future field behavioral studies using light traps. 71
Acknowledgements 72
We wish to thank Dr. Ole Møller and especially Professor Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage for 73
their valuable aid in the identification of Argulus japonicus. This research received no specific 74
grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. 75
References 76
Aalberg, K., Koščová, L., Šmiga, Ľ., Košuth, P., Koščo, J., Oros, M., Barčák, D., Lazar, P. 77
(2016): A study of fish lice (Argulus sp.) infection in freshwater food fish. Folia Veterinaria 78
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Avenant-Oldewage, A., Everts, L. (2010): Argulus japonicus: Sperm transfer by means of a 80
spermatophore on Carassius auratus (L). Experimental Parasitology 126: 232-238. 81
Doulka, E., Kehayias, G. (2008): Spatial and temporal distribution of zooplankton in Lake 82
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Mikheev, V. N., Mikheev, A. V., Pasternak, A. F., Valtonen, E. T. (2000): Light-mediated 89
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Rushton-Mellor, S. K., Boxshall, G. A. (1994): The developmental sequence of Argulus 92
foliaceus (Crustacea: Branchiura). Journal of Natural History 28: 763-785. 93
Soes, D. M., Walker, P. D., Kruijt, D. B. (2010): The Japanese fish louse Argulus japonicas 94
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Wadeh, H., Yang, J. W., Li, G. Q. (2008): Ultrastructure of Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 96
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Figure 1. The map of Lake Trichonis in western Greece. 112
Figure 2. Left: Adult female (7.40 length, 5.40 width). Right: Adult male (5.40 length, 3.44 113
width). 114
Figure 3. Respiratory areas of a female (ventral side). 115
Figure 4. Copulatory structures located on the second, third and fourth leg of a male 116
specimen. Two projections of the basis segment of the second leg, the socket on the third leg, 117
the peg on the fourth leg. Magnification of the peg (pullout photo). 118
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Figure 1. The map of Lake Trichonis in western Greece. 133
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Figure 2. Left: Adult female (7.40 length, 5.40 width). Right: Adult male (5.40 length, 3.44 137
width). 138
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Figure 3. Respiratory areas of a female (ventral side). 141
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Figure 4. Copulatory structures located on the second, third and fourth leg of a male. Two 143
projections of the basis segment of the second leg, the socket on the third leg, the peg on the 144
fourth leg. Magnification of the peg (pullout photo). 145
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