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International Journal of Basic And Applied Sciences

IAARD-International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2016, 2(1),91-97

Dr. K.Ravindra Chary Page No.91

Impact of Parboiled Rice Mill Effluents onGround Water Quality Dr. K.Ravindra Chary

Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, S.V. College, Amaravadi Nagar, Suryapet-508 213, Telangana State, INDIA E-mail:[email protected]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Abstract: The most important fresh water source in the world, based on stability and importance, is the groundwater.. The quantity and the suitability of groundwater for human consumption and for irrigation are determined by its physical, chemical and bacteriological properties. Ground water is one of the earth’s widely distributed, renewable and most important resources. It is generally considered least polluted compared to other inland water resources, but studies indicate that ground water is not absolutely free from pollution though it is likely to be free from suspended solids. The quality of ground water depends on various chemical constituents and their concentration, which are mostly derived from the geological data of the particular region. Industrial waste has emerged as one of the leading cause of pollution of surface and ground water. The discharge of effluents from parboiled rice mills into the environment could easily lead to contamination of surface and groundwater. It is very essential and important to test the physico-chemical parameters of water before it is used for drinking, domestic, agricultural or industrial purpose. In the present study, the effect of effluents from two parboiled rice mills designated as PBR 1 and PBR 2 on the ground water in kodad town was investigated. Groundwater from three tube wells(PBR1=S2,S3,S4; PBR2=S6,S7,S8) around each parboiled rice mill were analyzed.Thephysico-chemical parameter like temperature, pH , hardness, Dissolved oxygen,Ca hardness, Mg hardness, alkalinity, Total hardness., TDS, Electric conductivity, COD was determined. The suitability of groundwater for drinking and other purposes may be assessed by comparing physical and chemical parameters of the study area with the guidelines recommended by World Health Organization, BIS. It has been found that in some parameters the water samples collected from various locations in and around kodad town are not in the acceptable limit in accordance with the of WHO and IS 10500 drinking water quality standards. Key words: Dissolved oxygen, groundwater, parboiled rice mills, physico-chemical Parameters, …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1. Introduction

Water is the most important in shaping the land and regulating the climate. It is one of the most important compounds that profoundly influence life [1]. It is important natural resource which covers 70% of earth that exists on planet of earth and without it, life cannot survive. People on globe are under tremendous threat due to undesired changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil. Due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers and man-made activity water is highly polluted with different harmful contaminants. About 1.5 billion people have no safe drinking water globally and about 5 million deaths per year are attributed due to waterborne diseases [2]. It is estimated that 70% of industrial wastes in developing countries are disposed of untreated into waters where they contaminate existing water supplies [3]. The UN also estimates that the amount of wastewater produced annually is about 1,500 km3, i.e. six times more water than exists in all the rivers of the world [4]. Ground water constitutes 97% of global fresh water and become one and largest source for drinking to the community.Over burden of the population pressure, unplanned urbanization, unrestricted exploration policies and dumping of the polluted water at inappropriate place enhance the infiltration of

harmful compounds to the ground water. Studies regarding the ground water quality analysis has been made by many authors[5-9].They concluded that it is the high rate of exploration then its recharging, inappropriate dumping of solid as well as liquid wastes, lack of strict enforcement of law and loose governance are the cause of deterioration of ground water quality. Studies indicate that ground water is not absolutely free from pollution though it is likely to be free from suspended solids. [10]

According to WHO organization, about 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water[11]. Once the groundwater is contaminated, its quality cannot be restored back easily and to device ways and means to protect it. Thus the availability of clean ground water is most essential. For that it is necessary to know details about different physico-chemical parameters used for testing of ground water quality.

Rice is life to more than half of world’s population. Parboiled rice is as one of the most popular rice products. Parboiled rice is de-husked grain made by milling partially boiled raw paddy. The cooking quality of rice is improved significantly by parboiling. Parboiling increases rice yield during milling as well as rice shell-life. The process of parboiling involves soaking, steaming and drying. Conventional parboiled

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production generally requires large amount of water for soaking of the paddy. Water pollution is caused by the organic material (COD) in the soak water. The modern rice mills discharge large quantities of soak water repeatedly over a localised area where it stagnates and putrefies, causing pollution of water and groundwate2. Materials and Methods 2.1.Study Area

The Kodad town in Nalgonda district of Telangana state was chosen as the study area.

Fig. 1 .Location of kodad study area, Nalgonda district of Telangana,India

2.2. Sample Collection

Parboiled effluent samples S1 & S5 were collected from the point of discharge at the two parboiled rice mills PBR1 and PBR 2 respectievlylocated in Kodad. A total number of 06 groundwater samples (PBR1=S2,S3,S4; PBR2=S6,S7,S8) were collected in Kodad (Fig-1) town from representative

Table 1: Description of sample lSample

No. Sample Type

S1 Effluent

S2 Water S3 Water S4 Water S5 Effluent S6 Water S7 Water S8 Water

PBR 1 =Parboiled rice mill 1, PBR 2= Parboiled rice mill 2.2.3. Determination of Physical and chemical Parameters

International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2016, 2(1),91

Dr. K.Ravindra Chary

production generally requires large amount of water for he paddy. Water pollution is caused by the

organic material (COD) in the soak water. The modern rice mills discharge large quantities of soak water repeatedly over a localised area where it stagnates and putrefies, causing pollution of water and groundwater.

The Kodad town in Nalgonda district of Telangana state was chosen as the study area.The north

latitude 16o59’52’’ and east the geocoordinate of the Kodad.area of 31.19 km2 (12.04 sqof India, 2011, population of Kodad town is 65,234 of which 32,010 are male and 33,224 are female.elevation of 103 m above MSL. The mandal headquarter (Kodad) is located at 185 Km from Hyderabad. It comes under Suryapet revand is located along the national highway 65(NH 65). The Fig.1 shows the location of the present study area.

study area, Nalgonda district of Telangana,India

Parboiled effluent samples S1 & S5 were collected from the point of discharge at the two parboiled rice mills PBR1 and PBR 2 respectievly located in Kodad. A total number of 06 groundwater samples (PBR1=S2,S3,S4; PBR2=S6,S7,S8) were

1) town from representative

bore/hand pumps in the vicinity of the two rice mills each with the distance of 100 m,0.5 km,1km . Sampleswere stored in cleaned polythene bottles and refrigerated at 40C before use.. The distance of the well from the points of effluent discharge and the depths of each well are presented in Table

Table 1: Description of sample location in the study area Sample Type Depth of

Bore hole Location

--- PBR 1

150 100 meters from PBR 1180 0.5 km from PBR1 170 1km from PBR 1 --- PBR 2 160 100 meters from PBR 2145 0.5km from PBR 2 240 1km from PBR 2

PBR 1 =Parboiled rice mill 1, PBR 2= Parboiled rice mill 2. 2.3. Determination of Physical and chemical In this present study, various physical and

chemical parameters of ground water samples were determined and the results were compared with the

91-97

Page No.92

and east longitude 79o57’55’’are the geocoordinate of the Kodad.The Kodad having an

sq mi). According to Census of India, 2011, population of Kodad town is 65,234 of which 32,010 are male and 33,224 are female. It is at an elevation of 103 m above MSL. The mandal headquarter (Kodad) is located at 185 Km from Hyderabad. It comes under Suryapet revenue division and is located along the national highway 65(NH 65). The Fig.1 shows the location of the present study area.

bore/hand pumps in the vicinity of the two rice mills each with the distance of 100 m,0.5 km,1km . Samples were stored in cleaned polythene bottles and

C before use.. The distance of the well from the points of effluent discharge and the depths of each well are presented in Table-1.

100 meters from PBR 1

100 meters from PBR 2

In this present study, various physical and chemical parameters of ground water samples were determined and the results were compared with the



values of various water quality standards such as World Health Organization (WHO), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).Water samples were collected in clean polyethylene bottles from different sources by using standard techniques (12,13).The samples collected were analyzed for important physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, pH , total hardness, Dissolved oxygen,Ca hardness, Mg hardness, alkalinity, Total hardness., TDS, Electric conductivity, and COD using standard procedures. All the chemical constituents are expressed in mg/l (milligrams/liter) except pH and EC.

In situ analyses were carried out to determine temperature, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the

collected water samples using a portable water analysis kit Labtronics LT-60 model. While the samples for dissolved oxygen were fixed with 8 drops each of Manganese Sulphate (MnSO4, 5H2O) and alkaline iodide before taken to the laboratory for analysis. Other major parameters were analyzed according to the standard procedures described in Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater immediately after the water samples were transported to the laboratory. The statistical analysis of physico-chemical properties of the ground water samples collected in the study area are given in Table 2.

Table 2.Physico-chemical properties of the effluents & ground water samples from different locations of Kodad town.

S1,S5= Parboiled rice mill Effluents

;S2,S3,S4,S6,S7,S8 = Ground Water Samples

3.Result and Discussion 3.1.pH :-pH is most important in determining the corrosive nature of water. Lower the pH value higher is the corrosive nature of water. pH was positively correlated with electrical conductance and total alkalinity[14]. Various factors bring about changes the pH of water. pH was measured with the help of portable water analysis kit (Model no. LT -60) of LabtronicsIndia , standardized with pH buffer 4,7.

The pH value of groundwater samples in the study area ranges from 6.53 to6.83 (average 6.66, Table 2), indicating an mild acidic nature of the groundwater samples. The pH of effluent samples PBR 1,PBR 2 was 7.9,8.2 respectively indicating an alkaline nature. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian standards Institute (BIS) permissible limits of pH for drinking water quality is 6.5 to 8.5. Thus, the pH in the study area was found to be within the permissible limits of WHO and BIS.The variation of pH values of Ground water samples & parboiled effluents in the study area is shown in Fig.2.

3.2. Dissolved Oxygen:-Dissolved oxygen analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution. It is an important parameter in water quality assessment and biological processes prevailing in the water. The presence of dissolved

oxygen (DO) enhances the quality of water and also acceptability. Dissolved oxygen (DO) of bore well water (S2, S3, S4, S6, S7, S8) under the area determined in the present investigation ranged between from 2.9– 5.1 mg/l (Fig.3).But the parboiled effluents(S1,S5)coming from PBR 1,PBR 2 in the study area shows very low levels of dissolved oxygen (0.9,1.2 respectively) compare to ground water samples. 3.3.Calcium Hardness:-Calcium, one of the components of hard water, can be protective because it makes water less corrosive and less likely to leach toxic trace minerals, such as cadmium and lead, out of metal pipes [15].

Calcium concentrations up to and exceeding 100 mg/l are common in natural sources of water, particularly groundwater. Calcium Hardness of effluents and ground water samples varies from 72 mg/L to 282 mg/L as illustrated in Figure-4. It may be due to the presence of high amounts of calcium salts in water samples. All the ground water samples are within the permissible limit as prescribed by BIS.

Sample

pH

Temperature (OC)

DO

(mg/l)

Ca

hardness (mg/l)

Mg

hardness (mg/l)

Total

hardness (mg/l)

TDS

(mg/l)

Total

Alkalinity (mg/l)

EC

(µS/cm)

COD (mg/l)

S1 7.9 39 0.9 282 31 256 1850 440 1274 1250 S2 6.79 28 3.2 72 18 104 924 75 480 35 S3 6.55 29 3.7 102 22 98 875 80 390 18 S4 6.63 26 5.1 88 23 110 950 72 402 16 S5 8.2 35 1.2 255 35 284 1920 510 1340 1272 S6 6.83 29 2.9 105 21 96 974 90 387 42 S7 6.53 26 3.3 76 19 89 855 82 298 21 S8 6.67 27 4.8 92 25 120 823 78 364 15



3.4.Magnesium Hardness:-High values of magnesium hardness can be attributed to the large amounts of magnesium salts in ground water. in the study area Magnesium Hardness of groundwater (S2, S3, S4, S6, S7,S8)varies from 18 mg/l to 25 mg/l with an average of 21.33mg/l.as shown in Figure-5. In the study area values of magnesium hardness was low because large amounts of calcium salts present in ground water. 3.5.Total Hardness:-Hardness is the property of water, which prevents the lather formation with soap and increases the boiling points of water [16]. Hardness is

caused by divalent metallic ions dissolved in water, principally calcium and magnesium. As per IS: 10500- 2012 the acceptable limit of total hardness (as CaCO3) is 200 mg/L, which can be extended up to 600 mg/L in case of non-availability of any alternate water source. The hardness values of effluents and ground water samples in the study area ranged from 89 mg/ to 284 mg/L. It was found that allsamples except S1,S5 were within the acceptable limits of BIS water standards. Total hardness of S2,S4,S8 water samples(Fig.6) were above the acceptable limits of WHO water standards.

Fig.2 .showing the pH values of different samples

Fig.3 .showing the DO values of different samples

Fig.4 .showing the Ca hardness values of different samples

7.96.79 6.55 6.63

8.2

6.83 6.53 6.67

-1

4

9

14

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

pH

SAMPLES

pH VALUES

Ph

0.9

3.23.7

5.1

1.2

2.9 3.3

4.8

0

5

10

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

DO

SAMPLES

DO Values

DO

282

72102 88

255

10576 92

0

500

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

Ca

Ha

rdn

ess

SAMPLES

Ca Hardness Values

Ca Hardness



Fig.5 .showing theMg Hardness values of different samples

Fig.6.showing the Total Hardness values of different samples

3.6. T.D.S:-The acceptable and permissible limits as per IS: 10500-2012(17) is 500 and 2000 mg/l respectively. According to WHO, the maximum acceptable concentration of TDS in groundwater for a domestic purpose is 500 mg/l and excessive permissible limit is 1,500 mg/l. All ground water samples have TDS values well within permissible limits of WHO and ARE: 10500-2012 standards, except effluents (Fig.7)

which are above the permissible limits of WHO. Based on TDS values Davies and DeWiest (1996) [18] propose a threefold classification of groundwater. (1) Domestic (<500 mg/L) (2) Irrigation (500-1,000 mg/l) and (3) Industry (>1,000 mg/L).According to this classification all the ground water samples are in category (2) and effluents are in category (3).

Fig. 7 .showing the TDS values of different samples

3.7. Total alkalinity: Alkalinity is the sum total of components in the water that tend to elevate the pH to the alkaline side of neutrality. Commonly occurring materials in water that increase alkalinity are carbonate, phosphates and hydroxides.

Alkalinity of the 2 parboiled rice mill effluents S1,S5 are 440,510 respectively. Both these effluent samples are above the acceptable limits of WHO and BIS but within the permissible limits. Alkalinity of the ground water samples in the range of 72-90 mg/l(Table-

2).In ground water samples maximum concentration is in sample S6 and minimum concentration is in Sample S4 (Figure-8).All samples in study area having less concentration of Alkalinity within the acceptable limits of WHO and BIS. 3.8.Electrical Conductance: Conductivity is the capacity of water to carry an electrical current and varies both with number and types of ions the solution contains.

31

1822 23

35

21 19

25

-10

10

30

50

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

Mg

Ha

rdn

ess

SAMPLES

Mg Hardness Values

Mg Hardness

256

104 98 110

284

96 89120

-100

100

300

500

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

Tota

l H

ard

ne

ss

SAMPLES

Total Hardness Values

Total Hardness

1850

924 875 950

1920

974855 823

0

1000

2000

3000

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

TD

S

SAMPLES

TDS VALUES

TDS



Fig.8 .showing the Total Alkalinity values of different samples

Fig.9 .showing the EC values of different samples

The EC in the study area was found within the permissible limits of WHO and BIS (1500 µS/cm).In the study area, Electrical Conductivity values of effluents and ground water samples ranges between 298 to 1340 (µS/cm) as shown in Figure -9. 3.9. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): COD is a measure of the oxygen required for the chemical oxidation of organic matter with the help of strong chemical oxidant.

In our findings, the value of Chemical oxygen

demand of ground water samples fluctuates from 15 mg/L to 42 mg/L (Figure- 10), which are within the acceptable limit as prescribed by BIS and WHO. Within the ground water samples minimum value was found in S8 and maximum value was found in samples S6. Ground water samples(S2,S6) nearer to parboiled rice mills PBR1 ,PBR 2 shows high COD value compare to the other samples.This shows that high COD values of parboiled effluents effects the ground water nearer to parboiled rice mills.

Fig.10 .showing the COD values of different samples

4. Conclusions The present study was undertaken with an aim

to analyze certain physico- chemical parameters in the ground water samples from six different stations in Kodad, Nalgonda district. As per the responses of the respondents presented in Table 2, it is observed that drinking water still remains uncontaminated due to haphazard discharge of parboiled waste water,though a very few of them expressed their concern about gradual deterioration of quality of the ground water for the same reason.

It is significant to note that ground waters of variable quality exist in this area and the quality of the groundwater is being deteriorated in some parts. This is mainly because of percolation from Parboiled rice mill effluents. Therefore, it is advisable that constant monitoring and proper treatment of groundwater is essential, as prerequisite for use of these waters for drinking purpose

It is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human

440

7580 72

510

90 82 78

0

200

400

600

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8TO

TAL

ALK

ALI

NIT

Y

SAMPLES

TOTAL ALKALINITY VALUES

Total Alkalinity

1274

480 390 402

1340

387298

364

0

500

1000

1500

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

EC

SAMPLES

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE VALUES (µS/cm)

EC

1250

35 18 16

1272

42 21 15

-500

500

1500

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

CO

D

SAMPLES

COD VALUES

COD



population suffers from varied of water borne diseases. The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. 5. Acknowledgements

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Sri A.Shankar, Principal, KRR Govt Arts &Science college, Kodad, Nalgonda district for providing facilities to carry out this work. We also deeply acknowledge the help of Dr.K.Srinivas Reddy, Assistant Professor of Botany of this college for overall help and constant encouragement throughout the present investigation. 6. References 1. S.P. Gorde and M.V. Jadhav, Journal of

Engineering Research and Applications, 3(6), 2029-2035 (2013)

2. K. A. Onsdorff, Journal Water Environment Law and Practice, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 14-18, 1996.

3. United Nations-Water. (2009). World Water Day brochure. [Online]. Available: http://www.unwater.org/worldwaterday/downloads/wwd09brochureen LOW.pdf

4. UN WWAP, “United Nations World Water Assessment Programme,” The World Water Development Report 1: Water for People - Water for Life, UNESCO: Paris, France, 2003.

5. Gupta, B. K. and R. R. Gupta. (1999). Poll. Res. 18: 523-525.

6. Rajan M. R. and I. Paneerselvam. (2005). Indian J. Environ. andEcoplan. Vol. 10, No.3: 771-776.

7. Thakare S. B., A. V. Parvate and M. Rao. (2005). Indian J. Environ. andEcoplan. Vol. 10 No.3: 657-661.

8. BishtShikha, Patra, B. A., Gupta N. C., Arora Saurabh, and R. A. Singh.(2007)Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of Delhi, India .In:12th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa.

9. Rajas Kara Pandian, M., G. SharmilaBanu, G. Kumar and K. H. Smila. (2005). Indian J. Environmental Protection, Vol. 10, No. 3: 789-792.

10. Jothivenkatachalam.K., A. Nithya and S. Chandra Mohan (2010), Rasāyan J. Chem, 3(4), pp 649-654 ,ISSN: 0974-1496

11. [Kavitha R. and Elangovan K., I.J.E.S., 1(2), (2010)WHO 2004. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 1. World Health Organization.

12. APHA.Standard methods for the examination of water and waste\ water.20th ed. American Public Health Association, New York, 1998.

13. Gupta, D. P., Sunita and J. P. Saharan, (2009), Researcher, 1(2), pp 1-5.

14. Seelig M.S. 1989. The American Journal of Cardiology , 63(14): G4-G21.

15. Patil, V.T., Patil, R.R. 2010. E J. Chem., Vol. 7(1), 111- 116.

16. [BIS 10500,(2012) drinking water Specification, Indian standard Institution (Bureau of Indian Standards), New Delhi.

17. Davies, S.N., DeWiest, R.J.M: Journal of Hydrogeology, (1966) Vol. 463, New York: wiley.

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