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International Intergovernmental

Coalitions: An Overview Providingbackgroundinformationonexistingmodels(includinggeneralstructureandleadership,keyactivities&stakeholderinteraction,membership,andfinances),successes,remainingchallenges,andasummaryofarecentindependentevaluation

oftheFreedomOnlineCoalition.

Preparedby:JustinHashimoto,jhashimoto@wellspringadvisors.com

Forfollow-upquestions,contact:

AddisonSmith,asmith@wellspringadvisors.com

Draftversion2.0–July8,2016

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Executive Summary InJune2016,severalgovernmentsannouncedtheirintentiontoformanintergovernmentalcoordinationcoalitiononLGBTIissuescalledthe“EqualRightsCoalition”.ThiscoalitionwillbeofficiallylaunchedinJuly2016attheGlobalLGBTIHumanRightsConferenceinMontevideo.

ThefoundingmembersoftheEqualRightsCoalitionstatethatitwillbeprimarily“diplomaticinnature”andserveas“aplatformtoexchangeinformation,discussandlearnaboutdonorpractice,strategyandpolicy.”TheCoalitionwillnotreplacetheLGBTCoreGroupinNewYork,astheworkofthepartnershipwill“extendbeyondUNdiplomacy”andinclude“regionalandbilateralcooperation.”1

Inordertobetterunderstandthelandscape,benefitsandstructureofthesepartnerships,thisdocumentseekstoprovideageneraloverviewofsimilarcoalitions.DetailedCoalitioninformationcanbefoundintheappendix:

• FreedomOnlineCoalition(FOC)• CommunityofDemocracies(CD)• EqualFuturesPartnership(EFP)• ExtractivesIndustryTransparencyInitiative(EITI)• InternationalCodeofConductonPrivateSecurityServiceProviders

Association(ICOCA)• OpenGovernmentPartnership(OGP)• VoluntaryPrinciplesonSecurityandHumanRights(Voluntary

Principles)• InternationalForumonSOGIE(Kenya)

Interviewswithseveralrepresentativesoftheabovecoalitionsrevealedcommonalitiesregardingsuccessesandchallenges.Thefulllistcanbefoundin“Existingevaluation/analysis”.

1 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016.

Content • • •

v Executive Summary

v Introduction

v Existing evaluation and analysis

v Appendix: Existing Models & detailed coalition information

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Introduction

What is the overall landscape for these types of intergovernmental partnerships?

Is there commonality around the types of issues around which they form?

What are the models? What are the notable benefits and challenges?

BackgroundandLandscape

Intergovernmentalcoalitionsandpartnershipsformaroundavarietyofissues,andmostevolveinbothstructureandstrategyovertime.However,thesepartnershipstendtoformaroundseveralcommonthemes.Thesethemescontainelementsthatareusuallyrelatedtothepromotionofhumanrights,governmentopenness/transparency,peace-building,securityordevelopment.Themajorityofcoalitionshaveasetofcoreprinciplesorstandardsbywhichtheirmembersmustagreetoandabideby.

Althoughthecoalitionsandpartnershipsutilizedifferentmodelstostructurethemselves,theytendtohavecommonalitiesacrossthefollowingcategories:Governance,Activities,andStakeholderInteractionModel.

• Governance:o ASecretariat(eitherdedicatedinagovernmentpostingoradministeredbyanthird-

partyNGO,lawfirm,etc.),usuallywithasmallerdecision-makingsteeringcommitteeorcouncil.

• Activities:o Mostcoalitionshavebeenlaunchedataninternationalthematicconferenceoraround

theestablishmentofanimportantinternationaldocument.o Thecoalitionscontinuetheirworkthroughdifferentstructures:

§ Conferences§ Promotingrelevantpublicpolicythroughspecialinitiativesanddiplomacy§ Workinggroups§ Ormonitoringmembers’compliancewithinternationallyestablishedcodesand

principles.• StakeholderInteractionModel:

o Government-led§ Somecoalitionsareprimarilygovernment-led,buttheyactivelyinvolvecivil

societyorganizations,publicandprivatedonors/organizations/companies,andmultilateralagenciesintheirwork.Often(butnotalways),governmentscomprisetheprimarydecision-making/executivebody.

o Multi-stakeholder

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§ Othercoalitionsfollowamulti-stakeholdermodelinvolvingadifferentcombinationofgovernments,civilsocietyorganizations,privateandpublicdonors/organizations/companies,andinvestorsinboththeirworkanddecision-makingprocesses.

Thedifferenttypesofcoalitionmodelswillbediscussedfurtherinthefollowingsections.

StructuralCommonalitiesacrossCoalitions

AlthougheachoftheanalyzedCoalitionsutilizedifferentstructurestocoordinatetheirefforts,therearecommonalitiesacrossthefourfollowingcategories:KeyActivities&StakeholderInteraction,GeneralStructure&Leadership,Membership,andFinances.KeyActivities&StakeholderInteractionThemajorityofCoalitionshaveincorporatedsomemechanismofongoinginteractionandknowledge-sharingamongitsmembers.Thesemechanismstakedifferentforms:Formal&Informal.

o Formal:Definingandpursuingstrategicandtangibleissue-specificoutcomesthroughaformalmechanism(i.e.FormalWorkingGroups,participationontheBoard,SteeringCommittee,orAdvisoryBoard,etc.).

o Informal:generalinformationexchangeandknowledge-sharing,peer-to-peernetworking,etc.(i.e.informalin-personmeetings,teleconferences,emaillist-serv,etc.).

Additionally,mostoftheanalyzedCoalitionsoperatearoundalarge,all-memberconferencethatbringstogethermultiplestakeholders.Thefrequencyoftheseconferencesvary,butmostCoalitionshostthemonanannualbasis.GeneralStructure&LeadershipRegardingGovernance:InboththeGovernment-LedandMulti-Stakeholdermodels(describedinintroduction),thereisusuallyasmallerbodyofCoalitionmemberswhoformagoverningcouncil,steeringcommittee,orBoardofDirectors.ThissmallercontingentofCoalitionmembersusuallyservesastheprimarydecision-making/executivebody.RegardingSecretariats:Themajorityofanalyzedcoalitionshaveapermanentsecretariat.ThesecretariatiscomprisedofCoalitionMembersandusuallyhasaspecifiedhost.TheFreedomOnlineCoalitionandVoluntaryPrinciplesonSecurityandHumanRightscontracttheirsecretariat(FOCwithGlobalPartnersDigitalinLondon;VoluntaryPrincipleswithFoleyHoaglawfirminWashington,DC).ThereisnoreadilyavailableinformationonthesecretariatfortheEqualFuturesPartnership.CivilSocietyInteractionModels

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Alloftheanalyzedcoalitionsinvolvecivilsocietyatsomelevelintheirwork.CivilSocietyinteractionhappensinavarietyofways.Theyinclude(butarenotlimitedto):

• Workwithgovernmentinstitutionsinvolvedinthepartnership/coalition(EqualFutures)• Involvedindecision-makingthroughaBoardofDirectorsorSteeringCommittee,

o Thisinvolvementcanbeeitherintegratedintothegovernancestructure(asICOCA,OGP,orVoluntaryPrinciples)oroperateparalleltoit(CD)

• InvolvedinWorkingGroupspursuingstrategic,tangibleoutcomeso WGsareusuallysub-thematico Usuallyallowformultiplestakeholderengagement

• InvolvedinAdvisoryBoards/AcademicAdvisoryBoardso TheseBoardsusuallyrunparalleltotheexistinggovernancestructure,providingadvice,

inputandexpertise.• Involvedasobservermembers

MembershipMembershipinallCoalitionsiscontingentuponsubscriptionandcommitmenttoasetofcoreprinciples.ThemajorityofCoalitionshavespecificproceduresandpoliciesaroundmembershipapplication,commitment,andsuspension/removal.Applicationandremovalofmembersisusuallyhandledbythesecretariatorboard.FinancesTheCoalitionshavevariedfundingstreams,butmostarefundedthroughvoluntarygovernmentcontributionsandvoluntarymembercontributions.SomeoftheCoalitionsarefundedbydevelopmentagenciesandphilanthropicfoundationsthroughmultiyeargrants.Thereislimitedinformationavailableonspecificbudgets,butaccordingtotherecentevaluationontheFreedomOnlineCoalition(Morgan,2016)yearlybudgetscantypicallyrangefromUSD$150,000to$5million.

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Existing Evaluation/Analysis

Is there existing research about these types of partnerships?

Are there formal evaluations of the work or impact of specific initiatives that can be reviewed and incorporated?

Inrecentinterviewswithseveralrepresentativesoftheanalyzedcoalitions,weaskedthemtoidentifysuccessesoftheseparticulartypesofpartnerships,aswellassomechallengesthatremainandsuggestionstoovercomethem.Acrosstheresponses,therewerecommonalitiesthatcouldbegenerallyapplicabletosimilar,futureendeavors.Successes

• Facilitationofthecontinuoussharingofinformation,materialsandexpertise• Thecreationandmaintenanceofastrongandvariednetworkofmultiplestakeholders

o Involvementofstakeholders,includingCivilSociety,iscriticaltosuccess.Initiativesaremoreaccuratelyinformedandgroundedinrealityandcontext.

• Creationofanopenspace/structurethatbringstogethervariedstakeholderswhomaynothavehadtheopportunitytodosootherwise.

• Successfullyfillingagapthathasnotbeenadequatelyaddressedbyexistinginternationalorganizationsorregionalbodies.

Challenges(andsuggestions)

• Structureo Membership

§ Tendencyforcoalitionstobeinitially(intentionally)informalwithapplication,commitmentandremovalprocesses.Itmaybeadvantageoustothinkabouttheseprocessesintheearlystages,asinformalstructurestendtoproducedifficultchallengesasthemembershipgrowsand/ordiversifies.

§ Couldalsobeadvantageoustodiscussmembershipcommitmentsintheearlystages:helpfultobeclearandintentionalwithidentifyingcommitmentsthatexpectedofmembers

• Stakeholderso Sustainability:toomanymembersmaymakethecoalitionunsustainable.Helpfulto

analyzewhichstakeholder(andCivilSociety)interactionmodelismostappropriateintheearlystages,andtobeintentionalofstakeholderexpectations,aswellashowtoeffectivelyoperationalizethechosenmodels.

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ExploringLessonsLearnedandRecommendationsforCreativeMultilateralism(US-ledreview)Whilestillinprocessatthetimeofthisreview,theMultilateralandGlobalAffairsDirectorate(MLGA)oftheUSDepartmentofState–DRLisworkingwiththeUniversityofDenverKorbelSchoolofInternationalStudiestoexamineseven“creativemultilateral/multistakeholderorganizations”(CMOs)withwhichtheUShasbeenactivelyengaged.DescribingtheseCMOsasorganizationsthat“tendtobeissue-specific,exhibitless-formalmembershipcriteriaandgovernancerules,anddeployflexibleandevolvingtacticstowardtheirobjectives”theinitiativewillexaminetheevolutionofdifferentCMOs,identifying“similaritiesanddivergencesinapproachesandresults,inordertoidentifybothCMO-specificandbroaderrecommendations."2ThisinitiativewilllookatsevenCMOsfocusedonhumanrights,democracy,andgoodgovernance,including:theVoluntaryPrinciples;CD;EITI;FOC;ICoCA;andthePublic-PrivateAllianceforResponsibleMineralsTrade(PPA).SummaryofFOCevaluationTheFreedomOnlineCoalitionrecentlycommissionedanindependentevaluationofitsworkandeffectivenessinfourareas:membership,governance&structure,efforts&activities,andfunding.Thefollowingisabriefoverviewofhighlightsfromthatevaluation,whichwasreleasedinMay2016.Thefullevaluation:“ClarifyingGoals,RevitalizingMeans:AnIndependentEvaluationoftheFreedomOnlineCoalition”(Morgan,2016)canbeaccessedhere.ThefollowinginformationwasretrievedfromMorgan,S.ClarifyingGoals,RevitalizingMeans:AnIndependentEvaluationoftheFreedomOnlineCoalition;AnnexB.20163(unlessotherwisenoted).

Methodology:Overview• ResearchconductedfromSeptember2015toJanuary2016• Twointerviewquestionnaires

o GovernmentCoalitionMemberso Allotherstakeholders

• Questionnairesaddressedfourkeyareas:membership,governance&structure,efforts&activities,andfunding

• 30totalinterviewsconductedfromthefollowing:o GovernmentCoalitionmemberso WorkingGroupmemberso CSOs

2 See DRL-MLGA’s terms of reference for the Creative Multilateralism: Lessons Learned and Recommendations initiative. 3 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.

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o Externalstakeholderso Industryrepresentativeso Academics

Findings:Overview

• ActivitiesandStakeholderInteractiono RespondentscitedthefollowingasCoalitionsuccesses

§ “Creationofaspaceforgovernmentcoordinationandengagement…withotherstakeholdersthroughWorkingGroups”

§ “QualityofthesubstanceanddiscussionintheWorkingGroups”§ “Openingupconversationsoncriticalsubjects”§ “Annualconferenceshavebeenheldinlocationsaroundtheworld,includingthe

globalsouth.”§ “Thedigitaldefenderspartnership”

o RespondentscitedthefollowingasCoalitionshortcomings§ “LackofclarityonwhattheCoalitionisandwhatitistryingtoachieve”§ “Thechallengeofpointingtotangibleresultsandsuccesses;theneedtocreate

clearermetricstomeasuresuccesses”§ “NeedforbetterexternalcommunicationabouttheCoalition’swork”§ “Poorseniorlevelgovernmentattendanceatthemostrecentconferences”

• BenefitsofMembershipo “Improveddiplomaticcoordinationandtheopportunitytoworkwithlike-minded

governmentpartnerstobreakthroughsomeofthetraditionaldiplomaticblocks.”o “Demonstratingtootherpartsoftheirowngovernmentsthatitispossibletowork

constructivelywithotherstakeholders,particularlycivilsociety”o “FacilitatingengagementwithotherpartsofgovernmentonInternetfreedomandits

connectednesswithotherissuessuchascybersecurityandnationalsecurity”o “RaisingthevisibilityoftheirgovernmentatinternationaleventssuchastheIGF”o “UsingtheCoalitionasavaluablevenuetotalkaboutsecurityandhumanrights

concerns”o “Facilitatingtheuseofdiplomaticchannelstoprogresstowardsthe2012HumanRights

Councilresolutionregardingthesamerightsapplyingonlinethatapplyoffline”o “Increasingknowledgewithingovernmentofrapidlyevolvingtechnologyandthe

potentialimplicationsforhumanrights.”• GeneralChallenges

o “Broadeningmembershipgeographically”o “Keepingmembersengagedandcommittedtoastrongsetofprinciples”

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o “CreatinggreaterclarityontheaddedvalueoftheFOCandwhatitistryingtoachieve”o “Theneedforsomekindofaccountabilitymechanismtoaddressinstancesinwhich

membergovernmentsarenotmeetingtheirInternetfreedomcommitments”o “Developingspecificindicatorsandmeasuresofsuccess”o “Ensuringthatthepeopleintheroomhavetheauthoritywithintheirgovernmentsto

makepolicy.”Recommendations:Overview

• “ClarifytheaimsandobjectivesoftheCoalition”• “IncreasethelegitimacyoftheCoalitionbyestablishingamechanismthroughwhich

stakeholderscanraiseconcernsabouttheactionsofamembergovernment”• “Instituteamechanismwherebymembers’performanceatmeetingtheircommitmentscanbe

periodicallyreviewed”• “EstablishmorestablefundingfortheCoalitionthroughtheintroductionofmulti-year

commitmentsandatieredfundingmodel”• “CreateaformallinkbetweentheworkinggroupsandtheFOC’sgovernanceinordertoensure

thatoutputsfromtheworkinggroupsareconsideredandrespondedtobytheFOC”• “ImprovetheCoalition’scommunication,clarifyingmembershipcriteriaandrenderingmore

transparent,totheextentpossible,itsdiplomaticinterventions.”

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Appendix: Existing Models

How does knowledge-sharing and work happen?

How do various actors and stakeholders (civil society, private donors, multilateral agencies, etc.) interface with the coalitions?

How are the groups resourced and led?

DetailedCoalitionInformation

TheinformationinthisappendixwasretrievedfromMorgan,S.ClarifyingGoals,RevitalizingMeans:AnIndependentEvaluationoftheFreedomOnlineCoalition;AnnexB.20164(unlessotherwisenoted).

EqualRightsCoalition(ERC):Government-Led5Launchingin2016Summary“Theexactstructureisstilltobedeveloped.TheFreedomOnlineCoalitionprovidesaninterestingperspective,butanysuggestionsonhowtostructurethecoalitionarewelcome.OneoptionisthatthecurrentworkinggroupsthathavebeenestablishedfortheMontevideoConferencewillcontinueunderthecoalition…membersoftheworkinggroupsaremorethanwelcometocomeupwithsuggestionsregardingthestructureandworkingmethodsofthecoalition.TheCoalitionintendstoholdasenior-levelconferenceatleastbiannually…andestablishinformalworkinggroupstosecurecontinuityandprovideaforumforregularcommunicationwithotherstakeholders,goingbeyondmereinformationexchangeandencouragingconcretecooperationtocreatetangibleoutcomes.”6GeneralStructureandLeadership“Theexactstructureisstilltobedeveloped.TheFreedomOnlineCoalition(FOC)providesaninterestingperspective,butanysuggestionsonhowtostructurethecoalitionarewelcome.OneoptionisthatthecurrentworkinggroupsthathavebeenestablishedfortheMontevideoConferencewillcontinueunderthecoalition.”7

4 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 5 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016. 6 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016. 7 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016.

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KeyActivities

o Knowledge-sharing§ “TheCoalitionwillshare,asappropriate,informationbetweenourStatesonhow

besttoadvancethehumanrightsofandsupportinclusivedevelopmentfor,LGBTIpersonsandtoconsidermeasuresneededtoprotectandadvancetheserightsworkingincloseengagementwithallrelevantstakeholders,includingotherStates,regionalandmultilateralorganizations,CSOs,andtheprivatesector.

o ConferencesandWorkingGroups§ TheCoalitionintendstoholdasenior-levelconferenceatleastbiannually…and

establishinformalworkinggroupstosecurecontinuityandprovideaforumforregularcommunicationwithotherstakeholders,goingbeyondmereinformationexchangeandencouragingconcretecooperationtocreatetangibleoutcomes.

§ Theconferencesandworkinggroupsareimportantforathroughwhichaccountabilityregardingourcommitmentswillbeensured,includingmutualexchangeonrecentprogressmadeamongcoalitionmembers.Civilsocietyinvolvementandparticipationwillbecrucialinthatregard.”

StakeholderInteraction

o Governments§ “AllgovernmentsthatwanttosubscribetotheFoundingPrinciplescanbecomea

memberofthecoalition”o Multilateralandregionalorganizations

§ “CoalitionMemberswillensuretoworkincloseengagementwithmultilateralandregionalorganizations.Iftheywish,theycouldbecomeobserversinthecoalition.”

o CivilSociety§ “Inthecontextofshrinkingspaceforcivilsociety,Coalitionmemberscommitto

consultingcloselywithcivilsocietyandactivelyengagingtheminourindividualandcombinedinternationalefforts.”

MembershipMembershipprocess:

o Governmentso “AllgovernmentsthatwanttosubscribetotheFoundingPrinciplescanbecomea

memberofthecoalition…theFoundingPrinciples…affirmthattherightsandfreedomsenshrinedininternationalhumanrightslaw,includingtheUniversalDeclaration,applyequallytoLGBTIpersons.Thisisequallyaffirmedinthe‘LeaveNoOneBehind’commitmentinthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.”

o Multilateralandregionalorganizationso “CoalitionMemberswillensuretoworkincloseengagementwithmultilateraland

regionalorganizations.Iftheywish,theycouldbecomeobserversinthecoalition.”o CivilSociety

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o “Civilsociety,particularlyLGBTIhumanrightsdefenders,arecrucialactorsintheefforttorealizeequalrightsforall.Inthecontextofshrinkingspaceforcivilsociety,Coalitionmemberscommittoconsultingcloselywithcivilsocietyandactivelyengagingtheminourindividualandcombinedinternationalefforts.”

Finances

o Noinformationisavailableonthisyet.

FreedomOnlineCoalition(FOC):Government-Led8Launchedin2011SummaryAcoalitionof30countries,launchedbyDutchForeignMinisterUriRosenthalatthefirstFOConferenceintheHague,theNetherlandsin2011.Thecoalitiongathers“informallyasgovernmentsandinconsultationwithotherstakeholdersatnumerousconferencesandintergovernmentalmeetingsrelevanttointernetfreedom…tocoordinateviewpoints,sharerelevantinformation,anddiscussstrategiestoadvanceanopeninternet.”9Thecoalitionholdsanannualmulti-stakeholderconference,hasacapacitybuildingelement(launchedtheDigitalDefendersPartnershipin2012),andthreeworkinggroupsthatcontinueworkbetweentheannualconference10:

• “AnInternetFreeandSecure”• “DigitalDevelopmentandOpenness”• “PrivacyandTransparencyOnline”

GeneralStructureandLeadershipGovernance

o HeadedbytheCoalitionChair(currentlyCostaRica)o Rotatesamongmemberstatesannuallyo Providesdiplomaticsupport,coordinatesoverallFOCactivitiesalongside

internationalconferenceso CoalitionChairisassistedby“FriendsoftheChair”

o Groupofmembers(8countries)o Thegroupprovidessupport,assistancewithdiplomaticworkandpreparationof

annualconference.o WorkingGroups

8 Freedom Online Coalition. https://www.freedomeonlinecoalition.com/. 9 Freedom Online Coalition. https://www.freedomeonlinecoalition.com/. Freedom Online: Joint Action for Free Expression on the Internet. Publication. February 2013. https://www.freedomonlinecoalition.com/about/documents-list/ 10 Freedom Online Coalition. https://www.freedomeonlinecoalition.com/.

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o Multi-stakeholdero 15-20membersworkingtowardpracticaloutcomesonkeyissuesofconcern.

Secretariato FOCSupportUnit

o Neutral,thirdpartyo ProvidesadministrativeandcoordinativeassistancetotheCoalitiono Alsoactsaspointofcontactforpublic

CurrentSecretariathost:GlobalPartnersDigital(London)KeyActivities&StakeholderInteraction

o WorkingGroups§ “Thegroupsactasamechanismformulti-stakeholderengagement,consistingof

15-20members,includingFOCgovernmentsandrepresentativesfromcivilsociety,academia,andtheprivatesector.Theworkinggroupsholdtwomainfunctions:

• SecurecontinuityandrelevanceofFOCengagementbyworkingcontinuouslythroughouttheyearandin-betweenphysicalFOCmeetings.

• Provideanavenueformulti-stakeholderengagementwithFOCgovernments.Byprovidingaforumofregularcommunicationwithotherstakeholders,thisengagementgoesbeyondmereinformationexchangeandencouragesconcreteandissuerelatedcooperationtocreatetangibleoutcomes.”

§ TheTORoftheWorkingGroupscanbeaccessedhere.o AnnualConferenceo Informalmeetings

§ “MembersoftheCoalitionregularlygatherinformallyasgovernmentsandinconsultationwithotherstakeholdersatnumerousconferencesandintergovernmentalmeetingsrelevanttoInternetfreedomaswellasinspecificcountries,tocoordinateviewpoints,sharerelevantinformation,anddiscussstrategiestoadvanceanopenInternetineachcontext.

§ Occasionally,theCoalitionalsoorganizesseparatesessionsandworkshopsininternationalforumsthemselvesinordertoinvitecooperationwithotherstatesandstakeholders.”

o DigitalDefendersPartnership§ “FoundedattheFreedomOnlineConferenceinKenyain2012,theDigital

DefendersPartnership(DDP)isagrantmakingmechanismthatprovidessupporttoorganizationsandindividualsworkinginthedigitalemergencyfield.”

§ Moreinfohereo JointActivities

§ “TheFreedomOnlineCoalitionoffersitsmembersaninformaldiplomaticspacetoshareinformationandconcernsaboutcurrentdevelopmentsthatthreatentocompromiseInternetfreedomaroundtheworld.

§ ThisfastanddirectinformationsharingallowstheCoalitiontoreactquicklyto

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recentdevelopmentsanddeliberatetheminaninformalsettingamonggovernmentswhoaregovernedbythesameprinciplesofInternetFreedom.

Inmanycases,thisallowstheCoalitiontoreacttogetherbyissuingJointStatementsandpressreleases,representingtheviewsofeitherthewholeCoalitionorspecificmembers.”MembershipApplicationprocess:

o SendapplicationtotheChairCountryandFounderoftheCoalitiono Alternatively,expressionsofinterestandformalapplicationscanbesenttotheSupportUnit

(Secretariat).o Contactviacontactformonwebsiteoremail

o Membersareassessedontheironlinehumanrightsdomesticrecord,votingrecordininternationalfora,andforeignpolicy.

Membershipcommitments:“Onceagovernmenthasjoined,thereisarequirementtoupholdthefoundingprinciples,butthereisnomechanismofenforcement.”Removalprocess:Thereisnocurrent,formalstructureofmembershipsuspensionorremoval.InarecentindependentevaluationoftheFOC,therewas“remarkableconsensusamongrespondentsthatthereoughttobeamechanismtoeithersuspendorremovemembers.”Finances

o Fundingstreamo Voluntarycontributionsfrommembergovernmentso “Industry”forspecificactivities(conference,travelsupportforCSOs)

Noavailable/accessibleinfoonbudget.CommunityofDemocracies(CD):Government-Led11Launchedin2000SummaryAgovernment-onlycoalitionof106countries,theCDbuildsonthe2010WarsawDeclarationandseekstoprovide“ongoingsupporttocountriesthatarelaunching-orcontinuing-theirdemocraticjourney.Activitiesrangefromknowledgetransferthroughforumsthatsharebestpracticeswithelectedofficials,politicalcandidatesandcivicactiviststointensivementorshipprograms.”12

11 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. 12 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure. Revised February 2016. http://www.community-democracies.org/The-Community-of-Democracies/Our-Community/Boilerplate-about-the-Community

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Thecoalitionhostsabiennialministerialconference,partnerswiththeUNSpecialRapporteuronFreedomofAssociation,hasapeerinformationexchangenetwork(LeadersEngagedinNewDemocraciesorLEND),andsixworkinggroupstocontinueeffortsbetweenconferences13:

• EnablingandProtectingCivilSociety• EducationforDemocracy• PromotingFreedomofOpinionandExpression• Elections• WomenandDemocracy• CommunityofDemocraciesGovernanceandEffectiveness

GeneralStructureandLeadership

• Government-onlycoalition,Government-led• 106governments• Involvesworkofcivilsociety,publicandprivatesector

Governance

• SecretaryGeneral• “AnExecutiveCommitteeassiststhePresidencywhichrotatesbetweenmembersofthe

GoverningCouncileverytwoyears.”14• GoverningCouncil:28Countries• InternationalSteeringCommittee

o “Includes28representativesofcivilsocietywhoprovideongoingcounseltotheGoverningCouncilandentireCD.Itdevelopsstrategiesandactivitiestopromotecivicspace,evaluatesCDactivities,proposesareasforconsideration,andexpressestheviewsofcivilsocietyduringGoverningCouncildeliberations.”15

• AcademicAdvisoryBoardo “Panelofexpertsconsistingofdistinguishedprofessorsandresearchersinthefields

ofdemocratization,comparativepolitics,law,governance,civilsocietyandhumanrights.ThemembersprovideexpertisetothevariousbodiesoftheCD,producepolicypapersandplayacriticalroleinorganizingeducationalworkshops.”16

13 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. 14 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 15 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure. 16 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure.

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Secretariat

• Permanent,7plustheSecretaryGeneral• Host:Warsaw,Poland• LiaisonOffice:UNGeneva

KeyActivities

o Workinggroups.§ EnablingandProtectingCivilSociety§ EducationforDemocracy§ PromotingFreedomofOpinionandExpression§ Elections§ WomenandDemocracy§ CommunityofDemocraciesGovernanceandEffectiveness

o Country-specificinitiatives.o Ministerialconferenceso Capacitybuildingworkwithcivilsociety.o TheLeadersEngagedinNewDemocracies(LEND)Network

§ “Apeer-to-peerhub;aglobalforumforexchanginginformationandexpertiseondemocratizationandbuildingstrongandaccountabledemocraticinstitutions.”17

StakeholderInteractiono Governments

§ Keyactivities(describedabove)§ GoverningCouncil(describedinmembership)

o CivilSociety§ InternationalSteeringCommittee

• “Includes28representativesofcivilsocietywhoprovideongoingcounseltotheGoverningCouncilandentireCD.Itdevelopsstrategiesandactivitiestopromotecivicspace,evaluatesCDactivities,proposesareasforconsideration,andexpressestheviewsofcivilsocietyduringGoverningCouncildeliberations.”

o OtherStakeholders§ AcademicAdvisoryBoard

• “Panelofexpertsconsistingofdistinguishedprofessorsandresearchersinthefieldsofdemocratization,comparativepolitics,law,governance,civilsocietyandhumanrights.ThemembersprovideexpertisetothevariousbodiesoftheCD,producepolicypapersandplayacriticalroleinorganizingeducationalworkshops.”

17 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure.

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MembershipApplicationprocess:

• Prospectivemembersevaluatedonthefollowing:o Supportforemergingandtransitionaldemocracieso ParticipationintheUNDemocracyCaucuso Designationofaseniorofficialtoactasthepointofcontacto PotentialtoprovidetangiblecontributionsthatwillstrengthentheCD

Membershipcommitments:

• Memberscommittothe19coredemocraticprinciplesintheWarsawDeclarationof2000.Removalprocess:

• Membershipcanberevokedfor“unconstitutionalinterruption”or“deviationfromthedemocraticprocess.”

• GoverningCouncilremovesamemberbyconsensusFinancesThereisnoreadilyavailable/accessibleinformationonfundingstream,revenueorbudget.EqualFuturesPartnership(EFP):Government-Led1819Launchedin2012SummaryAgovernment-led,multilateralinitiativethatencouragesmembercountriestofocusontheeconomicandpoliticalempowermentofwomen.ThePartnershipincludes28countriesandtheEuropeanUnion,partnerswithprivatesector,non-profitandmultilateralinstitutions,andhasanadvisorysubcommitteeledbycivilsocietyandprivatesectorpartners.20ThePartnershipworkswith“keystakeholdersintheircountries,includingcivilsociety,toidentifypolicyandprogrampriorities”andsets“achievablegoalsascommitmentswithinthePartnership,exchangesbestpracticesandlessonslearned,andreportsonprogress.”21EFPishostingitssecondhigh-levelEqualFuturesmeetinginSeptember2016.Itisunclearhowoftenthepartnershipmeetsinanofficialcapacity.

18 US State Department. http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/equalfutures/index.htm Equal Futures Partnership. 19 Phone interview. EFP Representative. 07 July 2016. 20 US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/equalfutures/index.htm. Equal Futures Partnership. Updated 2016. 21 US Embassy. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2014/09/20140922308745.html#axzz4CQIGwEC9. Facts on Equal Futures Partnership for Women’s Participation. September 2014.

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GeneralStructureandLeadershipo Establishednewstructurein2015o LedbySteeringCommittee,6members

o Setsstrategicvisiono Memberoutreacho Consistsofpastchair,currentchair,andfuturechair,aswellasrepresentativesfrom

regionalsubcommitteeso Regionalsubcommittees

o Asia&Pacificislandso Europeo MiddleEastandNorthAfricao LatinAmericao Africa

o SupportUnito Supportssteeringcommittee,managesadvisorycommittee,managesandmaintains

websiteo Consistsoftwomembers

§ Rotatingchair(positionrotatesbetweenCapitals)§ Supportofficer(positionalsorotatesbetweenCapitals,usuallyanofficer

withinarelevantinstitutionofamemberState)o AdvisorySubcommittee

§ RepresentativesfromNGOs,academia,andsubjectmatterexpertsareinvitedtoparticipate.Thesubcommitteefocusesonassistingthesteeringcommitteeandlargerpartnershipinsettingagendas,sharingmaterialsandinformationwithpartnershipmembers,promotingpartnershipactivitiesandinitiatives,providingmutualsupportthroughjointactions.

§ SubcommitteeisorganizedandmanagedbythePartnership’sSupportUnitKeyActivities

o “EqualFuturespartnercountriescommittotakingactions--includinglegal,regulatory,andpolicyreforms---toensurewomenfullyparticipateinpubliclifeatthelocal,regional,andnationallevels,andthatwomenleadandbenefitfrominclusiveeconomicgrowth.

o Member“Pairing”§ Structuralcooperationbetweentwocountriesthatarefocusingonthe

same/similarclusterofissues.Thisparticulartypeofcooperationcaninvolveknowledge-sharingandtheexchangeofexpertsandmaterialsrelatedtotheissue.Thesetypeofexchangesaideandstrengtheneachgovernmentintheircountry-levelcommitment/initiative.

§ Example:USAandMexicohavebeenpairedtofocusonsurvivorsofsexual-basedviolenceandtheireconomicempowerment.Theyexchangeexpertsandinformationonthisissue.Thisisusuallydonethroughinstitutions(i.e.theDOJintheUSA).

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§ Theaboveexamplehasproventobebeneficial.Sincegovernmentmembersarerequiredtoincludeallrelevantstakeholdersinthedesignandpursuitoftheircommitments,thesetypesofactivitiescreateanetworkandestablishrelationshipswithmultiplestakeholderswithinstitutionsbothwithinandbetweenthe“paired”countries.(forexample,DOJisnowconnectedwithavarietyofstakeholdersinMexico)

§ Membercountriesshowaninterestinpairingacrossregionsaswell,aslongastheyhaveacommongoalorsetofgoalstoworktowards.

o EmphasisonNetworkBuilding§ Movingawayfrommeetingsthatfocussolelyoncraftingdeclarationsthatstate

what“shouldbe”done.§ Encouragingmembersinallregionsoftheworldtobuildnetworkswitheach

otherandallrelevantstakeholderstodevelopandstrengthentheiridentifiedinitiativesandcommitments.

o CurrentlyexploringopportunitytodraftajointstatementStakeholderInteraction

o Workingcloselywithkeystakeholderstoidentifypolicyandprogrampriorities,EqualFuturesmemberssetachievablegoalsascommitmentswithinthePartnershipandreportonprogress.Membersexchangebestpracticesandlessonslearnedinaflexibleandagileframework.Keymultilateralstakeholders,suchasUNWomenandtheWorldBank,aswellasleadingbusinessesandnon-profitinstitutions,alsosupporttheworkofEqualFutures.”

o AdvisorySubcommittee§ RepresentativesfromNGOs,academia,andsubjectmatterexpertsareinvitedto

participate.Thesubcommitteefocusesonassistingthesteeringcommitteeandlargerpartnershipinsettingagendas,sharingmaterialsandinformationwithpartnershipmembers,promotingpartnershipactivitiesandinitiatives,providingmutualsupportthroughjointactions.

§ SubcommitteeisorganizedandmanagedbythePartnership’sSupportUnit(explainedinstructure)

o MainavenueforCivilSocietyisthroughcountry-levelgovernmentinstitutions(ForeignAffairsoffice,DOJ,etc.)thatareworkingtowardsthecommitmentsidentifiedbythegovernmentmember.

§ Sincegovernmentmembersarerequiredtoinvolvecivilsocietyandallrelevantstakeholdersintheirworktowardstheircommitments,CSOscanworkinpartnershipwiththerelevantcountry-levelinstitutionstohelpachievethesecommitments.

Membership

o Currently29countriesandtheEUo Grewfrominitial12foundingcountries.

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Applicationprocess:o Governmentrepresentativesandotherinterestedstakeholderssendanemailtoinquirefor

moreinformation.o Governmentsinterestedinjoiningsubmitsaletterofintent.Lettermuststatetheirreasons

forwantingtojoin,theirgoals,andtheirwillingnesstoparticipatewithstakeholdersandothermembers.

Membershipcommitments:

• Eachmembermustdefineasetofcommitments,constructedwithallrelevantstakeholdersatthenationallevel(orEUlevel,inthecaseoftheEU)

o Mustbefirmsetofobjectivesthataremeasurableinprogress.Objectivescanfocusontheboththepoliticalandeconomicempowermentofwomen,ortheycanfocus/elaboratemoreononeissuethantheother.Itdependsonthecountry,andeachcountrygetstodecidewhatismostprevalenttothem.

o Musthaveclearagendaformid-termperiod.o Mustparticipateinthemeetingsandactivitiesthey’reorganizing.

Removalprocess:• Noformalremovalprocess.• SteeringCommitteeiscurrentlyexploringpossibilitiesrelatedtoamechanismforremoval.

Finances

o SupportUnitOfficerisfundedthroughtheOfficer’sCapital.Consideredan“in-kind”contributiontothePartnership.

o Usually,theGovernment(s)chairingtheSupportUnitisresponsibleforitsfinancialmaintenance.Asthisisarotatingrole,theresponsibilityshiftsfromyear-to-year.

o Meetingsareusuallyscheduledinproximitytolarge,relevantevents/fora(CSW,UNGA,etc.)sincemostGovernmentmemberswillbeinthesamelocation.Thisisamodelthemembershipissatisfiedwith-itisalsoeconomicallybeneficial(lesstravel,lessscheduling,etc.)

Ifmeetingstakeplaceoutsiderelevantevents/fora,eachmemberisresponsiblefortheirowntravelcosts.ExtractivesIndustryTransparencyInitiative(EITI):Multi-StakeholderLaunchedin2003SummaryAmulti-stakeholdercoalitionconsistingof51countries,industryandinstitutionalinvestors,privatesector,andcivilsocietyfocusedonincreasingaccountabilityandtransparencyonthegovernanceofnaturalresources,suchasgas,oil,metalsandminerals.

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Eachcountryestablishesamulti-stakeholdercoalition(government,industryandcivilsociety)thatisoverseenbytheEITIInternationalBoard.ThenationalcoalitiondecideshowtoeffectivelyimplementtheEITIstandardsintheircountry.Then,keyinformationandrecommendationsarereportedandwidelysharedforpublicdebateandrecommendations.22GeneralStructureandLeadership

• Multi-stakeholder• 51countries,industryandinstitutionalinvestors,privatesector,andcivilsociety

Governance• GoverningBoardof20,includingBoardChair• Boardhasrepresentativesfromgovernments,CSOs,companies,andinvestors• “EachBoardmemberexcepttheChairisinvitedtohaveanalternate,whoiswelcometo

observeBoardmeetingsanddeputizeforthemember.”23• Boardmeets2-3timesperyear

o Boardhas7committees,reestablishedevery2-3yearso Committees:Audit,Finance,GovernanceandOversight,Implementation,Outreach

andCandidature,RapidResponse,Validation• All-memberconferenceevery3years

Secretariat• Permanent,24members• Host:Oslo,Norway• “Rolespecificallyincludes:outreachandadvocacy,communicatingandsharinglessons

learnedwithstakeholders,providingtechnicaladvice,oversightofthevalidationprocessandhighlightingresultsincountries”.24

• Alsoorganizestheall-memberconferenceandBoardmeetingsevery2-3years.KeyActivities

o ImplementingtheEITIstandards.§ Trainingandcapacitybuilding§ Highlightingandsharingtheworkofimplementingcountries§ Consideringnewapplications§ RaisingawarenessoftheEITIstandards.§ Countryreportswidelysharedforpublicdebateandrecommendations

StakeholderInteraction

o Governments,CSOs,companies,andinvestorssiton“GoverningBoard”.Thereare20Boardmembers.

o Governments,CSOs,companies,andinvestorsareinWorkingGroups.Thereare7WG.Anall-memberconferencehappensevery3years. 22 EITI. https://beta.eiti.org/about/who-we-are. Who are we and How we work. Last updated 2016. 23 EITI. https://beta.eiti.org/about/who-we-are. Last updated 2016. 24 EITI. https://beta.eiti.org/about/who-we-are. Last updated 2016.

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MembershipApplicationprocess:

• Governmentscanbe:o ImplementingCountry(appliestobeEITImember,isconsideredacandidateuntil

evaluationandsuccessfulvalidationofimplementingtheEITIstandardsafter2.5years.CandidateCountrybecomesCompliantCountryandiscontinuallyevaluated)

o Supporting(Provide“political,technicalandfinancialsupport”.Multiplemethodstojoininglistedontheirwebsite:https://beta.eiti.org/supporters/countries)

• “Companies,investorsandNGOsindicatetheirinterestinjoiningtheEITI,tosupporttheimplementationoftheEITIstandardsandconsideravoluntaryfinancialcontribution.”25

Membershipcommitments:

o ImplementingcountriescommittotheEITIstandards.o Supportingcountriesandstakeholdersprovidecommitmentsinavarietyofways.Theseare

listedonthewebsite:https://beta.eiti.org/supportersRemovalprocess:

o Countrycanbesuspendedwheno Thecountryhasnotmadeanyimportantprogresso ThesituationinthecountrydoesnotallowtheEITIprocesstomoveahead,suchasin

thecaseofpoliticalconflict.o ThecountrymanifestlybreachestheEITIPrinciplesandRequirements.o Thegovernmentofasuspendedcountrymayapplytohavethesuspensionliftedat

anytime.o Countrycanbedelistedfromtheimplementingcountrystatuswhen

o IthasbeensuspendedandhasnotaddressedthecorrectivemattersasidentifiedbytheBoard.

o Ithasn'tmadeenoughprogressinimplementingtheStandardwithintherequiredtimeframe.

o IfitmanifestlyfailstoadheretoasignificantaspecttotheEITIPrinciplesandRequirements.

AdelistedcountrymayreapplyforreadmissionasanEITIcandidateatanytime.Finances

o Themajorityoffunding(62%in2014)26comesfrom

25 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 26 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.

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o Governmentso Developmentagencies

o Additionalfundingcomesfromcompanieso 2014Revenue:$5millionUSD

InternationalCodeofConductonPrivateSecurityServiceProvidersAssociation(ICOCA):Multi-StakeholderLaunchedin2010SummaryAmulti-stakeholderorganizationconsistingofgovernments,privatesector,andcivilsocietyorganizationsfocusedon“promoting,governing,andoverseeingtheprovisionofsecurityservicesandrespectforhumanrightsandnationalandinternationallawinaccordancewiththeCodeofConductonPrivateSecurityServiceProviders.”27TheorganizationisestablishedasaSwissnon-profitassociation.ThemandateoftheICOCAfocusesonthreemainactivities:Certificationofmembers(“assessingwhetheracompany’ssystemsandpoliciesmeettheCode”),Reporting,monitoringandassessingmemberperformance(compliancewiththecode),andHandlingcomplaints(investigatingallegedviolationsofthecode).28GeneralStructureandLeadership

• 6governments,16CSOs,overmorethan100privatesecuritycompanies29Governance

• BoardofDirectorso 12memberso Equalstakeholderrepresentation

• GeneralAssemblyo Allmemberso GAmeetinghappensatleastonceperyear

Secretariat

• Permanent,5members• OperatesundersupervisionofanExecutiveDirector,appointedbyBoardofDirectors• “Secretariat…responsibleformaintainingrecordsnecessaryfortheongoinggovernanceof

theAssociation[including,butnotlimitedto]:rules,bylaws,recordsofvotes,anyotherrecordsofgovernance”30

27 ICOCA. http://www.icoca.ch/en/icoc-association. The ICOCA Association. Last updated 2016. 28 ICOCA. http://www.icoca.ch/en/mandate. Mandate. Last updated 2016. 29 According to http://icoca.ch/en/membership site as of July 8, 2016. 30 ICOCA. http://www.icoca.ch/

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KeyActivitieso Promotes,governs,andoverseestheICOCAcode.Focusesonthefollowingactivities

for/onitsmembercompanies:§ Certification(compliancewiththeICOCAcode)§ Reporting,monitoringandassessingprogressandcompliance§ Handlingcomplaintsandpotentialcodeviolations

StakeholderInteraction

o Governments,CSOs,andprivatesecuritycompaniesshareequalrepresentationontheBoardofDirectors.Thereare12members.

AllmembersparticipateintheGeneralAssembly.Thishappensatleastonceperyear.MembershipApplicationprocess(fulldetailshere):

o ApplicationsaresubmittedtotheSecretariat,reviewedbytheBoard.TheBoardistheprimarydecisionmakeronmembership.

o Alternatively,privatesecuritycompanies(PSCs),CSOsandgovernmentscanapplytobean“observermember.”Applicationssubmittedtosecretariat,membersarechosenbytheBoard.

Membershipcommitments:

o Membershipdividedintothreecategories:o PrivateSecurityCompanieso CivilSocietyOrganizationso Governments

o CommitmentsaremadetotheICOCACodeofConduct.o Certificationisreceiveduponevaluationandcompliancewiththecode.o Mustadheretoongoing,independentmonitoringandevaluation.

Removalprocess:

o Complaintscanberaisedagainstmembers.o ComplaintsreviewedbyBoard-memberscanbesuspendediftheBoardfindstheyhave

violatedthecode.MoreinformationcanbefoundintheTORFinances

o MajorityoffundingisprovidedbyICOCAmembersthrough:o Industrymemberdueso Applicationfee(one-timefeeforjoining)

o Governmentcontributionsarevoluntaryo In-kindcontributionsprovidedbytheGovernmentofSwitzerlandandGenevaCentreforthe

DemocraticControlofArmedForces(DCAF)

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o 2016budget:$1.1millionUSDOpenGovernmentPartnership(OGP)-Government-Led31Launchedin2011SummaryPrimarilyagovernment-ledpartnershipconsistingof69participatingcountries,OGPincludescivilsocietyorganizationsintwoways:aninternationalsteeringcommitteeofequalgovernmentandcivilsocietyrepresentation,andtheIndependentCivilSocietyEngagementTeamthatworksto“broaden,strengthenandengageastrongcivilsocietynetworktoparticipateinOGP,particularlyatthenationallevel.”32ThePartnershipfocusesonpromotingmoreaccountableandtransparentgovernmentsthatareresponsivetoitscitizensby“ensuringopengovernmentpolicydebates…supportinglocalreformers,fosteringengagementwithawiderrangeofstakeholdersandholdingcountriesaccountablefortheprogresstheyaremaking.”33GeneralStructureandLeadership

• Government-led,multilateralinitiativeo InvolvesCSOsandmultilateralagenciesinitsworko IncludesCSOsintwoways:

§ Internationalsteeringcommittee§ IndependentCivilSocietyEngagementTeamthatworksto“broaden,

strengthenandengageastrongcivilsocietynetworktoparticipateinOGP,particularlyatthenationallevel.”34

Governance• Internationalsteeringcommittee

o 22members(11government,11civilsociety)o 4co-chairs(2government,2civilSociety)o 2OGPambassadorso Meetsatleast3timesperyear,includingonceatMinisteriallevel

Secretariat• Permanent,14members• Alsoidentifiedasthe“OGPSupportUnit”

31 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/about. Brochure. 2015. 32 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/. Last updated 2016. 33 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 34 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/. Last updated 2016.

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• “Designsandimplementsthecoreprogramofwork…alsooverseesrelationshipswithmultilateralpartnersandfundersandprovidesstrategicadministrativeassistancetotheSteeringCommitteeandthebroaderpartnership.”35

KeyActivities

o EachMemberCountryidentifiesspecifictransparency,accountability,andpublicparticipationcommitmentsintoaNationalActionPlan(NAP)

o Peerexchangeandworkinggroups§ Thegoal:“todevelopanactiveandmutuallysupportivecommunityofreformers

fromaroundtheworld,engagedinspecificthematicareasandexperiencingsimilarchallenges.”

o OpenGovernmentAwards§ Thegoal:“awardsaregiventoreformersfromgovernmentandcivilsociety

organizationswhohaveledopengovernmentinitiativesresultinginrealandsustainablechangeinpeople’slives.”

StakeholderInteraction

o GovernmentsandCSOsshareequalrepresentationonthe“InternationalSteeringCommittee”.Theymeetatleast3timesperyear,includingonceattheministeriallevel.

CSOsadditionallyleadthe“IndependentCivilSocietyEngagementTeam”thatworksto“broaden,strengthenandengageastrongcivilsocietynetworktoparticipateinOGP,particularlyatthenationallevel.”MembershipApplicationprocess:

o GovernmentsmustmeetOGPeligibilitycriteria:§ FiscalTransparency§ AccesstoInformation§ PublicOfficialsAssetDisclosure§ CitizenEngagement

o Ifeligibilityismet,aLetterofIntentmustbesenttotheOGPSteeringCommittee.Mustbesignedby“seniorpoliticalleader”andincludecommitmenttoOGPprinciplesandIndependentReportingMechanism

o AMinistrybustbeidentifiedasthe“lead”indevelopingaNationalActionPlano CSOs

o Noofficialprocedureforjoining.ThebrochurelistsseveralwaysthatCSOcanparticipate.Theyinclude:

§ HelpingagovernmentachieveOGPeligibilityandmembership§ Co-creatingNationalActionPlans§ AssistingImplementation§ AssessingPerformance

35 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/. Informational Brochure.

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§ ContributingtolearningMembershipcommitments:

o CommitmenttotheOpenGovernmentDeclarationof2011o DevelopmentofNationalActionplanwithmulti-stakeholder/publicconsultationo Commitmenttoongoingindependentevaluationonprogress

Removalprocess:

o “OGPhasadoptedaResponsePolicytoenableconcernsaboutmemberstoberaised.Responsestoissuesraisedaremadepublicthroughtheirwebsite.Membersarealsorequiredtoproduceaself-assessmentreport,whichisalsomadepublic.”36

Finances

o Fundingcomesfromo Philanthropicfoundationsthroughmultiyeargrantso Bilateralaidagencieso Annualcontributionsofallparticipatingmembergovernments

o 2014revenue:$4.5millionUSD

VoluntaryPrinciplesonSecurityandHumanRights(VoluntaryPrinciples):Multi-StakeholderLaunchedin2000SummaryAmulti-stakeholdermodelpartnershipthatincludesgovernments,companiesandNGOsinvolvedintheextractivesindustry(oil,mining,andgascompanies).TheVoluntaryPrinciplesarea“setofprinciplesdesignedtoguidecompaniesinmaintainingthesafetyandsecurityoftheiroperationswithinanoperatingframeworkthatencouragesrespectforhumanrights”37Thepartnershippursuesitsmissionthrough“mutuallearning,bestpracticesharingandjointproblemsolvingwithdifferentstakeholders.”Additionally,thereisanannualplenarymeetingformembers,aswellasarequiredannualreporteachmembermustsubmitdetailingtheirprogressonimplementationoftheprinciples.38

36 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 37 Voluntary Principles. http://www.voluntaryprinciples.org/. Last updated 2016. 38 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.

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GeneralStructureandLeadership• Multi-stakeholdermodel,includesgovernments,companiesandNGOsinvolvedinthe

extractivesindustry(oil,mining,andgascompanies).Governance

• Primarydecision-makingmechanism:thePlenary• Primaryexecutivebody:SteeringCommittee• FinancialandadministrativeissuesarehandledbytheVoluntaryPrinciplesAssociation

Secretariat• ProvidedbyFoleyHoag,lawfirmbasedinWashington,DC

KeyActivitiesandStakeholderInteraction

o Annualplenarymeeting§ Emphasisofworkisengagingmultiplestakeholdersinknowledge-sharingand

problemsolving.o EachmemberoftheVoluntaryPrinciplessubmitsanannualreportthatillustratestheir

progresstowardsimplementationoftheprinciples.MembershipApplicationprocess:

o ApplicationsaresubmittedtotheSecretariat.o Theprocessforgovernmentscanbefoundhereo Theprocessforcompaniescanbefoundhereo TheprocessforNGOscanbefoundhere

o TheSteeringCommitteeistheprimarydecision-makeronmembership.

Membershipcommitments:o MembersmustadheretoTheVoluntaryPrinciples.Theycanbeaccessedhere

Removalprocess:

o “Agovernment’sstatusintheVoluntaryPrincipleswillbereviewedifthereisconsensusinoneconstituencythatthegovernmentiscommittinggenocide,widespreadorsystematicwarcrimesorcrimesagainsthumanity.”39

o NGOsmustre-applyeveryyeartocontinueinvolvement.o Thereisnodefinedprocessforcompanies.

Finances

o Fundingcomesfromo Governmentso Corporatemembers

39 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.

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Noinformationonrevenueorbudget.InternationalForumonSOGIE(Kenya)40Launchedin2014SummaryMainlygovernment-led,thisinformalpartnershipevolvedfromaHumanRightsDefendersWorkingGroupinitiativefocusedonhelpinglocalembassiesimplementEUguidelinesonHumanRightsDefendersandSOGI.AlthoughthepartnershipevolvedfromanEUrelatedinitiative,itnowincludestheUSA,Canada,Brazil,Mexico,andAustralia.Additionally,thepartnershiphasgrowntoincludedonors,CivilSociety,andKenya-basedSOGIorganizations.Membersofthepartnershipmeetbi-monthlyinKenyatodiscussandrespondtocurrenteventsrelatedtoSOGIhumanrightsinthecountryandsurroundingregion.GeneralStructureandLeadership

• Government-ledbutinvolvesmultiplestakeholdersinitswork• Noformalstructure,leadershiporSecretariat/SupportUnit.

KeyActivitiesandStakeholderInteraction

o TheAgendaismostlyinformedbythecontextofwhatishappeningrelatedtoSOGIhumanrightsinKenyaandsurroundingstructure.Thereisinformalinformation-sharinganddiscussionsthatoccur.

o Primaryissues:§ Safety§ Development§ Consultationsonprojectedcountry-levelinterventions

o ThePartnershiphassmallWorkingGroups(about4)thatfocusondifferentissues(litigation,safety&protection,etc.).

o Stakeholderscanparticipateintheworkinggroupsandlargerbi-monthlymeetings,oncetheirmembershipisapproved.

MembershipApplicationprocess:

• Recommendationbased.Mustbeapprovedbygeneralmembership,usuallyatbi-monthlymeeting.

o Membersofthepartnershipwillpresentanewmemberwhoisinterestedinjoiningtothelargergroup.Thelargergroupthenstatesanyobjectionsanddecidesifthey

40 Phone interview with SOGI Partnership Representative. 06 July 2016.

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canbeapart.o CivilSocietyapplicantsmustbeconnectedtooneoftheCivilSocietygroupmembers

(forexample,oneofthetwomainSOGIorgsinKenyaorIGLHRCandbeintroduced/recommendedbythem.)Additionally,aCSO/NGOcanbeconsideredtojoinwithoutadirectconnectiontothegroupifthey’reseenasbringingaconstituencythathasbeenleftbehind.

Membershipcommitments:

• Thereisgeneralagreementamongmembersregardingsafetyofinformationthatissharedanddiscussed–otherthanthattherearenoformalcommitments.

RemovalprocessThereisnoformalprocessforremovalofmembers.Finances

• Mostlyfundedbytwogovernmentmembers.Noformalfundingstructure/process.• Therewasacallmadetofundthisinitiative/partnership.Mostlygovernmentsresponded,

butdonorsandcivilsocietyalsoresponded.Theyputmoneyintoapooledfundwhichisusedforbothoverhead(whichhasminimalcosts)andprograms.