international institutions and trade implications for online

8/3/2019 International Institutions and Trade Implications for Online

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2+ Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg++ 4

5+ Piufg Ebkh2+ Wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh++ 57

:+ Piufg Wubgj Iu`bklsbwlik 71

4+ Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj Njkwuj++ 70

0+ Njkwuj diu wmj Quioiwlik id Loqiuw~ duio gjtjfiqlk`

nizkwulj~++ :5

=+ Jzuiqjbk Zklik++ :0

+ Bdulnbk Zklik =0

27+ Niooik Obuhjw diu Jb~wjuk bkg ^izwmjuk Bdulnb -NIOJ^B,


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Mipjtju lk wml~ `fiebfl~jg piufg lw l~ ejniolk` jtju oiuj glddlnzfw diu kbwlik~ wi

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bzwioielfj ~jnwiu mbg lw~ ipk ~mbuj id pij~ gzj wi fj~~ j}qiuw iugju~ bkg gjfb|lk qb|ojkw ujbflsbwlik~+

B~ ìtjukojkw~ bkg ebkhju~ fiih diu ~ifzwlik~ wi wmj ùiplk` dlkbknlbf nul~l~& wmjlkbgjrzbnlj~ id `fiebf jnikioln lk~wlwzwlik~ bkg wmjlu belflw| wi uj`zfbwjlkwjukbwlikbf dlkbknj jddjnwltjf| mbtj nioj wi wmj diuj iknj b`blk+

Lkjrzbflw| lk wmj `fiebf jnikio| mb~ ejjk ùiplk` eiwm plwmlk bkg bnui~~nizkwulj~ lk ~qlwj id nioolwojkw~ wi jk~zuj wmbw `fiebflsbwlik pizfg eulkèjkjdlw~ wi bff+ @uiplk` lkjrzbflw| bnui~~ wmj piufg jnikio| l~ b ~l`k id b ~juliz~dblfzuj id `fiebf ìtjukbknj+

Wmj ìtjukbknj id wmj `fiebf jnikio| mb~ fb``jg ejmlkg `fiebflsbwlik pmlnmmb~ quinjjgjg bqbnj pmlfj wmj lkwjukbwlikbf lk~wlwzwlik~ nujbwjg wi ejwwjuobkb`j lkwjukbwlikbf jnikioln ujfbwlik~ mbtj ejnioj oiuj lkjddjnwzbf bkgobu`lkbflsjg+

Wml~ eiih blo~ wi nujbwj bk zkgju~wbkglk` id wmj tbuliz~ lk~wlwzwlikbf ojnmbkl~olk wmj `fiebfl~jg jnikio|+ Nmbqwju~ ik lk~wlwzwlik~ flhj PWI+ ZKNWBG& LOD jwn


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bkg wubgj efinh~ flhj ^BDWB& KBDWB jwn blo~ wi ml`mfl`mw wmjlu ml~wiu|& uifj bkgbnwltlwlj~ lk `itjuklk` bkg uj`zfbwlk` wmj `fiebf jnikio|+ Ojwwfj

Wml~ nioqlfbwlik ik wmj lk~wlwzwlik~ gij~kw bnwzbff| quitlgj b nulwlnbf bkbf|~l~ ikwmjlu uifj~ bkg mip wmj| buj mbkgflk` wmj nzuujkw `fiebf jnikioln ~njkbuli+

Hkiplk` wmj~j iu`bklsbwlik pizfg njuwblkf| mjfq zkgju~wbkg wmj lkwjukbwlikbfwubgj ojnmbkl~o lk oznm ejwwju pb|+


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Nizu~j Nikwjkw~3

Oigzfj L3 Ozfwlkbwlikbf Iu`bklsbwlik~

Uifj id LOD lk Lkwjukbwlikbf WubgjUifj id Piufg Ebkh lk Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj

Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh

ZKNWBG

PWILkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj Njkwuj - LWN ,& @jkjtb

Njkwuj diu Quioiwlik id Loqiuw~ duio Gjtjfiqlk` Nizkwulj~

Oigzfj LL3 Uj`likbf Wubgj Efinh~

Jzuiqjbk Zklik

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Bdulnbk Jnikioln Nioozklw|

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Jnikioln Nioozklw| id Pj~w Bdulnbk ^wbwj~Jnikioln Nioozklw| id Njkwubf Bdulnbk ^wbwj~


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Nmbqwju 2

Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg

2+2 Iecjnwltj

Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg pb~ nujbwjg lk 2


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2,& gjtbfzlk` wmjlu nzuujknlj~ wi nioqjwj b`blk~w jbnm iwmju diu j}qiuw obuhjw~&bkg nzuwblflk` wmjlu nlwlsjk~ dujjgio wi ez| ìig~ beuibg bkg wi mifg diujl`kj}nmbk`jquitjg wi ej ~jfd/gjdjbwlk`+ Piufg wubgj gjnflkjg ~mbuqf|& bkgjoqfi|ojkw bkg fltlk` ~wbkgbug~ qfzoojwjg lk obk| nizkwulj~+

^jjhlk` wi uj~wiuj iugju wi lkwjukbwlikbf oikjwbu| ujfbwlik~& wmj LOD~ dizkgju~

nmbu`jg wmj kjp lk~wlwzwlik plwm itju~jjlk` wmj lkwjukbwlikbf oikjwbu| ~|~wjo wijk~zuj j}nmbk`j ubwj ~wbelflw| bkg jknizub`lk` ojoeju nizkwulj~ wi jflolkbwjj}nmbk`j uj~wulnwlik~ wmbw mlkgjujg wubgj+ Wmj LOD nboj lkwi j}l~wjknj lkGjnjoeju 2 Bgolkl~wubwltj ^jwzq

Wmj LOD l~ ìtjukjg e|& bkg l~ bnnizkwbefj wi& lw~ ojoeju nizkwulj~ wmuiz`m lw~Eibug id @itjukiu~+ Wmjuj l~ ikj @itjukiu duio jbnm ojoeju nizkwu|& w|qlnbff|wmj dlkbknj olkl~wju iu njkwubf ebkh ìtjukiu+ Wmj @itjukiu~ z~zbff| ojjw iknjb |jbu& lk ^jqwjoeju iu Inwieju& bw wmj Bkkzbf Ojjwlk`~ id wmj LOD bkg wmjPiufg Ebkh+

Hj| qifln| l~~zj~ ujfbwjg wi wmj lkwjukbwlikbf oikjwbu| ~|~wjo buj nik~lgjujgwplnj b |jbu e| b nioolwwjj id @itjukiu~ nbffjg wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu|bkg Dlkbknlbf Nioolwwjj& iu wmj LODN+ B cilkw nioolwwjj id wmj Eibug~ id@itjukiu~ id wmj LOD bkg wmj Piufg Ebkhwmj Gjtjfiqojkw Nioolwwjj

bgtl~j~ bkg ujqiuw~ wi wmj @itjukiu~ ik gjtjfiqojkw qifln| bkg iwmju obwwju~id niknjuk wi gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~+

Wmj gb|/wi/gb| piuh id wmj LOD l~ nbuuljg izw e| wmj J}jnzwltj Eibug& pmlnmujnjltj~ lw~ qipju~ duio wmj Eibug id @itjukiu~& bkg wmj LOD~ lkwjukbwlikbff|ujnuzlwjg ~wbdd+ Wmj J}jnzwltj Eibug ~jfjnw~ wmj LOD~ Obkb`lk` Glujnwiu& pmi l~bqqilkwjg diu b ujkjpbefj dltj/|jbu wjuo+ Wmj Obkb`lk` Glujnwiu ujqiuw~ wi wmj

Dl`zuj 5 3 Dbnw~ ik wmj LOD

Nzuujkw ojoeju~mlq3 2=: nizkwulj~^wbdd3 bqqui}lobwjf| 5&7 nizkwulj~Wiwbf Rziwb~3 '>:5 elfflik -b~ id :)>2)1=,Fibk~ izw~wbkglk` -b~ id :)>2)1=,3 '2


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Eibug bkg ~jutj~ b~ lw~ nmblu bkg wmj nmljd id wmj LOD~ ~wbdd bkg l~ b~~l~wjg e| bDlu~w Gjqzw| Obkb`lk` Glujnwiu bkg wpi iwmju Gjqzw| Obkb`lk` Glujnwiu~+

Wmj J}jnzwltj Eibug z~zbff| ojjw~ wmujj wloj~ b pjjh& lk dzff/gb| ~j~~lik~& bkgoiuj idwjk ld kjjgjg& bw wmj LOD~ mjbgrzbuwju~ lk Pb~mlk`wik& G+N+ Id wmj 57

J}jnzwltj Glujnwiu~ ik wmj Eibug& = buj bqqilkwjg e| ~lk`fj nizkwulj~wmjLOD~ : fbu`j~w rziwb/mifgju~ -wmj Zklwjg ^wbwj~& Cbqbk& @juobk|& Dubknj& bkgwmj Zklwjg Hlk`gio, bkg Nmlkb& Uz~~lb& bkg ^bzgl Bubelb+ Wmj iwmju 24J}jnzwltj Glujnwiu~ buj jfjnwjg diu wpi/|jbu wjuo~ e| `uizq~ id nizkwulj~ hkipkb~ %nik~wlwzjknlj~+%

Zkflhj ~ioj lkwjukbwlikbf iu`bklsbwlik~ -~znm b~ wmj Zklwjg Kbwlik~ @jkjubfB~~joef|, wmbw iqjubwj zkgju b ikj/nizkwu|/ikj/tiwj qulknlqfj& wmj LOD mb~ bpjl`mwjg tiwlk` ~|~wjo+ Wmj fbu`ju b nizkwu|~ rziwb lk wmj LODgjwjuolkjgeuibgf| e| lw~ jnikioln ~lsjwmj oiuj tiwj~ wmj nizkwu| mb~& lk bgglwlik wi lw~%eb~ln tiwj~&% id pmlnm jbnm ojoeju mb~ bk jrzbf kzoeju+ Ezw wmj Eibug ubujf|obhj~ gjnl~lik~ eb~jg ik diuobf tiwlk`8 oi~w gjnl~lik~ buj eb~jg iknik~jk~z~+ Lk wmj jbuf| 5111~& lk uj~qik~j wi nmbk`j~ lk wmj pjl`mw bkg uifj idnizkwulj~ lk wmj piufg jnikio|& wmj LOD ej`bk wi ujj}bolkj wmj gl~wulezwlik idrziwb~ bkg tiwlk` qipju wi jk~zuj wmbw bff ojoeju~ buj dbluf| ujquj~jkwjg+

LOD joqfi|jj~& pmi nioj duio itju 271 nizkwulj~& buj lkwjukbwlikbf nltlf~jutbkw~+ Wmjlu uj~qik~lelflw| l~ wi wmj LOD& kiw wi wmj kbwlikbf bzwmiulwlj~ id wmjnizkwulj~ id pmlnm wmj| buj nlwlsjk~+ Beizw ikj/mbfd id wmj LOD~ bqqui}lobwjf|5&011 ~wbdd ojoeju~ buj jnikiol~w~+ Oi~w ~wbdd piuh bw wmj LOD~ Pb~mlk`wik&G+N+& mjbgrzbuwju~& ezw wmj LOD bf~i mb~ itju =: uj~lgjkw ujquj~jkwbwltj~

qi~wjg lk ojoeju nizkwulj~ buizkg wmj piufg+ Lk bgglwlik& lw oblkwblk~ iddlnj~ lkEuz~~jf~& Qbul~& bkg Wih|i& pmlnm buj uj~qik~lefj diu flbl~ik plwm iwmjulkwjukbwlikbf bkg uj`likbf lk~wlwzwlik~ bkg nltlf ~inljw| iu`bklsbwlik~& b~ pjff b~ lkKjp \iuh bkg @jkjtb& pmlnm dinz~ ik flbl~ik plwm lk~wlwzwlik~ lk wmj ZK ~|~wjo+Wmj @jkjtb iddlnj l~ bf~i uj~qik~lefj diu flbl~ik plwm wmj Piufg WubgjIu`bklsbwlik+

2+7 ^izunj~ id LOD Dzkglk`

Wmj LOD~ uj~izunj~ nioj oblkf| duio wmj rziwb~ wmbw nizkwulj~ gjqi~lw pmjk

wmj| cilk wmj LOD+ Rziwb~ euibgf| ujdfjnw wmj ~lsj id jbnm ojoeju~ jnikio|3wmj fbu`ju b nizkwu|~ jnikio| lk wjuo~ id izwqzw& bkg wmj fbu`ju bkg oiujtbulbefj lw~ wubgj& wmj fbu`ju lw~ rziwb wjkg~ wi ej+ Diu j}boqfj& wmj Zklwjg^wbwj~& wmj piufg~ fbu`j~w jnikio|& mb~ wmj fbu`j~w rziwb lk wmj LOD+ Rziwb~buj ujtljpjg qjuliglnbff| bkg nbk ej lknujb~jg pmjk gjjojg kjnj~~bu| e| wmjEibug id @itjukiu~+


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Nizkwulj~ gjqi~lw 5: qjunjkw id wmjlu rziwb ~ze~nulqwlik~ lk ^qjnlbf Gubplk`Ul`mw~ iu obciu nzuujknlj~& ~znm b~ Z+^+ giffbu~ iu Cbqbkj~j |jk bkg wmjebfbknj lk wmj ojoeju~ ipk nzuujkn|+

Rziwb~& wi`jwmju plwm wmj jrzbf kzoeju id eb~ln tiwj~ jbnm ojoeju mb~&

gjwjuolkj nizkwulj~ tiwlk` qipju+ Rziwb~ bf~i mjfq wi gjwjuolkj wmj boizkw iddlkbknlk` nizkwulj~ nbk eiuuip duio wmj LOD& bkg wmjlu ~mbuj lk ^GU bffinbwlik~+-dl`zuj >,

Oi~w LOD fibk~ buj dlkbknjg izw id ojoeju~ rziwb~+ Wmj j}njqwlik~ buj fibk~zkgju wmj Qitjuw| Ujgznwlik bkg @uipwm Dbnlflw|& pmlnm buj qblg izw id wuz~wdzkg~ bgolkl~wjujg e| wmj LOD bkg dlkbknjg e| nikwulezwlik~ duio wmj LOD lw~jfdbkg b euibg ~qjnwuzo id lw~ ojoeju nizkwulj~+

Ld kjnj~~bu|& wmj LOD ob| eiuuip duio b kzoeju id lw~ dlkbknlbff| ~wuik`j~w

ojoeju nizkwulj~ wi ~zqqfjojkw wmj uj~izunj~ btblfbefj duio lw~ rziwb~+ Flhjiwmju dlkbknlbf lk~wlwzwlik~& wmj LOD bf~i jbuk~ lknioj duio wmj lkwjuj~w nmbu`j~bkg djj~ fjtljg ik lw~ fibk~+ Lw z~j~ wml~ lknioj wi ojjw dzkglk` ni~w~& qb| diubgolkl~wubwltj j}qjk~j~& bkg oblkwblk qujnbzwlikbu| ebfbknj~+ Lk wmj jbuf|5111~& wmjuj pb~ b gjnflkj lk wmj gjobkg diu wmj LOD~ kikniknj~~likbf fibk~&ujdfjnwlk` ejkl`k `fiebf jnikioln bkg dlkbknlbf nikglwlik~ b~ pjff b~ qiflnlj~ lkobk| joju`lk` obuhjw nizkwulj~ wmbw mbg ujgznjg wmjlu tzfkjubelflw| wi nul~j~+Wi gltju~ld| lw~ lknioj ~izunj~& wmj LOD j~wbefl~mjg bk lktj~wojkw bnnizkw lk511:+ Wmj dzkg~ lk wmj bnnizkw buj lktj~wjg lk jfl`lefj obuhjwbefj iefl`bwlik~gjkiolkbwjg lk ^GU~ iu lk wmj ~jnzulwlj~ id ojoeju~ pmi~j nzuujknlj~ bujlknfzgjg lk wmj ^GU eb~hjw+ Wmj Dzkg bf~i ej`bk wi j}qfiuj iwmju iqwlik~ diu

ujgznlk` lw~ gjqjkgjknj ik fjkglk` diu lw~ lknioj+

Dl`zuj > 3 Rziwb~ bkg Tiwlk` Qipju id wiq 2: ojoeju nizkwulj~

Ojoeju Rziwb Tiwj~Olfflik id^GU

Qjunjkw idwiwbf

Kzoeju Qjunjkw idwiwbf

Zklwjg ^wbwj~ >0&271 20+1< >02&07> 24+00Cbqbk 2>&>25+=1 4+2> 2>>&>0= 4+15

@juobk| 2>&11=+51 :+1&>>5 :+==Dubknj 21&0>=+:1 7+: 7+=4ZklwjgHlk`gio

21&0>=+:1 7+: 7+=4

Nmlkb =&1+05 =2&2:2 >+44Lwbf| 0&1::+:1 >+5: 01&=1: >+2+24Nbkbgb 4&>4&


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Uz~~lbkDjgjubwlik

:&7Ejf`lzo 7&41:+51 5+25 74&>15 5+17&=>: 2+:0Bz~wubflb >&5>4+71 2+7< >5&427 2+70Wiwbf 520&>05+01 211 5&524&2 211

îzunj 3 LOD

2+: Uifj id LOD

Wmj LOD~ dzkgbojkwbf ol~~lik l~ wi mjfq jk~zuj ~wbelflw| lk wmj lkwjukbwlikbf~|~wjo e| 3

2+ hjjqlk` wubnh id wmj `fiebf jnikio| bkg wmj jnikiolj~ id ojoejunizkwulj~8

5+ fjkglk` wi nizkwulj~ plwm ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~ glddlnzfwlj~8 bkg>+ `ltlk` qubnwlnbf mjfq wi ojoeju~

2+:+2 ^zutjlffbknj 3 Hjjqlk` Wubnh Id Wmj @fiebf Jnikio|

Wmj LOD piuh~ wi quioiwj `fiebf ùipwm bkg jnikioln ~wbelflw| e| jknizub`lk`nizkwulj~ wi bgiqw ~izkg jnikioln qiflnlj~+ Wml~ quinj~~ l~ hkipk b~~zutjlffbknj+ ^zutjlffbknj nioqul~j~ ozfwlfbwjubf ~zutjlffbknj& zkgju pmlnm wmjLOD b~~j~~j~ `fiebf bkg uj`likbf gjtjfiqojkw~ bkg qzefl~mj~ wmj PiufgJnikioln Izwfiih bkg @fiebf Dlkbknlbf ^wbelflw| Ujqiuw8 bkg elfbwjubf~zutjlffbknj pmlnm l~ wmj uj`zfbu glbfi`zj bkg qifln| bgtlnj wmbw wmj LOD iddju~ wilw~ ojoeju~+

Pmjk b nizkwu| cilk~ wmj LOD& lw bùjj~ wi ~zecjnw lw~ jnikioln bkg dlkbknlbfqiflnlj~ wi wmj ~nuzwlk| id wmj lkwjukbwlikbf nioozklw|+ Bkg lw obhj~ bnioolwojkw wi qzu~zj qiflnlj~ wmbw buj nikgznltj wi iugjuf| jnikioln ùipwmbkg ujb~ikbefj qulnj ~wbelflw|& wi btilg obklqzfbwlk` j}nmbk`j ubwj~ diu zkdblunioqjwlwltj bgtbkwb`j& bkg wi quitlgj wmj LOD plwm gbwb beizw lw~ jnikio|+ WmjLOD~ uj`zfbu oiklwiulk` id jnikiolj~ bkg b~~inlbwjg quitl~lik id qifln|bgtlnjhkipk b~ ~zutjlffbknjl~ lkwjkgjg wi lgjkwld| pjbhkj~~j~ wmbw bujnbz~lk` iu nizfg fjbg wi wuizefj+

2+:+2+2 Nizkwu| ~zutjlffbknj wbhj~ wmj diuo id uj`zfbu -z~zbff| bkkzbf,nioqujmjk~ltj nik~zfwbwlik~ plwm lkgltlgzbf ojoeju nizkwulj~& plwm lkwjulogl~nz~~lik~ b~ kjjgjg+ Wmj nik~zfwbwlik~ buj ujdjuujg wi b~ %Buwlnfj LTnik~zfwbwlik~% ejnbz~j wmj| buj ujrzlujg e| Buwlnfj LT id wmj LOD~ Buwlnfj~ idBùjjojkw+ Gzulk` bk Buwlnfj LT nik~zfwbwlik& bk LOD wjbo id jnikiol~w~ tl~lw~ bnizkwu| wi niffjnw jnikioln bkg dlkbknlbf gbwb bkg wi gl~nz~~ wmj nizkwu|~jnikioln qiflnlj~ plwm ìtjukojkw bkg njkwubf ebkh iddlnlbf~+ LOD ~wbdd ol~~lik~bf~i idwjk ujbnm izw ej|ikg wmjlu iddlnlbf lkwjufinzwiu~ diu gl~nz~~lik~ plwm
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qbuflbojkwbulbk~ bkg ujquj~jkwbwltj~ id ez~lkj~~& fbeiu zklik~& bkg nltlf ~inljw|+Wmj wjbo ujqiuw~ lw~ dlkglk`~ wi LOD obkb`jojkw bkg wmjk quj~jkw~ wmjo wi wmjLOD~ J}jnzwltj Eibug& pmlnm ujquj~jkw~ bff id wmj LOD~ ojoeju nizkwulj~& diugl~nz~~lik+ B ~zoobu| id wmj Eibug~ tljp~ l~ wubk~olwwjg wi wmj nizkwu|~ìtjukojkw+ Lk wml~ pb|& wmj tljp~ id wmj `fiebf nioozklw| bkg wmj fj~~ik~ id

lkwjukbwlikbf j}qjuljknj buj euiz`mw wi ejbu ik kbwlikbf qiflnlj~+ ^zoobulj~ idoi~w gl~nz~~lik~ buj ujfjb~jg lk Qzefln Lkdiuobwlik Kiwlnj~ bkg buj qi~wjg ikwmj LOD~ Pje ~lwj& b~ buj oi~w id wmj nizkwu| ujqiuw~ qujqbujg e| wmj ~wbdd+

2+:+2+5 @fiebf ~zutjlffbknj jkwblf~ ujtljp~ e| wmj LOD~ J}jnzwltj Eibug id`fiebf jnikioln wujkg~ bkg gjtjfiqojkw~+ Wmj oblk ujtljp~ buj eb~jg ikPiufg Jnikioln Izwfiih ujqiuw~ bkg wmj @fiebf Dlkbknlbf ^wbelflw| Ujqiuw& pmlnmnitju~ gjtjfiqojkw~& qui~qjnw~& bkg qifln| l~~zj~ lk lkwjukbwlikbf dlkbknlbfobuhjw~8 eiwm ujqiuw~ buj kiuobff| qzefl~mjg wplnj b |jbu+ Lk bgglwlik& wmjJ}jnzwltj Eibug mifg~ oiuj dujrzjkw lkdiuobf gl~nz~~lik~ ik piufg jnikiolnbkg obuhjw gjtjfiqojkw~+

Lk 5114& wmj LOD lkwuigznjg b kjp wiif& ozfwlfbwjubf nik~zfwbwlik~& gj~l`kjg wieulk` ~obff ùizq~ id nizkwulj~ wi`jwmju wi gl~nz~~ b ~qjnldln lkwjukbwlikbfjnikioln iu dlkbknlbf quiefjo wmbw glujnwf| lktiftj~ wmjo bkg wi ~jwwfj ik bnizu~j id bnwlik wi bgguj~~ lw+

2+:+2+> Uj`likbf ~zutjlffbknj lktiftj~ j}bolkbwlik e| wmj LOD id qiflnlj~qzu~zjg zkgju uj`likbf buubk`jojkw~ ~znm b~ nzuujkn| zklik~diu j}boqfj&wmj jzui bujb& wmj Pj~w Bdulnbk Jnikioln bkg Oikjwbu| Zklik& wmj NjkwubfBdulnbk Jnikioln bkg Oikjwbu| Nioozklw|& bkg wmj Jb~wjuk Nbuleejbk

Nzuujkn| Zklik+

Wmj ùiplk` lkwjugjqjkgjknj id kbwlikbf jnikiolj~& bkg wmj qiwjkwlbf loqbnw idkbwlikbf jnikioln qiflnlj~ ik wmj piufg jnikio| bkg tlnj tju~b& mbtj quioqwjgwmj LOD lknujb~lk`f| wi lkwjùbwj wmj wmujj fjtjf~ id ~zutjlffbknj+ Wmuiz`m lw~Buwlnfj LT nik~zfwbwlik~& wmj LOD qb|~ nfi~j bwwjkwlik wi wmj loqbnw id wmj fbu`jujnikiolj~ qiflnlj~ ik ~obffju jnikiolj~+ Lw bf~i ~wzglj~ wmj loqbnw id `fiebfjnikioln bkg dlkbknlbf nikglwlik~ ik wmj jnikioln qjudiuobknj id lkgltlgzbfnizkwulj~ bkg wmj ujqjunz~~lik~ id kbwlikbf qiflnlj~ bw wmj uj`likbf fjtjf+

2+:+5 Fjkglk`

Bk| ojoeju nizkwu|& pmjwmju ulnm& olggfj/lknioj& iu qiiu& nbk wzuk wi wmj LODdiu dlkbknlk` ld lw mb~ b ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~ kjjgwmbw l~& ld lw nbkkiw dlkg~zddlnljkw dlkbknlk` ik bddiugbefj wjuo~ lk wmj nbqlwbf obuhjw~ wi obhj lw~lkwjukbwlikbf qb|ojkw~ bkg oblkwblk b ~bdj fjtjf id uj~jutj~+


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LOD fibk~ buj ojbkw wi mjfq ojoeju nizkwulj~ wbnhfj ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~quiefjo~& ~wbelflsj wmjlu jnikiolj~& bkg uj~wiuj ~z~wblkbefj jnikioln ùipwm+Wmj LOD l~ kiw b gjtjfiqojkw ebkh bkg& zkflhj wmj Piufg Ebkh bkg iwmjugjtjfiqojkw b`jknlj~& lw gij~ kiw dlkbknj quicjnw~+

2+:+5+2 Wmujj oblk qzuqi~j~ id fjkglk`

Buwlnfj L id wmj LOD~ Buwlnfj~ id Bùjjojkw ~wbwj~ wmbw wmj qzuqi~j id fjkglk` e|wmj LOD l~ %+++wi `ltj nikdlgjknj wi ojoeju~ e| obhlk` wmj `jkjubf uj~izunj~ idwmj Dzkg wjoqiubulf| btblfbefj wi wmjo zkgju bgjrzbwj ~bdj`zbug~& wmz~quitlglk` wmjo plwm iqqiuwzklw| wi niuujnw obfbgcz~wojkw~ lk wmjlu ebfbknj idqb|ojkw~ plwmizw uj~iuwlk` wi ojb~zuj~ gj~wuznwltj id kbwlikbf iu lkwjukbwlikbfqui~qjulw|+%

Lk qubnwlnj& wmj qzuqi~j id wmj LOD~ fjkglk` mb~ nmbk`jg gubobwlnbff| ~lknj wmjiu`bklsbwlik pb~ nujbwjg+ Itju wloj& wmj LOD~ dlkbknlbf b~~l~wbknj mb~ jtiftjg

duio mjfqlk` nizkwulj~ gjbf plwm ~miuw/wjuo wubgj dfznwzbwlik~ wi ~zqqiuwlk`bgcz~wojkw bkg bgguj~~lk` b plgj ubk`j id ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~ quiefjo~uj~zfwlk` duio wjuo~ id wubgj ~minh~& kbwzubf gl~b~wju~& qi~w/nikdflnw ~lwzbwlik~&euibg jnikioln wubk~lwlik& qitjuw| ujgznwlik bkg jnikioln gjtjfiqojkw&~itjujl`k gjew uj~wuznwzulk`& bkg nikdlgjknj/gultjk ebkhlk` bkg nzuujkn| nul~j~+

LOD fjkglk` ~jutj~ wmujj oblk qzuqi~j~+

Dlu~w& lw nbk ~oiiwm bgcz~wojkw wi tbuliz~ ~minh~& mjfqlk` b ojoeju nizkwu|btilg gl~uzqwltj jnikioln bgcz~wojkw iu ~itjujl`k gjdbzfw& ~iojwmlk` wmbw pizfgej j}wujojf| ni~wf|& eiwm diu wmj nizkwu| lw~jfd bkg qi~~lef| diu iwmju nizkwulj~

wmuiz`m jnikioln bkg dlkbknlbf ulqqfj jddjnw~ -hkipk b~ nikwb`lik,+

^jnikg& LOD quiùbo~ nbk mjfq zkfinh iwmju dlkbknlk`& bnwlk` b~ b nbwbf|~w diuiwmju fjkgju~+ Wml~ l~ ejnbz~j wmj quiùbo nbk ~jutj b~ b ~l`kbf wmbw wmj nizkwu|mb~ bgiqwjg ~izkg qiflnlj~& ujlkdiunlk` qifln| nujglelflw| bkg lknujb~lk` lktj~wiu~nikdlgjknj+

Wmlug& LOD fjkglk` nbk mjfq qujtjkw nul~l~+ Wmj j}qjuljknj l~ nfjbu3 nbqlwbfbnnizkw nul~j~ w|qlnbff| lkdflnw ~ze~wbkwlbf ni~w~ ik nizkwulj~ wmjo~jftj~ bkg ikiwmju nizkwulj~ wmuiz`m nikwb`lik+ Wmj ej~w pb| wi gjbf plwm nbqlwbf bnnizkwquiefjo~ l~ wi klq wmjo lk wmj ezg ejdiuj wmj| gjtjfiq lkwi b dzff/efipk nul~l~+

2+:+5+5 Nikglwlik~ diu fjkglk`

Pmjk b ojoeju nizkwu| bqquibnmj~ wmj LOD diu dlkbknlk`& lw ob| ej lk iu kjbu b~wbwj id jnikioln nul~l~& plwm lw~ nzuujkn| zkgju bwwbnh lk diujl`k j}nmbk`jobuhjw~ bkg lw~ lkwjukbwlikbf uj~jutj~ gjqfjwjg& jnikioln bnwltlw| ~wb`kbkw iudbfflk`& bkg b fbu`j kzoeju id dluo~ bkg miz~jmifg~ ìlk` ebkhuzqw+


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Wmj LOD gl~nz~~j~ plwm wmj nizkwu| wmj jnikioln qiflnlj~ wmbw ob| ej j}qjnwjgwi bgguj~~ wmj quiefjo~ oi~w jddjnwltjf|+ Wmj LOD bkg wmj ìtjukojkw bùjj ikb quiùbo id qiflnlj~ blojg bw bnmljtlk` ~qjnldln& rzbkwldljg ìbf~ lk ~zqqiuw idwmj itjubff iecjnwltj~ id wmj bzwmiulwlj~ jnikioln quiùbo+ Diu j}boqfj& wmjnizkwu| ob| nioolw wi dl~nbf iu diujl`k j}nmbk`j uj~jutj wbu`jw~+

Fibk~ buj w|qlnbff| gl~ezu~jg lk b kzoeju id lk~wbffojkw~ itju wmj fldj id wmjquiùbo& plwm jbnm lk~wbffojkw nikglwlikbf ik wbu`jw~ ejlk` ojw+ Quiùbo~w|qlnbff| fb~w zq wi > |jbu~& gjqjkglk` ik wmj kbwzuj id wmj nizkwu|~ quiefjo~&ezw nbk ej diffipjg e| bkiwmju quiùbo ld kjjgjg+ Wmj ìtjukojkw izwflkj~ wmjgjwblf~ id lw~ jnikioln quiùbo lk b %fjwwju id lkwjkw% wi wmj Obkb`lk` Glujnwiu idwmj LOD+ ^znm fjwwju~ ob| ej ujtl~jg ld nlunzo~wbknj~ nmbk`j+

Diu nizkwulj~ lk nul~l~& LOD fibk~ z~zbff| quitlgj ikf| b ~obff qiuwlik id wmjuj~izunj~ kjjgjg wi dlkbknj wmjlu ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~+ Ezw LOD fibk~ bf~i~l`kbf wmbw b nizkwu|~ jnikioln qiflnlj~ buj ik wmj ul`mw wubnh& pmlnm ujb~~zuj~

lktj~wiu~ bkg wmj iddlnlbf nioozklw|& mjfqlk` nizkwulj~ dlkg bgglwlikbf dlkbknlk`duio iwmju ~izunj~+

2+:+5+> Oblk fjkglk` dbnlflwlj~

Wmj ^wbkg/E| Buubk`jojkwl~ b hj| fjkglk` dbnlflw| j~wbefl~mjg lk 2


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Wmj LOD bf~i quitlgj~Joju`jkn| B~~l~wbknjwi nizkwulj~ niqlk` plwm ebfbknj idqb|ojkw~ quiefjo~ nbz~jg e| kbwzubf gl~b~wju~ iu olflwbu| nikdflnw~+ Wmj lkwjuj~wubwj~ buj ~ze~lglsjg diu fip/lknioj nizkwulj~+

WmjWubgj Lkwjùbwlik Ojnmbkl~obffip~ wmj LOD wi quitlgj fibk~ zkgju ikj id

lw~ dbnlflwlj~ wi b gjtjfiqlk` nizkwu| pmi~j ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~ l~ ~zddjulkèjnbz~j id ozfwlfbwjubf wubgj flejubflsbwlik& jlwmju ejnbz~j lw~ j}qiuw jbuklk`~gjnflkj pmjk lw fi~j~ qujdjujkwlbf bnnj~~ wi njuwblk obuhjw~ iu ejnbz~j qulnj~ diudiig loqiuw~ ì zq pmjk bùlnzfwzubf ~ze~lglj~ buj jflolkbwjg+

2+:+5+7 Fjkglk` wi fip/lknioj nizkwulj~

Fip/lknioj nizkwulj~ nbk eiuuip duio wmj LOD bw b tju| fip& iu niknj~~likbf&lkwjuj~w ubwj+ Wmj| nbk z~j wmjQitjuw| Ujgznwlik bkg @uipwm Dbnlflw|& pmlnm l~wmj oblk tjmlnfj e| pmlnm wmj LOD quitlgj~ dlkbknlbf ~zqqiuw wi nizkwulj~qitjuw|/ujgznwlik ~wubwj`lj~+ Wmj dbnlflw|~ niuj iecjnwltj~ buj wi quioiwj

~z~wblkbefj ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~ qi~lwlik~ bkg wi di~wju ~z~wblkbefj ùipwm&fjbglk` wi ml`mju fltlk` ~wbkgbug~ bkg b ujgznwlik lk qitjuw|+ Lk ujnjkw |jbu~& wmjfbu`j~w kzoeju id LOD fibk~ mb~ ejjk obgj wmuiz`m wmj QU@D+

Ojoeju nizkwulj~ nbk bf~i bnnj~~ wmjJ}i`jkiz~ ^minh~ Dbnlflw|& pmlnm mjfq~gjbf plwm jnikioln ~minh~& ~znm b~ diig bkg dzjf qulnj mlhj~ iu b kbwzubfgl~b~wju& wmbw buj ej|ikg wmj nikwuif id b ìtjukojkw ezw mbtj b ~l`kldlnbkwkj`bwltj loqbnw~ ik wmj jnikiolj~+

Wmj lkwjuj~w ubwj fjtljg ik QU@D bkg J^D fibk~ l~ ikf| 1+: qjunjkw& bkg fibk~buj wi ej ujqblg itju b qjulig id :/21 |jbu~+

2+:+> Gjew ujfljd

Lk bgglwlik wi niknj~~likbf fibk~& ~ioj fip/lknioj nizkwulj~ buj bf~i jfl`lefj diugjew~ wi ej pulwwjk idd zkgju wpi hj| lklwlbwltj~+

Wmj Mjbtlf| Lkgjewjg Qiiu Nizkwulj~ -MLQN, Lklwlbwltj& lkwuigznjg lk 2


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oikjwbu| bkg j}nmbk`j ubwj qifln|& wb} qifln| bkg bgolkl~wubwlik& bkg iddlnlbf~wbwl~wln~+ Wmj iecjnwltj l~ wi mjfq loquitj wmj gj~l`k bkg loqfjojkwbwlik idojoeju~ jnikioln qiflnlj~& lknfzglk` e| ~wujk`wmjklk` ~hlff~ lk lk~wlwzwlik~ ~znmb~ dlkbknj olkl~wulj~& njkwubf ebkh~& bkg ~wbwl~wlnbf b`jknlj~+ Wmj LOD mb~ bf~i`ltjk bgtlnj wi nizkwulj~ wmbw mbtj mbg wi ujj~wbefl~m ìtjukojkw lk~wlwzwlik~

diffiplk` ~jtjuj nltlf zkuj~w iu pbu+

Lk 511=& wmj LOD joebuhjg ik bk boelwliz~ ujdiuo jddiuw wi jkmbknj wmj loqbnwid lw~ wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj+ Wmj ujdiuo~ joqmb~lsj ejwwju quliulwlsbwlik& jkmbknjgqjudiuobknj ojb~zujojkw& oiuj wubk~qbujkw ni~wlk` bkg ~wuik`ju qbuwkju~mlq~plwm gikiu~+

2+:+7+2 Ejkjdlnlbulj~ id wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj

Wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj l~ ikj id wmj LOD~ niuj bnwltlwlj~+ Lw l~ niknjkwubwjg lknulwlnbf bujb~ id obnuijnikioln qifln| pmjuj wmj Dzkg mb~ wmj ùjbwj~w

nioqbubwltj bgtbkwb`j+ Wmbkh~ wi lw~ kjbu/zkltju~bf ojoeju~mlq& wmj LOD~wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj quiùbo l~ lkdiuojg e| j}qjuljknj bkg hkipfjg`j `blkjgbnui~~ gltju~j uj`lik~ bkg nizkwulj~ bw glddjujkw fjtjf~ id gjtjfiqojkw+

Beizw =1 qjunjkw id wmj LOD~ wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj ìj~ wi fip/ bkg fipju/olggfj/lknioj nizkwulj~& lk qbuwlnzfbu lk ~ze/^bmbubk Bdulnb bkg B~lb+ Qi~w/nikdflnw nizkwulj~ buj obciu ejkjdlnlbulj~+ Wmj LOD l~ bf~i quitlglk` wjnmklnbfb~~l~wbknj blojg bw ~wujk`wmjklk` wmj bunmlwjnwzuj id wmj lkwjukbwlikbf dlkbknlbf~|~wjo& ezlfglk` nbqbnlw| wi gj~l`k bkg loqfjojkw qitjuw|/ujgznlk` bkg ùipwmquiùbo~& bkg mjfqlk` mjbtlf| lkgjewjg qiiu nizkwulj~ -MLQN, lk gjew ujgznwlikbkg obkb`jojkw+

2+:+7+5 W|qj~ id wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj

Wmj LOD~ wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj wbhj~ glddjujkw diuo~& bnniuglk` wi kjjg~& ubk`lk`duio fik`/wjuo mbkg~/ik nbqbnlw| ezlfglk` wi ~miuw/kiwlnj qifln| ~zqqiuw lk bdlkbknlbf nul~l~+ Wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj l~ gjfltjujg lk b tbuljw| id pb|~+ LOD ~wbddob| tl~lw ojoeju nizkwulj~ wi bgtl~j ìtjukojkw bkg njkwubf ebkh iddlnlbf~ ik~qjnldln l~~zj~& iu wmj LOD ob| quitlgj uj~lgjkw ~qjnlbfl~w~ ik b ~miuw/ iu b fik`/wjuo eb~l~+ Wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj l~ lkwjùbwjg plwm nizkwu| ujdiuo b`jkgb~ b~pjff b~ wmj LOD~ ~zutjlffbknj bkg fjkglk` iqjubwlik~+

Wmj LOD l~ quitlglk` bk lknujb~lk` qbuw id lw~ wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj wmuiz`muj`likbf njkwju~ finbwjg lk @beik& Obfl& bkg Wbksbklb diu Bdulnb8 lk Ebuebgi~ diuwmj Nbuleejbk8 lk Fjebkik diu wmj Olggfj Jb~w8 bkg lk Dlcl diu wmj Qbnldln L~fbkg~+B~ qbuw id lw~ ujdiuo quiùbo& wmj LOD l~ qfbkklk` wi iqjk dizu oiuj uj`likbfwjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj njkwju~ lk Bdulnb& Fbwlk Bojulnb& bkg njkwubf B~lb+ Wmj LODbf~i iddju~ wublklk` nizu~j~ diu ìtjukojkw bkg njkwubf ebkh iddlnlbf~ id ojoejunizkwulj~ bw lw~ mjbgrzbuwju~ lk Pb~mlk`wik& G+N+& bkg bw uj`likbf wublklk`
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njkwju~ lk Bz~wulb& Eubslf& Nmlkb& Lkglb& ^lk`bqiuj& Wzkl~lb& bkg wmj Zklwjg BubeJolubwj~+

Ujdjujknj~ 3

Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg& ppp+lod+iu`Tlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik Izw id wmj B~mj~wmj iul`lk~ id wmj LOD&

mwwq3))ppp+lod+iu`)j}wjukbf)oojglb)lkgj}+b~q

Tlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik Hjjqlk` Wubnhwmj LOD~ itju~l`mw id wmj `fiebf

jnikio|8


Tlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik Wmj ^zo id Lw~ Qbuw~Mip wmj LOD Fjkg~8


Tlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik Nikrzjulk` B Nul~l~wmj LOD~ uifj lk mjfqlk`

Hiujb itjunioj wmj B~lbk Nul~l~8

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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Pmbw l~ wmj uifj id wmj LOD9

b, Lw nikwuif~ wmj ezg`jw~ id kbwlikbf itjukojkw~

e, Lw bnw~ b~ b diuzo diu lkwjukbwlikbf jnikioln~n, Lw ie~jutj~ piufg j}nmbk`j ubwj~& ebfbknj id qb|ojkw~ bkg

ozfwlfbwjubf qb|ojkw~g, Lw ~jjh~ wi quioiwj dujj lkwjukbwlikbf wubgj

5+ Pmi l~ nzuujkwf| wmj `itjukiu id LOD diu Lkglb9

b, Ou+ Qubkbe Ozhmjucjje, Gu+ Obkoimbk ^lk`mn, Gu+ Oikwjh ^lk`m Bmfzpbflbg, Gu+ G+ ^zeebubiBk~pju

>+ Pmlnm nizkwu| mb~ wmj fbu`j~w rziwb plwm LOD9

b, Z^Be, JZn, Nbkbgbg, Nmlkb

7+ Pmi l~ nzuujkwf| wmj Obkb`lk` Glujnwiu id LOD9b, Ou+ Qb~nbf Fbo|e, Ou+ Giolklrzj ^wubz~~/Hbmkn, Ou+ Uiejuw E+ Sijfflnhg, M+J+ Gu+ Bfl Begz~~bfbo Wujhl

:+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` l~ kiw b uifj id LOD9b, Nizkwu| ^zutjffljknje, Quitlglk` Dlkbknlbf B~~l~wbknjn, Nikgznwlik wjnmklnbf ~j~~lik~g, Wbhj lklwlbwltj~ diu ujdiuo diu nflobwj nmbk`j

4+ Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg Buwlnfj~ id B`ujjojkw pjuj bgiqwjg bw wmjEujwwik Piig~ Nikdjujknj lk 2


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0+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` l~ kiw niuujnw beizw rziwb~9

wmj boizkw id dlkbknlk` nizkwulj~ nbk eiuuip duio wmj LOD

B, Rziwb~ mjfq wi gjwjuolkj nizkwu|~ ~mbuj lk ^GU bffinbwlik~+E, rziwb~ buj gjqi~lwjg pmjk nizkwulj~ cilk wmj LODN, Rziwb~ euibgf| ujdfjnw wmj ~lsj id jbnm ojoeju~ jnikio|

G, LOD fibk~ buj kiw dlkbknjg izw id ojoeju~ rziwb~+

=+ Wmj LOD @itjukiu~ z~zbff| ojjwB, iknj b |jbu&E, jtju| oikwmN, el/bkkzbff|G, pmjkjtju ujrzlujg

b& 7 e& : g& 4 n& 0 g& = b& < g& 21 e
http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/afritac.htmhttp://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/afritac.htm


19/118

Nmbqwju 5

Piufg Ebkh

5+2 Beizw Piufg Ebkh

Wmj Piufg Ebkh l~ b tlwbf ~izunj id dlkbknlbf bkg wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj wigjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ buizkg wmj piufg+ Piufg Ebkh l~ kiw b ebkh ezw l~ obgj zqid wpi zklrzj gjtjfiqojkw lk~wlwzwlik~ ipkjg e| 2=: ojoeju nizkwulj~wmjLkwjukbwlikbf Ebkh diu Ujnik~wuznwlik bkg Gjtjfiqojkw -LEUG, bkg wmjLkwjukbwlikbf Gjtjfiqojkw B~~inlbwlik -LGB,+

^lknj lknjqwlik lk 2


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LEUG ubl~j~ oi~w id lw~ dzkg~ ik wmj piufg~ dlkbknlbf obuhjw~ bkg mb~ ejniojikj id wmj oi~w j~wbefl~mjg eiuuipju~ ~lknj l~~zlk` lw~ dlu~w eikg lk 2< id pmlnm buj lk Bdulnb+ Lw l~ wmj ~lk`fj fbu`j~w ~izunj id gikiu dzkg~diu eb~ln ~inlbf ~jutlnj~ lk wmj qiiuj~w nizkwulj~+

LGB fjkg~ oikj| -hkipk b~ nujglw~, ik niknj~~likbf wjuo~+ Wml~ ojbk~ wmbw LGBnujglw~ mbtj ki lkwjuj~w nmbu`j bkg ujqb|ojkw~ buj ~wujwnmjg itju >: wi 71|jbu~& lknfzglk` b 21/|jbu ùbnj qjulig+ LGB bf~i quitlgj~ ùbkw~ wi nizkwulj~ bwul~h id gjew gl~wuj~~+

D\1= Wiq Wjk LGB Eiuuipju~

-'olfflik,Tljwkbo 2&2Lkglb =>0Ebk`fbgj~m0:>

Jwmliqlb 022Kl`julb :05NiwjgLtiluj

:::

Wbksbklb 7=0Kjqbf >=1

-#, Lknfzglk` uj`likbf quicjnw~

D\1= LGB Fjkglk` e| Uj`lik3

^ze/^bmbubk Bdulnb+++++++++++:1*îzwm B~lb+++++++++++++++++++++++++++5:*Jb~w B~lb)Qbnldln++++++++++++++++++24*Jzuiqj)Njkwubf B~lb+++++++++++++++7*Fbwlk Bojulnb)Nbuleejbk+++++++>*Olggfj Jb~w)Kiuwm Bdulnb+++++++++5*


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D\1= LGB Fjkglk` e| ^jnwiu3

Lkdub~wuznwzuj ++++++++++++++++++++++>


22/118

nioqbklj~ wi obkb`j ul~h bkg euibgjk wmjlu bnnj~~ wi diujl`k bkg gioj~wlnnbqlwbf obuhjw~+

5+5+>+5 OL@B

B~ b ojoeju id wmjPiufg Ebkh @uizq& OL@B'~ ol~~lik l~ wi quioiwj diujl`kglujnw lktj~wojkw -DGL, lkwi gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ wi mjfq ~zqqiuw jnikioln

`uipwm& ujgznj qitjuw|& bkg loquitj qjiqfj'~ fltj~+

Niknjuk~ beizw lktj~wojkw jktluikojkw~ bkg qjunjqwlik~ id qiflwlnbf ul~h idwjk

lkmlelw diujl`k glujnw lktj~wojkw& plwm wmj obciulw| id dfip~ `ilk` wi cz~w b mbkgdzf

id nizkwulj~ bkg fjbtlk` wmj piufg~ qiiuj~w jnikiolj~ fbu`jf| l`kiujg+ OL@B

bgguj~~j~ wmj~j niknjuk~ e| quitlglk` wmujj hj| ~jutlnj~3 qiflwlnbf ul~h

lk~zubknj diu diujl`k lktj~wojkw~ lk gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~& wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj wi

loquitj lktj~wojkw nflobwj~ bkg quioiwj lktj~wojkw iqqiuwzklwlj~ lk gjtjfiqlk`nizkwulj~& bkg gl~qzwj ojglbwlik ~jutlnj~& wi ujoitj qi~~lefj ie~wbnfj~ wi dzwzuj

lktj~wojkw+

5+5+>+> LN^LG l~ bk bzwikioiz~ lkwjukbwlikbf lk~wlwzwlik j~wbefl~mjg zkgju wmjNiktjkwlik ik wmj ^jwwfjojkw id Lktj~wojkw Gl~qzwj~ ejwpjjk ^wbwj~ bkgKbwlikbf~ id Iwmju ^wbwj~ -wmj LN^LG iu wmj Pb~mlk`wik Niktjkwlik, plwm itjuikj mzkgujg bkg diuw| ojoeju ^wbwj~+ Wmj Niktjkwlik ~jw~ diuwm LN^LG~obkgbwj& iu`bklsbwlik bkg niuj dzknwlik~+ Wmj qulobu| qzuqi~j id LN^LG l~ wiquitlgj dbnlflwlj~ diu niknlflbwlik bkg buelwubwlik id lkwjukbwlikbf lktj~wojkwgl~qzwj~+

Wmj LN^LG Niktjkwlik l~ b ozfwlfbwjubf wujbw| diuozfbwjg e| wmj J}jnzwltjGlujnwiu~ id wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Ebkh diu Ujnik~wuznwlik bkg Gjtjfiqojkw -wmjPiufg Ebkh,+ Lw pb~ iqjkjg diu ~l`kbwzuj ik Obunm 2=& 2


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Wigb|& LN^LG l~ nik~lgjujg wi ej wmj fjbglk` lkwjukbwlikbf buelwubwlik lk~wlwzwlikgjtiwjg wi lktj~wiu/^wbwj gl~qzwj ~jwwfjojkw+

5+> Bgolkl~wubwltj ^jwzq

Wmj Piufg Ebkh l~ flhj b niiqjubwltj& pmjuj lw~ 2=: ojoeju nizkwulj~ buj~mbujmifgju~+ Wmj ~mbujmifgju~ buj ujquj~jkwjg e| b Eibug id @itjukiu~& pmibuj wmj zfwlobwj qifln| obhju~ bw wmj Piufg Ebkh+ @jkjubff|& wmj ìtjukiu~ bujojoeju nizkwulj~ olkl~wju~ id dlkbknj iu olkl~wju~ id gjtjfiqojkw+ Wmj| ojjwiknj b |jbu bw wmj Bkkzbf Ojjwlk`~ id wmj Eibug~ id @itjukiu~ id wmj PiufgEbkh @uizq bkg wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg+

Ejnbz~j wmj ìtjukiu~ ikf| ojjw bkkzbff|& wmj| gjfj`bwj ~qjnldln gzwlj~ wi 57J}jnzwltj Glujnwiu~& pmi piuh ik/~lwj bw wmj Ebkh+ Wmj dltj fbu`j~w ~mbujmifgju~&Dubknj& @juobk|& Cbqbk& wmj Zklwjg Hlk`gio bkg wmj Zklwjg ^wbwj~ bqqilkw bkj}jnzwltj glujnwiu& pmlfj iwmju ojoeju nizkwulj~ buj ujquj~jkwjg e| 2:/wi/71/|jbu& ki/lkwjuj~w fibk~&pmlnm buj wmjk btblfbefj diu uj/fjkglk`+ LGB bnnizkw~ diu oiuj wmbk 71*

id wmj fjkglk`+

5+7+5 Fibk~

Wmuiz`m wmj LEUG bkg LGB& Piufg Ebkh iddju wpi eb~ln w|qj~ id fibk~bkg nujglw~3

lktj~wojkw iqjubwlik~ 3 diu ìig~& piuh~ bkg ~jutlnj~ lk ~zqqiuw idjnikioln bkg ~inlbf gjtjfiqojkw quicjnw~ lk b euibg ubk`j id jnikiolnbkg ~inlbf ~jnwiu~+

gjtjfiqojkw qifln| iqjubwlik~ 3 quitlgj rzlnh/gl~ezu~lk` dlkbknlk` wi~zqqiuw b nizkwu|~ qifln| bkg lk~wlwzwlikbf ujdiuo~+

5+7+> Wuz~w Dzkg~ bkg @ubkw~

Gikiu ìtjukojkw~ bkg b euibg buub| id qultbwj bkg qzefln lk~wlwzwlik~obhj gjqi~lw~ lk Wuz~w dzkg~ wmbw buj miz~jg bw wmj Piufg Ebkh+ Wmj~jgikiu uj~izunj~ buj fjtjub`jg diu b euibg ubk`j id gjtjfiqojkwlklwlbwltj~+ Wmj lklwlbwltj~ tbu| ~l`kldlnbkwf| lk ~lsj bkg nioqfj}lw|& ubk`lk`duio ozfwlelfflik giffbu buubk`jojkw~~znm b~ Nbueik Dlkbknj8 wmj@fiebf Jktluikojkw Dbnlflw|8 wmj Mjbtlf| Lkgjewjg Qiiu Nizkwulj~

Lklwlbwltj8 bkg wmj @fiebf Dzkg wi Dl`mw BLG^& Wzejunzfi~l~& bkg Obfbulbwi oznm ~obffju bkg ~loqfju dujj~wbkglk` ikj~+

Wmj Ebkh bf~i oielflsj~ j}wjukbf uj~izunj~ diu LGB niknj~~likbu|dlkbknlk` bkg ùbkw~& b~ pjff b~ dzkg~ diu kik/fjkglk` wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknjbkg bgtl~iu| bnwltlwlj~ wi ojjw wmj ~qjnlbf kjjg~ id gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~&bkg diu ni/dlkbknlk` id quicjnw~ bkg quiùbo~+

Glujnw Piufg Ebkh ùbkw~ wi nltlf ~inljw| iu`bklsbwlik~ joqmb~lsj euibg/eb~jg ~wbhjmifgju qbuwlnlqbwlik lk gjtjfiqojkw& bkg blo wi ~wujk`wmjk wmjtilnj bkg lkdfzjknj id qiiu bkg obu`lkbflsjg ùizq~ lk wmj gjtjfiqojkw

quinj~~+

LGB ùbkw~pmlnm buj jlwmju dzkgjg glujnwf| iu obkb`jg wmuiz`mqbuwkju~mlq~mbtj ejjk z~jg wi3

i Ujfljtj wmj gjew ezugjk id mjbtlf| lkgjewjg qiiu nizkwulj~i Loquitj ~bklwbwlik bkg pbwju ~zqqflj~


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i ^zqqiuw tbnnlkbwlik bkg loozklsbwlik quiùbo~ wi ujgznj wmjlknlgjknj id nioozklnbefj gl~jb~j~ flhj obfbulb

i Nioebw wmj MLT)BLG^ qbkgjolni ^zqqiuw nltlf ~inljw| iu`bklsbwlik~i Nujbwj lklwlbwltj~ wi nzw wmj jol~~lik id ùjjkmiz~j `b~j~

5+7+7 Bkbf|wln bkg Bgtl~iu| ^jutlnj~

Piufg Ebkh bf~i quitlgj~ bkbf|~l~& bgtlnj bkg lkdiuobwlik wi wmj ojoejunizkwulj~ diu jk~zulk` jnikioln bkg ~inlbf loquitjojkw~ wmjlu qjiqfjkjjg+ Bkbf|wln bkg Bgtl~iu| ~jutlnj l~ quitlgjg wmuiz`m jnikiolnuj~jbunm bkg gbwb niffjnwlik ik euibg l~~zj~ ~znm b~ wmj jktluikojkw&qitjuw|& wubgj bkg `fiebflsbwlik Bkiwmju l~ wmuiz`m nizkwu|/~qjnldln& kik/fjkglk` bnwltlwlj~ ~znm b~ jnikioln bkg ~jnwiu piuh& pmjuj wmj Ebkhjtbfzbwj~ b nizkwu|~ jnikioln qui~qjnw~ e| j}bolklk` lw~ ebkhlk`

~|~wjo~ bkg dlkbknlbf obuhjw~& b~ pjff b~ wubgj& lkdub~wuznwzuj& qitjuw|bkg ~inlbf ~bdjw| kjw l~~zj~& diu j}boqfj+

îoj id wmj pb|~ e| pmlnm Ebkh~ bkbf|~l~& bgtlnj bkg hkipfjg`j bujobgj btblfbefj wi wmj nfljkw nizkwulj~& wmjlu ìtjukojkw bkg gjtjfiqojkwquidj~~likbf~& bkg wmj qzefln buj3

i Qitjuw| B~~j~~ojkw~i Qzefln J}qjkglwzuj Ujtljp~i Nizkwu| Jnikioln Ujqiuw~i ^jnwiu Ujqiuw~

i Wiqln~ lk Gjtjfiqojkw

5+7+: Nbqbnlw| Ezlfglk`

Bkiwmju niuj Ebkh dzknwlik l~ wi lknujb~j wmj nbqbelflwlj~ id wmj qbuwkju~& wmjqjiqfj lk gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~& bkg wmj Ebkh~ ipk ~wbdd wi mjfq wmjobnrzluj wmj hkipfjg`j bkg ~hlff~ wmj| kjjg wi quitlgj wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj&loquitj ìtjukojkw qjudiuobknj bkg gjfltju| id ~jutlnj~& quioiwjjnikioln ùipwm bkg ~z~wblk qitjuw| ujgznwlik quiùbo~+

Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Gjtjfiqojkw B~~inlbwlik -LGB, l~ wmj qbuw id wmj Piufg Ebkh

wmbw mjfq~ wmj piufg~ qiiuj~w nizkwulj~+ J~wbefl~mjg lk 2


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Ujdjujknj~ 3

Piufg Ebkh & ppp+piufgebkh+iu`Tlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Lkglnbwiu~&mwwq3))pje+piufgebkh+iu`)PE^LWJ)J]WJUKBF)KJP^)1&&nikwjkwOGH352:

:27>0{ojkzQH3:2724>14{qb`jQH3475:017>{qlQH37>0>04{wmj^lwjQH37410&11+mwof
http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.worldbank.org/


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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Wmj Piufg Ebkh nik~l~w~ id wmj Ebkh lw~jfd bkg3B, wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Ebkh diu Ujnik~wuznwlik bkg Gjtjfiqojkw+E, wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Dlkbknj Niuqiubwlik+

N, Ozfwlfbwjubf Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh~+G, wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg+

5 Pmbw buj wmj diuo~ id b~~l~wbknj wmbw wmj Piufg Ebkh quitlgj~ wi lw~ ojoeju~9

B, Wjnmklnbf bkg dlkbknlbfE, Qiflwlnbf bkg dlkbknlbfN, Qiflwlnbf bkg jnikiolnG, Wjnmklnbf bkg olflwbu|

>+ Wmj Piufg Ebkh @uizq l~ obgj zq id mip obk| iu`bkl~bwlik~9

B, >E, :N, =G, 21

7+ Pmlnm iu`bkl~bwlik id wmj Piufg Ebkh @uizq gjbf~ plwm obwwju~ ujfbwjg wi wmjgjtjfiqojkw id wmj qiiuj~w nizkwulj~ lk wmj piufg9

B, Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Ebkh diu Ujnik~wuznwlik bkg GjtjfiqojkwE, Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Gjtjfiqojkw B~~inlbwlikN, Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Dlkbknj NiuqiubwlikG, Wmj Ozfwlfbwjubf Lktj~wojkw B`jkn|

:+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` iu`bklsbwlik l~ kiw bk bddlflbwj id Piufg Ebkh9B, LN^LGE, LDNN, ZKNWBGG, OL@B

4+ LEUG fjkglk` wi gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ l~ qulobulf| dlkbknjg e|

B, ~jfflk` BBB/ubwjg eikg~ lk wmj piufg~ dlkbknlbf obuhjw~E, gjtjfiqjg nizkwulj~N, LODG, Kikj id wmj beitj


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0+ Iecjnwltj id OL@B l~ wiB, quioiwj diujl`k glujnw lktj~wojkw -DGL, lkwi gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~E, mjfq ~zqqiuw jnikioln `uipwmN, ujgznj qitjuw|& bkg loquitj qjiqfj~ fltj~G, quitlgj dzkg diu lkdub~wuznwzuj gjtjfiqojkw

=+ Quj~lgjkw id Piufg Ebkh ejfik`~ wi pmlnm nizkwu|B, Zklwjg ^wbwj~ id BojulnbE, @juobk|N, Bz~wubflbG, Cbqbk

e& 7 e& : n& 4 g& 0 g& = b& < b& 21 b


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Nmbqwju >Wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh

>+2 Beizw Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh @uizq

Wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh @uizq Nioqul~j~ id Wmj Bdulnbk GjtjfiqojkwEbkh& Wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Dzkg bkg Wmj Kl`julb Wuz~w Dzkg+ Wmjitjubunmlk` iecjnwltj id wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh @uizq l~ wi ~qzu~z~wblkbefj jnikioln gjtjfiqojkw bkg ~inlbf qui`uj~~ lk lw~ uj`likbf ojoejunizkwulj~ -UON~,& wmz~ nikwulezwlk` wi qitjuw| ujgznwlik+ Wmj Ebkh @uizqbnmljtj~ wml~ iecjnwltj e|

oielflslk` bkg bffinbwlk` uj~izunj~ diu lktj~wojkw lk UON~8 bkgquitlglk` qifln| bgtlnj bkg wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj wi ~zqqiuw gjtjfiqojkwjddiuw~+

>+5 Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh

Wmj BGE l~ b ozfwlfbwjubf gjtjfiqojkw ebkh pmi~j ~mbujmifgju~ nioqul~j :>Bdulnbk nizkwulj~ -uj`likbf ojoeju nizkwulj~ UON~, bkg 57 kik/Bdulnbknizkwulj~ -kikuj`likbf ojoeju nizkwulj~ kik/UON~,+ Lw pb~ j~wbefl~mjg lk2


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Wmj Bùjjojkw J~wbefl~mlk` wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Ebkh gj~l`kbwj~ wmjEibug id @itjukiu~ b~ wmj lk~wlwzwlik~ ml`mj~w qifln|/obhlk` iu`bk& plwm ikjujquj~jkwbwltj duio jbnm ojoeju nizkwu|+ Wmj Eibug id @itjukiu~ l~~zj~`jkjubf glujnwltj~ ik wmj Ebkh~ iqjubwlik~ bkg bqquitj~ bojkgojkw~ wi wmjBùjjojkw& wmj bgol~~lik id kjp ojoeju~& bkg ~wubwj`lj~ wi lknujb~j wmj

Ebkh~ nbqlwbf+ Wmj BGE Eibug id @itjukiu~ jfjnw~ bk 2=/ojoeju Eibug idGlujnwiu~ wi pmlnm lw gjfj`bwj~ lw~ qipju~& plwm wmj j}njqwlik id wmi~j uj~jutjg wilw lk wmj Bùjjojkw+ Wpjftj Glujnwiu~ buj jfjnwjg duio UON~ bkg 4 duio kik/UON~ diu b >/|jbu wjuo& ujkjpbefj diu ikj wjuo+

Wmj Eibug id Glujnwiu~ itju~jj~ bff Ebkh iqjubwlik~+ Wmj Eibug~ id @itjukiu~jfjnw wmj quj~lgjkw id wmj Ebkh @uizq diu b :/|jbu wjuo& ujkjpbefj diu ikj wjuo+Wmj quj~lgjkw& pmi oz~w ej duio bk UON& nmblu~ wmj Eibug id Glujnwiu~&bqqilkw~ tlnj/quj~lgjkw~ lk nik~zfwbwlik plwm wmj Eibug~ bkg obkb`j~ wmjEbkh~ gblf| iqjubwlik~+

>+5+5 Dlkbknlbf B~~l~wbknj

Wmj BGE quitlgj~ fibk~ wi lw~ nfljkw~ ik kik/niknj~~likbf wjuo~+ Lk 2|jbu~ diu qultbwj ~jnwiu fibk~+

>+> Wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Dzkg

Wmj BGD& pmlnm nioqul~j~ wmj BGE bkg ^wbwj Qbuwlnlqbkw~& pb~ nujbwjg lk 2bkg ejnboj iqjubwlikbf lk 2


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Wmj Bùjjojkw J~wbefl~mlk` wmj Bdulnbk Gjtjfiqojkw Dzkg -BGD, gj~l`kbwj~wmj Eibug id @itjukiu~ b~ wmj Dzkg~ ml`mj~w qifln|/obhlk` iu`bk+ Wmj Eibug id@itjukiu~ ojjw~ bw fjb~w iknj b |jbu+ Wmj BGD Eibug id Glujnwiu~ lknfzgj~ 4J}jnzwltj Glujnwiu~ duio kik/UON~ kiolkbwjg e| wmjlu nik~wlwzjknlj~ bkg 4J}jnzwltj Glujnwiu~ ujquj~jkwlk` wmj BGE8 lw itju~jj~ wmj `jkjubf iqjubwlik~ id

wmj Dzkg+

Wmj Dzkg~ uj~izunj~ nioj duio nikwulezwlik~ bkg qjuligln ujqfjkl~mojkw~ e|qbuwlnlqbkw~& z~zbff| ik b >/|jbu eb~l~+ Ki lkwjuj~w l~ nmbu`jg ik BGD fibk~8mipjtju& wmj fibk~ nbuu| b ~jutlnj nmbu`j id 1+0: qjunjkw qju bkkzo ikizw~wbkglk` ebfbknj~& bkg b nioolwojkw djj id 1+:1 qjunjkw qju bkkzo ikzkgl~ezu~jg nioolwojkw~+

Quicjnw fibk~ mbtj b :1/|jbu ujqb|ojkw qjulig& lknfzglk` b 21/|jbu ùbnj qjulig+Flkj~ id nujglw mbtj b 51/|jbu ujqb|ojkw qjulig plwm b :/|jbu ùbnj qjulig+ WmjDzkg bf~i quitlgj~ ùbkw~ wi UON~8 wmj~j gi kiw nbuu| bk| lkwjuj~w nmbu`j~+

>+7 Wmj Kl`julb Wuz~w Dzkg

Wmj KWD l~ b ~qjnlbf BGE dzkg nujbwjg lk 2


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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Wmj BGD pb~ nujbwjg lkB, 2


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=+ Mjbgrzbuwju~ id BGE buj lk pmlnm nizkwu|9B, Nwj gLtiluj8E, Kl`julbN, ^izwm BdulnbG, J`|qw

b& 7 g& : e& 0 g& = b& < b& 21 n


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Nmbqwju 7

ZKNWBG

7+2 Beizw ZKNWBG

J~wbefl~mjg lk 2


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Lw bf~i quitlgj~ b ~julj~ id wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj quiùbooj~ bkg quicjnw~ lk~zqqiuw id gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~& qb|lk` qbuwlnzfbu bwwjkwlik wi wmj ~qjnlbfmbkglnbq~ id wmj fjb~w gjtjfiqjg nizkwulj~+

Wmj ^jnujwbu|/@jkjubf id ZKNWBG l~ Gu+ ^zqbnmbl Qbklwnmqbhgl -Wmblfbkg,&

pmi wiih iddlnj ik 2 ^jqwjoeju 511:+

Lk qjudiuolk` lw~ dzknwlik~& wmj ~jnujwbulbw piuh~ wi`jwmju plwm ojoeju@itjukojkw~ bkg lkwjubnw~ plwm iu`bklsbwlik~ id wmj Zklwjg Kbwlik~ ~|~wjo bkguj`likbf niool~~lik~& b~ pjff b~ plwm ìtjukojkwbf lk~wlwzwlik~& kik/ìtjukojkwbf iu`bklsbwlik~& wmj qultbwj ~jnwiu& lknfzglk` wubgj bkg lkgz~wu|b~~inlbwlik~& uj~jbunm lk~wlwzwj~ bkg zkltju~lwlj~ piufgplgj+

7+> Itjutljp id wmj oblk bnwltlwlj~

7+>+2 Wubgj bkg niooiglwlj~

7+>+2+2 Niooiglw| gltju~ldlnbwlik bkg gjtjfiqojkw

Quioiwj~ wmj gltju~ldlnbwlik id quigznwlik bkg wubgj ~wuznwzuj~+ Mjfq~@itjukojkw~ wi diuozfbwj bkg loqfjojkw gltju~ldlnbwlik qiflnlj~ bkgjknizub`j~ jkwjuqul~j~ wi bgbqw wmjlu ez~lkj~~ ~wubwj`lj~ bkg ejniojoiuj nioqjwlwltj lk wmj piufg obuhjw+

7+>+2+5 Nioqjwlwlik bkg nik~zoju qiflnlj~

Quitlgj~ bkbf|~l~ bkg nbqbnlw| ezlfglk` lk nioqjwlwlik bkg nik~zojuquiwjnwlik fbp~ bkg qiflnlj~ lk gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~+ Qzefl~mj~ uj`zfbuzqgbwj~ id b Oigjf Fbp ik Nioqjwlwlik+

7+>+2+> Wubgj Kjìwlbwlik~ bkg Nioojunlbf Glqfiobn|

B~~l~w~ gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ lk bff b~qjnw~ id wmjlu wubgj kjìwlbwlik~+

7+>+2+7 Wubgj Bkbf|~l~ bkg Lkdiuobwlik ^|~wjo -WUBLK^,

Nioqujmjk~ltj nioqzwju/eb~jg lkdiuobwlik ~|~wjo ik wubgj nikwuifojb~zuj~ wmbw z~j~ ZKNWBG~ gbwbeb~j+ Wmj NG/UIO tju~lik lknfzgj~

22< nizkwulj~+

7+>+2+: Wubgj bkg jktluikojkw

B~~j~~j~ wmj wubgj bkg gjtjfiqojkw loqbnw id jktluikojkwbfujrzlujojkw~ bkg ujfjtbkw ozfwlfbwjubf bùjjojkw~ bkg quitlgj~ nbqbnlw|/ezlfglk` bnwltlwlj~ wi mjfq gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ qbuwlnlqbwj lk bkg gjultjejkjdlw~ duio lkwjukbwlikbf kjìwlbwlik~ ik wmj~j obwwju~+


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7+>+5 Lktj~wojkw bkg jkwjuqul~j gjtjfiqojkw

7+>+5+2 Lkwjukbwlikbf lktj~wojkw bkg wjnmkifi`| buubk`jojkw~3 Mjfq~

gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ wi qbuwlnlqbwj oiuj bnwltjf| lk lkwjukbwlikbf lktj~wojkwuzfj obhlk` bw wmj elfbwjubf& uj`likbf bkg ozfwlfbwjubf fjtjf~+ Wmj~jbuubk`jojkw~ lknfzgj wmj iu`bklsbwlik id nbqbnlw|/ezlfglk` ~jolkbu~ bkguj`likbf ~|oqi~lb bkg wmj qujqbubwlik id b ~julj~ id l~~zj~ qbqju~+

7+>+5+5 Lktj~wojkw Qifln| Ujtljp~3 Lkwjkgjg wi dbolflbulsj @itjukojkw~bkg wmj qultbwj ~jnwiu plwm wmj lktj~wojkw jktluikojkw bkg qiflnlj~ id b `ltjknizkwu|+ Ujtljp~ mbtj ejjk nbuuljg izw lk b kzoeju id nizkwulj~& lknfzglk`Jnzbgiu& J`|qw& Jwmliqlb& Obzulwlz~& Qjuz& Z`bkgb bkg Zsejhl~wbk+

7+>+5+> Lktj~wojkw `zlgj~ bkg nbqbnlw| ezlfglk` diu wmj FGN~3 îoj id

wmj nizkwulj~ lktiftjg buj Ebk`fbgj~m& Jwmliqlb& Obfl& Oisboelrzj bkgZ`bkgb+

7+>+5+7 Joqujwjn3 Quioiwj~ jkwujqujkjzu~mlq bkg wmj gjtjfiqojkw id ~obffbkg ojglzo/~lsjg jkwjuqul~j~+ Joqujwjn quiùbooj~ mbtj ejjk lklwlbwjg lk50 nizkwulj~& b~~l~wlk` oiuj wmbk 01&111 jkwujqujkjzu~ wmuiz`m finbf obuhjw/gultjk ez~lkj~~ ~zqqiuw njkwuj~+

7+>+> Obnuijnikioln qiflnlj~& gjew bkg gjtjfiqojkw dlkbknlk`

7+>+>+2 Qifln| bkbf|~l~ bkg uj~jbunm ik l~~zj~ niknjuklk` `fiebf jnikioln

lkwjugjqjkgjknj& wmj lkwjukbwlikbf oikjwbu| bkg dlkbknlbf ~|~wjo& bkgobnuijnikioln bkg gjtjfiqojkw qifln| nmbffjk`j~+

7+>+>+5 Wjnmklnbf bkg bgtl~iu| ~zqqiuw wi wmj @57 ùizq id gjtjfiqlk`nizkwulj~ -wmj Lkwjuìtjukojkwbf @uizq id 57, lk wmj Piufg Ebkh bkg wmjLkwjukbwlikbf Oikjwbu| Dzkg8 bgtl~iu| ~jutlnj~ wi gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ diugjew uj~nmjgzflk` kjìwlbwlik~ zkgju wmj Qbul~ Nfze+

7+>+>+> GODB^ quiùbooj3 Nioqzwju/eb~jg gjew obkb`jojkw bkgdlkbknlbf bkbf|~l~ ~|~wjo ~qjnlbff| gj~l`kjg wi mjfq nizkwulj~ obkb`j wmjluj}wjukbf gjew+ ^wbuwjg lk 2+7 Wjnmkifi`| bkg Fi`l~wln~

7+>+7+2B^\NZGB quiùbooj3 Lkwjùbwjg nz~wio~ ~|~wjo wmbw ~qjjg~ zqnz~wio~ nfjbubknj quinjgzuj~ bkg mjfq~ @itjukojkw~ wi ujdiuo bkgoigjuklsj wmjlu nz~wio~ quinjgzuj~ bkg obkb`jojkw+ Lk~wbffjg lk itju =1nizkwulj~& B^\NZGB mb~ ejnioj wmj lkwjukbwlikbff| bnnjqwjg ~wbkgbug diunz~wio~ bzwiobwlik+


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7+>+7+5 BNL^ quiùbooj3 Nioqzwjulsjg nbuì wubnhlk` ~|~wjo lk~wbffjg lk51 gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ id Bdulnb bkg B~lb+

7+>+7+> J/Wizul~o Lklwlbwltj3 Flkhlk` ~z~wblkbefj wizul~o bkg Lkdiuobwlik bkgnioozklnbwlik wjnmkifi`lj~ -LNW~, diu gjtjfiqojkw& ZKNWBG mb~

gjtjfiqjg wml~ Lklwlbwltj wi mjfq gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ gj~wlkbwlik~ wi ejniojoiuj bzwikioiz~ e| wbhlk` nmbu`j id wmjlu ipk wizul~o quioiwlik e| z~lk`LNW wiif~+

7+>+7+7 Wjnmkifi`|3 ^jutlnj~ wmj ZK Niool~~lik ik ^nljknj bkgWjnmkifi`| diu Gjtjfiqojkw bkg bgolkl~wju~ wmj ^nljknj bkg Wjnmkifi`| diuGjtjfiqojkw Kjwpiuh8 nbuulj~ izw nb~j ~wzglj~ ik ej~w qubnwlnj~ lk wubk~djuid wjnmkifi`|8 zkgjuwbhj~ ^nljknj& Wjnmkifi`| bkg Lkkitbwlik Qifln|Ujtljp~ diu lkwjuj~wjg nizkwulj~& b~ pjff b~ nbqbnlw|/ezlfglk` bnwltlwlj~+

7+>+7+: Wublk DiuWubgj quiùbooj3 Ezlfg~ wublklk` kjwpiuh~ bkg iu`bklsj~

wublklk` lk bff bujb~ id lkwjukbwlikbf wubgj wi jkbefj gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ wilknujb~j wmjlu nioqjwlwltjkj~~+ Nzuujkwf| gjtjfiqlk` gl~wbknj fjbuklk`quiùbooj~ dinz~lk` ik wmj FGN~+

Ujdjujknj~ 3

ZKNWBG& ppp+zknwbg+iu`


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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ ^jnujwbu| @jkjubf id ZKNWBG l~ duio pmlnm nizkwu|

B, Wmblfbkg

E, LkglbN, ^plwsjufbkgG, Nmlkb

5+ Iecjnwltj id Wublk diu Wubgj quiùbo l~ wi

B, iu`bklsj~ wublklk` lk bff bujb~ id lkwjukbwlikbf wubgjE, quioiwj wubk~dju id wjnmkifi`|N, dbnlflwbwj nbuì wubnhlk` ~|~wjoG, ~loqfld| nz~wio~ nfjbubknj quinjgzuj

>+ B^\NZGB quiùbooj id ZKNWBG blo~ bw

B, Quioiwlk` wizul~o bkg Lkdiuobwlik bkg nioozklnbwlik wjnmkifi`lj~ -LNW~,diu gjtjfiqojkw

E, ~qjjglk` zq nz~wio~ nfjbubknj quinjgzuj~N, Nioqzwjulslk` nbuì wubnhlk` ~|~wjoG, Quitlglk` wubgj lkdiuobwlik

7+ ZKNWBG ~wbkg~ diu

B, Zklwjg Kbwlik~ Nioolwwjj ik Wubgj bkg Gjtjfiqojkw

E, Zklwjg Kbwlik~ Nikdjujknj ik Wjnmkifi`| GjtjfiqojkwN, Zklwjg Kbwlik~ Nikdjujknj ik Wubgj bkg GjtjfiqojkwG, Zklwjg Kbwlik~ Nioolwwjj ik Wjnmkifi`| Gjtjfiqojkw

:+ Mip obk| nizkwulj~ buj ojoeju id ZKNWBG9

B, 2


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0+ Pmlnm lklwlbwltj id ZKNWBG gjbf~ plwm jkwujqujkjzu~mlq bkg wmj gjtjfiqojkwid ~obff bkg ojglzo/~lsjg jkwjuqul~j~

B, B^\NZGBE, BNL^N, JoqujwjnG, WUBLK^

=+ Wubgj Bkbf|~l~ bkg Lkdiuobwlik ^|~wjo -WUBLK^, l~

B, Nioqujmjk~ltj nioqzwju/eb~jg lkdiuobwlik ~|~wjo ik wubgj nikwuifojb~zuj~

E, Oigjf diu obhlk` wubk~qiuwbwlik ~|~wjo oiuj jddlnljkwN, Wublklk` e| ZKNWBG diu zq`ubglk` lkdub~wuznwzubf dbnlflwlj~

G, Kikj id wmj beitj

e& 7 n& : e& 4 g& 0 n& = b& < e& 21 e


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Nmbqwju :

Piufg Wubgj Iu`bklsbwlik

:+2 Wmj Iu`bklsbwlik

Wmj Piufg Wubgj Iu`bklsbwlik -PWI, l~ wmj ikf| lkwjukbwlikbf iu`bklsbwlikgjbflk` plwm wmj `fiebf uzfj~ id wubgj ejwpjjk kbwlik~+ Lw~ oblk dzknwlik l~ wijk~zuj wmbw wubgj dfip~ b~ ~oiiwmf|& qujglnwbef| bkg dujjf| b~ qi~~lefj+

:+5 Dzknwlik~

Wmj PWI~ itjuulglk` iecjnwltj l~ wi mjfq wubgj dfip ~oiiwmf|& dujjf|& dbluf| bkgqujglnwbef|+ Lw gij~ wml~ e|3

Bgolkl~wjulk` wubgj bùjjojkw~Bnwlk` b~ b diuzo diu wubgj kjìwlbwlik~^jwwflk` wubgj gl~qzwj~Ujtljplk` kbwlikbf wubgj qiflnlj~

:+> ^wuznwzuj

Wmj PWI mb~ 2:> ojoeju~& bnnizkwlk` diu itju 1iwmju~ buj kjìwlbwlk` ojoeju~mlq+ Gjnl~lik~ buj obgj e| wmj jkwlujojoeju~mlq+ Wml~ l~ w|qlnbff| e| nik~jk~z~+ B obciulw| tiwj l~ bf~i qi~~lefj ezw lwmb~ kjtju ejjk z~jg lk wmj PWI& bkg pb~ j}wujojf| ubuj zkgju wmj PWI~qujgjnj~~iu& wmj @jkjubf Bùjjojkw ik Wbuldd~ bkg Wubgj -@BWW,+ Wmj PWI~bùjjojkw~ mbtj ejjk ubwldljg lk bff ojoeju~ qbuflbojkw~+

Wmj PWI~ wiq fjtjf gjnl~lik/obhlk` eig| l~ wmj Olkl~wjulbf Nikdjujknj pmlnmojjw~ bw fjb~w iknj jtju| wpi |jbu~+ Ejfip wml~ l~ wmj @jkjubf Nizknlf-kiuobff| boeb~~bgiu~ bkg mjbg~ id gjfj`bwlik lk @jkjtb& ezw ~iojwloj~iddlnlbf~ ~jkw duio ojoeju~ nbqlwbf~, pmlnm ojjw~ ~jtjubf wloj~ b |jbu lk wmj@jkjtb mjbgrzbuwju~+ Wmj @jkjubf Nizknlf bf~i ojjw~ b~ wmj Wubgj Qifln|Ujtljp Eig| bkg wmj Gl~qzwj ^jwwfjojkw Eig|+

Bw wmj kj}w fjtjf& wmj @iig~ Nizknlf& ^jutlnj~ Nizknlf bkg Lkwjffjnwzbf

Quiqjuw| -WULQ^, Nizknlf ujqiuw wi wmj @jkjubf Nizknlf+ Kzojuiz~ ~qjnlbflsjgnioolwwjj~& piuhlk` ùizq~ bkg piuhlk` qbuwlj~ gjbf plwm wmj lkgltlgzbfbùjjojkw~ bkg iwmju bujb~ ~znm b~ wmj jktluikojkw& gjtjfiqojkw&ojoeju~mlq bqqflnbwlik~ bkg uj`likbf wubgj bùjjojkw~+


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:+7 ^jnujwbulbw

Wmj PWI ^jnujwbulbw& eb~jg lk @jkjtb& mb~ buizkg 45: ~wbdd bkg l~ mjbgjg e| bGlujnwiu @jkjubf+ Lw gij~ kiw mbtj eubknm iddlnj~ izw~lgj @jkjtb+ ^lknjgjnl~lik~ buj wbhjk e| wmj Ojoeju~ wmjo~jftj~& wmj ^jnujwbulbw gij~ kiw mbtj

wmj gjnl~lik/obhlk` uifj wmbw iwmju lkwjukbwlikbf ezujbznubnlj~ buj `ltjk+

Wmj ^jnujwbulbw~ oblk gzwlj~ buj wi ~zqqf| wjnmklnbf ~zqqiuw diu wmj tbuliz~nizknlf~ bkg nioolwwjj~ bkg wmj olkl~wjulbf nikdjujknj~& wi quitlgj wjnmklnbfb~~l~wbknj diu gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~& wi bkbf|sj piufg wubgj& bkg wi j}qfblk PWIbddblu~ wi wmj qzefln bkg ojglb+

Wmj ^jnujwbulbw bf~i quitlgj~ ~ioj diuo~ id fj`bf b~~l~wbknj lk wmj gl~qzwj~jwwfjojkw quinj~~ bkg bgtl~j~ ìtjukojkw~ pl~mlk` wi ejnioj ojoeju~ id wmjPWI+ Wmj bkkzbfezg`jw l~ uiz`mf| 2=< olfflik ^pl~~ dubkn~+

:+: PWI Bùjjojkw~

Wmj PWI~ uzfj~ wmj bùjjojkw~ buj wmj uj~zfw id kjìwlbwlik~ ejwpjjk wmjojoeju~+ Wmj nzuujkw ~jw pjuj wmj izwnioj id wmj 21 bùjjojkw~ bkg ~jqbubwj nioolwojkw~ -nbffjg ~nmjgzfj~, obgj e|lkgltlgzbf ojoeju~ lk ~qjnldln bujb~ ~znm b~ fipju nz~wio~ gzw| ubwj~ bkg~jutlnj~ obuhjw/iqjklk`+

Wmuiz`m wmj~j bùjjojkw~& PWI ojoeju~ iqjubwj b kik/gl~nulolkbwiu| wubglk`~|~wjo wmbw ~qjff~ izw wmjlu ul`mw~ bkg wmjlu iefl`bwlik~+ Jbnm nizkwu| ujnjltj~`zbubkwjj~ wmbw lw~ j}qiuw~ plff ej wujbwjg dbluf| bkg nik~l~wjkwf| lk iwmjunizkwulj~ obuhjw~+ Jbnm quiol~j~ wi gi wmj ~boj diu loqiuw~ lkwi lw~ ipkobuhjw+ Wmj ~|~wjo bf~i `ltj~ gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ ~ioj dfj}lelflw| lkloqfjojkwlk` wmjlu nioolwojkw~+

:+:+2 @iig~

Lw bff ej`bk plwm wubgj lk ìig~+ Duio 2


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:+:+5 ^jutlnj~

Ebkh~& lk~zubknj dluo~& wjfjnioozklnbwlik~ nioqbklj~& wizu iqjubwiu~& miwjfnmblk~ bkg wubk~qiuw nioqbklj~ fiihlk` wi gi ez~lkj~~ beuibg nbk kip jkci|

wmj ~boj qulknlqfj~ id dujju bkg dbluju wubgj wmbw iul`lkbff| ikf| bqqfljg wi wubgj lkìig~+ Wmj~j qulknlqfj~ bqqjbu lk wmj kjp @jkjubf Bùjjojkw ik Wubgj lk^jutlnj~ -@BW^,+ PWI ojoeju~ mbtj bf~i obgj lkgltlgzbf nioolwojkw~ zkgju@BW^ ~wbwlk` pmlnm id wmjlu ~jutlnj~ ~jnwiu~ wmj| buj plfflk` wi iqjk wi diujl`knioqjwlwlik& bkg mip iqjk wmi~j obuhjw~ buj+

:+:+> Lkwjffjnwzbf Quiqjuw|

Wmj PWI~ Lkwjffjnwzbf Quiqjuw| Bùjjojkw boizkw~ wi uzfj~ diu wubgj bkglktj~wojkw lk lgjb~ bkg nujbwltlw|+ Wmj uzfj~ ~wbwj mip niq|ul`mw~& qbwjkw~&wubgjobuh~& `jiùbqmlnbf kboj~ z~jg wi lgjkwld| quigznw~& lkgz~wulbf gj~l`k~&

lkwjùbwjg nlunzlw fb|izw/gj~l`k~ bkg zkgl~nfi~jg lkdiuobwlik ~znm b~ wubgj~jnujw~lkwjffjnwzbf quiqjuw| ~mizfg ej quiwjnwjg pmjk wubgj l~ lktiftjg+

:+:+7 Gl~qzwj ^jwwfjojkw

Wmj PWI~ quinjgzuj diu uj~iftlk` wubgj rzbuujf~ zkgju wmj Gl~qzwj ^jwwfjojkwZkgju~wbkglk` l~ tlwbf diu jkdiunlk` wmj uzfj~ bkg wmjujdiuj diu jk~zulk` wmbw wubgjdfip~ ~oiiwmf|+ Nizkwulj~ eulk` gl~qzwj~ wi wmj PWI ld wmj| wmlkh wmjlu ul`mw~zkgju wmj bùjjojkw~ buj ejlk` lkdulk`jg+ Czg`jojkw~ e| ~qjnlbff|/bqqilkwjglkgjqjkgjkw j}qjuw~ buj eb~jg ik lkwjuqujwbwlik~ id wmj bùjjojkw~ bkglkgltlgzbf nizkwulj~ nioolwojkw~+Wmj ~|~wjo jknizub`j~ nizkwulj~ wi ~jwwfj wmjlu glddjujknj~ wmuiz`m nik~zfwbwlik+Dblflk` wmbw& wmj| nbk diffip b nbujdzff| obqqjg izw& ~wb`j/e|/~wb`j quinjgzujwmbw lknfzgj~ wmj qi~~lelflw| id b uzflk` e| b qbkjf id j}qjuw~& bkg wmj nmbknj wibqqjbf wmj uzflk` ik fj`bf ùizkg~+ Nikdlgjknj lk wmj ~|~wjo l~ eiukj izw e| wmjkzoeju id nb~j~ euiz`mw wi wmj PWI oiuj wmbk >11 nb~j~ lk wjk |jbu~nioqbujg wi wmj >11 gl~qzwj~ gjbfw plwm gzulk` wmj jkwluj fldj id @BWW -2


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:+4 Gjtjfiqlk` Nizkwulj~ bkg PWI

:+4+2 Gjtjfiqojkw bkg Wubgj

Itju wmujj/rzbuwju~ id PWI ojoeju~ buj gjtjfiqlk` iu fjb~w gjtjfiqjg

nizkwulj~+ Bff PWI bùjjojkw~ nikwblk ~qjnlbf quitl~lik diu wmjo& lknfzglk`fik`ju wloj qjulig~ wi loqfjojkw bùjjojkw~ bkg nioolwojkw~& ojb~zuj~ wilknujb~j wmjlu wubglk` iqqiuwzklwlj~& quitl~lik~ ujrzlulk` bff PWI ojoeju~ wi~bdj`zbug wmjlu wubgj lkwjuj~w~& bkg ~zqqiuw wi mjfq wmjo ezlfg wmj lkdub~wuznwzujdiu PWI piuh& mbkgfj gl~qzwj~& bkg loqfjojkw wjnmklnbf ~wbkgbug~+

Wmj 5112 Olkl~wjulbf Nikdjujknj lk Gimb ~jw izw wb~h~& lknfzglk` kjìwlbwlik~& diub plgj ubk`j id l~~zj~ niknjuklk` gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~+ îoj qjiqfj nbff wmjkjp kjìwlbwlik~ wmj Gimb Gjtjfiqojkw Uizkg+

Ejdiuj wmbw& lk 2


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Ujdjujknj~ 3Piufg Wubgj Iu`bklsbwlik&ppp+pwi+iu`Bkkzbf Ujqiuw& PWI& ppp+pwi+iu`Tlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik B tluwzbf wizu id wmj PWI&mwwq3))ppp+pwi+iu`)jk`fl~m)uj~Yj)pjenb~Yj)pjenb~Yj+mwo.wiq

Tlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik Duio @BWW wi PWI&mwwq3))ppp+pwi+iu`)jk`fl~m)uj~Yj)pjenb~Yj)pjenb~Yj+mwo.wiqTlgji Quj~jkwbwlik ik Nb~j ~wzglj~ id PWI gl~qzwj ~jwwfjojkw&mwwq3))ppp+pwi+iu`)jk`fl~m)uj~Yj)pjenb~Yj)pjenb~Yj+mwo.wiq
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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Wmj Piufg Wubgj Iu`bklsbwlik& mjbgrzbuwjujg lk @jkjtb& ^plwsjufbkgnzuujkwf| mb~ YYYYYojoeju nizkwulj~+B, 2>1

E, 27>N, 2:>G, 241

5+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` l~ kiw bk zkgjuf|lk` qulknlqfj id @BWW9B, Wubgj niknj~~lik~ e| ojoeju nizkwulj~ plff ej ujnlquinbwjgE, Nizkwulj~ ~mizfg ùbkw qujdjujkwlbf wujbwojkw wi iwmju ojoeju nizkwulj~N, Wubgj gl~qzwj ejwpjjk ojoeju nizkwulj~ wi ej ~jwwfjg e| gl~qzwj

~jwwfjojkw ojnmbkl~o id @BWWG, Qiflnlj~ ìtjuklk` j}wjukbf wubgj ~mizfg ej wubk~qbujkw

>+ Lk wmj nikwj}w id PWI Bùjjojkw~& kik gl~nulolkbwlik ojbk~ B, Quigznw~ loqiuwjg duio bff wubglk` qbuwkju~ ~mizfg ej `ltjk wmj ~boj

wujbwojkw b~ kbwlikbf quigznw~8E, iknj lk wmj gioj~wln obuhjw& loqiuwjg ìig~ bkg ~jutlnj~ duio bff wubglk`

qbuwkju~ nbkkiw ej wujbwjg glddjujkwf| duio gioj~wln quigznw~8N, bff wubglk` qbuwkju~ ~mizfg ej j}wjkgjg %oi~w dbtizujg% kbwlik8G, b PWI Ojoeju nbk loqi~j nz~wio~ gzwlj~& ezw iknj wmj loqiuwjg quigznw

mb~ nfjbujg nz~wio~& lw nbkkiw ej wujbwjg fj~~ dbtizubef| wmbk wmj flhjkbwlikbf quigznw+

7+ Wmj Bkwl/gzoqlk` Bùjjojkw 3

B, Bffip~ ^wbwj~ wi ujbnw b`blk~w gzoqlk`& wmbw nbz~j~ lkczu| wi wmj nioqjwlk`gioj~wln lkgz~wu|8

E, nbk ej lktihjg pmjk b nioqbk| j}qiuw~ b quigznw bw b qulnj fipju wmbkwmj qulnj lw kiuobff| nmbu`j~ ik lw~ ipk mioj obuhjw8

N, ujrzluj~ ^wbwj~ wi bnw b`blk~w gzoqlk`8 iu&G, nbk ej lktihjg pmjk wmj zkdblu nioqjwlwlik qubnwl~jg e| b nioqbk|

nbz~j~ lkczu| wi wmj gioj~wln obuhjw+

:+ Olkl~wjulbf Nikdjujknj buj 3B, Qjuligln uizkg~ id kjìwlbwlik~8

E, ojjwlk`~ id olkl~wju~ plwm wmj ~ifj iecjnwltj id fbzknmlk` kjp ozfwlfbwjubfwubgj kjìwlbwlik~8N, jkfbu`jg ojjwlk`~ id wmj @jkjubf Nizknlf& pmlnm wbhj qfbnj jtju| wpi

|jbu~8G, qjuligln ojjwlk`~ id olkl~wju~ lk nmbu`j id PWI obwwju~+


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4+ Wmj Olffjkklzo Uizkg l~ wmj Uizkg 3B, fbzknmjg bw wmj jbwwfj Olkl~wjulbf Nikdjujknj8E, kiw fbzknmjg bw wmj ^jbwwfj Olkl~wjulbf Nikdjujknj8N, pmjuj Olkl~wju~ bùjjg wi fbzknm wmj Gimb Gjtjfiqojkw B`jkgb8 iu&G, pmlnm niknfzgjg wmj kjìwlbwlik~ ik wmj ^lk`bqiuj l~~zj~+

0+ Wmj Gimb Gjtjfiqojkw B`jkgb 3B, ^jw~ gjtjfiqojkw id gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ b~ wmj eb~ln ìbf id wmj piuh

quiùbooj nikwblkjg lk wmj Gimb Olkl~wjulbf Gjnfbubwlik8E, l~ b euibg piuh quiùbooj bgguj~~jg wi gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~8N, fbzknmjg b kjp uizkg id kjìwlbwlik~ ik obuhjw bnnj~~& wubgj bkg

jktluikojkw& WULQ^& bkg wmj ^lk`bqiuj l~~zj~8 iu&G, ~jw b wmujj |jbu~ gjbgflkj diu wmj iqjklk` id bùlnzfwzuj bkg lkgz~wulbf

ìig~ obuhjw& wi wmj ejkjdlw id gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~+

=+ Wmj PWI ej`bk lw~ fldj ik

B, 2 Cbkzbu| 2


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Nmbqwju 4Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj Njkwuj

4+2 Beizw LWN

Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj Njkwuj pb~ j~wbefl~mjg lk 2


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bw wmj fbu`j~w ~zoolw ojjwlk` jtju b~~joefjg bw wmj ZK @jkjubf B~~joef| lk^jqwjoeju 5111+

LWN mb~ bnmljtjg kiwbefj ~znnj~~ lk bgguj~~lk` wmj OG@~ b~ lkwjùbfnioqikjkw~ id lw~ quiùbooj~+ Wmj OG@~ mbtj ~jutjg b~ nulwlnbf ejknmobuh~

diu LWN lk lw~ jddiuw~ wi ujgznj qitjuw| bkg jkmbknj wmj nioqjwlwltjkj~~ idjkwjuqul~j~ lk qiiu nioozklwlj~ e| quioiwlk` wmjlu lkwjùbwlik lkwi wmj `fiebftbfzj nmblk+

J}qiuw~ nbk mbtj bk loojglbwj bkg wbk`lefj loqbnw ik qjiqfj~ fltj~& eiwm lk wmjpjff/j~wbefl~mjg wubglk` nizkwulj~ bkg lk wmi~j joju`lk` duio gl~uzqwlik bkgnikdflnw+ J}qiuw~ `jkjubwj joqfi|ojkw bkg ejwwju lknioj~& nikwulezwj wipiojk~ joqipjuojkw bkg eulk` jktluikojkwbf ejkjdlw~+

4+> ^wubwj`ln Qbuwkju~mlq

LWN mb~ qbuwkjujg plwm wubgj ~zqqiuw lk~wlwzwlik~ wi gjfltju lkwjùbwjg ~ifzwlik~diu j}qiuw loqbnw diu ìig

LWN qfb|~ b nulwlnbf uifj lk wmj gjtjfiqojkw id wubgj ~zqqiuw lk~wlwzwlik~ -W^L~,+LWN nmbkkjf~ wmj obciulw| id lw~ wjnmklnbf ~zqqiuw ~jutlnj~ wmuiz`m wubgj ~zqqiuwlk~wlwzwlik~ wi jk~zuj wmj plgj~w gl~~jolkbwlik bkg wmj ~z~wblkbefj wubk~dju idhkipfjg`j bkg j}qjuwl~j+

Lw plff dzuwmju gjtjfiq& bkg ejwwju loqfjojkw& ejknmobuhlk` ojwmigifi`lj~ bkgwiif~ wi jkbefj wmjo wi gjfltju izwnioj~ bkg ojb~zuj wmjlu qjudiuobknj bw wmj

lkwjukbwlikbf fjtjf+

4+7 Nbqbnlw| Ezlfglk`

Pj bgtl~j ez~lkj~~ ik obhlk` wmj oi~w id bk iqjk wubglk` ~|~wjo bkg bwwjkgwi wmj ~qjnldln wubgj gjtjfiqojkw kjjg~ id fjb~w gjtjfiqjg nizkwulj~+ Pj mjfqnizkwulj~ bqqf| wmj ejkjdlw~ id kjp wjnmkifi`lj~& quitlgj ~zqqiuw wi piojkjkwujqujkjzu~ bkg quioiwj jktluikojkwbff| duljkgf| j}qiuw lklwlbwltj~+

Wmjk pj quitlgj wmj uj~izunj~ diu ~znnj~~3

dbnlflwbwlk` quidlwbefj ez~lkj~~ `jkjubwlik

mjfqlk` wi gjtjfiq wmj ul`mw quigznw~ bkg ~jutlnj~lgjkwld|lk` pmjuj wmj obuhjw l~ bkg nikkjnwlk` ez~lkj~~

mjfqlk` gjtjfiq ~hlff~ bkg wjnmklnbf nbqbnlw| diu ikìlk` ~znnj~~+

4+: Itjutljp id lw~ ~jutlnj~


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LWN gjfltju~ dltj nioqfjojkwbu| ez~lkj~~ ~jutlnj~

4+:+2 Ez~lkj~~ bkg wubgj qifln|

LWN jk~zuj~ wmbw ez~lkj~~ quliulwlj~ buj lkwjùbwjg lkwi kbwlikbf wubgj qiflnlj~bkg wmbw ~obff ez~lkj~~ kjjg~ buj wbhjk lkwi nik~lgjubwlik lk wmj kjìwlbwlik idlkwjukbwlikbf wubgj bùjjojkw~+ Lw bf~i mjfq ~obff ez~lkj~~j~ wi nikgznwez~lkj~~ ~wubwj`lnbff| lk wigb|~ lknujb~lk`f| nioqjwlwltj `fiebf wubglk` ~|~wjo+Lw~ oblk iecjnwltj l~ wi bnwltjf| flkh ez~lkj~~j~ plwm qifln|obhju~ wmuiz`m finbfwubgj ~zqqiuw lk~wlwzwlik~+

4+:+5 J}qiuw ~wubwj`|

LWN mjfq~ qifln|obhju~ bkg ìtjukojkw~& b~ pjff b~ jkwjuqul~j~& wi gjtjfiq~znnj~~dzf j}qiuw gjtjfiqojkw ~wubwj`lj~& nioqbwlefj plwm kbwlikbf qfbkklk`dubojpiuh~ bkg bnwlik qfbk~ quiqi~jg lk glb`ki~wln ~wzglj~+

4+:+> ^wujk`wmjklk` wubgj ~zqqiuw lk~wlwzwlik~

LWN qfb|~ b nulwlnbf uifj lk wmj gjtjfiqojkw id W^L kjwpiuh~+ Lw gjtjfiq bkgloqfjojkw ejknmobuhlk` ojwmigifi`lj~ bkg wiif~ wi jkbefj W^L~ wi kjwpiuhoiuj jddjnwltjf| bkg ojb~zuj wmjlu qjudiuobknj bw wmj lkwjukbwlikbf fjtjf+

4+:+7 Wubgj lkwjffl`jknj

LWN quitlgj wubgj gbwb& lkdiuobwlik& bkbf|~l~ bkg ujfbwjg nbqbnlw| ezlfglk` wijkwjuqul~j~& W^L~ bkg qifln|obhju~ wi dbnlflwbwj gjnl~lik/obhlk` ik j}qiuw/ujfbwjg obwwju~+

4+:+: J}qiuwju nioqjwlwltjkj~~

LWN gjtjfiq bkg gjfltju wiif~ bkg ~jutlnj~ uj~qikglk` wi wmj ~qjnldln kjjg~ idj}qiuwlk` jkwjuqul~j~& plwm wmj blo id obhlk` wmjo oiuj nioqjwlwltj+ Wmj~j~jutlnj~ buj gjfltjujg lk niiqjubwlik plwm& bkg wmuiz`m& W^L~ e| njuwld|lk`

wublkju~ bkg quiùbooj~+ Bujb~ nitjujg lknfzgj jkwjuqul~j obkb`jojkw&quinzujojkw bkg ~zqqf| nmblk obkb`jojkw& rzbflw| bkg ~wbkgbug~& j}qiuwqbnhb`lk`& fi`l~wln~ bkg gl~wulezwlik+ Pj bf~i gjtjfiq obuhjwlk` bkg ez~lkj~~jktluikojkw ~ifzwlik~+

Ujdjujknj~

Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj Njkwuj -LWN,& ppp+lkwubnjk+iu`


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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Wmj Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj Njkwuj pb~ j~wbefl~mjg lkB, 2


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4+ Blg diu Wubgj qui`ubo id LWN l~ blojg bwB, lkwj`ubwlk` gjtjfiqlk` bkg FNG~ lkwi wmj ozfwlfbwjubf uzfj~/eb~jg wubglk`

~|~wjoE, quitlglk` b~~l~wbknj wi ojjw dl~nbf gjdlnlwN, gjtjfiqlk` W^L kjwpiuh

G, kikj id wmj beitj

0+ Mjbgrzbuwju~ id LWN buj ~lwzbwjg bwB, Kjp \iuhE, FikgikN, Qbul~G, @jkjtb

=+ LWN mjfq~ lk nbqbnlw| ezlfglk` e|B, dbnlflwbwlk` quidlwbefj ez~lkj~~ `jkjubwlikE, mjfqlk` wi gjtjfiq wmj ul`mw quigznw~ bkg ~jutlnj~

N, lgjkwld|lk` pmjuj wmj obuhjw l~ bkg nikkjnwlk` ez~lkj~~G, Bff id wmj beitj

n& 7 b& : e& 4 b& 0 g& = g& < b& 21 g


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Nmbqwju 0

Njkwuj diu wmj Quioiwlik id Loqiuw~ duiogjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~

0+2 Iu`bkl~bwlik

Wmj Njkwuj diu wmj Quioiwlik id Loqiuw~ duio gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~-NEL, pb~ j~wbefl~mjg lk 2 Nioqjwjknlj~

Lk iugju wi bnnioqfl~m lw~ ol~~lik NEL niknjkwubwj~ ik dltj niujnioqjwjknlj~+ Wmj~j buj3

0+>+2 Obuhjw hkipfjg`j

NEL mb~ bk lkwlobwj hkipfjg`j id wmj ~wuznwzuj~& nmbubnwjul~wln~&gjtjfiqojkw~ bkg ujrzlujojkw~ id obuhjw~ lk wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik+


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0+>+5 Quigznw bkg quigznwlik loquitjojkw

NEL l~ befj wi quitlgj wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj lk loquitlk` quigznw~ bkg

quigznwlik quinj~~j~ wmbw nikwulezwj wi wmj nioqjwlwltjkj~~ ik wmj JZobuhjw~+

0+>+> Rzbflw| nikwuif

Rzbflw| l~ id oblk niknjuk wi wmj nik~zoju~ bkg jkg z~ju~ lk wmjJzuiqjbk Zklik+ Wmjuj buj ozfwlqfj uzfj~& uj`zfbwlik~ bkg ~wbkgbug~ik rzbflw| -iul`lkbwlk` duio, ~wlqzfbwjg e| wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik& kbwlikbfìtjukojkw~& wubgj $ lkgz~wu|& kik/ìtjukojkwbf iu`bkl~bwlik~& jwn+NEL l~ befj wi nibnm j}qiuwju~ bkg ez~lkj~~ ~zqqiuw iu`bkl~bwlik~ lkojjwlk` wmj ujrzlujojkw~ lk wml~ uj`bug+

0+>+7 J}qiuw obuhjwlk` bkg obkb`jojkw

NEL l~ befj wi quitlgj wjnmklnbf b~~l~wbknj bkg wublklk` ik loquitlk`j}qiuw obuhjwlk` bkg obkb`jojkw hkipfjg`j bkg ~hlff~ plwmlknioqbklj~ bkg ez~lkj~~ ~zqqiuw iu`bkl~bwlik~+

0+>+: Obuhjw jkwu|

Wmuiz`m lw~ hkipfjg`j id wmj obuhjw~ bkg lw~ fik` |jbu j}qjuljknj NELl~ befj wi quitlgj `zlgbknj bkg obuhjw jkwu| ~jutlnj~ wi nioqbklj~ lk

`blklk` bnnj~~ wi& oblkwblklk` bkg j}qbkglk` obuhjw ~mbuj ik wmj JZobuhjw~+

Diu gl~nlqflkj~ ej|ikg izu niuj nioqjwjknlj~& NEL niiqjubwj~ plwmtbuliz~ iwmju ~qjnlbflsjg iu`bkl~bwlik~+

0+7 Itjutljp id wmj ~jutlnj~

Wmj NEL iddju~ wmj diffiplk` ~jutlnj~3

0+7+2 Obuhjw lkdiuobwlik

Wmj obuhjw lkdiuobwlik ~jutlnj~ id NEL lknfzgj b tbuljw| id wiif~ wihjjq j}qiuwju~ bkg Ez~lkj~~ ^zqqiuw Iu`bkl~bwlik~ -EÎ~, lkgjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ lk ~wjq plwm wmj tju| fbwj~w gjtjfiqojkw~ ik wmjJZ obuhjw+

0+7+5 Nioqbk| gbwbeb~j
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Wmj ik/flkj nioqbk| gbwbeb~j quj~jkw~ b plgj ubk`j id NEL/wublkjgj}qiuwju~ duio gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~+ Bff id wmj~j j}qiuwju~ mbtj ejjkbzglwjg e| wmj NEL~ Jzuiqjbk j}qjuw~ bkg mbtj ujnjltjg j}wjk~ltjnibnmlk` diu gilk` ez~lkj~~ lk Jzuiqj wmuiz`m izu j}qiuw nibnmlk`quiùbooj~ -JNQ~,+

0+7+> J}qiuw Nibnmlk`

Wmj j}qiuw nibnmlk` bnwltlwlj~ buj gj~l`kjg wi b~~l~w jkwujqujkjzu~ lkgjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~ lk jkwjulk` bkg ~znnjjglk` ik wmj JZ obuhjwbkg)iu nik~iflgbwlk` iu j}qbkglk` wmjlu j}l~wlk` obuhjw ~mbuj+

0+7+7 Wublklk`

Wmj NEL quitlgj~ wblfiul~jg wublklk` diu j}qiuwju~ bkg EÎ~ lk obk|dljfg~& lknfzglk` wmj diffiplk`3

/ @jkjubf j}qiuw obuhjwlk` bkg obkb`jojkw8/ Wubgj quioiwlik8/ Obkb`lk` lkwjukbwlikbf wubgj dblu qbuwlnlqbwlik~8 bkg/ Gjtjfiqlk` nfljkw/iuljkwjg obuhjw lkdiuobwlik ~|~wjo~+

0+7+: EÎ gjtjfiqojkw

Wmj lk~wlwzwlikbf nbqbnlw| gjtjfiqojkw ~zqqiuw diu ~jfjnwjg EÎ~dinz~j~ ik3/ J}qiuw obuhjwlk` bkg obkb`jojkw8/ Obuhjw lkdiuobwlik ~jutlnj~ bkg ~|~wjo~8

/ Lk~wlwzwlikbf gjtjfiqojkw bkg iu`bkl~bwlikbf ~wujk`wmjklk`8 bkg/ J}qiuw gltju~ldlnbwlik+

Wmj NEL l~ bnwltj lk b kzoeju id ~qjnldln obuhjw ~jnwiu~ bkg mb~ ezlfwlw~ nfljkw eb~j buizkg wmi~j ~jnwiu~+

Ujdjujknj~

NEL& ppp+nel+kf
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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ NEL l~ bk B`jkn| id zkgju pmlnm gjqbuwojkw9B, Olkl~wu| id Diujl`k Bddblu~E, Olkl~wu| id J}wjukbf Bddblu~

N, Olkl~wu| id Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj bkg Lktj~wojkwG, Olkl~wu| id Lkwjukbwlikbf Wubgj

5+ NEL l~ b gjtjfiqojkw niiqjubwlik jddiuw id

B, @juobk|E, Lwbf|N, Kjwmjufbkg~+G, Dubknj

>+ Wmj Njkwuj diu wmj Quioiwlik id Loqiuw~ duio gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~

-NEL, pb~ j~wbefl~mjg lk

B, 2


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4+ Wmj lk~wlwzwlikbf nbqbnlw| gjtjfiqojkw ~zqqiuw diu ~jfjnwjg E^I~dinz~j~ ik

B, J}qiuw obuhjwlk` bkg obkb`jojkw8E, Obuhjw lkdiuobwlik ~jutlnj~ bkg ~|~wjo~8

N, Lk~wlwzwlikbf gjtjfiqojkw bkg iu`bkl~bwlikbf ~wujk`wmjklk`8 bkgG, Bff id wmj beitj

0+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` l~ kiw b niuj nioqjwjkn| id NEL9B, Obuhjw hkipfjg`jE, Quigznw bkg quigznwlik loquitjojkwN, Gl~qzwj ^jwwfjojkwG, J}qiuw obuhjwlk` bkg obkb`jojkwJ, Obuhjw jkwu|

=+ Wmj NEL quitlgj~ wblfiul~jg wublklk` wi

B, j}qiuwju~ bkg E^I~ lk wmj dljfg id Lkwjukbwlikbf WubgjE, joqfi|jj~ id wmj njkwubf ebkh id wmj nizkwu|N, qifln| obhju~ lk gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~G, kikj id wmj beitj

e& 7 b& : e& 4 g& 0 n& = b& < g& 21 n
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Nmbqwju =

Jzuiqjbk Zklik

=+2 Itjutljp

Wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik l~ b zklrzj jnikioln bkg qiflwlnbf qbuwkju~mlq ejwpjjk 50gjoinubwln Jzuiqjbk nizkwulj~ plwm wmj iecjnwltj wi jk~zuj qjbnj& qui~qjulw|bkg dujjgio diu lw~ 7 Gjnjoeju 5110+ Lw plff mbtj wi ej ubwldljge| bff 50 Ojoeju ^wbwj~ ejdiuj lw nbk jkwju lkwi diunj& pmlnm l~ miqjg wi ej

ejdiuj wmj kj}w Jzuiqjbk Qbuflbojkw jfjnwlik~ lk Czkj 511+ Lw gjbfw oi~wf| plwm ujdiuolk` wmj lk~wlwzwlik~ ~i wmbw wmj Zkliknizfg dzknwlik jddlnljkwf| bdwju lw~ jkfbu`jojkw wi 5: Ojoeju ^wbwj~+ Wmj Wujbw|id Klnj& wmj diuoju Wujbw| id wmj JZ bkg wmj Wujbw| id wmj JN mbtj ejjk oju`jglkwi ikj nik~iflgbwjg tju~lik+
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=+5+> Wujbw| id Bo~wjugbo

Wmj Wujbw| id Bo~wjugbo& ~l`kjg ik 5 Inwieju 2


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Oiujitju& wmj dizkglk` wujbwlj~ mbtj ejjk bojkgjg ik ~jtjubf innb~lik~& lkqbuwlnzfbu pmjk kjp Ojoeju ^wbwj~ bnnjgjg lk 2 -Gjkobuh& Lujfbkg& Zklwjg

Hlk`gio,& 2


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=+> Joeubnlk` b nikwlkjkwLk bff 50 nizkwulj~ buj qbuw id JZ& Gjwblf~ id pmjk wmj~j nizkwulj~ cilkjg JZ buj 3

2


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Wmj oblk cie id Qbuflbojkw l~ wi qb~~ Jzuiqjbk fbp~ ik wmj eb~l~ id quiqi~bf~quj~jkwjg e| wmj Jzuiqjbk Niool~~lik+ Qbuflbojkw ~mbuj~ wml~ uj~qik~lelflw|plwm wmj Nizknlf id wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik+ Qbuflbojkw bkg Nizknlf bf~i ~mbuj cilkwbzwmiulw| diu bqquitlk` wmj JZ~ 2>1 elfflik bkkzbf ezg`jw+

Qbuflbojkw mb~ wmj qipju wi gl~ol~~ wmj Jzuiqjbk Niool~~lik+

Wmj oblk ojjwlk`~ id wmj Qbuflbojkw buj mjfg lk ^wub~eizu` -Dubknj,& iwmju~ lkEuz~~jf~ -Ejf`lzo,+ Flhj bff iwmju JZ lk~wlwzwlik~& wmj Qbuflbojkw piuh~ lk bff wmj5> iddlnlbf JZ fbk`zb`j~+

Wmj Qbuflbojkw jfjnw~ wmj Jzuiqjbk Ioezg~obk& pmi lktj~wl`bwj~ nlwlsjk~nioqfblkw~ beizw obfbgolkl~wubwlik e| wmj JZ lk~wlwzwlik~-ioezg~obk+jzuiqb+jz,+

=+7+2+5 Wmj Nizknlf id wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik3 Tilnj id wmj Ojoeju ^wbwj~

Wmj Nizknlf id wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik diuojuf| hkipk b~ wmj Nizknlf idOlkl~wju~ l~ wmj JZ~ qulknlqbf gjnl~lik/wbhlk` eig|+ Lw ~mbuj~ plwm Qbuflbojkwwmj uj~qik~lelflw| diu qb~~lk` JZ fbp~+ Lw l~ bf~i lk nmbu`j id wmj JZ~ diujl`k&~jnzulw| bkg gjdjknj qiflnlj~& bkg l~ uj~qik~lefj diu hj| gjnl~lik~ ik cz~wlnjbkg dujjgio l~~zj~+

Wmj Nizknlf nik~l~w~ id olkl~wju~ duio wmj kbwlikbf ìtjukojkw~ id bff wmj JZnizkwulj~+ Ojjwlk`~ buj bwwjkgjg e| pmlnmjtju olkl~wju~ buj uj~qik~lefj diu wmj

lwjo~ wi ej gl~nz~~jg3 diujl`k olkl~wju~& olkl~wju~ id wmj jnikio| bkg dlkbknj&olkl~wju~ diu bùlnzfwzuj bkg ~i ik& b~ bqquiqulbwj+ Jtju| ~l} oikwm~& b glddjujkwojoeju ~wbwj b~~zoj~ wmj ~i/nbffjg Quj~lgjkn| id wmj JZ& ojbklk` wmbw lwnmblu~ wmj~j ojjwlk`~ bkg ~jw~ wmj itjubff qiflwlnbf b`jkgb+

Jbnm nizkwu| mb~ b kzoeju id tiwj~ lk wmj Nizknlf euibgf| ujdfjnwlk` wmj ~lsj idlw~ qiqzfbwlik& ezw pjl`mwjg lk dbtizu id ~obffju nizkwulj~+ Oi~w gjnl~lik~ bujwbhjk e| obciulw| tiwj& bfwmiz`m ~jk~lwltj l~~zj~ lk bujb~ flhj wb}bwlik& b~|fzobkg loolùbwlik& iu diujl`k qifln|& ujrzluj zkbklolw|+

^jtjubf wloj~ b |jbu wmj quj~lgjkw~ bkg)iu quloj olkl~wju~ id wmj ojoeju ~wbwj~

ojjw b~ wmj Jzuiqjbk Nizknlf+ Wmj~j ~zoolw ojjwlk`~ ~jw itjubff JZ qifln|+

=+7+2+> Wmj Jzuiqjbk Niool~~lik3 Quioiwlk` wmj niooik lkwjuj~w

Wmj Jzuiqjbk Niool~~lik l~ wmj JZ~ j}jnzwltj iu`bk+ Lw ujquj~jkw~ bkgzqmifg~ wmj lkwjuj~w~ id Jzuiqj b~ b pmifj+


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Lw gubdw~ quiqi~bf~ diu kjp Jzuiqjbk fbp~& pmlnm lw quj~jkw~ wi wmj JzuiqjbkQbuflbojkw bkg wmj Nizknlf+ Lw obkb`j~ wmj gb|/wi/gb| ez~lkj~~ id loqfjojkwlk`JZ qiflnlj~ bkg ~qjkglk` JZ dzkg~+ Wmj Niool~~lik bf~i obhj~ ~zuj wmbwjtju|ikj belgj~ e| wmj Jzuiqjbk wujbwlj~ bkg fbp~+ Lw nbk bnw b`blk~w uzfj/eujbhju~& wbhlk` wmjo wi wmj Jzuiqjbk Nizuw id Cz~wlnj ld kjnj~~bu|+

Wmj Niool~~lik nik~l~w~ id 50 ojk bkg piojk ikj duio jbnm JZ nizkwu|+Wmj| buj b~~l~wjg e| beizw 57 111 nltlf ~jutbkw~& oi~w id pmio piuh lk Euz~~jf~+

Wmj quj~lgjkw id wmj Niool~~lik l~ nmi~jk e| JZ ìtjukojkw~ bkg jkgiu~jg e|wmj Jzuiqjbk Qbuflbojkw+ Wmj iwmju niool~~likju~ buj kiolkbwjg e| wmjlukbwlikbf ìtjukojkw~ lk nik~zfwbwlik plwm wmj lkniolk` quj~lgjkw& bkg oz~w ejbqquitjg e| wmj Jzuiqjbk Qbuflbojkw+ Wmj| gi kiw ujquj~jkw wmj ìtjukojkw~id wmjlu mioj nizkwulj~+ Lk~wjbg& jbnm id wmjo mb~ uj~qik~lelflw| diu b qbuwlnzfbuJZ qifln| bujb+

Wmj quj~lgjkw bkg ojoeju~ id wmj Niool~~lik buj bqqilkwjg diu b qjulig id dltj|jbu~& nilknlglk` plwm wmj qjulig diu pmlnm wmj Jzuiqjbk Qbuflbojkw l~ jfjnwjg+

=+7+2+7 Wmj Nizuw id Cz~wlnj3 Wmj uzfj id fbp

Wmj cie id wmj Nizuw id Cz~wlnj l~ wi obhj ~zuj wmbw JZ fbp l~ lkwjuqujwjg bkgbqqfljg lk wmj ~boj pb| lk bff JZ nizkwulj~& wmjuje| jk~zulk` wmbw wmj fbp l~jrzbf diu jtju|ikj+ Lw jk~zuj~& diu j}boqfj& wmbw kbwlikbf nizuw~ gi kiw `ltjglddjujkw uzflk`~ ik wmj ~boj l~~zj+ Wmj Nizuw bf~i obhj~ ~zuj wmbw JZ ojoeju~wbwj~ bkg lk~wlwzwlik~ gi pmbw wmj fbp ujrzluj~ wmjo wi gi+ Wmj Nizuw l~ finbwjglk Fz}joeizu` bkg mb~ ikj czg`j duio jbnm ojoeju nizkwu|

=+7+2+: Wmj Nizuw id Bzglwiu~3 @jwwlk` tbfzj diu |izu oikj|

Wmj Nizuw id Bzglwiu~ nmjnh~ wmbw wmj JZ~ dzkg~& pmlnm nioj duio wmjwb}qb|ju~& buj ~qjkw fj`bff|& jnikiolnbff| bkg diu wmj lkwjkgjg qzuqi~j+ WmjNizuw l~ eb~jg lk Fz}joeizu` bkg mb~ wmj ul`mw wi bzglw bk| iu`bkl~bwlik& eig|iu nioqbk| pmlnm mbkgfj~ JZ dzkg~+

=+7+5+ JZ Iwmju Lk~wlwzwlik~ bkg eiglj~

=+7+5+2 Wmj Jzuiqjbk Jnikioln bkg înlbf Nioolwwjj3 Tilnj id nltlf

~inljw|

Wmj >77 ojoeju~ id wmj Jzuiqjbk Jnikioln bkg înlbf Nioolwwjj ujquj~jkwb plgj ubk`j id lkwjuj~w~3 duio joqfi|ju~ wi wubgj zklikl~w~& duio nik~zoju~ wijnifi`l~w~+ Wmj Nioolwwjj l~ bk bgtl~iu| eig| pmlnm oz~w ej nik~zfwjg ikquiqi~jg JZ gjnl~lik~ beizw joqfi|ojkw& ~inlbf ~qjkglk`& tinbwlikbf wublklk`&jwn+


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=+7+5+5 Wmj Nioolwwjj id wmj Uj`lik~3 Wmj finbf qju~qjnwltj

Wmj Nioolwwjj id wmj Uj`lik~ l~ nik~zfwjg ik zqniolk` JZ gjnl~lik~ plwm bglujnw loqbnw bw wmj finbf iu uj`likbf fjtjf lk dljfg~ ~znm b~ wubk~qiuw& mjbfwm&joqfi|ojkw iu jgznbwlik+ Lw~ >77 ojoeju~ buj idwjk fjbgju~ id uj`likbf

ìtjukojkw~ iu ob|iu~ id nlwlj~+

=+7+5+> Wmj Jzuiqjbk Njkwubf Ebkh3 B ~wbefj nzuujkn|

Eb~jg lk Dubkhdzuw& wmj -@juobk|,& wmj Jzuiqjbk Njkwubf Ebkh l~uj~qik~lefj diu obkb`lk` wmj jzui& qulknlqbff| e| ~jwwlk` lkwjuj~w ubwj~+ Lw~quloj niknjuk l~ jk~zulk` qulnj ~wbelflw| ~i wmbw wmj Jzuiqjbk jnikio| l~kiw mbuojg e| lkdfbwlik+ Wmj Ebkh wbhj~ lw gjnl~lik~ lkgjqjkgjkwf| idìtjukojkw~ bkg iwmju eiglj~+

=+7+5+7 Wmj Jzuiqjbk Lktj~wojkw Ebkh3 Fjkglk` b mjfqlk` mbkg

Wmj Ebkh fjkg~ oikj| diu quicjnw~ id Jzuiqjbk lkwjuj~w& qbuwlnzfbuf| lk wmjfj~~ pjff/idd uj`lik~+ Lw dlkbknj~ lkdub~wuznwzuj quicjnw~& ~znm b~ ublf bkg uibgflkh~ iu jktluikojkwbf ~nmjoj~+ Lw bf~i quitlgj~ nujglw diu lktj~wojkw~ e|~obff ez~lkj~~j~ bkg fjkg~ wi nbkglgbwj ~wbwj~ bkg gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~+Ejnbz~j lw l~ ipkjg e| JZ ìtjukojkw~& wmj ebkh nbk ubl~j nbqlwbf bkgquitlgj fibk~ bkg nujglw bw dbtizubefj ubwj~+

Wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik -JZ, l~ kiw b djgjubwlik flhj wmj Zklwjg ^wbwj~+ Kiu l~ lw~loqf| bk iu`bkl~bwlik diu ni/iqjubwlik ejwpjjk ìtjukojkw~& flhj wmj ZklwjgKbwlik~+ Lw l~& lk dbnw& zklrzj+ Qiiflk` ~itjujl`kw| ojbk~& lk qubnwlnj& wmbw wmj

ojoeju ~wbwj~ gjfj`bwj ~ioj id wmjlu gjnl~lik/obhlk` qipju~ wi ~mbujglk~wlwzwlik~ wmj| mbtj nujbwjg& ~i wmbw gjnl~lik~ ik ~qjnldln obwwju~ id cilkwlkwjuj~w nbk ej obgj gjoinubwlnbff| bw Jzuiqjbk fjtjf+

Ujdjujknj~ 3

Tlgji ik :1 \jbu~ idJZlk wmj Piufg&ppp+|izwzej+nio)pbwnm9t?


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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik l~ b ~zqubkbwlikbf jkwlw|+ Wml~ ojbk~ wmbw3

B, lw ujflj~ ik wmj ìigplff id lw~ ojoeju kbwlik~ diu niiqjubwlik+E, lw~ ojoeju nizkwulj~ ujoblk nioqfjwjf| ~itjujl`k kbwlik~+N, lw ujflj~ ik tifzkwbu| nikwulezwlik~ id lw~ ojoeju kbwlik~+G, lw mb~ wmj qipju wi loqfjojkw fj`l~fbwlik glujnwf| lk jbnm id wmj ojoejukbwlik~+

5+ Nzuujkwf| 25 ojoeju nizkwulj~ buj qbuwlnlqbwlk` lk wmj Jzuiqjbk Oikjwbu|Zklik -JOZ,+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` nizkwulj~ l~ kiw qbuwlnlqbwlk` lk JOZ9B, Lwbf|E, GjkobuhN, Fz}joeizu`G, Ejf`lzo

>+ Wmj Jzuiqjbk Zklik mb~ YYYYY iddlnlbf fbk`zb`j~+B, Dzkgbojkwbf Qulknlqfj~

Lk wmjlu ujfbwlik~ plwm ikj bkiwmju& wmj B^JBK Ojoeju ^wbwj~ mbtj bgiqwjg wmjdiffiplk` dzkgbojkwbf qulknlqfj~& b~ nikwblkjg lk wmj Wujbw| id Bolw| bkgNiiqjubwlik lk îzwmjb~w B~lb -WBN, id 21wmBkkltju~bu| id B^JBK& bùjjg ik b ~mbujg tl~lik id B^JBK b~ b niknjuw id

îzwmjb~w B~lbk kbwlik~& izwpbug fiihlk`& fltlk` lk qjbnj& ~wbelflw| bkgqui~qjulw|& eikgjg wi`jwmju lk qbuwkju~mlq lk g|kboln gjtjfiqojkw bkg lk bnioozklw| id nbulk` ~inljwlj~+

Bw wmj & wmj B^JBK Fjbgju~ uj~iftjg wmbw bk B^JBKNioozklw| ~mbff ej j~wbefl~mjg+


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Bw wmj 25wm B^JBK ^zoolw lk Cbkzbu| 5110& wmj Fjbgju~ bddluojg wmjlu ~wuik`nioolwojkw wi bnnjfjubwj wmj j~wbefl~mojkw id bk B^JBK Nioozklw| e| 512:bkg ~l`kjg wmj Njez Gjnfbubwlik ik wmj Bnnjfjubwlik id wmj J~wbefl~mojkw id bkB^JBK Nioozklw| e| 512:+

Wmj B^JBK Nioozklw| l~ nioqul~jg id wmujj qlffbu~& kbojf| wmj B^JBKQiflwlnbf/^jnzulw| Nioozklw|& B^JBK Jnikioln Nioozklw| bkg B^JBK ^inli/Nzfwzubf Nioozklw|+ Jbnm qlffbu mb~ lw~ ipk Efzjqulkw& bkg& wi`jwmju plwm wmjLklwlbwltj diu B^JBK Lkwj`ubwlik -LBL, ^wubwj`ln Dubojpiuh bkg LBL Piuh QfbkQmb~j LL -511


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Kjp bkg jkmbknjg uifj id wmj ^jnujwbu|/@jkjubf id B^JBK

Iwmju kjp lklwlbwltj~ bkg nmbk`j~

21+4 Wmj B^JBK ^jnujwbulbw

Wmj B^JBK ^jnujwbulbw pb~ ~jw zq lk Djeuzbu| 2


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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Wmj B~~inlbwlik id îzwmjb~w B~lb Kbwlik~ iu B^JBK l~ ikj id wmj db~wj~wgjtjfiqlk` jnikioln uj`lik~ lk wmj piufg+ B^JBK~ qzuqi~j l~ wi3

B, jflolkbwj ebuulju~ wi wubgj+E, quioiwj wmj dujj oitjojkw id qjiqfj lk wmj uj`lik+

N, nujbwj b dujj wubgj bujb boik` wmj ojoeju nizkwulj~+

G, quioiwj jnikioln ùipwm bkg qjbnj lk wmj uj`lik+

5+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` l~ bk j}boqfj id uj`likbf wubgj bùjjojkw boik` B~lbkNizkwulj~9

B, ^BQWB

E, NBULNIO

N, JJN

G, NBNO

>+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` nizkwulj~ l~ kiw b ojoeju id B^JBK9

B, Wmblfbkg

E, Nmlkb

N, Tljwkbo

G, ^lk`bqiuj

7+ Wmj B~~inlbwlik id îzwmjb~w B~lbk Kbwlik~& iu B^JBK& pb~ j~wbefl~mjg ik

B, = Bz`z~w 2


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G, = Bz`z~w 2 Czf| 2


77/118

Nmbqwju 22

Wmj ^izwm B~lbk B~~inlbwlik diu Uj`likbf Niiqjubwlik

22+2 Itjutljp

Wmj ^izwm B~lbk B~~inlbwlik diu Uj`likbf Niiqjubwlik -^BBUN, pb~ j~wbefl~mjgpmjk lw~ Nmbuwju pb~ diuobff| bgiqwjg ik = Gjnjoeju 2


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wi ~wujk`wmjk niiqjubwlik plwm iwmju gjtjfiqlk` nizkwulj~8

wi ~wujk`wmjk niiqjubwlik boik` wmjo~jftj~ lk lkwjukbwlikbf diuzo~ ikobwwju~ id niooik lkwjuj~w~8 bkg

wi niiqjubwj plwm lkwjukbwlikbf bkg uj`likbf iu`bkl~bwlik~ plwm ~lolfbu blo~bkg qzuqi~j~+

22+> Qulknlqfj~

Niiqjubwlik plwmlk wmj dubojpiuh id wmj B^ÎNLBWLIK ~mbff ej eb~jg ikuj~qjnw diu wmj qulknlqfj~ id ~itjujl`k jrzbflw|& wjuulwiulbf lkwjùlw|& qiflwlnbflkgjqjkgjknj& kik/lkwjudjujknj lk wmj lkwjukbf bddblu~ id iwmju ^wbwj~ bkgozwzbf ejkjdlw+

^znm niiqjubwlik ~mbff kiw ej b ~ze~wlwzwj diu elfbwjubf bkg ozfwlfbwjubfniiqjubwlik ezw ~mbff nioqfjojkw wmjo+

^znm niiqjubwlik ~mbff kiw ej lknik~l~wjkw plwm elfbwjubf bkg ozfwlfbwjubfiefl`bwlik~+

22+7 Bujb~ id Niiqjubwlik

Bw wmj lknjqwlik id wmj B~~inlbwlik& wmj Lkwjùbwjg Quiùbooj id Bnwlik -LQB,nik~l~wlk` id b kzoeju id Wjnmklnbf Nioolwwjj~ -WN~, pb~ lgjkwldljg b~ wmj niujbujb~ id niiqjubwlik+ Itju wmj qjulig id |jbu~& wmj kzoeju id WN~ pjuj nmbk`jgb~ qju wmj ujrzlujojkw+ Wmj nzuujkw bujb~ id niiqjubwlik zkgju wmj ujnik~wlwzwjgUj`likbf Lkwjùbwjg Quiùbooj id Bnwlik pmlnm l~ qzu~zjg wmuiz`m wmj

Wjnmklnbf Nioolwwjj~ nitju3

2+ Bùlnzfwzuj bkg Uzubf Gjtjfiqojkw85+ Mjbfwm bkg Qiqzfbwlik Bnwltlwlj~8>+ Piojk& \izwm bkg Nmlfgujk87+ Jktluikojkw bkg Diuj~wu|8:+ ^nljknj bkg Wjnmkifi`| bkg Ojwjiuifi`|84+ Mzobk Uj~izunj~ Gjtjfiqojkw8 bkg0+ Wubk~qiuw+

Ujnjkwf|& ml`m fjtjf Piuhlk` @uizq~ mbtj bf~i ejjk j~wbefl~mjg wi ~wujk`wmjkniiqjubwlik lk wmj bujb~ id Lkdiuobwlik bkg Nioozklnbwlik~ Wjnmkifi`|&Eliwjnmkifi`|& Lkwjffjnwzbf Quiqjuw| Ul`mw~& Wizul~o& bkg Jkju`|+

@ltjk wmj joqmb~l~ fblg gipk bw ~znnj~~ltj ^zoolw~ ik wmj kjjg wi j}qbkg wmjbujb~ id niiqjubwlik bkg ~wujk`wmjk wmj uj`likbf niiqjubwlik& b kzoeju id iwmjubujb~ mbtj ejjk lknfzgjg lk wmj ^BBUN b`jkgb+ ^jtjubf Olkl~wjulbf fjtjfojjwlk`~ mbtj wbhjk qfbnj wi `ltj gzj joqmb~l~ lk tbuliz~ dljfg~+


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22+: ^jnujwbulbw

Wmj ^BBUN ^jnujwbulbw pb~ j~wbefl~mjg lk Hbwmobkgz ik 24 Cbkzbu| 2


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Jkg Nmbqwju Rzlssj~

2+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` l~ kiw dizkgju ojoeju nizkwu| id B^JBK9B, NboeiglbE, ^lk`bqiuj

N, LkglbG, Tljwkbo

5+ ^BBUN ^jnujwbulbw l~ lkB, Kjp GjfmlE, HbwmobkgzN, NifioebG, L~fbobebg

>+ Pmlnm id wmj diffiplk` nizkwu| l~ kiw b ojoeju id ^BBUN9

B, Ebk`fbgj~mE, EmzwbkN, LkglbG, Bd`mbkl~wbk

7+ ^jnujwbu|/@jkjubf l~ bqqilkwjg diu b qjulig idB, 2 |jbuE, 5 |jbu~N, > |jbu~G, 7 |jbu~

:+ Wmj ^jnujwbulbw nioqul~j~ wmj ^jnujwbu| @jkjubf& YYYYYY Glujnwiu~ bkg wmj@jkjubf ^jutlnj~ ^wbdd+

B, >E, 7N, :G, 0

4+ Wmj B~~inlbwlik quitlgj~ b qfbwdiuo diu wmj qjiqfj~ id îzwm B~lb wi

B, piuh wi`jwmju lk b ~qlulw id duljkg~mlq& wuz~w bkg zkgju~wbkglkÈ, quioiwj wmj pjfdbuj id îzwm B~lbN, wi loquitj wmjlu

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