IM!,. H

RYING2004

volume A

Editors: M A Silva

S C S Rocha

Series Editor: A S Mujumdar

CONTENTS

Preface v

Acknowledgement}. vli

Advisory Panel viii

Scientific Committee ix

Organizing Committee ix

List of Reviewers x

VOLUME A

Section I, Keynote Lectures

Modern process modelling: multiscale and goal-directed 3

I.T. Cameron

Second-law modeling of deep bed drying processes with a simulation study of wheat air-recirculated

fluidi/ed-bed drying 18

M. Fortes

Colour development on drying 33

R.B. Keey

Storage stability of dry food systems: influence of state changes during drying and storage 48

T.P. Labuza, K. Roe, C. Payne, F. Panda, T.J. Labuza, P. S. Labuza and L. Krusch

Drying of nanoporous and nanostructured materials 69

Z. Pakowski

Product engineering by the paper dryer 89

S. Stenstrom

Section 11. Plenary Lecture 99

Role of IDS in promoting innovation and global R&D effort in drying technologies 101

A.S. Mujumdar

xi

Section III. Fundamentals ofDrying 119

Fluidized bed spray granulation: analysis of dynamic particle populations and heat and mass

transfers 121

Stefan Hcinrich, Mirko Peglow.Markus Hennebcrg, Jorg Drcchslerand Lothar Mori

Ruidi/.ed bed drying: influence of dispersion and transport phenomena 129

Mirko Pcglow, Stefan Heinrich, Evangelos Tsotsas and Lothar Mori

Drying of pastes in vibrofluidized beds: effects of the amplitude and frequency of vibration and

of the dimensionless vibration number on the bed fluid-dynamics 137

Roger V. Dak'l'fe. Maria C. Ferreira and Jose" T. Freire

Drying kinetics of some building materials 145

A. MoropouUm. M. Karoglou, A. Giakoumaki, M.K. Krokida, Z.B. Maroulis and G.D.

Saravacos

Dependence analysis of the shrinkage and shape evolution of a gel system with the forced

convection drying periods 152

Leonardo da S. Ameche and Dermcval J. M. Sartori

Experimental analysis of the mechanism of counter-current spray drying process 161

Ireneus/ Zbicinski. Marcin Piatkowski and Czeslaw Strumillo

CFD model of counter-current spray drying process 169

Ireneus/ Zbicinski and Rafal Zielara

A new approach to the inversion temperature 177

Vi'tor A. !•'. Costa, Fernando Neto da Silva and Celcstino R. Ruivo

Influence of pore si/e distribution on drying kinetics: a simple capillary model 185

Thomas Met/ger and Evangelos Tsotsas

Drying enhancement of clay slab by microwave heating 193

Yoshinon Itaya. Shigeru Uchiyama, Shigenobu Hatano and S. Mori

Description of sorption isotherms as a function of water activity, composition and temperature

using MLP 201

Wladyslaw Kaminski and Elwira Tomc/.ak

Prediction of sorption isotherms of biodegradable polymers and their mixtures 209

Elwira Tomc/.ak

Influence of aqueous polymeric coating suspension characteristics on the particle coating in a

spouted bed 217

Marta Wilk Donida, Sandra C. S. Rocha and Fldvia Bartholomcu

Study of the batch hot melt coating of tablets in spouted bed 225

Kami P. Paulucci, Karen R. Stabile and Luis A. P. Frcitas

\u

Determination of residence time of paste during drying of a phytomedicinc in a spouted bed 232

Maria P.O. Peixoto, Anna P. R. Montciro and Luis A. P. Freitas

Analysis of tablets coating efficiency in a bottom spray spouted bed coater 239

Andresa L. Espinaco and Luis A. P. Freitas

Kinetics of conductive drying and heat-transfer on contact cylinders 247

V. I. Konovalov,N. Z. Gatapova ,

A, N, Koliuch,A. N. Pachomov

,A. N. Shikunov and A.

N. Utrobin

Temperature influence on desorption isotherms 254

Dusan B. Popov ski and Vangclcc B. Mitrcvski

Vacuum contact drying kinetics: effects of bed depth and particle size 258

Martin Kohout.Alan P. Collier and Franlisek Stepanek

To the theory of vacuum drying 266

V Kutovoy, L. Nikolaichuk and V. Slyesov

The Romanian school contributions on the oscillations influence in the intensification of

process translcr in gas fluidi/ed bed 272

Ciheorghita Jinesai

On the analogy between heat and mass transfer for high dew point air 280

Lars Nilsson

Analysis of moisture distribution in conveclivc textile fabric drying 285

Lui/.a. H. C. D. Sousa, Alexandre. S. Monleiro, Oswaldo. C. Motta Lima, Nehemias. C. Pcreira

and Elisabele. S. Mcndes

Investigation of paper dryer picking, web transfer and quality issues using a new web adhesion

and drying simulator 293

1' Ahrens. T. Patterson, S. Mueller and B. Hojjalie

Second law analysis of drying: - modeling and simulation of fluidized bed grain drying 301

Mauri Fortes and Wanyr Romero Ferreira

Heal pump drying under inert atmosphere 309

M. N. A Hawlader, Conrad O. Pcrcra, Min Tian, B.K. Ong and Kuan Jin Chng

Section IV. Modeling and Simulation ofDrying 317

A three-dimensional simulation of a spray dryer with a rotary atomizer 319

Lixin Huang,M. L. Passos, Kurichi Kumar and A. S. Mujumdar

Computational fluid dynamic simulation of droplet drying in a spray dryer 326

Lixin Huang, Kurichi Kumar and Arun.S. Mujumdar

Optimization of drying process in the manufacturing of adhesive tapes 333

Eduardo de B. Perez and Mdrcio da S. Carvalho

Validation of the lagrangian approach for predicting turbulent dispersion and evaporation of

droplets within a spray 341

Justin J. Nijdam, Baoyu Guo, David F. Fletcher and Timothy A.G. Langrish

Stresses generated during convective and microwave drying 351

Stefan J. Kowalski, Kinga Rajewska and Andrzej Rybicki

Optimization of pharmaceuticals freeze-drying cycles: characterization of annealing effects bythe pressure rise analysis method 359

P. Chouvenc, S. Vessol, J. Andrieu and P. Vacus

Pneumatic drying of solid particles 366

I. Skuratovsky, A Levy and I. Borde

Development of a 3D software for the drying of food using a computational fluid dynamic(CFD) approach 374

A. P. Ohara, N. Spogis and J, R. Nunhez

Model-based analysis and optimization of convective grain drying processes 381

Milan B. Stakic and Evangelos Tsotsas

The influence of spray dryer operation variables on milk powder quality 389

Viviane S, Birchal, M. Laura Passos, G16ria R. S. Wildhagen and Arun. S, Mujumdar

Modeling through drying of tissue - effect of pore size distribution on drying characteristics 397

Henrik Weinciscn and Stig StenstrSm

Computer simulation of fluidized bed dryer with bubble size variation 405

L. Garnavi, N. Kasiri and S.H. Hashemabadi

Robust simulation of counter-flow moving bed dryers 414

Domingos Fabiano de S. Souza, Roberta C. Vieira, Maria L. Passos and Evaristo C. Biscaia Jr.

Comparison of two modeling .approaches for a multi-cylinder paper dryer 422

Magnus Karlsson and Stig Stenstrdm

Derivation of new drying model from theoretical diffusion controlled drying period 430

Law Chung Lim, Siti Masrinda Tasirin and Wan Ramli Wan Daud

A new two-scale model describing drying kiln dynamics and coupled heat and mass transfer in

a porous medium: application to the combined vacuum drying and radiative heating of wood 436

Ian Turner and Patrick Perre'

xiv

From tissue to lincrboard: Validation of a microscale simulator for single technique and hybrid 444

dryersMohsen Sadcghi and W.J. Murray Douglas

Liquid transport during isothermal drying of a capillary porous solid containing.

multicomponcnt liquid mixtures . 452

Rafael Gamero and Joaqufn Martinez

Isothermal drying of a multicomponcnt liquid film 461

Fabio Luna and Joaquin Martinez

The impact of density gradients on the stress level within a green ceramic compact during

drying 469

Roman Peczalski, David Falgon, Julien Andrieu and Jean-Claude Boyer

Dynamic model for freeze drying process

'

477

Edinara Adelaide Boss, Eduardo Coselli Vasco de Toledo and Rubens Made! Filho

Investigation of coalescence kinetics of microcristalline cellulose in fluidised bed spray

agglomeration - experimental studies and modelling approach 485

Mirko Peglow, Jitendra Kumar and Lothar Mori

Heat and mass transfer inside oblate and prolate spheroids: an exact solution 493

D. R. Lima, S. N. Farias and A. G. B. Lima

Simultaneous heat and moisture transfer and shrinkage during drying of ceramic materials 501

Jose" J, S. Nascimento, Gelmires A. Neves, Francisco A. Bclo and Antonio G. B. Lima,

Drying of lentils including shrinkage: a numerical simulation 510

J. E. F. Carmo and A, G. B. de Lima

Simultaneous water and salt diffusion in meat during drying and curing of ham 518

Zdzislaw Pakowski, Pcre Gou, Josep Comaposada and Jacint Amau

Experimental analysis of fluidized bed freeze drying526

P. Tomova, W. Behns, H. Haida,. M. Ihlow and L. Mori

Mathematical modelling and simulation of heat and mass transfer phenomena in a shrinking

cylinder during drying533

Bilcl Hadrich and Nabil Kechaou

Drying modelling of a parallelepipedic oil shale particle542

Paulo S. S. Porto and Antonio C. L. Lisboa

Drying of porous alumina particles in a vertical pneumatic dryer549

Cristiane P. Narimatsu, Maria C. Ferreira and Jos T. Freire

Dryeration process - simulation and comparative technical economical feasibility in a case

study: a country elevator located in the argentine humid pampa557

M. C. Gelv and S. Giner

Research on modeling and simulation of mixed flow gram dryer 565

C.W. Cao, D.Y. Yang, X. D. Liu and Q. Liu

Modeling and simulation of discontinuous processes of particles coating in spouted bed 573

Mario Paulo F., Rafael M. Tiba, Sandra C. S, Rocha and Antonio C. L. Lisboa

Study of the spouted bed fluid dynamics using CFD 581

C. R. Duartc, V.V. Murata and M.A.S. Barrozo

Prediction of osmotic pretreatment parameters using neural networks models for process

optimization 589

Carolina. P. Moura, Maria Lucia Masson and Carlos I. Yamamoto

Optimization of spray drying of rosclle extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) 597

Isaac Andrade and Hector Flores

Visual software (Flux) for simulation of cross flow dryer performance and effect on quality.examples for wheat 605

Sergio A. Giner, and Cdsar A. Estrebou

Application of an explicit finite difference model to obtain thermal diffusivity of soybean 613

Ana Paula Ito, Kil Jin Park and Thiago Henrique Ardito

Optimal spray-drier encapsulation process of orange oil 621

Hector Flores-Marlmcz, Guillcrmo Osorio-Rcvilla and Tzayhri Gallardo-Velazquez

Application of mathematical models of two and three parameters in the prediction of sorptionisotherms lor ingii (Ingd edulis) pulp 628

Aroldo Arevalo-Pmedo, Abraham D. Giraldo-Zuniga, Fernando L. Santos, Zilda D. S. Ardvalo

and Rosalinda P. Ardvalo

Sorption isotherms experimental data and mathematical models for murici pulp (Byrsonimasencea) 634

Aroldo Arevalo-Pincdo, Abraham D. Giraldo-Zuniga, Fernando L. Dos Santos, Zilda D. S.

Ardvalo and Rosalinda P. Ardvalo

Concurrent drying of soybean seeds: the effect of radial air profile 640

A. J. de Assis, T. S. dc Lira, V. V. Murata and M. A. S. Barrozo

The theoretical and experimental investigation of low temperature vacuum drying processes of

agricultural materials 648

Vladimir P. Guskov, Leonid A. Bazyma, Andrew V. Basteev, Alexander M. Lyashcnko,Valcriy Lyakhno and Vladimir A. Kutovoy

: Downer fluidi/.ed bed reactors: an application to drying operations 656

P.I. Alvarez, R. Vega and R. Blasco

xvi

Meshpore : a software able to apply image-based meshing techniques to anisotropic and

heterogeneous porous media 664P. Perrd

Saving of energy in drying using a newly developed portal 672

N.V. Menshutina, S.V. Goncharova and T. Kudra

Modeling of freeze drying in fluidized bed 680

N. Menshutina, A.E. Korneeva, S. Goncharova and H. Leuenberger

Stress building in pasta during drying and prediction of cracks apparition 687

G. Ponsart, J. Vasseur and J.M. Meot

Grain drying optimization at low temperatures: I - application of the fundamentals of the

dynamic programming 694

Joao Batista Soares, Silvia Azucena Nebra de Perez and Paulo de Barros Correia

Grain drying optimization at low temperatures: II - cases simulation 702

Joao Batista Soares, Silvia Azucena Nebra de Perez and Paulo de Barros Correia

Generalization of the drying curves in convective and conductive/convective textile fabric

drying 710

Luiza H. C. D. Sousa, Alexandre S. Monteiro, Viviane R. Petri, Oswaldo C. Motta Lima,

Nehemias C. Pereira and Elisabcte. S. Mendcs

A model for internal moisture diffusivity during the regular regime. Comparison with

experimental data obtained on plaster and spirulina 718

L, Derdour and H. Dcsmorieux

Modelling and numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer during vacuum drying of a

porous medium 726

A. Erriguible, P. Bernada, F. Couture and M.A. Roques

Pore-level modeling of isothermal drying of pore networks accounting for evaporation, viscous

flow and shrinking 733

Luis A. Segura and Pedro G. Toledo

Mathematical modelling for representation of coffee berry volumetric shrinkage 742

Paulo C. Corrca, Dcise M. Ribciro, Osvaldo Resende, Paulo C. Afonso Junior and Andrd L.D.

Goneli

Contributor's index

xvn

VOLUME B

Section V. Industrial Processes and Equipment 749

Developments in the modeling of plug flow fluidized bed dryers 751

Christopher G. J. Baker, Abdul R. Khan, Yusul I. Ali and Khalid Damyar

Layer-ol'-prolection analysis (dlopa) for industrial drying risk assessment 760

Adam S. Markowski and Arun S. Mujumdar

Developments in Aspen technology drying software 767

Ian C. Kemp, Nicholas J. Hallas and David E. Oakley

Airflow patterns in a counter-current spray drying tower - simulation and measurement 775

Andrew E. Bayly, Paul Jukes, Michael Groombridge and Clare McNally

Yield optimization by combination of practical. Data and drying fundamentals 782

R P.J.M. Houben ,PJ. Deckers 1, F. de Boeff, J.W.M. Heesakkers and P.J.A.M. Kcrkhof

('ompanson of particle motion correlations for cascading rotary dryers 790

Ian C. Kemp

Drying - the Cinderella of the process industry 798

Harry Traub

Final drying of milk powder in vibrated-fluidized beds 805

Marcos A. A. Cruz, M. Laura Passos, and WanyrR. Ferreira

Refractance window tm - "down under" 813

Phillip T.Clarkc

Performance Analysis of a Tumble Dryer 821

Jonas Berghel, Lena Brunzell and Pedcr Bengtsson

Comparison of drying characteristics of porous materials with and without fluidi/.ing particlesunder reduced pressure 828

Yuji Tatemoto, Yoshihidc Mawatari, Keiichi Sugila, Katsuji Noda and Nobuyuki Komatsu

Drying of beans in a pulsed-fluid bed dryer - fluid-dynamics and the influence of temperature,airflow rate and frequency of pulsation on the drying rate 836

Marcello Nitz and Osvaldir P. Taranto

Influence of the marine algae drying on the capacity of removal of the chromium 844

Josilcnc A. Cavalcantc, Sandra C. S. Rocha and Meuris G. C. da Silva

The effect of processing factors on the efficiency of hard gelatin capsules coating in a spoutedbed 852

Helder V.A. Oliveira and Luis A. P. Freitas

xviu

Prediction of efficiency and particles growth in the granules coating and drying process bystatistical experimental design 860

Osvaldo S. du Silva and Sandra C.S. Rocha

Study of the inulin concentration by physical methods 868

Juliana Tofano C. Lcite, Paula Martinelli, Fernanda Elisabeth. X. Murr and Kil Jin Park

Drying of banana paste in rotary dryer with inert bed 876Rebeca Y. C. Padilla, Josd R. Limaverde and Josd R. D. Finzer

Drying of mango slices using heat pump dryer 884

Marcio N. Kohayakawa, Vivaldo Silveira-Jtinior and Javier Telis-Romero

Heat pumps for wood drying - new developments and preliminary results 892

Vasile Minca

Biochemical and physical criteria of spirulina after different drying processes 900

Hdlenc Desmorieux and Fabiola Hernandez

Section VI. Measurement and Process Control 909

Model predictive control of the water based painting drying using a humidity profile soft sensor

and a temperature measurement 911

Pascal Dufour, Pierre Laurent and Cheng-Zhong Xu

Fuzzy control system in drying process of fermented dry-cured sausages 919

Pere Gou, Josep Comaposada, Elvira Serra, Montserrat Corominas, Manel Poch and Jacint

Arnau

A proposed spray drying control system 927

Jan Stawczyk and Marcin Czapnik

Development of a low range air speed sensor for natural convection in solar dryer 932

I. Seres, I. Farkas and K. Gottschalk

Real-time control of microwave drying process 941

Viboon Changrue, Predrag S. Sunjka, Yvan Gariepy, G.S.Vijaya Raghavan and Ning Wang

Freeze drying of food products in a closed system 949

Jan Stawczyk, Sheng Li and Romuald Zylla

xix

Section VII. Energy and Environmental Implications 955

Energy efficient dryer operation - an update on developments 957

Christopher G. J. Baker

Drying of municipal sewage sludge: from a laboratory scale batch indirect dryer to the paddledryer 965

Patricia Arlabosse, S. Chavez and C. Prevot

Thermal efficiency in sewage sludge fry drying 972

Carlos A. Peregrina Cambero, Patricia Arlabosse and Didier Lccomtc

Investigation into the feasibility of sorbent dehumidification combined with chilled ceiling in

comfort cooling 979

Ahmadul Amecn, Zainal Alitnuddin and Khizir Mahmud

Study of the environmental impact of wood fuel processing 986

Roger Rcnstrom, Lars Lindquist and Fredrik Wikstrom

Sugar cane bagasse drying - a review 990

Juan H. Sosa-Arnao, Fabiano Marquezi de Oliveira, Jefferson L. G. Correa, Maria A. Silva and

Silvia A. Nebra

Controllability of a chemical heat pump dryer 998

Hironao Ogura, Tstsuya Yamamoto, Yasufumi Otsubo, Hiroki Ishida, Hiroyuki Kage and Arun

S. Mujumdar

Drying of sewage sludge through immersion frying 1005

Daniela P. da Silva, Victor Rudolph and Osvaldir P. Taranto

Influence of the phosphoric acid addition on the drying kinetics of dredged sediment 1013

S. Kribi, A. Joyau, A. Nzihou and P. Arlabosse

Energy aspects of novel techniques for drying biological materials 1021

Vijaya G. S. Raghavan, Timothy J. Rcnnie, Predrag S. Sunjka, Valeric Orsal, Wera

Phaphuangwiltayakul and Pradit Terdtoon

Reducing dryer energy use by process integration and pinch analysis 1029Ian C. Kemp

Environment friendly, energy saving vacuum drying installation 1037

S. Kutovoy, V. Kutovoy and O. Mcdvedeva

A solar collector design procedure for crop drying 1042

B.M. Santos, M.R. Queiroz and T.P.F. Borgcs

Quality of pegaga leaf dried in a solar assisted dehumidification drying system 1049

M. Yahya, M. Y. Othman, K. Sopian, W. R. W, Daud and B. Yatim

xx

Sludge drying characteristics on combined system of contact dryer and fluidized bed dryer 1055

Won-Pyo Chun and Ki-Woo Lee

Section VIII Drying of Chemical and Polymer Materials

and Drying of Pharmaceutical and Biomaterials 1063

Microwave-vacuum drying kinetics of pharmaceutical powders 1065G. Farrell, W.A.M. McMinn and T.R.A. Magce

Evaluation of a drying process for microbiological load reduction of the healthcare waste 1073Samira M. L. Carvalho, Maria A. G. Prandi, Marise Sim5es, Beatriz Pisani, Marcclino. L.

Gimenes and Mcuris G. C. da Silva

Temperature profiles in powder beds during microwave drying 1081

W.A.M. McMinn., CM. McLoughlin, G. Farrell and T.R.A. Magee

The drying behaviour of multi-component fluid catalytic cracking catalyst 1089

Stefan C.T van der Sanden, W. Jan Coumans and Piet J.A.M. Kerkhof

Effect of drying method on gas adsorption characteristics of carbon gel microspheres 1097

Takuji Yamamolo, Akira Endo, Takao Ohmori, Masaru Nakaiwa, Shin R. Mukai and HajimeTamon

Modeling of biomass drying in fluidized bed 1104

Joao F. A. Vitor, Evaristo C. Biscaia Jr. and Giulio Massarani

Spray-drying as a method for microparticulate modified release systems preparation 1112

Alysson L. R. Ratles and Wanderley P. Oliveira

Drying temperature and relative humidity effects on mechanical properties of amaranth flour

films plastici/.cd with glycerol 1120

Delia Tapia-Blacido; Paulo J. Sobral and Florcncia C. Mcnegalli

Vitamin C degradation during the drying process of the granulated wild-rose extract 1128

Gheorghita Jinescu, Alexandru Woinaroschy, Carmen-Elena Tebrencu and Elena lonescu

Residence lime distribution in a fluidized bed dryer 1134

Alejandro Reyes and Horacio Castro

Theoretical study on microwave frceze-dryingof an aqueous solution of lactose with the aid of

dielectric material 1142

Wei Wang and Guohua Chen

Spouted bed drying of Bauhiniaforficata link extract: effect of the position of the feed atomizer

and operating conditions on equipment performance and on product properties 1150

Claudia R. Fernandas Souza and Wanderley P. Oliveira

xxt

Conservation conditions of the mummy of similaun in the museum: influence and limitation of

the energy sources at low temperature storage condition able to avoid long term atmosphericfreeze drying process of the iceman 1158R Bruttini and M. Samadelli

Spray-dried chitosan microspheres cross-linked with d,l-glyceraldehyde as a potential drugdelivery system: preparation and characteri/ation 1166

Bergson Pogacu de Oliveira, Maria Helena Andrade Santana and Maria Ines Rd

The influence of the liquid properties and the atomizing conditions on the physicalcharacteristics of the spray-dried ferrous sulfate microparticles 1174M. I. Rd, L. S. Messia.s and H. Schettini

Drying characteristics of hydrophilic polymer gel: co-polymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide 1182

Sunil S. Waje, Mahendra W. Meshram, Vinaykumar Chaudhary, Rachana Pandey, Prakash A.

Mahanawar and Bhaskar N, Thorat

Section IX. Drying of Paper 1191

An improved drying model for coated paper 1193Miklos Kan/arnar, Manfred J. Hampe, Martin Tictz and Knut Helmer

A study of surface welting when coaling paper 1201C-G Berg, N-C Berg and M. Karlsson

A study of the contact coefficient when drying paper 1209C-G Berg and N-C Berg

Heating/drying of uncoatcd paper with gas-fired and electric infrared emitters - fundamental

understanding 1217J, Seyed-Yagoobi and H. Noboa

Heal pump drying of sulphate and sulphite cellulose 1225

Ingvald Str0mmen, Trygve M. Eikevik, Odilio Alvcs-Filho and Kristin Syverud

Assessment of different paper drying processes to reduce the total energy costs from a mill

perspective 1233

Kristian Lindell and Stig Stenstrom

Moisture equilibrium isotherms for a handmade kraft paper 1241

Oswaldo C. Motta Lima, Guilherme D. Machado, Roberta M. Lucheis and Nehemias C. Pereira

Temperature measurements and simulations inside a paper in a fuser nip 1249O.Timofeev, J.Keranen.H. Kiiskinen, J.Kiuru and A.Tanaka

xxn

Enhancement of properties of diverse grades of paper by superheated steam drying 1255,

J.M. McCall and W.J.M. Douglas

Modelling of paper drying: a comprehensive computational model used by the industry 1263P. Perrd, Y. Lescanne and Yves Brocard

Papridry system: the future of paper drying? 1271Nicole Poirier, Mohsen Sadeghi and Ivan Pikulik

Installation of papridry system in newsprint and linerboard machines 1279Mohsen Sadeghi and Ivan Pikulik

The wall jet -to surface heat transfer in Impingement drying 1287Nenad Milosavljevic and Pertti Heikkila

The effect of high temperature air drying on evaporation, runnability and coated paperproperties 1295Pertti Heikkila and Pasi Rajala

Comparative techniques for characterizing drying nonuniformity in drying of paper 1303

S.J. Hashemi and W.J. Murray Douglas

Experimental analysis of the effect of local non-uniformity on convective heat and mass

transfer in porous media 1311

Huigang Zuo, Amod Modak, Matthew Ryan and Shri Ramaswamy

Drying curves generalization in conductive/convective drying of cellulose 1319

O. C. Motta Lima, M, Stenzel and N. C. Pereira

Effect of process parameters on paper temperature in condebelt drying 1327

Oleg N. Timofeev, Jari Ilomaki and Janne Kuusela

Section X. Drying of Wood 1335

Fluidization behavior of wood/sand mixtures 1337

Bram J. Ramakers, Ronny de Ridder and Piet J.A.M, Kerkhof

Identification of wood destruction during drying 1345

Stefan J. Kowalski and Anna Smoczkiewicz

Measurement and mathematical modeling of the hydrocarbon emissions from wood drying 1352

Peter Bengtsson and Mehri Sanati

Drying schedule optimisation for producing bright coloured softwood lumber 1360

Murray McCurdy, Shusheng Pang and Roger Keey

xxut

Airflow reversals for kiln drying of softwood lumber: application of a kiln-wide drying model 1369

and a stress model

Shusheng Pang

The influence of some factors on the timber drying process, analyzed by a global simulation

model 1377

Jarl-Gunnar Salin

Drying behavior and permeability of Eucalyptus grandis lumber 1385

Ivaldo P. Jankowsky and Gilson Roberto V. dos Santos

The drying of red oak 1390

Agustfn Perez Ricardez, Juan Rivera Suarcz and Luis Avina Berumen

Section XI. Physical Properties 1395

Models and caeulaiion of fractal dimension based on mercury intrusion towards freeze-dried

materials 1397

Yongzhong Liu, Sanqiang Chen and Changbin Huang

Experimental study of adsorption-desorption isotherms of bitter orange leaves (Citrus

aurantiiim) 1404

L. Ail Mohamed, M. Kouhila, A. Jamali, S.Lahsasni and M. Mahrou/.

Capillary pressure determination from sorption isotherms for mixtures of porous solids 1411

Mirla N. N. Miranda and Maria A. Silva

Experimental determination of single-particle kinetics and equilibria for convective drying,desorption or adsorption by a magnetic suspension balance 1419

Wilold Kwapinski and Evangelos Tsotsas

Study of porosity behavior in convective drying of bananas 1427

Marcel E. Katekawa and Maria A. Silva

Effect of drying method on microstructural changes of apple slices 1435

G. Rcza Askari, Zahra Emam-Djomeh and S. Mohammad Ali Mousavi

Humidity control using mesoporous silica as adsorbents of water vapor 1442

Akira Endo, Takuji Yamamoto, Takao Ohmori and Masaru Nakaiwa

Peanut drying kinetics: determination of the effective diffusivity for in-shcll and shelled

peanuts by applying a short-lime analytical model to measured data 1448

Toma.s R. Palacios. Laura B. Poles, Raul A. Montenegro and Sergio A. Giner

Change of tearing-force during drying of leafy crops 1456

Las/lo F'enyvcsi and Bcnedck Kcrckes

xxiv

Development and testing of a static mechanical test device for measuring glass transition of

amorphous food powders 1461

Pilairuk Boonyai, Bhesh Bhandari and Tony Howes

Structure property relationships in a starch amorphous model 1468

J. M. Aguilera, L. Castro and L. Cadoche

Estimation and analysis of effective grain thermal properties in a fixed bed dryer 1473

Leonardo V. Fregolente, Onelia Aparccida A. Santos and Luiz Mario M. Jorge

Water desorption isotherms of fresh and partially osmotic dehydrated pumpkin at several

temperatures1481

Luis Mayor, Alberto M. Sereno, Ramon Moreira and Francisco Chenlo

Estimation of the moisture diffusion coefficient of potato during hot-air drying 1488

L. Hassini, S. Azzouz and A. Belghith

The shape effect of the fall tunnel on aerodinamic parameters of soy grains 1496

Maria Elita Marlins Duarte, Mario Eduardo Rangel Moreira Cavalcanti Mata, Helen Lira

Henriques Torres and Vivaldo Silveira Junior

Three dielectric models for estimating common bean moisture content 1502

Pedro A. Berbcrt, Alexandre P. Viana, Rafael G. Dionello and Vinicius de 0. Carlesso

Sorptivity and structural characteristics of spray-dried chitosan microparticlcs 1510

Janusz Adamiee and Zofia Modrzcjcwska

Contributor's index

xxv