International Conference onGreen Energy in Asia: Managing the Transition to Resource-Efficient

and Low-Carbon Industries, 9-11 Sept 2009, Manila, Philippines

Next Generation Biofuels: Next Generation Biofuels: Why, What, How, When?Why, What, How, When?

ICS UNIDO core programme on next ICS UNIDO core programme on next generation biofuels and chemicals from bio-generation biofuels and chemicals from bio-

resourcesresources

Stanislav Miertus, Sergei ZinovievICS-UNIDO

International Centre for Science and High TechnologyUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

Why biofuels and bio-based Why biofuels and bio-based chemicals?chemicals?

Fossil fuel depletion Fossil fuel depletion

Diversification of feedstocks (energy security)Diversification of feedstocks (energy security)

Kyoto Protocol (bio-feedstocks can be COKyoto Protocol (bio-feedstocks can be CO22 neutral) neutral)

Valorization of waste biomassValorization of waste biomass

Stimulation of new green chemical industry developmentStimulation of new green chemical industry development

Integrated development of agriculture and industry Integrated development of agriculture and industry

Improvement of social economic conditions, Improvement of social economic conditions, especially in Developing Countriesespecially in Developing Countries

Why? Fossil resource Why? Fossil resource depletiondepletion

Why? Fossil carbon use Why? Fossil carbon use contributes to COcontributes to CO22 emissions emissions

Sources: IEA “Energy Technology Perspectives 2008”; Chair’s summary from G8 environment minister’s meeting; Kobe, Japan; May 24-26, 2008

Nature (2008), p. 891

What? Biofuels and their What? Biofuels and their generationsgenerations

How? Processes and How? Processes and feedstocksfeedstocks

:

Biodiesel I

Bioethanol Biogas

Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Anaerobic digestion

Catalytic synthesis

Gasification

DME, MTBE

oils/fats

sugars

:

Biodiesel I Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Cellulose hydrolysis (to sugars) Anaerobic digestion

Fermentation

Fischer-Tropsch

Hydro-cracking

Trans-esterification

:

Lignocellulose andmixed biomass

Biodiesel I

Bioethanol Biogas

Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Anaerobic digestion

Catalytic synthesis

Gasification

DME, MTBE

:

Biodiesel I Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Cellulose hydrolysis (to sugars) Anaerobic digestion

Fermentation

Fischer-Tropsch

Hydro-cracking

Trans-esterification

3.7 GT (62%)Food-use

6 GT3.5% of total 170 GT 3.5% of total 170 GT annual production annual production

0.3 GT (5%)Non-Food Use

2 GT (33%)Energy & Housing

R. Hoper, NutraCos 2002

2 kg/day/person

How? Renewable Resources of How? Renewable Resources of Vegetal Origin Annual Vegetal Origin Annual

ConsumptionConsumption

How? From agricultural waste:How? From agricultural waste:Abundant feedstock for future Abundant feedstock for future

processesprocesses

Pyrolysis of oil palm residues in Malaysia

How? Algae biomass:How? Algae biomass:future feedstock for known processesfuture feedstock for known processes

- About 2 Tons of CO2 are fixed per ton of biomass- Cells can store sugars or lipids- Microalgae can remove P, N compounds from water- Tens times higher oil yield per Ha than oil crops

What? High Value ChemicalsWhat? High Value Chemicals

1.000.000 €

100.000 €

10.000 €

1.000 €

10 €

Medicine

Taste & aromas

Colors & pigments

Primary building blocks & plastics

10 T 100 T 1 kT 10 kT 100 kT 1 MT 10 MT 100 MT

Bulk chemicals

Liquid fuels

Pri

ce

pe

r to

n

Yearly world production

Today these products Today these products are mainly produced are mainly produced

from oil & gasfrom oil & gas

How? Integrated production of fuels How? Integrated production of fuels and chemicals in the biorefinery and chemicals in the biorefinery

conceptconcept

Biomass

Pretreatm

ent

Prim

ary separation

Co

nve

rsion / P

retrea

tmen

t

Se

cond

ary sep

aration

Primary product 1

Primary product 2

Secondary product 3

Secondary product 4

Product 5Intermediate

Seco

ndary con

version

Intermediate

Primary biorefinery

Secondary biorefinery

Biorefinery types:• Whole crop biorefineries• Green biorefineries• Lignocellulosic biorefineries

Biorefinery pathways (platforms):• Biochemical• Thermochemical• Hybrid• Other chemical

When? Now: Biorefinery When? Now: Biorefinery examplesexamples

India: the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, or CSIR, has teamed up with Karnataka-based The Godavari Sugar Mills Ltd, or GSML, to set up the country’s first biorefinery to convert crushed sugar cane into industrial raw materials such as cellulose and ligninhttp://www.livemint.com/2008/09/01000457/CSIR-Godavari-Sugar-to-set-up.html

Demonstration plant is under construction

When? Now: alternative When? Now: alternative biodiesel production from oils, biodiesel production from oils,

e.g. algaee.g. algae

Hydroesterification and heterogeneous esterification plants in Brazil

ENI green diesel technology

Biodiesel production using lipases in China

When? As soon as possible!When? As soon as possible!

There is no general recipe, scenarios can be different for different countries: planning of strategies (LCA, economic, and resource availability assessment) is needed

Small scale biorefineries based on the existing agricultural production can be priority goals for developing countries

Introduction of pilot and demonstration production of next generation biofuels has to be promoted

Measures have to be taken to promote R&D, public awareness, and education in the field: policy input required

ICS UNIDO core programmes ICS UNIDO core programmes and projectsand projects

NEXT GENERATION BIOFUELS AND BIOREFINERYNEXT GENERATION BIOFUELS AND BIOREFINERY– Next generation biofuelsNext generation biofuels– BiorefineryBiorefinery

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY – Exploration and monitoring of resourcesExploration and monitoring of resources– Energy recovery and power plant technologyEnergy recovery and power plant technology

RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS AGAINST PANDEMICSRATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS AGAINST PANDEMICS– Computer Design of Potential Drugs against Malaria, TB and Computer Design of Potential Drugs against Malaria, TB and DengueDengue– Synthesis and activity assays of potential drugs against Synthesis and activity assays of potential drugs against Malaria, TB and Dengue, designed by computer modellingMalaria, TB and Dengue, designed by computer modelling

NANO-DRUG-DELIVERY AND NANO-DIAGNOSTICSNANO-DRUG-DELIVERY AND NANO-DIAGNOSTICS– Development of Targeted Nano-Particle-Based Drugs for Development of Targeted Nano-Particle-Based Drugs for orphan diseases using polymer coatings and particle-cell orphan diseases using polymer coatings and particle-cell interactions measured using optical tweezersinteractions measured using optical tweezers– Development of innovative low cost diagnostic methods Development of innovative low cost diagnostic methods using state-of-the-art nano-fluidics and nano-pore technology using state-of-the-art nano-fluidics and nano-pore technology combined to give nano-arrays for high sensitivity proteomicscombined to give nano-arrays for high sensitivity proteomics

Biofuel value chain and Biofuel value chain and UNIDO radius of attentionUNIDO radius of attention

Oil bearing plants

Agricultural crops and residues

Woody biomass

Industrial andmunicipal waste

Biomass resources

Harvesting,

collection,

handling,

and storage

Supply systems Conversion

Biochemical(fermentation)

Thermochemical(gasification)

Chemical(transesterification)

End products

Transportation fuels(biodiesel, bioethanol)

HeatElectricity

Solid fuels(wood pellets, charcoal)

Physical chemical(extraction)

Next generation biofuels and added

value chemicals

ICS-UNIDO

UNIDO

FAO

ICS-UNIDO activity tools with target on ICS-UNIDO activity tools with target on the outcomes in developing countriesthe outcomes in developing countries

Research activitiesResearch activities- promotion and implementation of research projects - new lab facilities (catalysis, synthesis, molecular modeling)

Fellowship programFellowship program 6 -12 months on job training, participation in research

projects

Capacity buildingCapacity building - training courses, workshops- e-learning programme (new facilities)

ICS-UNIDO Global NetworkICS-UNIDO Global Network on biofuels and bio-based chemicals (centres of excellence in developing countries and in industrialized countries)

ICS-UNIDO research focus: ICS-UNIDO research focus: New and New and more sustainable production more sustainable production

processesprocesses

– Catalytic reforming of bio-based oxygenates (e.g. sugars and glycerol) to bio-hydrogen

– Transesterification of waste and algae oils with lipases

– Degradation of lignin by laccases to produce polyphenols

– Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars (modeling study)

– Hydrogenation of selected oxygenated products (e.g. furfural) to produce chemicals

ICS-UNIDO focus: Feedstocks for next ICS-UNIDO focus: Feedstocks for next generation biofuels & bio-based generation biofuels & bio-based

chemicalschemicals

– Lignocellulose from wood and woody waste (saw dust, wood chips)

– Agro-waste (sugar cane bagasse, rice husk, ...)

– Oils from algae

– Oily waste (waste cooking oil, fats, spent coffee)

– By-products of bio-based production (glycerol, press cake, FFA, lignin residues, black liquor, ...)

Selected ICS UNIDO Events 2007-Selected ICS UNIDO Events 2007-2009: 2009:

on Next generation biofuelson Next generation biofuels

see alsosee also www.ics.trieste.itwww.ics.trieste.it Workshop on Bio-fuels: emerging technologies and their assessment 4 July 2007,

Sustainable Plastics and chemical products from renewable resources Malaysia Workshop on Biofuels: R&D Technologies for a sustainable development in Africa

Accra, Ghana, December 2007 Special Session on Biofuels and Chemicals from Bio-resources (within the UNIDO

Conference on Renewable Energies) 14-18 April Dakar, Senegal Workshop on Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 18-20 September

2008 Workshop on Sustainable Plastics from renewable resources and from agro-food

waste Cairo, Egypt March 2008 Workshop on Biofuels, Chemicals and Polymers from bio-resources Santa Fe,

Argentina 28-30 October 2008 Workshop on Next Generation Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 21-

23 April 2009 Seminar Next Generation Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 24 April

2009 Training Course on Next generation biofuels Bologna, Italy, 18-23 September 200

ICS-UNIDO publications ICS-UNIDO publications 2008-20092008-2009

see alsosee also www.ics.trieste.itwww.ics.trieste.it

Survey of Future Biofuels and Bio-based Chemicals, ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available at www.ics.trieste.it

BIO-FUELS: Technology Status and Future Trends, Technology Assessment and Decision Support Tools, ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available at www.ics.trieste.it

A chance to biofuels for a chance to Africa. Will the technology make change?

S. Zinoviev and S. Miertus, Chimica & Industria 05 2008, 106-112

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS: Survey and assessment of technical, economic and environmental aspects F. Mueller-Langer, S. Zinoviev, G. Centi, P. Fornasiero, M. Kaltschmitt, S. Miertus – to be submitted.

Catalytic Applications in Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils: A ReviewA. Sivasamy, F. Kemausuor, P. Fornasiero, K.Y. Cheah, S. Zinoviev, S. Miertus ChemSusChem 2009, 2, 278-300.

ICS-UNIDOICS-UNIDO

SEA other Asian countriesAfrica:

Ghana, South Africa,Uganda, ...

CEE

Russia & NIS

India

Internationalorganisations

Latin America: Brazil, Argentina, ...

ICS-UNIDO Global Network for new processes and ICS-UNIDO Global Network for new processes and technologies for biofuels and bio-based chemicalstechnologies for biofuels and bio-based chemicals

North Africa &Mediterranean Basin

China

Centres of excellence in Europe and US

ICS-UNIDOAREA Science Park, Building L2, Padriciano 9934012 Trieste, Italy

Tel +39 040 9228114Fax +39 040 9228115E-mail Stanislav.Miertus@ics.trieste.it Web http://www.ics.trieste.it

THANK YOUTHANK YOU