International Bioenergy & Bioproducts ConferenceDOE Biomass Program

October 14, 2009Valri Lightner, Deployment Team Lead

2009 Program PrioritiesScience & Discovery• Connecting basic and applied bioscience• Conducting breakthrough R&D:

− Advances in enzymes and catalysis− Engineering of new microorganisms − Novel sustainability indicators

Clean, Secure Energy• Developing & demonstrating cellulosic

and advanced biofuels to meet RFSEconomic Prosperity• Creating 50 to 75 jobs per new biorefinery• Creating major new energy crop markets• Reinvigorating rural economiesClimate Change• Reducing GHG emissions by up to 90% with

advanced biofuels (relative to gasoline)

Where We Are Going

Our Goal:36 billion gallons/year of biofuels by 2022

Our path forward:• Integrated programs R&D to solve technical barriers

• Applied research for short- and mid-term impact• Fundamental research for longer-term impact

• Cost-shared programs with industry to reduce risk

Sustainability is highly important in all aspects of our work

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)in the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007

EPAct 2005

Production Targets (Billions of Gallons)

EISA defines Advanced Biofuel as “renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch, that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions…that are at least 50 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”

Ethanol & Biodiesel Conventional (Starch) Biofuel BiodieselCellulosic Biofuels Other Advanced Biofuels

Advanced Biofuels(include cellulosic biofuels other

than starch-based ethanol)

EISA Mandated Production Targets15 BGY cap on conventional

(starch) biofuel

EISA defines Cellulosic Biofuel as “renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions…that are at least 60 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”

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Why Additional Advanced Biofuels?

U.S. Diesel Outlook (EIA AEO 2009 Reference Case for 2030)

• 75 billion gal/yr• 0.5 billion gal/yr biodiesel production (2007)

Jet Fuel Fraction

Diesel Fraction

U.S. Jet Fuel Outlook(EIA AEO 2009 Reference Case for 2030)

• 31 billion gal/yr

GasolineFraction

Petroleum

Cellulosic Ethanol displaces light duty gasoline fraction only.Need heavy duty/diesel substitutes to displace entire barrel.

Where Does My Gasoline Come From? Energy Information Administration DOE/EIA-X059 April 2008Annual Energy Outlook 2009, March 2009, DOE/EIA-0383(2009) 5

Three Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs)

Targeting breakthroughs in biofuel technology to make abundant, affordable, low-carbon biofuels a reality

Already yielding results, such as:

−Bioengineering of yeasts that can produce gasoline-like fuels

−Developing improved ways to generate simple sugars from grasses and waste

• Joint BioEnergy Institute (LBNL)

• Bioenergy Science Center (ORNL)

• Great Lakes BioEnergy Research Center (Univ. of WI)

Conversion Technologies

Biomass Program Objectives and Goals

BiochemicalCost of converting feedstocks to ethanol: $0.92/gal by 2012

ThermochemicalCost of converting woody feedstocks to ethanol: $0.86/gal by 2012Cost of converting woody feedstock to hydrocarbon fuels: $1.50/gal gasoline equivalent by 2017

IntegratedBiorefineries

Infrastructure

Research & Development Demonstration & Deployment

Sustainability & Analysis • GHG emissions

• Water quality• Land use• Socioeconomics

Sustainable regional biomass resources: 130 million dry tons/yr by 2012Improved logistics systems: $50/dry ton herbaceous by 2012

Validate integrated process technologies

4 commercial scale 8 demonstration scaleUp to 20 pilot or demonstration scale

• Predictive Modeling• International

Increase understanding of and impacts on:

Make biofuels cost competitive with petroleum based on a modeled cost for mature technology at the refinery gateForecast to be 1.76/gal ethanol equivalent by 2012 and $2.62/gal gasoline equivalent by 2017

Help create an environment conducive to maximizing production and use of biofuels, 21 billion gallons of advanced biofuels per year by 2022 (EISA) (14 billion gge)

Testing of E15 & E20 and develop biofuels distribution infrastructure

Feedstock Systems

R E

F I

N I

N G

Exploring Routes to Convert Biomass

Integrated Biorefineries

Research on multiple conversion pathways aims to improve the efficiency and economics of biofuels production.

FeedstockProduction& Logistics• Energy

crops• Forest

Residue• Agricultural

wastes• Algae

EthanolButanolOlefinsGasolineDieselOthers

DDGS

Lignin(for power)

Thermochemical Conversion

FastPyrolysis

Gasification Syngas Fischer TropschAlcohol Synthesis

LiquidBio-oil

Zeolite CrackingHydrogenolysis

Upgrading

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Pretreatment & Conditioning

Enzyme Production

Sugars Fermentation

DistillationBiochemical Conversion

By-ProductsWastes/Residue

Lipid (Oil) Extraction

Algal Oil

Transesterification Fractionation

Biochemical Conversion/Enzymatic HydrolysisCost of ethanol production, $/gallon

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

2005 State ofTechnology

2007 State ofTechnology

2009 Projection 2012ProjectionM

inim

um C

onve

rsio

n Pr

oces

sing

Cos

t of

Etha

nol P

rodu

ctio

n, $

/gal

lon

Etha

nol

(200

7$)

Prehydrolysis/treatmentEnzymes

Saccharification &Fermentation Distillation & SolidsRecoveryBalance of Plant

2009 2012

Minimum Ethanol Selling Price ($/gge) $3.58 $2.22

Feedstock Contribution ($/gge) $1.12 $0.86Conversion Contribution ($/gge) $2.42 $1.37Yield (Gallon/dry ton) 78% 90%Technical ProjectionsFeedstockFeedstock Cost ($/dry ton) $57.50 $50.90PretreatmentSolids Loading (wt%) 30% 30%Xylan to Xylose 80% 90%Xylan to Degradation Products 8% 5%

Ammonia Loading (mL of 30wt% per L hydrolyzate) 50 25%Hydrolyzate solid-liquid separation yes noXylose Sugar Loss 2% 1%Glucose Sugar Loss 1% 0%EnzymesEnzyme Contribution ($/gal EtOH) $0.52 $0.18Saccharification & FermentationToal Solids Loading (wt%) 20% 20%Combined Saccharificat ion & Fermentation Time (d) 7 3Corn Steep Liquor Loading (wt%) 1% 25%Overall Cellulose to Ethanol 85% 85%Xylose to Ethanol 80% 85%Minor Sugars to Ethanol 40% 85%

Conditioning

2005Status

2007 Status

2009Projection

2012Projection

Pretreatment

ResidueProcessing

ProductRecovery

Conditioning

EnzymeProduction

Co-fermentationOf C5 & C6

Sugars

EnzymaticHydrolysis

Ethanol

By-Products

Hybrid Saccharification & Fermentation - HSF

FeedProcessing& Handling

Reduction of sugar loss 13% (2005) to 1% (2012)

Xylan to Xylose76% (2005) to 85% (2012)

Minor sugars fermented (40%)

2009 2012

* Conversion costs represented in the figure above are based on conversion of corn stover and equate to an Minimum Ethanol Selling Price $1.49 in 2012.

Thermochemical Conversion/GasificationCost of ethanol production, $/gallon

* Conversion costs represented in the figure above are based on conversion of woody feedstocks and equate to an Minimum Ethanol Selling Price $1.59 in 2012.

2009 2012

Minimum Ethanol Selling Price ($/gge) $3.42 $2.38

Conversion Contribution ($/gge) $1.98 $1.30

Ethanol Yield (gal EtOH/dry ton) 61.5 71.1Mixed Alcohol Yield 72.5 83.7Technical ProjectionsFeedstockFeedstock Cost ($/dry ton) $58.20 $50.70GasificationRaw Syngas Yield (lb/lb dry feed) 0.82 0.82Raw Syngas Methane (dry basis) 15% 15%Gasifier Efficiency (LHV) 76.1% 76.1%

Tar Reformer (TR) Exit CH4 (dry basis) (mole %) 3% 1%TR Light CH4 Conversion (%) 50% 80%TR Benzene Conversion (%) 90% 99%TR Heavy HC/Tar Conversion (%) 97% 99%Sulfur Level in Clean Gas (as H2S) (ppmv) 50 50Fuels SynthesisPressure (psia) 1500 1500Single Pass CO Conversion (%CO) 40.0% 50%Overall CO Conversion (%CO) 40.0% 50%Selectivity to Alcohols (%C)) 80.0% 80.0%

Synthesis Gas Clean-up & Conditioning

FeedProcessing& Handling

Heat &

Power

Gasification

Indirect

Gas Cleanup

High TempSeparation

Gas Conditioning

Collection/Fractionation

Fuel Synthesis

Upgrading

Benzene Conversion 70% (2005) to 99%

(2012)

CO Conversion 40% (2005) to 50% (2012)

Products

$(0.50)

$-

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

2005 State ofTechnology

2007 State ofTechnology

2009 Projection 2012 Projection

Min

imum

Con

vers

ion

Proc

essi

ng C

ost o

f Et

hano

l , $/

gallo

n et

hano

l (20

07$s

)

Feed Handling andDryingGasification

SynGas Cleanup &ConditioningFuels Synthesis

Product Recoveryand PurificationBalance of Plant

2009 2012

2005Status

2007 Status

2009Projection

2012Projection

Key Recent Accomplishments and DeliverablesEPACT Section 932 “Commercial-Scale” Biorefineries

Performers Feedstock Type

Conversion Technology

Fuel Type Status

PoetEmmetsburg, IA

Corn CobCorn Fiber

Biochemical Ethanol Phase 2 TIA Award issued, engineering and construction in progress.

Range FuelsSoperton, GA

Woody Waste

Gasification + Mixed Alcohol synthesis

Mixed alcohols Phase 2 TIA Award issued, engineering and construction in progress.

Abengoa Hugoton, KS

Agricultural Residue

Biochemical Ethanol Phase 1 Award for engineering design and environmental permitting NEPA EIS process initiated.

BluefireFulton, MS

Sorted MSW Biochemical-Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis

Ethanol Phase 1 Award for engineering design and environmental permitting.

DOE investments in cellulosic biofuels will accelerate commercializationand help create a biofuels market based on non-food feedstocks.

Key Recent Accomplishments and DeliverablesDemonstration-Scale Biorefineries

Performers Feedstock TypeConversion Technology

Fuel Type

Alltech-EnvirofineWashington County, KY

Corn Cobs, Corn Fiber

Biochemical-Solid State Fermentation

Ethanol

Lignol InnovationsGrand Junction, CO

Woody Biomass Biochemical-Organisolve Ethanol

Mascoma Upper Peninsula, MI

Woody Biomass Biochemical Ethanol

NewPageWisconsin Rapids, WI

Woody Biomass -Mill Residue

Thermochemical-Fischer-Tropsch

Fischer-Tropsch liquids

Pacific EthanolBoardman, OR

Wheat Straw, Stover, Poplar Residuals

Biochemical-Biogasol Ethanol

RSAOld Town, ME

Woody Biomass -Mill residues

Biochemical-Pentose Extraction

To be determined

Verenium Biofuels Corp.Jennings, LA

Energy Cane and Bagasse

Biochemical Process Ethanol

Flambeau River Biofuels LLCPark Falls, WI

Forest residues and wood waste

Thermochem to Fischer-Tropsch

Fischer-Tropsch liquids

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DOE Loan Guarantee Program

Issue loan guarantees to eligible projects that:

Avoid, reduce, or sequester anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases or air pollutants

Employ new or significantly improved technologies as compared to commercial technologies in service

Can be deployed commercially

− Beyond the R&D, development, pilot, and demonstration stages

Provide a reasonable prospect for repayment

Program Objectives

Biomass Program Budgets, FY05-10

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

FY2010FY09FY08FY07FY06FY05

Integration of Biorefinery TechnologiesProducts DevelopmentBiochemical Platform R&DThermochemical Platform R&DFeedstock Infrastructure

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

ARRAFY10

Mill

ions

Recovery Act Funding and InitiativesBiomass R&D and Demonstration Projects - $800 Million in Funding

$480M Pilot and Demonstration-Scale BiorefineriesValidate technologies for integrated production of advancedbiofuels, products, and power to enable financing and replication.10 to 20 awards for refineries to be operational within 3 years:

Up to $25M for each pilot-scale projectUp to $50M for each demonstration-scale project

$176.5M Commercial-Scale BiorefineriesIncrease in funding for prior awards; two or more projectsExpedite construction; accelerate commissioning and start-up

$110M Fundamental Research$20M: Integrated Process Development Unit$5M: Sustainability research with the Office of Science$35M: Advanced Biofuels Technology Consortium $50M: Algal Biofuels Consortium to accelerate demonstration

$20M Ethanol Infrastructure ResearchOptimize flex-fuel vehicles operating on E85Evaluate impacts of intermediate blends on conventional vehiclesUpgrade existing infrastructure for compatibility with E85

$13.5M NREL Integrated Biorefinery Research Facility: expand the pretreatment capacity

DOE Biofuels Sustainability Research Priorities

Biomass R&D Board Interagency Sustainability Working Group -Engaged in U.S. Government partnership to identify biofuels sustainability indicators

Indirect Land Use - Developing models to help study international land use impact of domestic biofuels production and mandates

Climate Change - Conduct life cycle analysis (LCA) of biofuels production and use through a wide range of existing and future production pathways

Water - Conducting LCA of water demand for biofuel production (compares corn ethanol, sugarcane ethanol, and competing petroleum fuels)

Biodiversity – Study impact of biofuels industry growth on biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems

GIS Tools - Developing GIS tools to analyze currentand future U.S. feedstocks, infrastructure availability,and economic and environmental sustainability

Addressing sustainability challenges is critical to industry growth.

Office of Biomass Program, Valri Lightner

Web Site: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/

EERE Info Center - www1.eere.energy.gov/informationcenter

Alternative Fuels Data Center -http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol.html

Bioenergy Feedstock Information Network - http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/

Biomass R&D Initiative – www.biomass.govtools.us

Grant Solicitations - www.grants.gov

Office of Science - http://www.er.doe.gov/

Loan Guarantee Program Office - http://www.lgprogram.energy.gov

Information Resources