International Affairs International Affairs SocietySociety

Oct. 17 Oct. 17 Topic Discussion I Topic Discussion I Amnesty Amnesty

International--- International---

Stop Violence Against Stop Violence Against WomenWomen

Outline of Today’s Outline of Today’s DiscussionDiscussion

I. Introduction to NGOsI. Introduction to NGOs II. About Amnesty InternationalII. About Amnesty International

(1)Introduction to AI and Its Activities (1)Introduction to AI and Its Activities

(2)AI’s Organization and Function(2)AI’s Organization and Function III. Universal Declaration of Human III. Universal Declaration of Human

RightsRights IV. Current Main CampaignIV. Current Main Campaign

-- Stop Violence Against Women-- Stop Violence Against Women

I.I. Introduction to NGOs:Introduction to NGOs:NGOs and NGOs and

Global Policy-MakingGlobal Policy-MakingPresented by VictorPresented by Victor

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

1. Definition 1. Definition 2. Historical Origin 2. Historical Origin 3. NGOs and Global Policy Making3. NGOs and Global Policy Making 4. Three Levels of NGO’s Pragmatical 4. Three Levels of NGO’s Pragmatical

ActionAction 5. Financing5. Financing 6. NGO’s Diplomatic Role6. NGO’s Diplomatic Role 7. Conclusion7. Conclusion

1. Definition1. Definition

NGO: NGO: non-governmental non-governmental organization, an organization that is organization, an organization that is not part of a government and was not part of a government and was not founded by statesnot founded by states..

The term is generally restricted to The term is generally restricted to social, cultural, legal, and social, cultural, legal, and environmental advocacy groups environmental advocacy groups having goals that are primarily having goals that are primarily noncommercial.noncommercial.

2. Historical Origin2. Historical Origin

NGOs have developed in the past NGOs have developed in the past two centuries. two centuries.

---The anti-slavery movement and World ---The anti-slavery movement and World Anti-Slavery Convention (1840)Anti-Slavery Convention (1840)

---The World Alliance of YMCAs (1855)---The World Alliance of YMCAs (1855)

---The International Committee of the Red ---The International Committee of the Red Cross (1863)Cross (1863)

---Trade unions started to form in the 20---Trade unions started to form in the 20thth CenturyCentury

2. Historical Origin2. Historical Origin

First terminological appearance: First terminological appearance:

------UN Charter Ch.10 Article 71UN Charter Ch.10 Article 71 First definition by the UN:First definition by the UN:------Resolution 288 of ECOSOCResolution 288 of ECOSOC

(February 27, 1950)(February 27, 1950)

---“---“any international organisation that is not any international organisation that is not founded by an international treaty”founded by an international treaty”

3. NGOs and Global Policy 3. NGOs and Global Policy MakingMaking

International issues cannot only be International issues cannot only be solved by nation states.solved by nation states.

NGOs can sometimes command NGOs can sometimes command greater legitimacy than national greater legitimacy than national authorities.authorities.

NGOs’ NGOs’ emerging influence in the emerging influence in the international policy arenainternational policy arena

3. NGOs and Global Policy 3. NGOs and Global Policy MakingMaking

Three Major Categories:Three Major Categories:

(1) (1) Humanitarian IssuesHumanitarian Issues::---eg. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch---eg. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch

(2) (2) Development AidDevelopment Aid : :---eg. Oxfam, Global Vision---eg. Oxfam, Global Vision

(3) (3) Environmental Environmental Sustainable Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment::

---eg. Greenpeace, ---eg. Greenpeace, Consultative Group on Consultative Group on

International Agricultural ResearchInternational Agricultural Research

4. Three Levels of NGO’s 4. Three Levels of NGO’s Pragmatical ActionPragmatical Action

Three Levels of Pragmatical Action:Three Levels of Pragmatical Action: (1) (1) Micro-Policy Micro-Policy Level Level

(2) (2) Macro-Policy LevelMacro-Policy Level

(3) (3) Norm-Setting LevelNorm-Setting Level Example: Example: the World Court Project, a the World Court Project, a

network of NGOs opposed to nuclear network of NGOs opposed to nuclear weapons, successfully brought a weapons, successfully brought a landmark case to the World Court in landmark case to the World Court in 19961996

4. Three Levels of NGO’s 4. Three Levels of NGO’s Pragmatical ActionPragmatical Action

Illustration of the exampleIllustration of the example(1) (1) Micro-Policy LevelMicro-Policy Level: : ---getting the Court to accept the case---getting the Court to accept the case

(2) (2) Macro-Policy LevelMacro-Policy Level::---changing governments’ strategic reliance ---changing governments’ strategic reliance

on nuclear weapons involves the larger on nuclear weapons involves the larger campaign goalcampaign goal

(3) (3) Norm-Setting LevelNorm-Setting Level::------persuading the public that nuclear weapons persuading the public that nuclear weapons

are immoral and as a threat to real security are immoral and as a threat to real security

5. Financing5. Financing

NGOs are usually financed by a NGOs are usually financed by a combination of sources.combination of sources.

---Membership dues (main source)---Membership dues (main source)------Grants or contracts from governments Grants or contracts from governments

and international institutionsand international institutions---Fees for services ---Fees for services ---Profits from sales of goods---Profits from sales of goods---Funding from private foundations---Funding from private foundations---Corporations and wealthy individuals, etc.---Corporations and wealthy individuals, etc.

6. 6. NGO’s Diplomatic RoleNGO’s Diplomatic Role

NGO’s role in the sphere of official NGO’s role in the sphere of official diplomacy was relatively restricted diplomacy was relatively restricted until after WWIIuntil after WWII..

Heavy lobbying during the wartime Heavy lobbying during the wartime negotiations(1943-45) negotiations(1943-45) capable of capable of participating in the UN participating in the UN

By 2000, about 2,500 NGOs had By 2000, about 2,500 NGOs had consultative status with the UNconsultative status with the UN

7. Conclusion7. Conclusion

NGOs have an increasingly vital role NGOs have an increasingly vital role to play in the international societyto play in the international society

National governments cannot serve National governments cannot serve as the sole international actoras the sole international actor

In the globalizing world of the In the globalizing world of the twenty-first century, NGOs surely twenty-first century, NGOs surely will have a growing international will have a growing international callingcalling

ReferenceReference NGOs and Global Policy Making, NGOs and Global Policy Making, James A. Paul James A. Paul NGOs and the United Nations, Report of Global Policy NGOs and the United Nations, Report of Global Policy

ForumForum Non-governmental Research Guide, Duke University Non-governmental Research Guide, Duke University

Perkins Library Perkins Library http://docs.lib.duke.edu/igo/guides/ngo/http://docs.lib.duke.edu/igo/guides/ngo/

Amnesty International Amnesty International http://http://www.amnesty.orgwww.amnesty.org// Greenpeace Greenpeace http://http://www.greenpeace.orgwww.greenpeace.org/international//international/ Oxfam Oxfam http://www.oxfam.org/http://www.oxfam.org/ Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/http://www.hrw.org/

II. About Amnesty II. About Amnesty InternationalInternational

(1) (1) Introduction to AI and its Introduction to AI and its ActivitiesActivities

Presented by KeiPresented by Kei

About Amnesty About Amnesty InternationalInternational

Amnesty International is a Amnesty International is a worldwide movement of people who worldwide movement of people who campaign for human rights.campaign for human rights.

All human rights should be enjoyed All human rights should be enjoyed by all people at all times, and no one by all people at all times, and no one set of rights can be enjoyed at the set of rights can be enjoyed at the expense of other rights. expense of other rights.

About Amnesty About Amnesty InternationalInternational

The story of two Portuguese students The story of two Portuguese students sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment for raising a toast to freedom.for raising a toast to freedom.

AI has a varied network of members AI has a varied network of members and supporters around the world. At the and supporters around the world. At the latest count, there were more than 1.8 latest count, there were more than 1.8 million members, supporters and million members, supporters and subscribers in over 150 countries and subscribers in over 150 countries and territories in every region of the world.territories in every region of the world.

ActivitiesActivities

AI searches out the facts. AI searches out the facts. Members, supporters and staff around Members, supporters and staff around

the world mobilize the public to put the world mobilize the public to put pressure on governments and others pressure on governments and others with influence to stop the abuses. with influence to stop the abuses.

Amnesty International supports Amnesty International supports programs that help people learn about programs that help people learn about human rights and how to defend them. human rights and how to defend them.

Some Other FactsSome Other Facts

Amnesty International is independent of any Amnesty International is independent of any government, political ideology, economic government, political ideology, economic interest or religion.interest or religion.

To ensure its independence, it does not seek To ensure its independence, it does not seek or accept money from governments or or accept money from governments or political parties for its work in documenting political parties for its work in documenting and campaigning against human rights and campaigning against human rights abuses. abuses.

Its funding depends on the contributions of Its funding depends on the contributions of its worldwide membership and fundraising its worldwide membership and fundraising activities.activities.

國際特赦組織國際特赦組織II. About Amnesty II. About Amnesty

International:International: (2) (2) Organization and Organization and

FunctionFunctionPresented By PhillipPresented By Phillip

源起源起 在在 19611961 年由英國律師創立年由英國律師創立 最早發佈的文章 最早發佈的文章 ““被遺忘的囚犯被遺忘的囚犯“ “ 引起國際引起國際

回應和支持這種信念回應和支持這種信念 從此特赦組織派出代表團到散佈在全球的從此特赦組織派出代表團到散佈在全球的

國家國家

國際特赦組織的結構國際特赦組織的結構 非政府間國際組織非政府間國際組織 總部在倫敦總部在倫敦 在很多國家有分會在很多國家有分會 依靠大眾的支持依靠大眾的支持 被國際執行委員會領導被國際執行委員會領導 地區性的行動網 地區性的行動網 (Regional Action (Regional Action

Networks)Networks)

國際特赦組織的功能國際特赦組織的功能 觀察和記述各種違犯人權之事觀察和記述各種違犯人權之事 觀察團觀察團 給大眾和媒體提供資訊給大眾和媒體提供資訊 來自不同國家的義工參與緊急救援的工作來自不同國家的義工參與緊急救援的工作

(Urgent Action)(Urgent Action) 批評在任何國家發生違犯人權的事情批評在任何國家發生違犯人權的事情

國際特赦組織的挑戰國際特赦組織的挑戰 失蹤失蹤 酷刑或虐待酷刑或虐待 良心犯良心犯 不公平審判和不公平審判和未經起訴和審判而監禁未經起訴和審判而監禁 死刑死刑 武裝的反政府團體的違犯人權事件武裝的反政府團體的違犯人權事件

財務財務 募款方式募款方式 經費經費

台灣分會的現況台灣分會的現況 19941994 獲准正式登記為國際特赦組織台灣總獲准正式登記為國際特赦組織台灣總

會會 目前有目前有 66 個小組和個小組和 360360 名會員名會員 從從 19961996 年開始須由本地募款年開始須由本地募款

討論討論

你們覺得國際特赦組織你們覺得國際特赦組織有影響力嗎有影響力嗎 ??

III. Universal Declaration of III. Universal Declaration of

Human RightsHuman RightsPresented by Presented by 洪佳伶洪佳伶

1. 1. 世界人權宣言的制定背景世界人權宣言的制定背景

時間時間 從非強制力到強制力從非強制力到強制力

2.2. 宣言之大綱與大意宣言之大綱與大意

（（ 11 ）） 個人的權利與自由個人的權利與自由 （（ 22 ）） 個人的義務和責任個人的義務和責任

3.3. 舉例以說明世界人權宣言的效用舉例以說明世界人權宣言的效用 美國入侵伊拉克是否與該條約牴觸美國入侵伊拉克是否與該條約牴觸 反同性戀者是否與該條約牴觸反同性戀者是否與該條約牴觸 該條約對於不同的文化是否具有約束力該條約對於不同的文化是否具有約束力 該條約是否有普遍性效力該條約是否有普遍性效力

4.4. 從例子反思國際現況從例子反思國際現況 該宣言不過是理想主義的一種體現該宣言不過是理想主義的一種體現 是否在國際社會有用處是否在國際社會有用處 ??????

IV. Current Main IV. Current Main Campaign: Campaign:

Stop Violence Against Stop Violence Against WomenWomen

Presented by Presented by 林佳瑩林佳瑩

Current Main Campaign:

Stop Violence Against Women

a) Worldwide Scandal

b) Defending Defenders

c) Women and War

d) Fight and Violence

e) Violence at Home

f) Justice not Excuses

Worldwide Scandal

a) Definition of violence against women:

gender-based violence that may result in physical, sexual or psychological harms, whether in public or in private life

b) Violence in the family

c) Violence in the community

d) Violence by the state

a) At least one out of every three women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or abused in her lifetime.

b) More than 60 million women are “missing” from the world today as a result of sex-selective abortions and female infanticide.

c) Every year, millions of women are raped by partners, relatives, friends and strangers, by employers and colleagues, soldiers and members of armed groups.

d) Violence in the family is endemic all over the world; the overwhelming majority of victims are women and girls.

e) Small arms and light weapons are the main tools of almost every conflict. Women and children account for nearly 80% of the casualties, according to the UN Secretary-General.

Defending Defenders

Women defending the human rights of women are under threat of violence, because they often challenge the cultural, religious or social norms in the society.

Women

and

WarIn wars…..

a) Raping is used as a form of tortures, to extract info, punish and terrorize

b) Propaganda portrays women as embodying the honor of a community attack women = attack the entire community

c) For fear of punishments, survivors don’t speak out

d) Survivors infected with HIV/AIDS may face social rejections

Fight and Violence

Fleeing from a dangerous place to another might just be the same hazardous.

Dangers everywhere: during the flight, life in camps, life in cities.

Violence at Home

a)Violence in the family: physical, psychological, and sexual

b)One of the major cause of death in: Europe, Russia, South Africa

c) Domestic violence is no private matter, governments are responsible for protection

Justice not Excuses

a)Laws fail to protect women from violence in some countries

b)Women not seeking for justice: either not able to afford the access or for fear of losing custody of their children

c) Police and prosecutors are sometimes unwilling to assist women abused by their family members

Discussion TimeDiscussion Time

Please raise any question that Please raise any question that occurred to you during others’ occurred to you during others’ presentation !!!!presentation !!!!

Special Thanks to….Special Thanks to….

Victor, Kei, Phillipp, Victor, Kei, Phillipp, 洪佳伶洪佳伶 , , 林佳林佳瑩瑩’’ s informative and superb s informative and superb presentation!presentation!