international · 2014. 4. 11. · international associations internationales the purpose of...

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

The purpose of International Associations is to present signifi-cant contributions to understanding about the structure andfunctioning of the complex network of international organiza-tions. The main concern is to focus attention on the roles andproblems of the wide variety of transnational associations(NGOs: international nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations)in the international community. In this sense InternationalAssociations is the periodical of transnational associations andthose interested in them. It therefore includes news, views, stu-dies, statistics, activity and meeting information, as well asarticles. The articles range from descriptions of individual orga-nizations to academic investigation of groups of organizationsand their problems. The focus of the selected articles is less onthe substantive world problems on which the may act (which areextensively examined in other periodicals) and more on the pre-sent methods of international action and future alternativeswhich can usefully be envisaged and discussed. Related themesregularly treated are : relationship of NGOs to intergovernmen-tal organizations, techniques of meeting organization, internatio-nal information systems, multinational enterprises.The readership therefore includes : international associationexecutives, intergovernmental organization executives, scholarsof the sociology of international action, organizers of interna-tional meetings, commercial organizations offering services tointernational bodies, and others interested in the activities of thewhole range of international organizations.International Associations is the organ of the nonprofit Union ofInternational Associations, although the views expressed are notnecessarily those of the UIA. The periodical is self-financedthrough subscriptions and sale of advertising.

La raison principale d'« Associations Internationales » est d'ap-porter sa contribution à la vie et au développement du réseaucomplexe des associations, dans ses structures comme dans sonfonctionnement.Le premier souci d'« Associations Internationales » est de fixerl'attention sur les tâches et les problèmes d'un large éventaild'associations transnationales sans but lucratif — les organisa-tions dites non-gouvernementales dans la terminologie des Na-tions Unies. En ce sens « Associations Internationales » est laTribune des associations internationales et de tous ceux qui s'yintéressent.Cette revue mensuelle contient des nouvelles, des études, desstatistiques, des informations spécifiques sur les activités desassociations, leurs congrès, leurs réunions. Aussi des articles,des chroniques ayant trait aux problèmes et aux intérêts com-muns aux associations.Le sujet des articles choisis s'attache surtout à la méthode del'organisation internationale considérée, notamment dans sesrapports avec le secteur privé des associations et dans la perspec-tive des adaptations nécessaires aux temps nouveaux, plutôtqu'au fond des problèmes, qui sont le propre de chaque grou-pement et traités ailleurs dans des revues générales ou spécia-lisées.Nos thèmes habituels sont les relations des ONG avec les orga-nisations intergouvernementales, les techniques de l'organisationinternationale, les systèmes d'information internationale, outreles entreprises multinationales.« Associations Internationales » est l'organe de l'UAI, associa-tion sans but lucratif, bien que les opinions qu'il exprime nesoient pas nécessairement celles de cet Institut. La revue estfinancée exclusivement par ses abonnements et sa publicité.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS : 28th year, 1976

illustrated monthly magazine. 10 issues per year, containingarticles and studies on international organization, statistics,monthly columns, change of address for organizations, andthe monthly supplements to the Annual InternationalCongress Calendar.

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ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES : 28e année, 1976

Revue illustrée, 10 numéros par an contenant des articleset études sur l'organisation internationale, des chroniques,des statistiques, les changements d'adresse des organisationsinternationales et le supplément au Calendrier annuel desréunions internationales.

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THE MAIN PUBLICATIONS OF THE UAI

• YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS15th edition 1974

• ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRES CALENDAR :(Calendrier des Réunions Internationales) 16e édition 1976

La liste complète des publications de l'UAI peut-être obtenueen s'adressant au secrétariat ; 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Bruxel-les. Belgique. Tél. 511.83.96-512.54.42.

LES PRINCIPALES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAI

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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 2-1976 67

Copyright 1976 UAI Les opinions exprimées dans les

Copyright 1976 UAI Views expressed in the articles, whether signed or not, do not

INTERNATIONALASSOCIATIONS

ASSOCIATIONSINTERNATIONALES

28th year 1976 - no 2 28e année

UNION DES ASSOCIATIONS

INTERNATIONALESUNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

COMITE DE DIRECTIONEXECUTIVE COUNCIL

Président : President :F.A. CASADIO. Directeur, Societa Italianaper l'Organizzazione Internazionale (Italie)

Vice-Présidents : Vice-Presidents :Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)Former Secretary-General of the Afro-AsianOrganisation for Economie Coopération.S.K. SAXENA (India)Director of the International CooperativeAlliance.

Trésorier Général : Treasurer General :Paul E. HIERNAUX (Belgique)Président de la Conférence Permanente desChambres de Commerce et d'Industrie de la

Communauté Economique Européenne.Membres : Members :F.W.G. BAKER (U.K.)Executive Secretary. International Council

of Scientific Unions.Th. CAVALCANTI (Brésil)Président de l'Institut de Droit Public de laFondation Getulio Vargas.Johan GALTUNG (Norvège)

Director, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo.Nikola A. KOVALSKY (URSS)Directeur adjoint de l'Institut du MouvementOuvrier International de l'Académie dessciences de l'URSS.Marcel MERLE (France)Professeur à la Faculté de Droit de l'Univer-sité de Paris I.Aly RANGOONWALA (Pakistan)Chairman of the Pakistan National Com-mittee of the International Chamber ofCommerce.Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)Executive Secretary of the Society for Inter-national Development.Louis VERNIERS (Belgique)Secrétaire Générai honoraire du Ministèrebelge de l'Education et de la Culture.

Secrétaire Général : Secretary-General :Robert FENAUX (Belgique)Ambassadeur honoraire.

- ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES -- INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS -

Comité de Redaction/Editorial Committee:Robert FENAUXGeorges Patrick SPEECKAERTGeneviève DEVILLEAnthony J.N. JUDGEGhislaine de CONINCK

Editor/Rédacteur :

Susan TRAILL.

févrierfebruary

Editorial 70

NGOs for the protection of the environment in theEuropean Community ' 73

Les ONG et la protection de l'environnement dans laCommunauté européenne par Jean-Paul Harroy 78La notion « organisation internationale » dans le statut desfonctionnaires des Communautés européennes, parFrancesco de Angelis 81La 15e Conférence des ONG de l'UNESCO 85Meeting types : old and new 88Facilitative techniques for participative meetings 90Pour faciliter la dynamique des conférences et les inter-actions des participants ' 93The potential of NGOs in social and economic

development 95World problems and human potential 102Bibliography /Bibliographie 111Book reviews 115Liste de publications de l'UAI 116Supplement to the International Congress Calendar,

16th edition 119

Photo de couverture : La pollution du Rhin (photo : Nations Unies)Cover photo : Rhine pollution (photo : United Nations)

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La société globaleEditorial

INTERDEPENDANCE OBLIGE« Interdépendance : dépendancemutuelle »

Le Petit Larousse

on l'isole de l'ensemble dont il faitpartie à la fois en tant que cause eteffet ».

Ces dernières années, la notion et lemot d'interdépendance semblent avoirfait une conquête universelle, au doublesens de l'universalité, en tout et par-tout. Les discours et tes rapports s'yréfèrent constamment.

Nous avons rapporté, dans le derniernuméro de notre Revue consacré auCongrès de Kyoto sur l'organisationdes Congrès, la déclaration du ministrejaponais des Affaires étrangères : « Lemonde est entré dans un âge d'inter-dépendance globale sans précédentdans l'Histoire ».

L'interdépendance des sujets et desmatières est posée en postulat initialdans les travaux académiques et uni-versitaires. Nous avons commenté ici-même, l'autre année, l'excellent ouvragedu professeur Marcel Merle, membrede notre Institut, « La sociologie desrelations internationales ». Un titre quiaurait pu tout aussi bien être : la socié-té globale ou la société interdépen-dante.

Après la dernière guerre mondiale, quia été pour beaucoup d'esprits l'occa-sion d'oraisons et même de conver-sions, un philologue classique, venu àla sociologie, Henri Janne, a publié« L'Anti Alcibiade », avec un sous-titreclairvoyant : « la révolution des faits «».Trente ans après, notre auteur pour-rait parler de la solidarité des farts

Interdépendance. Un mot récent qu'onne trouve pas dans l'Encyclopédie La-rousse de 1873. Le Littré de 1863 luiconsacre deux lignes seulement, maisen spécifiant qu'il s'agissait alors d'unterme didactique, qu'il définit « dépen-dance réciproque », avec un seulexemple d'époque : l'interdépendancedes sciences et des arts.« Dépendance réciproque » c'est unebonne définition qui demeure.

Voici quelques années, en 1962, leGrand Larousse encyclopédique situaitle mot dans le langage du droit et dela philosophie.

En droit international : dépendanceréciproque qui définit les relationsexistant entre Etats. Et d'ajouter : (or-mule politique destinée à caractériserles liens établis entre Etats possédantdes intérêts communs. Cette formule(ut notamment employée pour désignerles nouveaux rapports entre la Franceet le Maroc après l'abolition du protec-torat français le 3 mars 1956.

En philosophie : lien organique entreles divers phénomènes naturels, aveccette citation : « cause et effet ne sontque des moments de. l'interdépendanceuniverselle ». Cette notion fondamen-tale d'interdépendance s'apparente icià la notion d'interaction (action réci-proque) : « Dans la société les faitséconomiques amènent des modifica-tions politiques; réciproquement, cesmodifications politiques changent lesfaits économiques; les sciences per-mettent le développement des tech-niques; mais réciproquement les tech-niques font évoluer les sciences, etc...Aucun phénomène naturel et social nepeut, par conséquent, être compris si

70 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 2-1976

comme d'une prise de conscience del'interdépendance des intérêts humains.

Les habitudes et les institutions peu-vent être en retard sur les faits, lesapparences peuvent même démentirles faits : le besoin vital d'une soli-darité qui absorbe l'espace, les dis-tances, les frontières, aura finalementraison de tous les particularismesd'Etats, d'associations et d'entreprises,même si, comme on peut le craindre,le monde est destiné à de nouveauxtypes de conflits et si la violence doitpersister sous d'autres formes, parexemple la terrorisme, dans une situa-tion d'interdépendance généralisée,spontanée ou organisée.

S'agissant de l'univers privé des as-sociations et des entreprises, notre ré-flexion va aujourd'hui au discours re-marquable prononcé, lors de la dernièreassemblée de la CNUCED, par M.Winqwist le Secrétaire Général de laChambre de Commerce Internationale,le CCI, ONG de grand format, associa-tion sans but lucratif, qui, dans la géo-graphie de l'organisation internationale,se situe à la frontière des associa-tions et des entreprises, aux confinsdes forces économiques et sociales.Un discours qui fut écouté avec la con-sidération généralement réservée auximportantes interventions gouverne-mentales, parce qu'on y sent l'autoritéet la responsabilité d'une associationéminemment représentative de sonsecteur d'études et d'action.

L'exposé de R. Winqwist part du prin-cipe démocratique, maintenant admis,que le nouvel ordre économique doitpermettre aux pays en voie de déve-loppement de participer à la croissancemondiale sur une base plus égalitaire.Pourquol ? Parce que l'interdépen-dance oblige des partenaires associésau développement de la stabilité et dela croissance. Comment ? C'est ici queles moyens du changement nécessairedifférent.Pour la CCI, l'interdépendance est encontradiction avec * une tendance àgrouper les pays en blocs ». C'est entermes d'association d'intérêts, et nond'opposition, que le problème doit êtreconsidéré.

Les riches ont besoin des * moinsriches » et réciproquement. L'appau-vrissement des pays développés léseraitles pays en voie de développement.

Nonobstant les écarts de revenus, lesproducteurs et les consommateurs setrouvent dans tes deux camps, séparésarbitrairement. Ainsi c'est « une sim-plification trompeuse que d'identifieret de limiter les intérêts des pays en

vole de développement, à ceux desproducteurs de produits de base »,quand on sait qu'en 1973 les pays dé-veloppés ont exporté en produits debase plus du double de valeur des ex-portations correspondantes des paysen voie de développement.

Disons quant à nous qu'il serait toutaussi trompeur de ne voir dans l'or-ganisation internationale que des Etatssouverains et, dans le rapport des for-ces et des intérêts, que les responsa-bilité d'un pouvoir politique. L'interdé-pendance est aussi dans la participa-tion du secteur non-gouvernemental,prive à l'action intergouvernementale,publique.

Nous lisons d'autre part dans le dis-cours du Secrétaire Général de laCCI : « La communauté des affairesdevrait être étroitement associée àtoutes les discussions sur ces ques-tions, qui ont lieu dans le cadre dusystème des Nations Unies. Mon or-ganisation jouit déjà du plus haut statutconsultatif auprès de l'Ecosoc et au fildes années notre coopération avec laCNUCED s'est élargie à de nouveauxchamps d'activités. Néanmoins je suisconvaincu qu'il reste beaucoup à fairepour encourager la collaboration entreles gouvernements, les organisationsintergouvernementales et les milieuxd'affaires ».

La CCI est sans doute dans son rôled'ONg vouée en commerce interna-tional en appelant de ses vœux cettecollaboration accentuée avec lesmilieux d'affaires. Mais cette participa-tion des entreprises de profit ne doitpas, ne peut pas ignorer ni supplanterla collaboration des associations sansbut lucratif, qui est la participation desmilieux sociaux.

Cela ne va pas sans dire, dès lorsqu'il apparaît que dans la « restructura-tion » envisagée du Conseil économiqueet social de l'ONU, le réformateursemble beaucoup plus préoccupé dessociétés multinationales, en tant qu'a-gent économique du nouvel ordremondial, que des ONG en tant qu'agentsocial de la nouvelle société.Voilà un beau sujet de réflexion et dedébat promis à la treizième Conférencedes ONG de l'Ecosoc.

On souhaiterait que le monde desONG, plus conscient de ses intérêtscommuns et mieux organisé pour lesdéfendre, trouvât un avocat de la qualitéde celui de la CCI pour plaider etgagner une cause de solidarité quicomplète les faits de l'interdépendance.

Robert FENAUX.


72 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 2-1976 Photo : WHO

NGOS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTIN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

A survey of non-governmental organizations active in the en-vironmental field in the nine Community countries was carriedout by Marc Pierini et Associés for (he European Commission (*).We are publishing here the « Findings » of this « Survey » fol-lowed by the comments of Professor Jean-Paul Harroy of theUniversity of Brussels.

Une enquête sur les organisations non-gouvernementales parti-cipant activement au champ de l'environnement dans la Com-munauté européenne des Neuf a été réalisée par Marc Pieriniet Associés pour la Commission Européenne (*).On trouvera ci-après les résultats de cette étude, suivis descommentaires du Professeur Jean-Paul Harroy, de l'Univer-sité de Bruxelles.

Le texte anglais est repris de l'hebdomadaire « Industry and Society ».

Introduction

The survey was prompted by the European Commission'sdesire to cooperate more closely with non-governmental organ-izations active in the environmental field in the Member Statesof the Community.The survey ran into two problems from the outset. The firstdifficulty was the enormous number of organizations of allkinds concerned in one way or another with the environment.At present the Community total is in the region of 20,000.But this total (a very rough estimate) includes no more than afew hundred non-governmental organizations which can besaid to be live and which are active at a level high enough toattract the Commission's attention. Selection and assessmentproved virtually impossible however because most of theseorganizations are of relatively recent date and extremely fluid.The other difficulty was the different patterns in the nine Com-munity countries. These are reflected in the number of « en-vironmental NGOs », the length of time they have been oper-ating, the existence of federations or umbrella organizations,their relations with NGOs in other countries, etc. These alsoaffect the availability of censuses, directories or lists of organ-izations.The questionnaire used for the survey was sent to over 300organizations in mid-December 1974. An explanatory letterand a copy of the weekly journal « Industry and Society » wereenclosed. A reminder was sent early in February 1975.Response to the survey was as follows :

Country Questionnaires sent(first issue)

Replies received(after second issue)

Belgium 41 21

Denmark 17 12France 62 25

Germany 101 29

Great Britain 61 33

Ireland 12 3

Italy 27 6

Luxembourg 5 3

Netherlands 54 21

Total : 380 153 (or 40%)

Summary of Findings

1. A large number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)are active in the environmental field in the Community andtheir number is increasing rapidly.The fact that they are so numerous reflects public concernat the way industrial society is developing and an awarenessof the need to preserve the environment.

2. Environmental NGOs cover a wide spectrum of activity;many are highly specialized. The pattern varies considerablyfrom country to country. NGOs in the United Kingdom arethe oldest, the best organized and seem to have the mostinfluence.

3. Although they represent a considerable body of public opi-nion, environmental NGOs as a whole have little influenceon decisions affecting the environment. Individual NGOsdo however depart from this general rule.

4. Environmental NGOs are not sufficiently well informed onCommunity policy in this field (limited means limit theircontacts) but almost all show some interest. There is there-fore a real need for NGOs to be informed about this policy.

5. A Community campaign to inform NGOs would be well-received and highly productive since these organizationsare undoubtedly very active in focusing opinion and passingon information.

6. Environmental NGOs would like to be consulted as represen-tatives of public opinion. They are also anxious to contributetheir practical experience of the environment.

7. The larger NGOs are inundated with diffuse, general in-formation. They would welcome information which couldbe used to influence public opinion.

Environmental NGOs1. General

Range of disciplines

Since • the environment » is a very broad concept requiringlengthy definitions, it was found that environmental NGOspresented a vast field of study. From the outset the survey wasconfined to organizations concerned with :• air pollution• water pollution

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 2-1976 73

• soil pollution (residues, waste)• noise and other nuisances• protection of natural resources and fauna• presentation of natural and/or architectural heritage• improvement of living and working conditions.

Even within these categories the activities of NGOs differ wid-ely. Let us take one striking example : improvement of thequality of life can mean campaigning for parks in towns (as isthe case with one German NGO) but it can also involve townplanning and work on transport networks (as is the case withone British NGO).

Conclusions :

The range of environmental disciplines is reflected in an evenwider range of environmental NGOs.

A recent awareness

It must be remembered that, at least as far as public opinionis concerned, the environment is something new : it is onlyin the last few years that people have become aware of it. Theresponse to public concern is relatively new too : Ministries ofthe Environment (where they exist), specialized publicationsand non-governmental organizations are in their infancy : noneare more than ten years old. the majority are five to six yearsold.The differences in economic and industrial development in thevarious countries and regions of the Community are a factortoo. Pollution levels vary correspondingly and with them thedevelopment of public opinion and the growth of environmen-tal organizations.

Conclusion :

Environmental NGOs are still in their infancy; they are badlyorganized on the whole and have limited funds. The picturevaries considerably from country to country.

Constant change

As a consequence, the situation with regard to environmentalNGOs is constantly changing. Many organizations are set upto deal with a specific local problem and disappear when theproblem has been solved (e.g., motorway plans which are aban-doned in the face of public protests). Some NGOs disappearfor other reasons (lack of funds, in-fighting between the foun-der organizations). Some NGOs break up into splinter groups,often for political reasons.This applies in varying degrees to the nine countries. Thegestation period has been completed in Britain and is almostover in Denmark and the Netherlands. But it is only Just beg-inning in Italy and it is still running its course in France andBelgium.

Conclusion :

A « settling » period is needed before the NGOs which are re-presentative at national level can be identified. These areusually fairly large and are concerned with issues broader thanthe attainment of specific local objectives.

Limited Effectiveness

It follows that the overall effectiveness of environmental NGOsis limited. Indeed it must be admitted that, despite the numberof people involved and the amount of energy expended (de-monstrations, handouts, distribution of periodicals, etc.). en-vironmental NGOs have very little political influence on thewhole.

Conclusion :

Despite the fact that they represent a considerable body ofpublic opinion, environmental NGOs have tittle or no in-fluence on government decisions affecting the environment.


No Single Pattern

This applies in varying degrees to the nine countries. There isin fact a marked contrast between this overall picture and thesuccess of individual NGOs. This is particularly true of theUnited Kingdom. However, the Commission's informationservice will not be approaching individual NGOs. What it needsis an overall impression; exceptions to the general rule are oflittle interest. A further point is that the absence of an um-brella organization makes it difficult to streamline relationsbetween, and with, NGOs.

Conclusion :There are exceptions to the general rule that NGOs carrylittle weight and any information policy must take this intoaccount.

Cooperation is Difficult

The mushrooming and high turnover of environmental NGOs(with consequent changes of address, disappearances and reap-pearances) combined with the impermanence of their struc-tures (changes in leadership, the high proportion of volunteerworkers) impede the balanced development of relations withNGOs.Once the situation stabilizes it should be possible to create anNGO « hierarchy » which would facilitate more systematiccooperation.

Conclusion :For the moment cooperation between the Commission's in-formation service and NGOs will run into practical difficultieswhich are a consequences of the relative newness of this field.

2. Activities

Motivations

Given the present proliferation of local groups actively con-cerned with protecting the environment, it seems only rightto ask what public opinion expects from them.As already stated, the number of environmental NGOs in thenine Community countries is put at a minimum of 20000reasonably permanent organizations. The figure would be farhigher if the groups wich sprout up every day of the week tooppose a specific road construction project or an office blockwere included. It would be difficult however to gauge theirnumber since there are virtually no reliable statistics on these« grass root » organizations.The French Ministry for the Quality of Life, for example,puts the total number of NGOs in France at 14000 (end ofDecember 1974) and estimates that local NGOs are beingformed at the rate of about 100 a month.This spontaneous proliferation of groups seems to be promptedby a real public need, an anxiety created by the rapid changesforced on us by the evolution of industrial society, a statewhich has been labelled « future shock » by Alvin Toffler.This attitude seems to be behind the setting up of local mov-ements; the realization that everyone has an interest inprotecting the environment seems to be no more than « spin-off » from « future shock ».In the present proliferation of environmental NGOs there isa general, tendency for local organizations or groups to con-centrate more on « conservation », « defense » and « protec-tion » (in other words, the negative approach) than to push for« development », « improvement », « studies » or «proposals »(the positive approach).Indeed positive action seems, more often than not, to developout of the activities of NGOs initially set up for defensiveaction.As a result of this general emphasis — which does admittedlyvary — progress in terms of concrete change and new decisionsin environmental policy is painfully slow. This relative « inef-fectiveness » of NGOs is in strong contrast to the large bodyof public opinion which they represent.

Main Areas

The activities of NGOs are concentrated in two main areas :

nature conservation : this is the concern of the largest numberof NGOs in Europe; it includes protection of the countrysideand beauty spots (e.g. The National Trust in the United King-dom); the creation of nature reserves (e.g. the Verein Natur-schutzparke in Germany); conservation of water resources(numerous NGOs in all Member States, including fishing clubswhich have now become active in this area); the protection ofmonuments (e.g. Italia Nostra) and the protection of faunain general and birds in particular (e.g. Lega Nazionale Pro-tezione Uccelli, Avifauna, etc.);

the anti-nuisance campaign : the most specialized NGOs areconcentrated in this area; basically it involves combating waste(refuse, sewage, industrial waste, car dumps, etc.), protesting"against noise (many NGOs can be found around major Euro-pean airports), opposing power lines or other unwelcome mani-festations of modern technology like nuclear plants or super-sonic aircraft (e.g., the anti-Concorde project in the UnitedKingdom).

Two different approaches can be adopted. One approach isnegative and involves opposing undesirable new developments(preventing a motorway going through a given area or theconstruction of a nuclear power station). The other is positiveand involves concrete action to change an undesirable situation(creation of parks or a regional nature reserve, getting volun-teers to work to restore ancient monuments or clear out aforest).

Environmental NGOs achieve their aims through five maincourses of action. In descending order of importance, theseare :

— mobilization of public opinion to bring indirect pressureto bear on the decision-makers. The environmental NGOshave a vast armoury at their disposal here —, mass demon-strations, meetings, debates, newspapers, posters, handouts,photographs, etc.;

— direct pressure on the decision-makers through interviews,manifestos, briefs, etc.;

— voluntary work by NGO members on specific environmen-tal projects;

— educating and informing the public (and young people inparticular) to foster concern for the environment;

— study and research leading to the formulation of concreteproposals.

3. Europe's leading environmental NGOs

The survey did not set out to produce an exhaustive list ofenvironmental NGOs in the Community but rather to assesstheir influence, examine their lines of action and give detailedinformation on the main organizations.Detailed information was compiled from existing documents(lists, directories, surveys) and from answers to a questionnairesent to 300 of the main NGOs. The quality of the informa-tion thus compiled depends heavily on replies to the question-naire. The main environmental NGOs in each country arelisted below.

(a) National organizations (26 March 1975)

1. Germany

1,302 organizations, the main ones being :

Aktionszentrum Umweltschutz Berlin (AZU)Bund Burgerinitiativen UmweltschutzAktion Saubere LandschaftArbertsgemeinschaft fur Umweltfragen (AGU)Verein NaturschutzparkeDeutscher Naturschutzring (DNR)

2. Belgium

733 organizations, the main ones being :

Inter-EnvironmentEntente Nationale pour la Protection de la NatureArbeidertoeristenbond (ATB)Gents Aktiecomite LeefmilieuNationale Werkgroep LeefmilieuCebedeau-Becewa (Water Research and Documentation Centre)

3. Denmark


NOAH (an ecological movement with 100 autonomous local groups)Danmarks Naturfredningsforening (nature conservation association)Frilufsradet (Open Air Council)

4. France


FNASSEM (Fédération Nationale de Sauvegarde des Siteset Ensembles Monumentaux)FNSSN (Fédération des Sociétés de Sciences Naturelles)FFSPN (Fédération des Sociétés de Protection de la Nature)Civilisation et EnvironmentProgrès et EnvironmentCentre Français de Documentation sur l'EnvironnementAssociation pour la Prévention de la Pollution AtmosphériqueAssociation des Journalistes de l'EnvironnementAménagement et Nature

5. United Kingdom


Committee for Environmental Conservation (Co.En.Co.),(coordinating body)Civic TrustCouncil on Protection of Rural England (CPRE)Conservation SocietyCouncil for NatureCouncil for Environmental StudiesField Studies CouncilKeep Britain Tidy GroupNational TrustWWF-British National AppealSouth Western Marine Pollution Group (research centre)

6. Ireland


An Taisce (National Trust)An Foras Forbartha (National Institute for Physical Panningand Research)Institute for Industrial Research and StandardsKeep Ireland BeautifulInland Waterways Association of Ireland

7. Italy


Italia NostraFederazione Nazionale Pro Natura (FEDERNATURA)WWF ItaliaMovimento EcologicoFederazione delle Associazioni Scientifiche e Techniche (FAST)Club Alpino Italiano (Commissions per la Conservazione dellaNatura Alpina)


3. Luxembourg

24 organizations, the main being :

Ligue Luxembourgeoise pour la Protection de la Nature (NATURA)Jeunes et EnvironnementWWF Luxembourg

9. Netherlands


Stichting Natuur en Milieu (federation of four national associations)Contactkommissie voor Natuur- en LandschapsbeschermingNederlandse Vereniging tegen Water, Bodem en Luchtveront-reinigingStichting Centrum MilieuzorgVereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland

(b) NGOs which operate outside the national framework

Three types of organization fall into this category : internatio-nal federations, organizations common to a number of coun-tries, and umbrella organizations with members in several coun-tries.

1. The first group includes the International Council for BirdPreservation (London), the International Council of Monumentsand Sites (Paris) and the International Union of Air PollutionPrevention Associations.One of the organizations best represented in Community coun-tries is the International Youth Federation for EnvironmentalStudies and Conservation (based in Switzerland) whose mem-ber organizations represented 16 countries, including sevenCommunity countries, in September 1974.In all there are about 50 NGOs which are federations of asso-ciations or private organizations.

2. The second group includes the Europa Nostra movementwhich is based in London and the World Wildlife Fund, basedin Switzerland, which organizes « national appeals » in virtual-ly every country in the world (including eight of the nine Com-munity countries).This group also includes the NGO members of the Keep Eu-rope Beautiful movement, which in turn is part of a world-wideorganization (Keep America/Canada/Australia/New Zealand,the Bermudas etc. Beautiful). This movement can be found inten European countries, five non-Community countries (Austria.Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland) and five Communitycountries :

Germany : Aktion Saubere Landschaft, in 11 German towns;Belgium : Inter-Environnement, Brussels;France : Progrès et Environnement, Paris;United Kingdom : Keep Britain Tidy Group, London;Ireland : Keep Ireland Beautiful, Dublin.

3. The third group boasts only one member at present : theBureau Européen d'Environnement (BEE) was set up in De-cember 1974 by 22 environmental NGOs in the nine Communi-ty countries to lobby the Community's institutions.This is the only group of environmental NGOs concernedsolely with relations with the Community's institutions with thedeclared aim of influencing Community policy in this area.It seems however that this organization has already run intothe difficulties which inevitably occur when organizationsjealous of their independence and their right to represent agiven country are brought under one umbrella.The result is a rather unbalanced representation of environ-mental NGOs. Although the United Kingdom and Italy are wellrepresented, the same does not apply to Denmark and France,far from it in fact.

Member organizations of the BEE are as follows :

Germany : Bund Burgerinitiativen fur UmweltschutzBelgium : Inter-Environnement

Fonds de Sauvegarde pour la natureGents Aktiecomite Leefmilieu

Denmark : FrilufsradetFrance : Les Amis de la Terre

Jeunes et NatureNature et Progrès

United Co. En. Co.Kingdom : Council for the Protection of Rural England (CPRE)

Conservation SocietyCivic TrustFriends of the Earth

Ireland : Italia NostraWWFKronos 1991

Luxembourg : NaturaJeunes et Environnement

Netherlands : Stichting Natuur en MilieuWaddenzeeverenigingVereniging Milieudefensie

4. Environmental NGOs and their External Relations

Relations between NGOs

Relations between environmental NGOs within a given coun-try vary a great deal, depending on how long the NGOs havebeen operating and the precise nature of their activities.For example, an organized federation — like the Bund Bur-gerinitiativen fur Umweltschutz in Germany or Italia Nostrain Italy — helps to create and maintain a stable network ofNGOs in all parts of the country, a network which encouragesthe development of local groups and provides them with ad-vice and support.Coordination between environmental NGOs is most developedin thé United Kingdom, thanks mainly to the existence of asingle umbrella organization — the Co. En. Co. (Committee forEnvironmental Conservation). In France, by way of contrast,there are several NGO federations but no single umbrella or-ganization.Generally speaking, relations between NGOs within a givencountry, whether through federations or coordinating organi-zations, are hampered by the volatile nature of NGOs. NGOscome and go, unite and divide, are subject to political in-fluence, and above all tend to see themselves as the sole re-presentatives of public opinion — a typical feature of protestmovements which fosters a blinkered attitude.It follows that it is even more difficult to establish permanentrelations at international level. The establishment of the BureauEuropéen d'Environnement (BEE), which groups 22 NGOs inthe nine Community countries but cannot claim to representall NGOs by any means, was delayed until December 1974.Other international movements are Europa Nostra, Keep Eu-rope Beautiful and the International Union for Conservation ofNature (IUCN).

Relations with national authorities

The nature and scope of these vary considerably from coun-try to country. In Italy for example relations are very difficultbecause the Environment Ministry has no proper central ad-ministration and decisions affecting the environment are takenby a number of Ministries. In the United Kingdom on the otherhand, the Department of the Environment (DoE) attaches greatimportance to consultation with the main NGOs and theseplay a positive role in the formulation of policy.In Belgium Inter-Environnement seems to be the only organi-zation to play a significant role in environmental policy; itmaintains close contact with the State Secretariat for the En-vironment.In Germany the recent (April 1974) decision to create a Fede-ral Office for the Environment in Berlin (Umweltbundesamt)has changed the picture at federal level at least (the Ministry


of the Interior used to have responsibility for environmentalpolicy). At the end of 1974, however, there was hardly anypermanent contact between the Office and NGOs, other thanthose on the spot in Berlin.In France contact between NGOs and the authorities is limitedto an exchange of information through a specialized service ofthe Ministry for the Quality of Life (State Secretariat for theEnvironment). This service carried out a survey of all Frenchenvironmental NGOs between September 1974 and May 1975.

Relations with IndustryOnly research centres come into contact with industry, eitherto study pollution or to test new anti-pollution devices.NGOs. proper, protest movements and pressure groups havevirtually no contact with industry. Although industry in generaland certain industries in particular (the paper industry forexample) are the NGOs main target, they are usually attackedthrough the authorities.An exception to this rule are the NGOs supported or set up byindustrial groups as a manifestation of industry's concern toset its house in order or in an attempt to reverse ecologicaltrends. The organization whose intentions are clearest is theKeep Europe Beautiful movement, most of whose members areconnected with industry : thus Keep Ireland Beautiful is suppor-ted and financed by the Confederation of Irish Industries andProgrès et Environnement (France) emanates from the BSNindustrial group.

Relations with International Organizations

Environmental NGOs in the Community have regular contact(in descending order of importance) with the Council of Europe,the Commission (or other institutions) of the European Com-munities, and the United Nations Environment Programme.Most NGOs in Europe have relations with the Council of Eu-rope in Strasbourg and more especially with its European In-formation Centre for Nature Conservation (EICNC).Although the Council of Europe is less active in the environ-mental field than the Communities ( has of course producedthe European Convention for the Protection of InternationalWatercourses against Pollution), the EICNC is extremely activein the information field.Replies to the questionnaire revealed that its main activity —publication of the (irregular) periodical NATUROPA in Frenchand English — is well known to European NGOs. It publishesa « list of organizations concerned with the environment »which unfortunately includes only a limited number of NGOs.It might be mentioned here that the leaders of environmen-tal NGOs — like the general public — tend to confuse theCouncil of Europe with the European Community, and indeedwith other international organizations, like the United NationsEconomic Commission for Europe, concerned with the en-vironment in Europe.The United Nations Environment Programme set up in 1973has been increasingly involved in informing environmentalNGOs in all UN countries. A large number of environmentalNGOs attend Governing Councils of the UNEP in Nairobi asobservers and the organization has a special department to,handle relations with NGOs.An NGO Environment Service Centre which promotes relationsbetween non-governmental organizations and supports theiractivities is also located in Nairobi.

Relations with the European Communities

National consumer associations apart, there is little contactbetween the European Community and NGOs at present, un-less individual NGO representatives have personal contactswith specific Commission departments or are members of theEconomic and Social Committee, for example-Replies to the questionnaire highlighted a number of features :

— NGO leaders tend to confuse the institutions of the Com-munity (Council, Commission, Parliament. Economic andSocial Committee) and other institutions (especially the

Council of Europe). This problem is far from being peculiarto environmental organizations.

— Most of the large NGOs know that the Community has anenvironment policy; they regret however that they are notinformed of decisions in advance and that they have noopportunity of voicing their opinions. There is in fact astrong body of opinion in favour of the main NGOs beingconsulted before any decision is taken.

— Since the questionnaire was being sent to NGOs which hadnot previously appeared on the mailing list for « Industryand Society », it was decided to test their reactions to thispublication. Replies received indicated that information ofthis kind from the Commission was very welcome. Indeedmany requests lor information on the Community's environ-mental policy followed.

Replies to the questionnaire prove that :there is considerable interest in the Community's environ-mental policy,there is considerable demand for information about thispolicy.

This is no doubt that the NGOs look to the Commission forinformation and that this demand should be satisfied as soonas possible.A number of NGOs have specified that they want to be in-formed of Community decisions; ideally they would like toparticipate in these decisions. They complained of being • in-undated with general information which serves no useful pur-pose ».

Summary

Because they are poorly organized and short of funds, en-vironmental NGOs have few contacts and rarely approach in-ternational organizations or NGOs in other countries. Environ-mental NGOs, are, however, constantly canvassed by nationalgovernments and a number of international organizations (no-tably the Council of Europe and the UNEP). But the informa-tion supplied is very general and has no concrete, measurableeffect.There is therefore room for sound cooperation between theEuropean Commission and the NGOs, particularly if some kindof provision can be made for taking the views of the leadingNGOs into account.

Information Needs and How to Meet ThemThe information needs of environmental NGOs can be classi-fied under two main headings :— the addition of a European dimension;— familiarization with Community policy.

The addition of a European dimension means that NGOs wantto extend discussion and decisions on the environment beyondthe national level. They are well aware that problème cannotbe examined in isolation, that solutions are often complemen-tary. For this reason they would like to know much more aboutpollution levels, environmental policies, solutions adopted, etc.in neighbouring countries.Naturally enough, environmental NGOs turn to the EuropeanCommission for this information. Many of them have alreadyasked the Commission for comparative environment and pollu-tion statistics, information on national policies, a comparativeanalysis of these policies, information on environmental pro-blems in frontier regions, and so on.Familiarization with Community policy is the main factor be-hind requests for information presented by environmentalNGOs : they want information on the institutions (the Commis-sion, the Council, departments concerned with the environ-ment), on decision-making processes, on issues discussed, onregulations in the making, on work programmes.What is needed in our opinion is a clear, concise presentationof the European Community's role as a force for change onthe environmental scene. This would meet the very real needsof the environmental NGOs and the more environmentallyconscious and instructed members of the public whose viewsthey represent. .


par Jean - Paul Harroy

Professeur à l'Université de Bruxelles

La Commission des Communautés Eu-ropéennes a chargé un groupe d'étudesdirigé par Marc Pierini d'effectuer uneenquête sur la part que jouent les ONGdans la défense de l'Environnement ausein de l'Europe des Neuf. Un rapportfut déposé, dont l'essentiel fut publiédans l'hebdomadaire « Industrie etSociété » qu'édité la Direction généralede l'Information de la Commission. Lesconclusions de cette enquête sontsignificatives à plusieurs égards.

En grand raccourci, on peut les sché-matiser en quelques axes principaux :

1°, Depuis quelques années, les ONG-Environnement foisonnent littéralementdans l'Europe des Neuf; leur nombredépassera bientôt les vingtmille et necesse encore de croître. Il faut y voirl'expression de l'inquiétude et du mé-contentement, nés récemment, mais deplus en plus vifs, des citoyens face àleur environnement qui se dégrade età la qualité de leur vie en constantedétérioration.

2°. Rares sont toutefois parmi ces or-ganisations celles qui, réunissant unnombre important de membres et desmoyens d'action appréciables, sontsusceptibles d'exercer quelque influen-ce perceptible au niveau national. Lerapport en relève néanmoins unecinquantaine pour l'ensemble des neufpays de la Communauté, mais à vraidire, la sélection effectuée suscite par-fois la surprise des connaisseurs. Le

principe reste vrai, toutefois : l'anxiétédes Européens n'a qu'exceptionnelle-ment cherché remède dans l'union desmultitudes, mais s'est plutôt traduitepar l'éclosion de myriades de grou-puscules - souvent éphémères, d'ail-leurs - à buts extrêmement localiséset limités.

3°. Même les institutions les plus im-portantes n'exercent que rarement- le Royaume-Uni semble le mieuxplacé à cet égard - des pressions véri-tablement déterminantes sur l'attitudedes pouvoirs publics. A fortiori la pous-sière des petites associations localesdoit-elle souvent se contenter de livrerdes escarmouches pour empêcherl'abattage d'une rangée de vieux arbres,sauver le caractère d'un quartier oufaire modifier le tracé d'une route.

4°. La diversité de ces ONG est égale-ment extrême. On ne peut guère entrouver deux de quelque importancedans un même pays, et a fortiori dansdeux pays différents, qui revêtent desstructures comparables. Le fait s'ex-plique par la multiplicité des atteintesque subit l'environnement et par la plusgrande multiplicité encore des possi-bilités de tenter de les combattre. Beau-coup de ces ONG se sont alors spécia-lisées dans la lutte contre un seul typede nuisance, soit dans une seule (ormed'intervention : création de réservesnaturelles, campagnes de sensibilisa-tion du public, etc. D'où l'hétérogénéité

exceptionnelle de cette cohorte d'ONG/Environnement.

5° Des efforts ont été tentés pour ren-forcer les puissances d'impact, notam-ment à l'égard des pouvoirs publics,en réalisant des fédérations nationalesd'ONG.Iciencore.leRoyaume-Uni,avec son Committee for EnvironmentalConservation, paraît être le mieux placé.On ne s'étonnera pas toutefois des dif-ficultés qu'ont rencontrées beaucoupde ces tentatives, précisément à causedu caractère hétérogène des entitésà fédérer. Plus rares et plus entravéesencore dans leur action que ces fédé-rations nationales sont les ébauchesd'ententes européennes auxquelles lerapport Pierini fait référence. Mais iciencore, les conclusions proposées sontsujettes à caution vu, notamment, lechoix des institutions retenues, dontplusieurs, en réalité, sont d'amplitudeplanétaire : W.W.F., ICOMOS, CIPO(Conseil International pour la Protec-tion des Oiseaux), etc. Le fait de citercomme une fédération européenne laprésence dans huit des neuf pays dela Communauté d'un National Appealdu W.W.F., qui en possède bien d'autresdans les cinq continents, n'a guère designification. A ce propos, d'autre part,on relèvera que parmi les ONG impor-tantes citées dans le rapport figure teminuscule W.W.F. luxembourgeois etpas le puissant W.W.F. hollandais...

6°. De tout quoi, il résulte logiquementque les Communautés éprouvent de


LES ONG ET LA PROTECTECTIONDE L’ENVIRONNEMENTDANS LA COMMUNUTE EUROPEENNE

grandes difficultés à établir des con-tacts fructueux avec les ONG, dont lamajorité se satisfont, d'ailleurs, de leurhorizon congénitalement très limité,mais dont beaucoup, aussi, n'ont pasles moyens techniques d'être informéesdes initiatives et potentialités de laCommission en matière d'Environne-ment. Un obscur désir de se raccrocherà un guide européen a néanmoins, çaet là, été perçu par le groupe d'études,qui recommande que la possibilité d'yrépondre soit systématiquement re-cherchée.

Et le rapport de souligner les potentia-lités d'une création récente, le BureauEuropéen d'Environnement, fondé endécembre 1974, avec pour objectif derassembler des ONG des neuf pays enun organe capable de formuler ses dé-sirs aux instances responsables desCommunautés. Les débuts du BEE onttoutefois été contrariés par le très iné-gal empressement avec lequel ont réagiles ONG de certains pays, le Royaume-Uni et l'Italie marquant, par exemple,beaucoup plus d'enthousiasme que leDanemark et la France.

7°. Enfin, le document Pierini produit,pour terminer, quelques utiles informa-tions sur les relations que certainesONG / Environnement entretiennententre elles d'abord, puis avec leurs au-torités nationales, avec l'industrie, avecd'autres organisations internationaleset, en particulier, avec le Conseil del'Europe.

Ce rapport présente, dans l'ensemble,des éléments incontestablement dignesd'intérêt. Mais on peut lui reprocher dene pas avoir suffisamment approfondison analyse et de n'avoir pas tiré desrésultats de son enquête tous les en-seignements qu'il était chargé de dé-gager, il encourt aussi le reproched'avoir été à juste titre négatif dansbeaucoup de ses commentaires maisde ne pas avoir assez souligné les actifstrès importants malgré tout dont peu-vent s'enorgueillir maintes ONG eu-ropéennes dans le domaine de la dé-fense de l'environnement.

A notre sens, la seule remarque formu-lée, in fine, que les liens entre les ONG /Environnement et le Conseil de l'Europesont plus solides et nombreux que ceuxtissés par elles avec les Communautésétait déjà a priori riche en significationqu'il eût été bon d'exploiter.

La clé de l'explication d'une telle dif-férence, le rapport la fournit implicite-ment lorsqu'il énumère les sept caté-gories - selon lui - des buts pro-envi-ronnement que peuvent poursuivre lesONG. Voici cette enumeration :1. pollution atmosphérique2. pollution des eaux3- pollution des sols (détritus)4. bruit et autres nuisances (?)

5. protection des ressources naturelleset de la faune

6. protection de l'héritage naturel e t /ou architectural

7. amélioration des conditions de vieet de travail.

Sans chercher noise à quelques étran-getés de cette liste (la Jaune n'est pasune ressource naturelle ? elle ne faitpas partie de l'héritage naturel ?), onmettra cette dernière aussitôt en rela-tion avec une autre enumeration durapport, celle des types d'activités quepeuvent exercer les ONG /Environne-ment, et qui sont indiquées :

II. Les deux « domaines » principaux :Conservation de la NatureCampagnes anti-nuisances.

II. Les cinq « formes » d'action :Mobilisation de l'opinion publiquePression directe sur les preneursde décisionTravail de volontariat sur des pro-jets spécifiquesEducation et information du publicEtude et recherche.

Une analyse attentive de ces deuxtableaux pourrait conduire - le travailreste à effectuer - à l'évidence 1°. qu'ily a des secteurs de la défense de l'en-vironnement où les ONG n'ont quasi-ment aucune chance d'œuvrer ni mêmed'intervenir utilement, toute la respon-sabilité des choix politiques à fairerestant en totalité entre les mains despouvoirs publics; 2°. qu'il en est d'au-tres où leurs protestations ou sugges-tions ont quand même quelque possi-bilité d'influencer les décisions desautorités, lesquelles restent néanmoinsseules responsables de la conduite dujeu, et enfin, et surtout, 3°. qu'il existedes secteurs non négligeables où cesONG peuvent être très efficacementsupplétives des actions publiques, réa-lisant des choses que l'Etat ne fait pas,soit parce qu'il n'y pense pas, soitparce qu'il est occupé ailleurs, maisque, de surcroît, en général, l'Etat neprend nullement ombrage de les voir faire.

Il est tout à fait logique que spontané-ment beaucoup d'ONG, pour qui lessciences économiques de l'environne-ment ou la recherche écologique fineoffrent peu d'opportunités de travailfécond, aient choisi de s'engager danscette troisième série de secteurs, oùse combinaient deux avantages :

1°. non-hostilité, voire bienveillance etmême soutien (financier) de l'Etat;2° possibilité d'attacher son nom àune réalisation concrète, visible , etdonc de satisfaire les membres et lesmécènes de l'ONG. les incitant ainsi àpoursuivre leur effort.

Selon nous, deux volets majeurs émer-gent dans cette catégorie d'actions sup-plétives bénéfiques que peuvent exé-cuter les ONG dans les pays peupléset industrialisés de l'Europe. Ils corres-

pondent à la constitution de réservesnaturelles et à la formation de l'opinionpublique.

En correctif de l'impression qui se dé-gage du rapport Pierini que les ONG/Environnement européennes n'ont quepeu à leur actif, offrant surtout l'imaged'un relativement grouillant panier decrabes, on pourrait ainsi mettre en va-leur les réussites réellement remar-quables d'un petit nombre d'entre elleset les résultats méritoires de bon nom-bre d'entre elles.

Il y a, d'abord, donc, le domaine dessanctuaires de nature, œuvres desassociations privées. Ce serait l'occa-sion de rappeler qu'alors que les pre-miers de ces sanctuaires ont été descréations des pouvoirs publics, auxU.S.A. (1872) et dans l'Empire britan-nique : Australie (1886), Canada (1887),Nouvelle-Zélande (1894), dans ce quiconstitue actuellement l'Europe desNeuf, ce ne sont exclusivement que desONG qui ont, plus tard, mais au débutdu XXe siècle quand même, pris l'ini-tiative de la constitution de telles réser-ves naturelles, les autorités ne leur em-boîtant le pas que plusieurs décenniesplus tard. Un hommage éclatant seraitainsi rendu, d'abord à l'ancêtre anglais,le National Trust (1895) suivi de sescompatriotes : Society for the Promo-tion of Nature Reserves, Royal Societyfor the Protection of Birds, puis à lapuissante Vereniging tot Behoud vanNatuurmonumenten in Nederland (1905)et à la plus impressionnante encoreVerein Natuurschutzpark de Hambourg(1909). D'autres associations ont suivila même voie, notamment « Ardenne etGaume » et « Les Réserves Naturelleset Ornithologiques » en Belgique, quiont méritoirement acquis ou loué àbail emphytéotique des portions d'éco-systèmes qu'il était temps de sauver etdont l'Etat ne songeait ou ne réussis-sait pas à s'occuper.

Un second actif énorme des ONG, plusdiffus que le précédent, mais peut-êtreplus important encore, correspond alors,selon nous, au rôle inestimable queces organisations ont patiemment etinfatigablement joué pour informer etalerter l'opinion publique d'abord desdangers qu'à son insu lui faisait courirla détérioration croissante et sournoisede l'environnement européen, puis desresponsabilités qui incombaient auxcitoyens à leur double titre de pol-lueurs - condamnés à faire effort pourmoins polluer - et d'électeurs, capablesd'obliger leurs élus à mieux protégerl'environnement public.

L'année 1970, année européenne de laConservation de la Nature, a admirable-ment illustré ce potentiel de sensibilisa-tion des ONG, même des plus petites.Dans tous les pays du Conseil de l'Eu-rope et donc de la Communauté, on futsurpris du travail magnifique produitpar ces ONG pendant l'année cruciale


1970 où, vraiment, on peut dire que leconcept « Environnement » a définitive-ment (ait surface...

Et voilà, par deux exemples - mais onaimerait une analyse beaucoup plusfouillée des contingences sociologiquesdu phénomène - un début d'explica-tion des conclusions d'ensemble durapport Pierini : difficiles contacts entreCommission des Communautés et lesONG/Environnement, meilleurs con-tacts entre ces ONG et le Conseil del'Europe.

Au Berlaymont, Michel Parmentier etses collaborateurs ont surtout pourtâche de susciter une indispensablecoordination entre les politiques-en-vironnement des neuf gouvernements

concernés (normes, distorsions, prin-cipe pollueur-payeur, etc.), c'est-à-direde s'occuper de ces très grands pro-blèmes sur les options politiques des-quelles, à part peut-être quelques as-sociations de consommateurs, les ONGn'ont que peu de moyens techniques(elles ne connaissent pas bien ledossier) ou politiques (leur pouvoirde pression est limité) de jouer un rôleefficace.

Par contre, Strasbourg a dès 1963choisi deux secteurs d'action : la Con-servation de l'environnement rural(Diplôme européen pour les réservesnaturelles les plus remarquables, etc.)et l'action pédagogique (le très dyna-mique CEICN : Centre Européen d'In-formation pour la Conservation de la

Nature) où se déployaient des activitésdans lesquelles maintes ONG véritable-ment excellaient,

On devine ainsi pourquoi les ONG/En-vironnement connaissent mieux Stras-bourg que Bruxelles et pourquoi un rap-port demandé par Bruxelles sur lesditesONG peut paraître plus négatif qu'il nedevrait l'être réellement.

Mais, répétons-le, cette nuance, on ladevine seulement après l'examen trèssuperficiel ébauché ci-dessus. Et l'onaimerait assurément une exploitationdavantage élaborée des potentialitésdu matériel rassemblé par l'intéressanteenquête de Marc Pierini et de ses colla-borateurs.

OU ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 2-1976

Photo: WHO/E, Spooner

par Francesco de AngelisFonctionnaire de la Commission des Communautés Européennes

Nous sommes — et vous êtes amis lecteurs — bien souvent confrontés avec te pro-blème de ta définition de nos associations internationales : associations transnatio-nales, organisations internationales de droit privé, organisations nongouvernemen-tales, organisations extragouvernementales,... Les études juridiques ou autres n'abon-dent pas en ce domaine. Les efforts pour définir ou au moins cerner ta notion ONGsont encore peu nombreux. C'est pourquoi l'excellente étude faite par F. de Angelisà l'occasion d'un problème précis nous a paru une contribution positive à ces recher-ches et nous sommes très heureux de publier cet article dans nos colonnes.

L'application du droit des Commu-nautés Européennes et plus précisémentdu statut de leurs fonctionnaires soulèvecertains problèmes. Ces fonctionnaires,tout comme d'autres fonctionnairesd'organisations internationales, béné-ficient, parmi les autres éléments de larémunération, d'une indemnité parti-culière qui trouve sa raison d'être dansl'éloignement du pays d'origine avecles désavantages d'ordre familial, socialet financier que cet éloignement com-porte. Cet élément de la rémunérationporte le nom d'« indemnité de dépay-sement». Son octroi est régi par lesdispositions de l'article 4 de l'AnnexeVIl du Statut (voir ci-contre).

Récemment la question a été posée desavoir si par « organisation internatio-nale » il faut entendre les organisationsinternationales dites « de droit public »,c'est-à-dire celles composées par desEtats ou bien y a-t-il lieu d'y compren-dre également les organisations inter-nationales dues à l'initiative privée et

L'indemnité de dépaysement, égale à16% du montant total du traitementde base ainsi que de l'allocation defoyer et de l'allocation pour enfant àcharge versées au fonctionnaire, estaccordée :

a) Au fonctionnaire :— qui n'a pas et n'a jamais eu la natio-

nalité de l'Etat sur le territoire euro-péen duquel est situé le lieu de sonaffectation et,

— qui n'a pas, de façon habituelle, pen-dant la période de cinq années expi-rant six mois avant son entrée enfonctions, habité ou exercé son acti-vité professionnelle principale sur leterritoire européen dudit Etat. Pour

l'application de cette disposition, lessituations résultant de services effec-tués pour un autre Etat ou une orga-nisation internationals ne sont pasà prendre en considération;

b) Au fonctionnaire qui, ayant ou ayanteu la nationalité de l'Etat sur le ter-ritoire duquel est situé le lieu de sonaffectation, a, de façon habituelle,pendant la période de dix annéesexpirant lors de son entrée en servi-ce, habité hors du territoire euro-péen dudit Etat pour une raison autreque l'exercice de fonctions dans unservice d'un Etat ou dans une orga-nisation internationale ».

(1) Les opinions exprimées dans cette note engagent la seule responsabilité de son auteur.


Article 4 de l'Annexe VUdu Statut des fonctionnaires

des Communautés Européennes

composées d'individus appartenant àplusieurs pays ?Jusqu'à maintenant l'interprète appeléà appliquer la règle statutaire, a tou-jours considéré que l'expression « or-ganisation internationale » employéepar les auteurs du Statut, se réfère àune institution collective composéed'Etats, créée à leur initiative par lavoie d'un traité.Cette interprétation, est-elle correcte ?S'en cadre-t-elle bien dans le contextedu droit des Communautés dont l'in-terprétation — c'est connu — évoluesans cesse ? En particulier, quid desdifférentes organisations internatio-nales de droit privé qui ont pour but dereprésenter les intérêts professionnels,économiques et sociaux auprès desCommunautés ainsi que de faire valoirleur point de vue dans le cadre de laprocédure des décisions communau-taires ? Le personnel de ces organisa-tions peut-il être considéré, le caséchéant, comme ayant travaillé pourune organisation internationale en vuede l'application de l'article 4 de l'An-nexe VII du Statut des fonctionnairesdes Communautés européennes ?

Pour pouvoir fournir une réponse adé-quate à ces questions il convient d'exa-miner la règle statutaire en questionpour en déterminer le but.

a) L'expression « organisation inter-nationale > figure deux fois à l'article4, à savoir en a) où la prise en consi-dération des services effectués pourune organisation internationale au me-me titre que ceux effectués pour unétat peuvent amener à une solutionfavorable pour le fonctionnaire quantà l'octroi de l'indemnité de dépayse-ment. En effet, les auteurs du Statutont bien estimé que, si le fait pour unindividu d'avoir habité ou exercé sonactivité professionnelle principale, pen-dant 5 ans, dans un pays autre que ce-lui dont il a la nationalité, est de natureà permettre son insertion dans le con-texte social de ce pays de façon à éli-miner l'état de dépaysement, il n'enest pas ainsi pour le fonctionnaire qui,avant son entrée en fonctions auprèsdes Communautés, de par la nature deson travail se situant à un niveau inter-national, ne participe pas à la vie socio-économique des individus habitant lepays.

b) La prise en considération de l'exer-cice des fonctions dans une organisa-tion internationale peut, en revanche,• porter à nier au fonctionnaire commu-nautaire l'octroi de l'indemnité de dé-paysement. En effet, le littera b) viseà prendre en considération le fait quela résidence habituelle, pendant dixans, hors du territoire européen del'état national amène à un dépayse-ment à l'égard de cet état, dépayse-ment qui n'est compensé que dans lamesure où cette résidence en dehorsde l'état national s'effectue dans desconditions particulières qui compensentcette vie hors de l'état national, cette

expatriation prolongé. Le Statut a sti-pulé cette compensation dans l'exer-cice de fonctions dans un service d'unétat ou dans une organisation interna-tionale parce que le national en serviceà l'étranger dans les services d'un Etatou d'une organisation internationalese trouve bénéficier de compensationsde conditions de vie qui font contre-partie à son expatriation.

Il ressort de ce qui précède que l'ex-pression « organisation internationale »vise à tenir compte des conditions par-ticulières dans lesquelles se déroule lavie des relations internationales. Orcomme on le sait, le système des rela-tions internationales est en pleine évo-lution. Les transformations de la socié-té internationale auxquelles nous assis-tons ont eu essentiellement pour effetde modifier la quantité, le type et lanature des éléments qui la constituent.

Dans ce contexte, l'interprétation dela règle édictée à l'article 4 de l'an-nexe VII du Statut, et plus précisémentde la notion d'organisation internatio-nale, ne peut pas avoir comme seulbut la détermination pure et simplede la volonté historique du législateur.La volonté de la norme juridique gar-de en effet une vie autonome qui sedétache de celle de son auteur pourtenir compte, pour s'adapter aux tempsqui changent, aux nouvelles concep-tions, aux nouvelles exigences.

Il s'agit donc d'évaluer la portée de lanotion « organisation internationale »par rapport à la transformation dusystème des relations internationales etpar conséquent, du domaine juridiquequi le régit, à savoir le droit interna-tional.Si les états et les organisations inter-étatiques continuent à représenter unedes principales catégories d'élémentspar lesquels est constituée la sociétéinternationale, une partie, sans aucundoute encore plus étendue dans le do-maine des relations sociales, est occu-pée par les organisations internationa-les non gouvernementales. Ce domainedes relations internationales représente« un défi lancé à la doctrine et à larecherche scientifique, qui n'y a pasencore consacré l'attention, le tempset les moyens proportionnés à son am-pleur, à son importance et à son actua-lité » (Prof. Casadio, Directeur de laSocieta Italiana per l'OrganizzazioneInternazionale).A. En ce qui concerne la doctrine enla matière, on peut citer les auteurssuivants :

• D'après M. Alexander Szalai, direc-teur adjoint des Etudes à l'Institut desNations-Unies pour la Formation etla Recherche (UNITAR), « il n'existepas de définition unanimement admisede ce qui constitue une organisation in-ternationale. La classification dichoto-mique habituellement utilisée des orga-

nisations internationales en OIG (orga-nisations intergouvemementales) etOING ou ONG (organisations interna-tionales non gouvernementales) n'estpas basée sur quelque définition géné-rale que ce solt du concept d'organi-sation internationale ».

« Dans son étude « Facilitation Pro-blems of international associations »,M. Raymond Spencer Rodgers, lectu-rer in advanced political theory à laMcGill University, affirme que « it isnot possible to draw too sharp a divid-ing line between private and publicinternational organisation insofar asthe performance of functions in theinternational society is concerned ».L'auteur, après avoir constaté que lesONG poursuivent souvent les mêmesbuts que les OIG et que certaines OIGse transforment en ONG sans pouvoirdire exactement quand le premier « sta-tut » cède la place à l'autre, conclutque « the dividing line between govern-mentally and non-governmentally sup-ported organisations is often thin ».B. En ce qui concerne la doctrine euro-péenne, une grande partie des ouvra-ges classiques de droit internationalfont mention des organisations interna-tionales non gouvernementales.• Dans son ouvrage « Droit interna-tional public », M. Pierre Vellas, pro-fesseur à la Faculté de Droit et desSciences Economiques de Toulouse, auchapitre réservé aux organisations in-ternationales, précise que « Seules lesorganisations intergouvernementalesseront considérées ici, ce qui ne sau-rait méconnaître l'existence, à côtéd'elles, d'un nombre considérable d'or-ganisations internationales privéesdont beaucoup contribuent largementà la coopération internationale, princi-palement économique et sociale ». Ilprécise en outre que ces organisations« ne trouvent pas de place dans sonétude étant donné qu'elle est réservéeaux organisations intergouvernemen-tales ».• Mme Bastid, dans son cours de droitinternational à la Faculté de Droit deParis pour l'année 1969-1970, énumè-re aussi, parmi les divers types d'orga-nisations internationales, les organisa-tions non gouvernementales, auxquelleselle consacre un titre à part. • Ellesréalisent dans une certaine mesurel'unité de la société humaine au-delàdes formes politiques que sont les états.De ce point de vue, elles apparaissentcomme constituant la base même del'action internationale organisée. Ellesont parfois été à l'origine des organi-sations intergouvemementales >.

• Le Prof. Monaco, dans son ouvrage« Organizzazione internazionale ». ad-met que, sous l'aspect juridique inter-national, les ONG assument leur im-portance pour différentes raisons :dans la mesure où des normes interna-tionales existent qui concernent le fon-dement même de leur formation, c'est-à-dire la liberté d'association; dans lamesure où ces normes garantissent un


certain statut juridique; dans la mesureoù les statuts des organisations interna-tionales gouvernementales visent lesmodalités de leur coopération avec lesONG,

* Le Prof. Quadri, de l'Université deNaples, dans son traité de droit inter-national public, en parlant des organi-sations internationales non gouverne-mentales, fait mention du courant doc-trinaire suivant lequel certaines ONG,à savoir les plus importantes, auraientla personnalité juridique internationale(Alliance coopérative internationale.Fédération américaine du Travail,Chambre internationale du Commer-ce, Fédération syndicale mondiale,Croix Rouge internationale).C. Finalement, les auteurs russes n'ontpas non plus négligé le problème desONG. Suivant Morozov, directeur duDépartement des Organisations inter-nationales à l'Institut d'économie mon-diale et des relations internationalesà Moscou, les ONG apportent une im-portante contribution d'information àla vie internationale. Il préconise pources organisations une capacité juridiques'étendant au territoire de tous les étatsoù ces organisations ont des sectionslocales.

Ce relevé assez incomplet de l'état dela doctrine semble prouver que le phé-nomène des ONG est bien présent àl'esprit des spécialistes du droit inter-national, même s'il n'a pas encore trou-vé sa systématisation officielle en rai-son aussi bien des diverses (ormesqu'une ONG peut assumer que de ladate récente du début de l'étude.En effet, avant 1946 il était considérécomme acquis que la société interna-tionale était une société d'états, que lesinstitutions internationales étaient essen-tiellement des institutions interétati-ques, les institutions privées ne jouantqu'un rôle très secondaire.La mise en œuvre, en 1946, de l'arti-cle 71 de la Charte des Nations-Uniessuivant lequel le « Conseil économi-que et social peut prendre toutes dis-positions utiles pour consulter les orga-nisations non gouvernementales quis'occupent de questions relevant de sacompétence. Ces dispositions peuvents'appliquer à des organisations interna-les et, s'il y a lieu, à des organisationsnationales après consultation du mem-bre intéressé de l'organisation » a mar-qué le début d'une évolution dont l'im-portance n'a pas encore été appréciéedans toute sa portée.Le Statut consultatif des OING, regrou-pées à cet effet en deux catégories sui-vant qu'elles s'intéressent ou non à laplupart des activités du Conseil, com-porte pour les ONG de la premièrecatégorie la possibilitéa) d'inscrire à l'ordre du jour du

Conseil les questions qui les inté-ressent particulièrement,

b) de désigner des observateurs auxséances publiques du Conseil,

c) de présenter des exposés écrits etoraux.

En outre, les ONG sont souvent appe-lées à contribuer à l'élaboration de tex-tes juridiques.Ces mécanismes de consultation per-mettent aux ONG de jouer, dans tecadre institutionnel de l'ONU, unrôle non négligeable, notamment dansla promotion internationale des droitsde l'homme. Leur rôle d'inspirationet de persuasion est à cet égard d'uneimportance considérable. Lors de laConférence internationale des droitsde l'homme, les ONG dotées du statutconsultatif ont été invitées en qualitéd'observateurs.

Des conventions donnent à certainesorganisations non gouvernementalesun droit d'accès à d'autres instancesinternationales.a) L'article 25 de la Convention des

droits de l'homme permet à touteONG de saisir la Commission euro-péenne lorsqu'elle s'estime victimed'une violation des droits reconnuspar la Convention,

b) La Charte sociale européenne pré-voit pour les ONG un rôle de con-trôle pour l'application de la Chartemême.

c) La Constitution de l'OlT prévoit unrôle défini des organisations syndi-cales dans la désignation des person-nes siégeant dans les organes de di-rection et dans les procédures de con-trôle.

d) Le Statut de la Cour internationalede Justice autorise la Cour, par sonarticle 66, à décider de recevoir desrenseignements sur la question parle moyen d'exposés écrits et oraux« d'organisations internationales »susceptibles d'en fournir. Pratique-ment, les ONG sont placées dans lamême situation que les états.

En ce qui concerne la définition d'or-ganisation internationale non gouver-nementale, le Conseil Economique etSocial a fixé comme ligne de démar-cation le principe suivant lequel « seraconsidérée comme une organisationnon gouvernementale toute organisa-tion internationale qui ne serait pasétablie par un accord intergouverne-mental ».

Cette définition ne constitue toutefoispas un critère sûr pour identifier uneONG. En effet, l'existence d'un accordintergouvernemental ne permet pastoujours de conclure à l'existence d'uneOIG, à moins que des structures insti-tutionnelles bien déterminées ne soientcréées.Certains spécialistes des ONG font re-marquer en outre que parfois, le « sta-tus » d'une organisation internationalereprésente le résultat d'un « hasard his-torique », d'un changement de circon-stances ou d'une méprise de diplomatesqui ont conduit à la naissance d'uneONG alors qu'une OIG devait surgir.D'autres auteurs soulignent qu'un cer-tain nombre d'ONG exercent en pra-tique des fonctions similaires à celles

d'autorités intergouvernementales typi-ques et que certaines, comme le Comi-té Scientifique pour la Recherche An-tarctique, exercent des attributions desouveraineté traditionnellement admi-ses sur des régions géographiques bienétablies. Dans les pays socialistes etdans de très nombreux pays du Tiers-Monde en outre, presque tous les diri-geants et membres des bureaux d'insti-tutions scientifiques et éducatives sonten fait des employés du gouvernementet leur participation est assujettie à desrègles gouvernementales sévères.

Les organisations internationales nongouvernementales peuvent avoir lesobjectifs les plus disparates : économi-ques, sociaux, humanitaires, scientifi-ques, culturels, religieux — et assumerles formes les plus diverses.La doctrine a toutefois établi un certainnombre de critères pour justifier l'em-ploi de l'expression ONG. Ces critèressont repris par l'Union des Associa-tions Internationales (UAI) pour l'in-sertion dans son « Annuaire des Orga-nisations Internationales ». Ces critèressont :a) être internationale par sa composi-

tion, c'est-à-dire avoir des membresde pays différents et être ouverte auxéléments semblables de diverses na-tions;

b) avoir un but international. Les so-ciétés consacrées uniquement à com-mémorer certains individus ne sontpas acceptées;

c) avoir un caractère de permanence etune structure définie donnant auxmembres le droit périodique d'élireles collèges et fonctionnaires appelésà diriger l'organisation. Celle-ci doitavoir un siège permanent et une con-tinuité d'activité;

d) être sans but lucratif. Les organisa-tions à but lucratif ne peuvent récla-mer la qualité d'ONG, même si ellessatisf ont à toutes les autres conditions.

En ce qui concerne la création desONG, certaines se constituent sur labase des règles de droit interne appli-cables aux associations dans un étatdéterminé. D'autres par contre ont étécréées par un accord entre les intéres-sés en dehors de toute référence à uneloi interne. Dans ce cas, l'aspect inter-national des ONG est davantage misen évidence.Certains pays accordent aux ONG cer-tains privilèges comme : libre accèspour les membres, régime favorabledes transferts de fonds, dispositionsfiscales particulières (Belgique : loi du25 octobre 1919, revisée le 5 décem-bre 1954; Suisse: code civil — art.60 à 79).

Sur le plan international, l'accord desiège entre les Nations-Unies et lesEtats-Unis contient des dispositions spé-ciales en faveur des représentants desONG pour leur permettre d'assisteraux séances à New York (droit de tran-sit, visa sans frais, dispense des règles -


sur l'entrée des étrangers, réglementa-tion du droit d'expulsion). Desdispositions comparables ont été insé-rées dans d'autres accords de siège.

En outre, la question de l'octroi d'unstatut juridique international par voiede convention a été souvent soulevée.Des tentatives dans ce sens ont étéeffectuées par l'Institut de droit inter-national en 1923 et ensuite en 1950,et par l'Union des associations interna-tionales en 1959 qui a saisi l'UNESCO.Ces projets de convention tendaient àassurer à « des groupements de person-nes ou de collectivités librement crééspar l'initiative privée, qui exercent,sans esprit de lucre, une activité inter-nationale d'intérêt général, en dehorsde toute préoccupation d'ordre exclu-sivement national » un statut juridiquedevant leur permettre d'exercer libre-ment leur activité sur les territoiresdes Parties contractantes, à l'Instar dece qui est prévu pour les organisationsinternationales gouvernementales.Même si ces tentatives n'ont pas eu desuccès jusqu'à présent, le problèmereste et il est toujours débattu dans lesenceintes internationales.

Comme on peut donc le constater, lesONG font l'objet d'un vaste mouve-ment d'opinion et attirent l'attentionde sociologues, de politiciens, de juris-tes, spécialistes des relations internatio-nales. Si on n'a pu encore la cernerdans une définition nette ni en délimi-ter exactement le continu, c'est parceque « Law demands categories but lifecontinually strains against them >.

D'autre part, la terminologie des spé-cialistes de la vie internationale n'estpas toujours concordante. Certainsauteurs, lorsqu'ils " parlent d'organisa-tions internationales, visent unique-ment les organisations intergouverne-mentales. Pour d'autres, l'expression« organisation internationale » com-prend les OIG et les ONG. Interna-tional n'est donc pas toujours l'équiva-lent d'inter-étatique. Quelques auteursont adopté le néologisme « transnatio-nal » pour indiquer le détachement desorganisations internationales de sesorigines, nationales pour en réaliser ledépassement.Quoi qu'il en soit, il est incontestableque les ONG sont à énumérer parmiles acteurs des affaires internationales.Des acteurs qui, dans certains cas spé-cifiques, se substituent aux états pouren assumer, avec leur accord, desfonctions au nom de la collectivité in-ternationale. C'est le cas de la CroixRouge, organisation de droit internesuisse, qui assure l'assistance et la pro-tection des blessés et malades en tempsde guerre, des prisonniers, des internés.Le Comité international de la CroixBouge peut conclure à cet effet desaccords avec les états et l'ONU.

Les ONG étant acteurs de la vie inter-nationale, le personnel qui est à leurservice agit aussi au niveau internatio-nal. Ce personnel travaille pour desbuts intéressant plusieurs pays; il estcomposé d'éléments empruntés à ungrand nombre de pays; il ne relèvedirectement d'aucun état, comme lesagents des OIG. Et ce n'est pas sansfondement que, dans son cours tenuà l'Académie de droit international deLa Haye en 1936. Hammarskjold,greffier et ensuite juge de la Cour per-manente de Justice internationale,énumérait parmi les catégories defonctionnaires internationaux lesfonctionnaires des organisations pri-vées avec des buts internationaux, no-tamment de la Croix Rouge interna-tionale.D'autre part, d'après certains auteurs,il n'existe pas de fonction executiveou administrative internationale. Lanotion d'agent international est relativeet destinée à changer en relation avecchaque ordre juridique avec lequelle rapport de service est instauré. Iln'existerait pas de fonctionnaires inter-nationaux mais des fonctionnaires desdifférents organismes internationaux.

En ce qui concerne plus précisémentles organisations internationales nongouvernementales qui se sont consti-tuées dans le cadre de la constructioneuropéenne, outre qu'elles présententtoutes les caractéristiques définissantune ONG, elles accentuent encoreleur caractère international par leursliens très étroits avec les Communau-tés européennes.Ces organismes trouvent en effet leurraison d'exister dans la création desCommunautés. Ils représentent les in-térêts des différentes catégories de tra-vailleurs et d'employeurs européens.Ils examinent les problèmes qui seposent par le développement des Com-munautés. Ils élaborent des proposi-tions à soumettre aux Institutions euro-péennes. Ils prennent une part activedans le processus de formation des dé-cisions communautaires. Ils représen-tent un élément indispensable pour laconnaissance, de la part des Institu-tions, des différentes réalités socialeset économiques sur lesquelles les mesu-res à prendre doivent produire leurseffets.

Le personnel de ces organisations tra-vaille en liaison stricte avec les servi-ces des Institutions; leur activité se dé-roule presque exclusivement dans lesmilieux communautaires, le mondecommunautaire constitue aussi leurmonde. Ce personnel est internationalpar sa composition, par les objectifsde son action, par le contexte dans le-quel il agit, par sa « forma mentis ».Les privilèges que l'état du siège leuraccorde ne fait qu'accentuer cette si-tuation. Ce sont des agents qui, aumême titre que les fonctionnaires eu-ropéens, vivent dans un contexte socio-économique et culturel qui ne s'iden-

title pas avec celui du pays du lieud'affectation.

Cette situation du personnel des ONG,sous différents aspects comparable àcelle des fonctionnaires européens, nepeut pas ne pas faire pencher la balanceen faveur d'une interprétation de lanotion d'« organisation internationale .qui ne soit pas restrictive alors que laportée même de cette notion est dis-putée dans la doctrine moderne.II s'agit de vérifier si l'interprétationque l'on fait de la norme en respectel'esprit. Or, il semble bien que les si-tuations que l'on veut viser correspon-dent au sens et au but de l'article 4 del'annexe VII du Statut. •


La 15e Conférence des ONG de l'UNESCO

La 15e conférence des ONG entrete-nant avec l'UNESCO des relations deconsultation s'est tenue à Paris, du 17au 21 novembre 1975.Le rapport présenté par Madame S.Troisgros (Confédération mondiale dutravail), présidente du Comité perma-nent, témoigne d'une intense activitéau service des ONG.Outre les deux colloques qui ont per-mis aux ONG d'exprimer leur point devue et d'échanger leurs expériencessur le thème des deux conférencesmondiales des Nations Unies qui ont eulieu, l'une en 1974 sur la population etle développement, l'autre en 1975 dansle cadre de l'année internationale de lafemme, il faut souligner la tenue en1975 également d'un colloque sur lesdroits et les responsabilités des jeunesqui (ut suivi de diverses actions con-crètes de la part des ONG, selon unespécificité propre.Le rapport sur le concept des ONG,qui fait notamment référence au docu-ment de travail élaboré par MadameSuzanne Bastid, professeur à l'Univer-sité de Paris, et qui fut publié par larevue de l'U.A.l. dans son numéro demai 1975, a été largement commentépar la conférence et jugé par ellecomme étant une base de travailsérieuse susceptible d'inspirer la ré-flexion et l'action dans l'avenir.La contribution des ONG à l'établisse-ment d'un nouvel ordre économiqueinternational a fait l'objet d'un premier

échange de vues durant la conférence.Il ne fait pas de doute que cette ques-tion constituera l'un des axes essen-tiels autour duquel s'articulera le tra-vail collectif des ONG en 1976/77.Plusieurs décisions de la conférencerecommandent que des initiativessoient prises en vue de stimuler la ré-flexion et l'action des ONG dans lesdomaines suivants : alphabétisation etéducation permanente, politiques dela jeunesse dans le domaine de l'édu-cation et de l'emploi, le désarmementet l'éducation en vue d'une meilleurecompréhension internationale.La conférence a par ailleurs recom-mandé qu'une étude soit entreprise surla possibilité de proposer de nouvellesméthodes de travail aux ONG dans lecadre de l'UNESCO. Une telle recherchedevrait conduire à la modification desmodes de fonctionnement de la con-férence et notamment du règlementintérieur. Dans cet esprit, une évalua-tion du fonctionnement de la conférencefigure d'ores et déjà à l'ordre du jourde la réunion du Comité permanentqui se tiendra du 22 au 26 mars 1976,à Paris.Le discours prononcé au début de laconférence par M. Amadou MatharM'Bow. directeur général de l'UNESCO,est de nature à inspirer de tels travauxlorsqu'il dit notamment :« ... La pratique des consultations col-lectives sectorielles sur certains as-pects du programme dans les domaines

de l'éducation, de la jeunesse ou dudéveloppement culturel pourrait utile-ment s'étendre à d'autres champsd'activités, le Secrétariat ayant alorspour interlocuteurs un nombre restreintd'organisations internationales nongouvernementales qui ont des compé-tences techniques dans un domainebien déterminé. A cet égard, l'établis-sement de comités de liaison réunis-sant les représentants des organisa-tions compétentes et les spécialistesdu Secrétariat a constitué un grand pasen avant pour le progrès de cettecoopération interdisciplinaire qu'exigéla nature même des grands problèmesqui se posent à l'humanité, problèmesscientifiques ou techniques ou bienproblèmes éthiques, comme le respectdes droits de l'homme ou la lutte contrele racisme. Aussi suis-je convaincu quela création de nouveaux comités de cegenre en fonction des nécessités duprogramme ne pourra être que béné-fique tant pour l'Unesco que pour lesorganisations internationales nongouvernementales elles-mêmes ».Une amélioration de la contributiondes ONG à l'élaboration et à la miseen œuvre des programmes de l'UNES-CO dépend, entre autres choses, del'instauration de nouveaux mécanismesde consultation collective. Il appar-tiendra au Comité permanent des ONGnouvellement élu pour deux ans (voircomposition ci-contre) de faire despropositions à ce sujet.


Georges MalempréPrésident

Comité permanent élu par la 15e Conférence des organisations internationalesnon gouvernementales entretenant des relations de consultation avec l'UNESCO(novembre 1975) :

Président : M. Georges Malempré (Fédération mondiale de la jeunessecatholique)

Vice-Présidents : Association internationale pour la lectureSociété africaine de culture

Trésorier : Fédération internationale pour l'économie familialeRapporteurs : Conseil international des unions scientifiques

Fédération mondiale des travailleurs scientifiquesMembres : Amnesty international

Caritas international isConseil international du B'nai B'rithConseil international du cinéma et de la télévisionConseil mondial de la paixFédération internationale des femmes diplômées des uni-versitésFédération mondiale des associations pour les NationsUniesJeunesse étudiante catholique internationaleLigue internationale des droits de l'hommeUnion mondiale des femmes rurales

M. Georges Malempré, 31 ans, repré-sentant la Fédération mondiale de lajeunesse catholique, élu président dela Conférence et du Comité permanentdes ONG. M. Malempré est secrétairegénéral d'une fondation belge nongouvernementale. l'Université de Paix.

A l'issue de la quinzième Conférence des ONG de l'Unesco, les associations présen-tes ont adopté dix-huit décisions dont on trouvera quelques-unes ci-après.

La Valorisation de la ConsultationSoulignant tout d'abord que toutes les organisations interna-tionales non gouvernementales ont hautement apprécié les pers-pectives de collaboration plus étroites et plus fructueuses ou-vertes par le Directeur général lors de son entretien du 13décembre 1974 avec les organisations internationales non gou-vernementales.Prenant acte du désir des organisations ayant le statut consulta-tif de Catégorie B d'améliorer leurs relations d'information avecl'Unesco et surtout celles de consultation qu'elles voudraientpouvoir exercer plus utilement.

La quinzième Conférence des organisations internationales nongouvernementales.

Présente à l'attention du Directeur général les suggestions sui-vantes, dont certaines concernant toutes les organisations (A ouB);1. Modifier les habitudes en vigueur d'après lesquelles les or-

ganisations non gouvernementales de statut consultatif B nepeuvent donner leur avis sur le Projet de programme et debudget avant que le document C/5 soit imprimé sous saforme définitive;à cette fin avancer la consultation écrite comme pour lesorganisations non gouvernementales de catégorie A ou en-core organiser des réunions périodiques entre Secteurs del'Unesco et organisations non gouvernementales intéresséesen vue d'examiner ensemble l'ébauche de telle ou telle partiedu programme;

2. à côté de ces consultations collectives partielles, envisagerla présence à titre consultatif d'organisations non gouverne-mentales de catégorie B dans certains groupes de travailpropres au Secrétariat de l'Unesco;

3. préciser dans quelles conditions des notes établies par écritpar plusieurs organisations internationales non gouvernemen-tales au sujet d'un point inscrit à l'ordre du jour pourraientêtre diffusées (comme cela se pratique à l'ECOSOC) soit auConseil exécutif soit à la Conférence générale;

4. prévoir au programme des Conférences générales plusieursréunions entre membres des Commissions nationales pourl'Unesco et représentants d'organisations non gouvernemen-tales (réunions continentales par exemple);

5. valoriser, au cours des Conférences générales, les interven-tions orales des observateurs d'organisations non gouverne-mentales tout d'abord en ne, les rejetant pas à la fin des dé-bats mais en les autorisant au cours de ceux-ci, en secondlieu en admettant que ces interventions soient clairementévoquées dans le Journal de la Conférence et, surtout, soientrésumées dans le rapport.

(décision adoptée par 58 voix pour; 9 contre; 10 abstentions).

Le Concept des ONGLa quizième Conférence des organisations internationales nongouvernementales.Ayant pris connaissance du document préparé sur le « conceptdes organisations non gouvernementales et ses implications surle statut consultatif avec l'Unesco », et l'ayant favorablementaccueilli.Engage le Comité permanent nouvellement élu à préparer undossier comportant cette étude avec, en annexe, les interventionsfaites sur ce point au cours de la quinzième Conférence etDemande au Directeur général de l'Unesco de mettre tout enœuvre pour que ce dossier soit soumis au Conseil exécutif del'Unesco.(décision adoptée par 73 voix pour; 0 contre; 2 abstentions).

Le Développement des Activités de la Conférence

La quinzième Conférence des organisations internationales nongouvernementales,Considérant le développement de plus en plus important de sesactivités.Demande au Comité permanent nouvellement élu de reconsi-dérer(a) le rôle et les activités du Comité permanent et du Bureau, et(b) d'envisager des modifications au Règlement intérieur.(décision adoptée à l'unanimité).

Pour un Colloque des ONG sur le Nouvel OrdreEconomique International

Considérant l'instauration d'un nouvel ordre économique inter-national comme un objectif urgent et important,

Tenant compte des activités de l'Unesco en ce domaine et, entreautres, de la réunion convoquée à Oran, Algérie (Ier-5 décem-bre 1975), sur les nouvelles formes de coopération internationale.

Constatant les efforts de nombreuses organisations internatio-nales non gouvernementales en vue d'assurer une large partici-pation des populations aux débals suscités par cette question.

La quinzième Conférence des organisations internationales nongouvernementales,

Recommande que le Comité permanent examine la possibilitéd'organiser, au cours des deux années à venir, un colloque desONG sur le nouvel ordre économique international, traitant desaspects qui sont de la compétence de 'Unesco.(décision adoptée par 75 voix pour; 0 contre; 2 abstentions).

Le Maintien de Toutes les CulturesLa quinzième Conférence des organisations internationales non

Considérant que l'universalité de l'Unesco et en particulier laréalisation de ses buts dans le domaine de l'éducation et desdroits de l'homme demandent que soit maintenu l'ensemble descultures constituant le patrimoine commun de l'humanité sansen écarter aucune.

Accueille avec satisfaction la résolution de la 98e session duConseil exécutif (98 EX/Décisions, 6.1) qui recommande à la. dix-neuvième session de la Conférence générale de compléter laliste des Etats membres constituant les régions, conformémentaux désirs exprimés par la région concernée; et

Décide d'exprimer au Directeur général sa satisfaction devantles mesures qu'il a prises.(décision adoptée par 61 voix pour; 2 contre; 18 abstentions).

Manquements aux Droits de l'HommeLa quinzième Conférence des organisations internationales nongouvernementales.Ayant pris connaissance de la nature et du fonctionnement dela procédure appliquée par l'Unesco quant aux informations quilui sont communiquées sur des cas spécifiques concernant lesdroits de l'homme en matière d'éducation, de science et de cul-ture,Considérant que cette procédure est insuffisamment connue etutilisée,Soucieuse d'améliorer cette situation,Insiste en conséquenceauprès de l'Unesco pour que soit publiée chaque année une ana-lyse complète des plaintes exprimées, de leur rejet et des raisonspour lesquelles elles ont été rejetées, ainsi que les dispositionsprises quant aux plaintes retenues et toutes autres informationsutiles— pour que soit donnée toute la publicité appropriée à l'exis-

tence de cette procédure et aux méthodes proposées pour yfaire face

— pour que soit améliorée et élargie la procédure existanterelative aux plaintes exprimées en considération des métho-des déjà appliquées dans d'autres institutions des NationsUnies, dans l'espoir de les faire progresser,

auprès des organisations non gouvernementales pour qu'il soitfait une meilleure utilisation et que soient connues les possibili-tés d'utilisation de la procédure relative aux plaintes adresséesà l'Unesco et aux autres institutions des Nations Unies, ainsiqu'à d'autres organismes tels que la Cour européenne des droitsde l'homme, à Strasbourg;Demande instamment au Comité permanent des ONG de re-chercher tous les moyens possibles pour la mise en œuvre decette résolution.(décision adoptée par 64 voix pour; 0 contre; 3 abstentions).


RESOLUTIONS

René MAHEU

D'autres tribunes ont déjà dit ou dirontla personnalité exceptionnelle de RenéMaheu, normalien, philosophe, hommede pensée et d'action, qui identifia salongue carrière internationale à l'Unes-co, sa maison, dont il rêva de faire lehaut lieu d'une civilisation de l'univer-sel, dans les perspectives d'un nouvelordre mondial plus juste et plus humain.

Pour PUAI, c'est un ami qui disparaît.Un ami des ONG, qu'il appela un jourd'un mot juste souvent cité : « L'Unes-co des peuples ». Nous reproduisonsavec émotion le message qu'il adressaà notre Institut lors de son 60ème an-niversaire en 1970 :

« Au moment où l'Union des Associa-tions Internationales célèbre le soixan-tième anniversaire de sa fondation,l'Unesco est heureuse de s'associer àl'hommage qui lui est rendu.

L'Union, en effet, a joué un rôle depionnier en matière de coopération in-ternationale, comprenant très vite quecelle-ci, plus que toute autre entre-prise, exigeait un effort de synthèse etde coordination. Grâce à ses servicesde documentation, à ses recherches, àses publications, l'Union établit un liendes plus utiles entre de nombreusesorganisations internationales, gouverne-mentales et non gouvernementales, etleur fournit ces Instruments de travailprécieux que sont I'Annuaire desorganisations internationales et leCalendrier annuel des congrès interna-tionaux,

Il est en outre plusieurs domaines spé-cialisés dans lesquels l'Unesco tient à

exprimer à l'Union sa gratitude parti-culière. Je veux parler de la collabora-tion féconde qui s'est Instaurée entreles deux institutions en ce qui concernela terminologie scientifique, la diffusionde la documentation scientifique et larecherche de la paix.

Je souhaite vivement que cette colla-boration s'intensifie encore et, au nomde l'Unesco comme en mon nom per-sonnel, j'adresse à l'Union des Associa-tions Internationales mes vœux les pluschaleureux pour la poursuite de sesactivités au service de la paix et de lacoopération intellectuelle internatio-nale ».

Nous ne solliciterons pas une voix quis'est éteinte en disant que René Maheuavait ressenti et déploré les frictionsqui se produisirent entre l'Unesco etses ONG consultantes, dans les pé-nibles circonstances que l'on sait.

Nous n'oublierons pas de sitôt sa ré-flexion pénétrante à ce propos, au Con-seil exécutif de l'Unesco en 1971, alorsqu'on le pressait de divers côtés defaire entendre la voix de la raison : « Neme placez pas au-dessus de l'assem-blée » !

Il y a beaucoup de pages d'anthologieéparses dans les nombreux discours deRené Maheu à la forme très françaiseselon Valéry, et on en espère le recueil,puisque aussi bien l'action et la retraited'un instant seulement l'ont empêchéd'ajouter à son livre « La civilisation del'universal ». (1966)

L'article consacré au nouvel ordre mon-dial qu'il a publié dans le < Monde > enjanvier 1974, dès sa liberté retrouvée,après qu'il eut quitté ses fonctions deDirecteur Général, donne une idée dece qu'aurait pu être le message finald'une belle vie, riche d'expériences etde jugements.

D'âme ardente, de nature courageuse,mondialiste convaincu, travailleuracharné au service de son idéal, la veillede sa mort encore il lançait un poignantappel à l'aide du pauvre Liban.

Sa santé était fragile et au printempsdernier il avait dû renoncer, en dernièreminute, à une conférence que nous luiavions demandé de faire à Bruxelles,sous le patronage collectif de notreInstitut, de l'Association belge pour lesNations Unies, de la Commission na-tionale belge pour l'Unesco, de la Fé-dération des associations internatio-nales établies en Belgique et de ta Sec-tion belge du Mouvement universel pourune fédération mondiale.

A cette occasion, il nous avait écrit, endate du 5 mai, une lettre désolée quitrahissait son déclin physique: « Voussavez que j'ai été gravement maladecet hiver. Je me suis depuis peu à peurétabli grâce à des soins attentifs. Pasassez apparemment pour me mettre àl'abri d'une rechute occasionnée parun voyage que j'ai eu l'imprudenced'effectuer récemment en Iran. Bien quebeaucoup moins sérieuse que la crisedu début de l'année, elle est suffisam-ment préoccupante pour que mes mé-decins exigent un repos complet et unesurveillance constante, en m'interdi-sant notamment tout déplacement, j'aiespéré pouvoir obtenir une exceptionen faveur de Bruxelles... Mais au-jourd'hui je vois bien que je dois m'in-cliner... » (1)

Combattant de la paix, toujours sou-cieux de « servir », René Maheu avaitencore accepté la présidence de laFédération mondiale des associationspour les Nations Unies. M s'était pourlors rendu à Moscou en octobre dernier.

Nouvelle et suprême imprudence ?Disons accomplissement d'une noblevolonté, à la limite du pouvoir del'homme.

R.F.

(1) Lettre à l'auteur du 5 mal 1975.

NECROLOGIE

Pierre LE HAR1VELChargé des ONG à l'Unesco

Le Comité permanent de la Conféren-ce des ONG de l'Unesco nous apprendde Paris, sous la signature de sa vice-présidente, la triste nouvelle du décèssurvenu le 15 décembre 1975 de M.Pierre Le Harivel, chef-adjoint de laDivision des Relations extérieures del'Unesco.

« Vous avez pu apprécier, dit le porte-sentiment du Comité des ONG del'Unesco, pendant de longues annéesle dévouement de M. Le Harivel ainsique la gentillesse qu'il a constammentmanifestée à toutes les ONG; je suisdonc convaincue que vous partagerez.notre émotion devant la perte d'unhomme profondément attaché à notre •cause et, en même temps, d'un véri-table ami ».

L'UAI s'associe volontiers à cet hom-mage posthume.


IN MEMORIAM

Meeting Types: Old and NewTechnical facilitation of meeting dynamicsand participant interaction : 2

Introduction

In Part I of this paper (January 1976),it was suggested that a significant num-ber of conferences, whether national orinternational, may be judged a failureor a waste of resources despite the factthat(1) all conventional physical, technical,

and administrative facilities and ser-vices are used competently with theguidance of experienced personnel;

(2) the programme of the conference iswell-planned and conforms to theinterests and priorities of the diffe-rent groups of participants;

(3) the meeting sessions and the socialsessions are well-organized and ef-ficiently run.

This paper is concerned with the typesof meeting which risk being judged afailure under certain circumstances.By coming to a clearer understandingof the flows of communication fordifferent purposer, it may be possibleto increase the flexibility with whichmeetings are designed and conducted.Part I of this paper suggested that newcommunication flows were required.Part III (in this issue) discusses sometechnical means of facilitating suchflows.

Meeting types

It is useful to distinguish between fourbasic types of meeting which are bestsuited to different purposes. The fourtypes are of course extreme caseswhich in reality blend into one another.The relationships between the extremescan however be usefully illustrated bythe accompanying diagram (see Dia-gram A).

1. Hierarchical meetings (see Diagram1)a. Protocol and policy : These tendto involve a speech by an eminentperson which participants must listento either as a gesture of respect, orfor reasons of protocol, or as amatter of good public relations, orbecause it may outline new policiesfor the first time.b. Exhortative : These tend to in-volve a speech by a respected per-

son exhorting participants to somenew effort, namely a speech by askilled orator conceived as a meansof arousing enthusiasm or of chan-ging beliefs in support of some newaction.

c. Information : These tend to invol-ve a speech by some technicallycompetent person in which newfacts are presented, or the resultsof programmes, or a detailed outlineof new programmes.

d. Administration : These tend toinvolve the presentation of annualor financial reports, election of of-ficers, etc.

Advantages : These include the absenceof restriction on the number of partici-pants; the ability for those organizingthe meeting to inform large numbers ofsome current situation; and the abilityof participants to hear the views of in-dividuals who would otherwise be in-accessible to them.


DIAGRAM 2 :Small Group

Disadvantages: These include the res-triction on participant expression; thesuppression of viewpoints not in accordwith those of the organizers of the mee-ting, or at least not envisaged withinthe programme framework; and thechannelling of participant expressionvia the podium rather than directly be-tween participants.

2. Small group meetings (see Diagram2)a. Workshop : These tend to concen-trate on the exchange of experien-ces, discussion of proposals, andclarification of issues.b. Committee : These tend to con-centrate on the elaboration of spe-cific proposals, drafting of reports,etc.

Advantages : These include the abilityto focus in detail and at great lengthon complex matters; the facilitationof expression of minority viewpoints;and the ability of all present to parti-cipate fully in discussion.

Disadvantages : These include the dif-ficulty of informing any plenary ses-sion of the substance of the discussions,of taking into account the viewpointsof parallel group meetings on relatedtopics, and of integrating the conclus-ions into the larger perspective of theplenary body.

3. Amorphous meetings (Diagram 3)a. Exhibitions : These involve thefree movement of participants andtheir exposure to a wide variety ofinformation on exhibit stands, accor-ding to their special interests,b. Social occasion : These includeunstructured receptions and partiesinvolving much self-selected interac-tion between participants,c. Open-meetings : These are un-directed, or minimally directed, largemeetings, with much movement andinteraction between participants.There is frequently relatively freeaccess to the public-address system.

Advantages : These include conside- 'rable opportunity for participants tomake contact with one another on thebasis of their special interests and tochoose the manner in which those in-terests should be developed (whetherby holding a small meeting immediate-ly, or planning some collaborative en-terprise for some later date).

Disadvantages : These include a consi-derable restriction on general coordi-nation and consensus formation vergingin some cases on a general state ofdisorder.

4. Network meetings (Diagram 4)This is an emergent form of meetingorganization characterized by the fol-lowing :

a. Flexibility : Rapid conversion, inthe light of emerging consensusduring the course of the meeting, toand from the other forms of meetingorganization.

b. Emergent issues : Identificationof emergent issues and formation ofsubgroups to clarify them rapidlyso as to maintain the momentum ofthe meeting.

c. Alternative sessions : Organiza-tion of alternative sessions not origi-nally envisaged in the programmeor room allocation, where significantnumbers of participants find thatthey have more in common on sub-jects not scheduled in the pre-esta-blished meeting programme.

DIAGRAM 4 :Network

Advantages : These include a muchgreater response to the needs of parti-cipants present rather than the impos-tion upon them of a programme whichmay not reflect their pre-occupations orthe areas in which they consider inter-action to be both possible and useful.

Disadvantages : These include a consi-derable strain on the ability of the con-ference organizers to maintain the co-herence of the meeting without havingit endangered by emerging issues anddesires for programme restructuring.

The first three types of meeting havebeen well-explored. The dynamics ofsuch meetings and the technical pro-blems of organizing them are well-known.Considerable expertise and technicalequipment is available to ensure thatsuch meetings function efficiently andto the satisfaction of participants con-tent with the set-pieces of the pre-es-tablished programme.Such meetings require that participantsfunction in a predictable, well-behavedmanner within the framework providedand that their satisfaction with the mee-ting should primarily be derived fromthe speakers, panelists and modera-tors of the sessions established in theprinted programme by the organizers.The focus of such meetings is thereforeon the pre-determined meeting sessionframework. Considerable problems ariseif there is any question of modifying theprogramme and the room allocation inthe light of emerging requirements


DIAGRAMS :Amorphous

— from conferenceorganization forwell-behavedparticipants toconferenceorganization forthe satisfactionof participants

during the course of the conference. Yetit is precisely the emergence of theserequirements which shows that the con-ference is an occasion on which so-mething new is occurring. Because allsignificant interaction is supposed totake place within the planned sessions,mediated by the speaker and chairman,no attention is normally given to theproblems of the interaction between par-ticipants independently of such sessions,other than during the formal socialevents. Contact between participants isfacilitated solely by receptions, partiesand banquets. No serious attempt istherefore made to establish contact be-tween participants on the basis of theirprofessional interests or commitments.

Such contacts may of course occur asa result of chance introductions duringsocial occasions.

Conclusion

It is at least worthwile investigatinghow some technical assistance can begiven to improving the meeting dyna-mics when such improvement is consi-dered desirable by in a particular set-ting. Part III of this paper suggests anumber of possibilities. The interestingquestion is what new types of meetingwould emerge through use of suchpossibilities. •

Technical facilitation of meeting dynamicsand participant interaction : 3Introduction

The first two parts of this paper (Part I,January 1976, pp. 34-37, Part II, thisissue, pp. 88-90) dealt with the absenceof adequate inter-participant commun-ication and contact and attempted toclarify in which types of meeting thismight prove critical. In this part, a se-ries of examples of facilitative techni-ques are given which might lead to theemergence of a new improved style ofmeeting. It should be stressed that theseare only examples and their main pur-pose is to suggest an area of meetingorganization which deserves more imag-inative and innovative attention.

Possibilities for technicalsupport of improved meetingdynamics

Participant consensus expression

A simple device can be developed anddistributed to participants, in the sameway as earphone devices are currentlymade available, which would permit

each participant to indicate any or allof the following :(1) agreement or disagreement with the

speaker(2) agreement or disagreement with the

proposal under discussion(3) desire to move onto the next point

on the agenda(4) desire for clarification of the point

being made(5) desire to adjourn the session(6) desire to break into small group

discussion sessionsor similar points.

The device given to each participantwould consist of a set of 6 (or more)switches corresponding to each of theabove points. The switches would belinked to a counting device such thatwhen 27 participants pressed the firstswitch a counter visible to all partici-pants (including the speaker and thechairman) would indicate « 27 ». Thetotal for each other point would also beindicated at the same time. In this way,at a glance, all participants in the mee-ting session could determine with grea-ter accuracy the sense of the meetingand how it should be continued. Thiswould help to avoid meandering

sessions which tend to make confe-rences a disappointment and a wasteof time.The device as described could be puttogether from simple items alreadymarketed. A similar device technicallyis already used in some special class-rooms to enable the teacher to obtainfeedback from pupils. A simplified de-vice would in fact be particularly use-ful in lecture-type situations whetherin classrooms or in conferences.The great advantage of the device isthat it help to change the pattern ofcommunication. Instead of all com-munications being mediated by thechairman or speaker, participants areable to indicate to one another theirassessment of the meeting in a waywhich prevents the chairman from mani-pulating the meeting on the basis ofhis own interpretation of the desires ofparticipants. The use of such a de-vice would introduce much more imme-diacy into debates since at everymoment, in effect, a continuing vote isbeing made on a number of fea-tures of the meeting, (If recorded, as istechnically feasible, this would be ex-tremely valuable data for the evalua-tion of meeting effectiveness, particu-

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 2-1976

90

lady if a normal voice recording wasalso available in parallel).A future development, less easy toimplement, is the possibility of arran-ging for participant-to-participant infor-mation (lows so that sub-group forma-tion could be facilitated as oppositionor support for a particular issue crystal-lized during the course of a meetingsession.

Travelling microphone

It frequently happens that a meetingroom has no facility for equipping in-dividual participants with a microphone,or that this is considered economicallyunjustified. Either the session is thenconducted (a) without participation fromthe floor, or (b) participants come to amicrophone at the front, or (c) a mi-crophone on a long lead is taken tothem by a hostess. These techniquesare extremely crude in practice andseriously inhibit involvement of parti-cipants — they destroy the dynamicsof a meeting, particularly when themicrophone is necessary for the inter-pretation.It is not difficult to envisage a simplepiece of equipment that could be per-manent, or installed if required prior toa meeting, or possibly in a few minutesprior to a discussion period. This couldconsist of parallel wires or rails, run-ning the length of the room some threemetres above the ground, and suppor-ted in tension by vertical posts. Themicrophone would move over the widthof the room, between the parallel rails,on a wire. The connection to the paral-lel rails could be so arranged that themicrophone could be moved the lengthof the room, or across the room, andthen lowered to the person desiring tospeak. This movement could be doneelectrically or simply by a hostess at theside of the hall. Several microphonescould be available on the same set ofparallel rails.An even simpler approach to this pro-blem would be to make use of direc-tional microphones operated from oneor more strategic positions in the mee-ting hall. (Whether these devices are assuitable to meetings as they are repor-ted to be for various forms of espionageremains to be seen).

Meeting consultants

The concept of a consultant to adviseon the organization of a conference iswell-accepted, as is the concept of apublic relations expert to assist in thesmooth running of the conference inorder to create the right impression. Itwould seem that other types of consul-tant could also be usefully consideredin order to facilitate the meeting dy-

The following, for example, couldassist :(a) in an advisory capacity, for theconference dynamics as a whole, or(b) in an advisory capacity during aparticular meeting session or(c) by intervening in pre-determinedways in order to improve the dynamics.

(1) Meeting dynamics consultant : con-cerned primarily with : the generalpattern and intensity of communica-tions flow; the dimination of bottle-necks and sterile patches and abu-sive manipulation of communicationopportunities; and attempting topromote the emergence of synergismfrom the totality of isolated contactsand group interaction.

(2) Inter-cultural consultant : concer-ned primarily with bridging culturalgaps and creating an awareness ofcultural sensibilities which mightotherwise be ignored creating of-fence or otherwise hindering theestablishment of good communica-tions between participants.

(3) Inter-disciplinary consultant : con-cerned primarly, in the case of in-terdisciplinary meetings, with brid-ging the gaps in the communicationbetween people with different dis-ciplinary backgrounds.

With the progressive increase in speci-alization, the future may see the emer-gence of a new type of conference pro-fessional, namely the interterminologyinterpreter as contrasted with the pre-sent inter-language interpreter. Inter-disciplinary interpretation could now besaid to be achieved in the same wayas interlanguage conference interpre-tation fifty years ago.

Graphic mapping of discussionpoints and issues

(1) It is possible to produce one ormore maps showing the relationshipsbetween the issues which are theconcern of the conference as awhole or of a particular meetingsession. These serve to sharpen thefocus of debate and are a basis forcontact between similarly concer-ned participants. Clearly such mapsmay be modified during the courseof meeting sessions.

(2) The future may well see the emer-gence of a new type of conferenceprofessional in contrast to the pre-sent stenographer or minute writer.This would be a person able to iso-late, display and interrelate, on alarge-screen graphic display device,the points and relationships as theyare made and recognized by a spea-ker, as well as those attacked byhim, or by his opponents in debate,

or reinforced by his supporters. Sucha display, and it reproduction as amap or series of maps at the ad-journment of each session wouldconsiderably sharpen the focusof debate and give precision to thepattern of contacts sought and madebetween participants and opposinggroups.

Multi-meetings

There is increasing use of parallel orconcurrent group and commission mee-tings during a conference. At presenteach such meeting session is part ofone programme established by a singleorganizing committee. However, parti-cipants often have interests in a num-ber of related organizations which eachhold conferences. Occasionally severalsuch bodies agree to hold their mee-tings concurrently, or with a partialoverlap, to permit participants to attendsessions within both programme frame-works. This « multi-meeting » techniquecould be developed, particularly withadequate technical support, to permita variety of organizations to hold theirconference simultaneously, with over-lap and joint sessions wherever feasible.

Costing formal meetingsessions

A special type of clock has been de-veloped in Denmark to time meetings ofcorporate executives. Before the mee-ting the salaries per minute of eachexecutive present is fed into the clock.As each minute of the meeting passesthe clock then also shows the totalcost of the meeting up to that time. Analternative for international meetingswould be to show the cost per minutein relation to the travel expenses ofparticipants, or in terms of an appro-priate portion of the conference budget.

Participant communications unit

Individuals can already obtain brief-case size portable communication ter-minals which can be used to interfacewith a telephone system or a computersystem. Just as conference participantsare issued (possibly on payment of adeposit) with multi-channel earphonesystems for use during a conference, soit would be possible to issue them withcommunications units for use anywherein the conference complex or in theirhotel rooms. This would be an idealmeans for storing and transferring mes-sages and other information (1) fromthe organizers to all (or selected) par-ticipants or (2) between participants asdesired.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 2-1976

91

Computer-assisted voting

1. Mechanical voting ; The concept ofa voting board whereby each partici-pant can indicate, using a button on hisdesk, his vote on a particular issue isnow well-understood. This technique ishowever only used for format votingand not for the expression of participantopinion during the course of a debate(as suggested in point A above). Futuredevelopments of this technique willrequire that participants first identifythemselves in some way (by inserting acard or a special number) before theirvotes are accepted,

2. Weighted voting systems :

(1) Card assisted : By extendingthe use of the electronic voting sys-tem noted in the previous paragraph,it will become possible to allocatea definite number of votes to eachparticipant according to someagreed criteria. Once he identifieshimself, he is then able to allocatehowever many votes he has eitherfor (or against) a particular issue,or else to some other participantwhom he allows to vote for him.

(2) Consensor : A device, knownas the « Consensor », already mark-keted in the United States (by App-lied Futures Inc., Connecticut), is aquantifying voting device which canbe used by participants to exploreand clarify attitudes and judgmentsconcerning the questions and pro-blems that a meeting has set out todiscuss. As currently marketed, it issuitable for meetings of 5 to 16 par-ticipants.The hand-held unit enables eachparticipant to express his views bymeans of two switches : one to se-lect between the alternatives beingvoted upon; a second to indicatethe intensity with which the partici-pant is in agreement or disagree-ment. The results are indicated ona visual display unit visible to allparticipants.

(3) Complex voting : By using acomputer to calculate and interre-late votes, there is virtually no limitto the complexity and subtlety permis-sablé in a meeting voting system.Beyond the one-participant-one-votesystem, and the simple weightedvoting systems lie many possibili-ties for interrelating and weightingvotes. These have not been explored.They are particularly significant be-cause it may well be that only in ameeting environment equipped tofacilitate such complex decision-making will it be possible to esta-blish the very delicate coalitions(conditional and temporary) of par-tially opposing groups which maybe the only degree of consensus

which can emerge. The technologyand software capability is available.The cost of the necessary electroniccalculators now brings them withinthe reach of every conference-goer'spocket. Such calculators could bespecially programmed or designedfor conference-goers (as they arefor other specialized tasks).

Computer-assisted contactformation

The use of computers to assist in theorganization of conferences, particu-larly the administrative problems ofmailing and registration, is now be-coming accepted. Software packagesare being developed. This use of thecomputer does indeed assist the con-ference organizer but it does not helpthe conference participant - it may evengive him a heightened impression ofbeing a numbered body in a participantprocessing machine.Computer software packages can alsobe developed to move the dynamics ofa conference onto a new level in orderto facilitate the kinds of communicationnoted in the checklist.The technique could work as follows,for example':

1. Individual registration cards: Thesewould be an extension of the existingregistration document. Different cardswould be required for : (a) non-specia-list visitor; (b) specialist visitor; (c) or-dinary participant; (d) eminent partici-pant (specialist); (e) eminent participant(non-specialist), etc. On these cards theparticipants would indicate (if theywished to benefit from contact assis-tance) :

1.1 Profilea. Topics of special interestb. Preferred method of treating

such subjects.The participants would be ableto modify any such profile duringthe course of the conference asnew issues emerged or alterna-tive contact opportunities be-come evident.

1.2 Availabilitya. Which categories of partici-pant should be informed in thecase of complementarity of in-terest and commitment,b. Context preferred for explo-ring the topic (e.g. individualcontact, small group, large group,guided tours, etc.).c. For what maximum period,d. What he is prepared to con-tribute to a group session on thetopic,e. etc.The participants would be ableto modify any such profile duringthe course of the conference asthe characteristics of the partici-

pant categories became clearerand as his available time was re-duced.

2. Event registration card : These wouldbe prepared for each :(a) exhibition stand; (b) planned mee-ting session; (c) planned informal ses-sion; (d) audio-visual display; (e) guidedtour; (f) etc.On these cards would be indicated :

2.1 Profilea. Topics emphasized.b. Method of treating the topic,c. Preferred range of participanttypes,d. etc.The responsible officials wouldbe able to modify any such pro-file during the course of the con-ference if the range of topics in-cluded, or the nature of the mee-ting, was changed in the light ofpreceeding events.

2.2 Restriction on participationa. Which categories of partici-pant should be informed in thecase of complementarity of in-terest.b. Maximum number of partici-pants.c. Ability of the responsible bodyto supply further information, ifrequested.d. Etc.As before, these restrictionscould be changed during thecourse of the conference in thelight of participant reaction tothe planned event within the con-ference framework.

3. Computer-matching : The informa-tion on all the cards would be sortedby computer in order to supply perio-dically (e.g. 2 to 5 times per day) :

a. To each participant : a persona-lized list of people with complemen-tary professional interests or com-mitments.b. To each organizer of a plannedevent : a list of people who have in-dicated an interest in that event asdescribed.c. To each organizer of a proposedevent : a list of people who have in-dicated an interest in that event asdescribed.d. To all concerned : a revised allo-cation of meeting rooms and meetingtimes, in the light of the interest ma-nifested for particular events and thephysical and technical constraints.

4. Dynamics: By responding to the in-formation received, all concerned canmodify their actions within the confe-rence environment according to theirbest advantage and in the light of thepossibilities which emerge from eachnew contact made. Such a systemlends itself to many other possibilities,including integration with conventionaladministration of the conference, or

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 2-1976

92

with the computer conferencing tech-nique described in the next section.

Computer conferencing

The computer conference is a newcommunication technique which is al-ready in use in a number of situationsin the United States, Further develop-ments are envisaged but basically it isa means of enabling many people to« attend » invisible meetings that runcontinuously 24 hours a day for as longas the participants want. At its simplestlevel, it is a written form of a conferencetelephone call. A participant can com-municate with a group of people bytyping messages and reading, on adisplay screen or a printout, what theother people are saying. The computerautomatically informs the group whensomeone leaves the discussion, per-mitting him to continue once againwhen he rejoins the group.

Major advantages over verbal commu-nication are :

— participants can be both geographi-cally and chronologically dispersed;many people can talk and listen si-multaneously;

— participants can contribute at theirown convenience, rather than havingto wait until other speakers havefinished, or being obliged to speak

quickly with inadequate time for re-flection;

— all messages for him are stored untilhe wants to reply to them in theorder he chooses;

— participant contributions can beanonymous or identified by a num-ber, leading to more uninhibiteddiscussions;

— results of votes are presented onlyas distributions and are thereforeadequately secret;

— during the conference, participantsmay communicate privately with oneor more other selected participants,leading to more rapid resolution ofimportant issues; -

— a permanent record may be kept,and possibly indexed for selectiveretrieval.

Computer conferencing during largeconferences at one location

The techniques being developed forlong-distance computer-conferencingcan be used at much tower cost duringthe course of a large conference. Be-cause of the scepticism of conventionalconference organizers, this possibilityhas not been considered. There is ho-wever no reason why participants shouldnot have access to terminals, whetherin the meeting rooms, in special rooms,or in their hotel rooms (or with the useof the Participant Communications De-vice described under point G above).This technique could provide the basisfor fulfilling all the requirements notedin the participant communication check-list, including :— ability of a key person to respond

selectively to questions addressedto him.

— facilitation of interest group forma-tion in the light of emergent issues.

— ability of all participants to exchangeand channel messages in parallelwith any formal meeting sessions.

— ability of organizers to contact anygroups of participants.

— ability to reschedule meeting ses-sions and individual contact.

— ability to build up select lists of par-ticipants with particular interests.

— ability to use computer analysis ofthe strengths and weaknesses ofthe communication patterns duringa particular period.

— ability to arrange for the accurateInvoicing of the communicationssent and received, with the abilityto subsidize (completely or partially)some kinds of communication.

— etc.

Conclusion

This paper has attempted to show thatthere is a whole range of meeting tech-niques requiring new kinds of techni-cal equipment and support. These maynot be necessary for many conventionalconferences but unless they are avai-lable for some kinds of conference, thecost of such occasions will be recogni-zed as increasingly unjustified. Expe-rience with such techniques and theirtechnical support could prove a deter-mining factor in attracting conferencesto particular conference centres.

Clearly once a particular internationalorganization, conference organization,or conference centre becomes knownfor the manner in which it guaranteesa quantum jump in participant interac-tion and sense of satisfaction, the mee-tings it organizes will become worththe extra expenditure to get to whereverthe meeting is held and benefit fromthe use of such facilities. •

Long-distance computer conferencing

This « glamorous » form of computer-conferencing is unpopular with the or-ganizers of conventional meetings be-cause it may lead to fewer internatio-nal meetings being held. In particularit offers a means of linking by satellitecontiguous regions between which tra-vel is difficult (e.g. the West Africancountries). These possibilities are cur-rently being explored for some deve-loping regions.

Malgré la compétence des organisa-teurs, la conception judicieuse des pro-grammes de travail, la qualité des par-ticipants, bien des conférences sontconsidérées par ceux-ci comme deséchecs. Surtout parce que, le plus sou-vent, ils éprouvent beaucoup de diffi-cultés à établir les contacts intéres-sants et à tirer tout le profit intellectuelqu'ils en escomptaient.Qu'il s'agisse de vastes congrès, deconférences, de symposia ou de jour-

nées d'études à participation restreinte.la question est de savoir si les partici-pants doivent perdre temps et argentsans être assurés d'y rencontrer ceuxqui ont précisément les mêmes sujetsd'intérêt qu'eux et avec lesquels ilspourraient nouer les contacts les plusutiles et les plus enrichissants pouraméliorer leur propre action, soit atravers leurs organisations, soit de leurpropre initiative.


Pour Faciliter la Dynamique

des Conférences et

les Interactions des Participants

On trouvera ci-dessous un résumé en langue française des trois parties (dont deuxse trouvent aux pages précédentes, et dont la première est parue dans le numéro dejanvier d' « Associations Internationales ») de l'article d'AJ.N. Judge, Secrétaire-Général Adjoint de l'UAI.

93

1. - Quels peuvent être les besoins decommunication des participants ?

1.1 - Lors d'une séance dans le cadred'une conférence, ils peuvent désirermanifester leur approbation ou leurdésaccord avec les orateurs, lesthèmes de discussion, le déroule-ment des travaux, nouer des con-tacts en cours de session avecd'autres participants, être informésrapidement de ce qui a été évoquéau cours de la session, si pour uneraison ou pour une autre, ils n'ontpu assister à la totalité des travaux.

1.2 - Dans le cadre d'une conférence(composée d'une série de séances),ils peuvent désirer communiqueravec :

• les organisateurs pour faire passerou recevoir des messages, pourêtre instantanément informés deséventuelles modifications de pro-grammes;

• d'autres participants; ils doiventévidemment disposer non seule-ment de la liste de ceux-ci maisaussi des sujets d'intérêt suscep-tibles de rejoindre les leurs propresainsi que des moyens d'établir ra-pidement les contacts nécessairesavec eux. Ils désirent égalementpouvoir les informer de leurs pro-pres suggestions concernant lesdiverses manifestations envisagées(nouveaux thèmes de discussion,nouvelles résolutions, nouveauxcandidats pour la composition dubureau, etc.-.).Or, dans la plupart des conféren-ces, si bien organisées soient elles,les gens se plaignent de n'avoirpu prendre la parole, de n'avoir puapprocher des orateurs trop en-tourés, de ne pouvoir disposer entemps voulu des papiers distribuéspar les orateurs ou les organisa-teurs, etc... Et selon une étude del'UNESCO, la plupart des gensayant l'habitude de ces réunionsne suivent pas les conférences oules sessions mais « font les cou-loirs * ou organisent leurs propresréunions au hasard des rencontres,etc... etc...Finalement, on ignore la valeur descontacts établis et le nombre desoccasions de contacts manquées,faute de temps ou d'organisationadéquate.Or une rencontre réussie se me-sure :

• au nombre des contacts utiles éta-blis entre participants,

• aux possibilités offertes ou susci-tées d'amorcer de nouvelles acti-vités ou de créer de nouveauxgroupes de travail.

• à la souplesse de son organisa-tion.

2. - Quels sont les outils techniquesqui peuvent améliorer la dynamiquedes conférences ?

2.1 - L'opinion des participants peutêtre connue en temps réel :Un petit appareil distribué à chaqueparticipant pourrait lui permettre,en appuyant sur une touche demanifester son opinion sur l'orateurou sur le sujet de discussion, sondésir de passer au sujet suivant, demodifier l'ordre du jour, d'ajournerle débat, etc... L'appareil serait reliéà un calculateur qui comptabilise-rait les propositions de l'auditoireet ferait apparaître immédiatementsur un écran le nombre de person-nes manifestant ainsi leur opinion.Un tel appareil n'existe pas encoremais est techniquement réalisable.

2.2 - Une profession nouvelle, celle deconseiller en organisation de con-férences pourrait être d'un grandsecours pour améliorer la dynami-que de l'ensemble des conférencesou de leurs sessions particulièresainsi que pour établir les liaisonsentre participants de cultures ou dedisciplines différentes.Ce pourrait être un interprête « interterminologie » comme nous con-naissons aujourd'hui les interprêtesinter-langues.

2.3 - On pourrait établir des graphiquesreflétant l'évolution conceptuellede la conférence ou des diseussions;ce qui présenterait l'avantage depréciser les objectifs et la naturedes contacts recherchés par lesparticipants pendant le déroulement

- de la conférence.

2.4- Pour réduire frais de déplace-ments et pertes de temps, il seraitsouhaitable que les organisationsdont les thèmes et sujets d'intérêtsont similaires s'entendent pourpréparer leurs réunions à peu prèsen même temps et dans les mêmeslieux avec un programme qui per-met aux participants, selon leursintérêts, de choisir entre les séancesdes différentes réunions.

2.5 - II pourrait être utile, d'ailleurs, dechiffrer minute par minute le coûtde la conférence, mesuré en fonc-tion du temps consacré par chacundes participants (et éventuellementde leurs frais de voyage). Ce coûtpourrait être affiché dans chacunedes salles de conférence.

2.6- Tout comme on distribue desécouteurs dans les salles de con-férences, on pourrait aussi distri-buer, moyennant une caution, desterminaux portatifs reliés aux sys-tèmes de téléphone ou d'ordinateur,permettant à chaque participant deprendre connaissance à tout mo-ment des messages le concernant.

2.7- De nombreux systèmes de voteélectronique existent déjà sur lemarché; on peut envisager de lesraffiner de façon à pondérer ou ànuancer les réponses et à les af-ficher pour les faire connaître detous les participants.

2.8- L'ordinateur, largement utilisépour la préparation et l'organisa-tion des conférences, pourrait êtremis à contribution pour établir descontacts entre participants.Ainsi pourrait-on demander auxparticipants, au moment de leur ins-cription, de préciser leurs sujetsd'intérêt et leurs suggestions sur lamanière d'en discuter, quelles caté-gories de personnes ils désirentrencontrer, comment ils entendentintervenir dans les discussions, etc...toutes ces indications étant suscep-tibles d'être modifiées au cours dela conférence, seraient tenues àjour par l'ordinateur et permettraientde communiquer en temps réel.

On remettrait :• à chaque participant, la liste des

autres participants que le mêmesujet intéresse;

• à chaque organisateur, la listedes participants désireux d'assis-ter à la manifestation prévue ou àorganiser;

• à tous, l'organisation matérielledes nouvelles manifestations pré-vues, leur localisation, en fonctiondes désirs exprimés.

2.9 - Les conférences sur ordinateurcommencent à être mises en pra-tique aux Etats-Unis : c'est, en faitla version écrite d'une conversationtéléphonique; chacun peut commu-niquer avec le groupe par l'intermé-diaire d'un écran de T.V. ou d'untéléscripteur. Ce qui permet de fairecommuniquer entre elles un trèsgrand nombre de personnes mêmesi elles ne peuvent se libérer à heurefixe, puisque le système garde enmémoire toutes les interventions.Cette technique est applicable nonseulement pour des conférencesréu-nissant des participants dans dif-férents régions d'accès difficilemais aussi dans le cadre de trèsvastes conférences internationales :bien souvent plusieurs sessions in-téressantes se déroulent simultané-ment. Un tel système permettrait auxparticipants d'établir et de mainte-nir des contacts entre eux dans lecadre de la conférence mais enparallèle avec le déroulement desséances. Il permettrait aussi defaciliter la formation des groupe-ments ayant des nouvelles proposi-tions à formuler ou ayant des inté-rêts en commun dont l'expressionn'est pas prévue dans le programmede la conférence.

A.J.N.J.

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 2-1976

94

Summary : Main Problems andSuggested Remedies

The participants have stressed thesignificance and timeliness of the .topicof discussion, especially in the contextof the current debate on the establish-ment of a new United Nations structurefor global economic co-operation. Intrying to explain recent set-backs inthe ECOSOC consultative process fornon-governmental organizations (NGOs)and to explore further any avenues forpositive contribution by NGOs in part-nership with the United Nations system,the participants have sought to definethe main problems and have suggestedsome remedies.

A. Strengthening NGO Role

The Problem

According to some participants, themain reason for the dissatisfaction inthe consultative system within ECOSOCwas that the relationships with NGOswere obsolete and unproductive. It wasgenerally agreed that the potentialweight and contribution of NGOs withinthe United Nations system has not beenfully realized partly because of lack ofconcerted NGO effort, both at the na-tional and international levels. Amongthe relevant factors in this regard werethe diversity of NGO interests and theproblem of balanced representation ofdifferent regions.

Suggestions

(a) Balanced Representation : In orderto ensure that NGOs as a whole repre-sent countries from different regions,social systems and levels of develop-

ment, those international NGOs con-cerned with global issues should in-tensify their efforts to regionalize theiractivities, to promote national affiliatesin underrepresented areas and tofurther internationalize their staff. Inline with the international developmentstrategy and national priorities, the or-ganizations in the United Nations familyshould intensify their facilitative role inthe establishment and strengthening ofNGOs in developing countries.

(b) Representation of NGO views : Inorder to enhance NGO contribution toUnited Nations work, interested Govern-ments should consider designating ahigh official to serve as a liaison withand spokesman for NGOs in policy dis-cussions, and should include someNGO representatives in their delega-tions to United Nations meetings. Like-minded NGOs should consider settingup joint representation and commonservices and facilities at the headquar-ters of United Nations organizations.

B. Restructuring of ECOSOC andRelated Bodies

The Problem

Many participants maintained that themain problem for NGOs in consultativestatus was the. decline of ECOSOC as acentral economic and social organ inthe United Nations, a situation thatwould call for institutional adjustmentsso that both ECOSOC and the NGOsmay respond effectively to new needsand challenges,

Suggestions

(a) Dialogue on NGO-ECOSOC rela-tions : In the current debate on the

restructuring of the United Nations forglobal economic co-operation, thoseNGOs having a consultative statusshould communicate to the Secretary-General and to delegations their keeninterest in a re-vitalized ECOSOC andshould seek a re-affirmation of the in-tent of Article 71 of the Charter withadequate machinery for NGO participa-tion. This might call for an NGO con-ference or a high level, intensive dia-logue between major international NGOsand the United Nations Secretariat.

(b) ECOSOC's NGO Committee : If thisCommittee is to be retained, MemberStates should designate high level de-legates to it.

C. Promoting Co-operation

The Problem

Irrespective of the reform needs ofNGOs and ECOSOC. some participantsmaintained that the central problem wasthe absence of a sense of partnership,which limits the opportunities for moreactive NGO participation within ECOSOC.It was, however, recognized that otherUnited Nations bodies and agenciesoffer NGOs better opportunities for co-operation.

Suggestions

(a) Timing and level of NGO contribu-tion : For maximum effectiveness, thoseNGOs which are particularly concernedwith global issues should make tho-rough preparation on selected issueswell in advance of a United Nationsmeeting so that they may present theirviews to Governments and the relevantsecretariats as the agenda and thebroad policies are set. Early consulta-tions with Secretariat officials and.


Consultation dossier

THE POTENTIAL OF NGOSIN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT

- report of a UNITAR Conference, July 1975

possibly, also with members of prepara-tory committees should be encouragedin order to facilitate exchange of infor-mation and NGO contribution in the pre-paration of conference documents.

(b) Developing awareness about com-mon interest :

Training - In order to attain betterawareness by diplomats and United Na-tions officials of the contribution ofNGOs, the training programmes of Uni-ted Nations agencies should includespecial sessions on NGOs. Such trai-ning opportunities should be madeavailable also to NGO representatives.Similarly, those NGOs which organizetraining courses should co-operate withother NGOs to serve the needs of NGOtrainees.

Documentation - Any documents aboutUnited Nations activities of interest toNGOs should show how the United Na-tions bodies concerned work with andthrough NGOs and vice versa.

D. Developing Network of NGOs

The Problem

At variance with the United Nations-oriented perspective of the consultativesystem, some participants took a com-prehensive view of intergovernmentaland non-governmental organizationsand contended that the main difficultywas the failure to regard the totality ofNGOs, both within the consultative sys-tem and outside. There is at present nomethod for suggesting the most rele-vant and productive combinations oforganizations and programmes for spe-cific tasks to be carried out in co-ope-ration with or independently of the Uni-ted Nations system.

Suggestions

(a) Network approach : The potentialcontribution of NGOs to developmentmight be realized through a flexible,problem-oriented approach, to be madepossible by a review of the whole net-work of NGOs with the help of com-puters. Rather than dealing with isolatedorganizations, the network approachmight, irrespective of the consultativelinks with the United Nations system,suggest effective ways to interrelateNGOs with other NGOs and with inter-governmental organizations.

(b) Further studies ; An extensive studyof the network approach should bemade in order to develop an evaluativeindex of all NGOs as to their main pro-blems of concern and their relativesignificance. In view of the concentra-tion of NGOs in Western Europe andNorth America, another study shouldsurvey the establishment of NGOs indeveloping countries, with focus on thevarious legal and other obstacles.

E. Potential of National NGOs

The Problem

ECOSOC and other bodies of the Uni-ted Nations system have requestedgreater participation by NGOs in thedevelopment process, but many govern-ments relegate NGO activities to lowpriority sectors while some maintainreservations about an active NGO role.

Suggestions

(a) NGO coalitions ; In some industriali-zed Western countries, NGOs concer-ned with a particular issue-area (e.g.food) have successfully formed self-liquidating coalitions not only in orderto mobilize aid for the less developedcountries but also to contribute to pu-blic awareness and policy-making onthose issues. NGOs in other countriesmight benefit from the lessons of thisad hoc approach which facilitates con-certed action when necessary withoutcreating a new organizational layer.

(b) Promoting field-level NGOs : Thereceptiveness of Governments to afield-level partnership with NGOs couldbe enhanced through systematic con-tacts by United Nations agencies andinternational NGOs with NGOs in de-veloping countries. For this purpose,useful lessons may be drawn from exis-ting practices such as : the circulationof directives to field offices (as done bythe UNDP and by a Sub-Committee ofthe Conference of NGOs in Consulta-tive Status with ECOSOC); the creationof regional bureaux for local voluntaryagencies (e.g. ECA); and the establish-ment of national commissions (e.g.UNESCO, UNICEF).

Opening Statements

In opening the 1975 Schloss Hernsteinconference of UNITAR on « The Poten-tial of Non-Governmental Organizationsin Social and Economic Development »,Ambassador Karl Wolf welcomed theparticipants on behalf of the AustrianGovernment and people, who have beenso generous in providing host facilitieseach year for the UNITAR conferences-He underlined the growing importanceof an active role by non-governmentalorganizations in complementing UnitedNations efforts, as has been demonstra-ted in the various United Nations adhoc conferences on major economicand social issues.On behalf of the Executive Director ofUNITAR, Dr. Davidson Nicol, the Direc-tor of Research, Dr. Robert S. Jordan,also welcomed the participants and ex-plained the significance and timelinessof the topic in the context of the currentdebate on the establishment of a newUnited Nations structure for globaleconomic co-operation. Explaining thatthe convening of ad hoc conferences bythe General Assembly was posing a

Challenge to the operation of the esta-blished organs and apencies of theUnited Nations system, especially theEconomic and Social Council, he stres-sed that the conference should focusnot on a recapitulation of past experi-ence, but on the effect of the new trendsupon the traditional consultative pro-cess with NGOs and on the effective-ness of the new methods of NGO parti-cipation. The purpose of the conferencewas to provide the essential elementsof a comprehensive report on the sub-ject which would be further discussedand developed at a subsequent UNITARcolloquium on NGOs to be held in NewYork. The discussions and the reportwere expected to contribute to a con-tinuing dialogue about the future ofNGO relations with organizations in theUnited Nations family. Using the insightsand conclusions emerging from theseconferences as a point of departure,UNITAR will carry on research on thiscomplex subject for eventual publica-tion as a book. The participants expres-sed appreciation for UNlTAR's initiativein this area at such a crucial time.

1. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZA-TIONS AND THE UNITED NATIONSSYSTEM

i) Member Governments

As the United Nations is composed ofmember Governments, emphasis waslaid on the fact that for many NGOsconcerned with international issues.Governments were the first and mostimportant point of contact and potentialinfluence. The time when items wereproposed for an agenda and whenbroad policies were laid down for dele-gations were the real moments of deci-sion and, unless those NGOs were soorganized as to present their viewsthen, they would be disappointed at theconferences themselves, when theircontribution would often be too late. Itwas in connexion with this point thatmany participants strongly emphasizedthe importance of national NGOs vis-a-vis their own Governments, and of na-tional and regional NGOs vis-a-vis in-ternational NGOs. Others, however,warned that since only some NGOsfeel an overriding necessity to convinceGovernments to do something whileothers carry on programmes which donot require governmental attention orsupport, the NGO question should notbe seen merely as a < governmentalproblem ». There was no disagreement,however, that greater interplay and co-operation between national and inter-national NGOs was an objective muchto be desired.

In order to encourage regular contribu-tion by national NGOs to policy-making.it was suggested that serious conside-ration should be given to certain newmethods for presenting NGO points ofview. Special interest was expressed inthe appointment by the Swedish Govern-


ment of an ambassador for NGO affairsto provide liaison with national NGOsand represent NGO concerns and pointsof view within the Government. The im-portance of including NGO representa-tives within national delegations to Uni-ted Nations meetings and of designa-ting NGO liaison officers in PermanentMissions was also stressed.

ii) The Secretariat

Whether re-structured or not, the per-manent role of the Secretariat in boththe planning for and implementation ofUnited Nations decisions was recogni-zed, as was the consequent need for theclosest co-operation between the Se-cretariat and NGOs.

Whilst tribute was paid to the co-opera-tion received from the Secretariat, em-phasis was also laid on the need for agreater sharing of early information andplanning. There was too great a tenden-cy in the Secretariat to deal with NGOsin administrative terms rather than asa social phenomenon. It was suggestedthat a major function of the Secretariatvis-a-vis NGOs ought to be that of afacilitator. Because of the complexityof United Nations decision-making atthe intergovernmental level, early con-sultations between the Secretariat andNGOs could result in effective contribu-tion by the latter. Where interestedNGOs had no direct access, especiallyin the General Assembly, this processcould be facilitated if the General As-sembly were to institutionalize the exis-ting practice by inviting the Secretary-General, in specific cases, to consultwith those international NGOs whichhave special competence in the subjectconcerned, so that they might make ahelpful contribution in the preparationof working documents. Stressing thatNGOs and the Secretariat were naturalallies on many issues, some participantssuggested that the Secretary-Generalshould not only issue lists of NGO com-munications and distribute the textsthemselves on request, but should alsointervene, when necessary, to presentthe range of NGO views on variousissues before United Nations bodies.But a prerequisite for such co-opera-tion is the fuller recognition of mutualadvantages between the Secretariatand such NGOs. Such recognition isnecessary for genuine consultationswith NGOs at the preparation stage,and for substantive follow-up contactsthat some participants believed to begenerally lacking.For a more effective partnership, theSecretariat would need to make a grea-ter effort to reciprocate, so that it, too,may contribute substantively to the con-ferences of international NGOs. Therewas general agreement that in order todevelop more effective relations withNGOs, the United Nations Secretariatwould need to co-ordinate the work ofits various units dealing with NGOs. Inthis connexion, reference was make tothe Secretary-General's report on

strengthening NGO- United Nations re-lations (E/C.2 768) and to the proposalsof Mr. Bradford Morse, Under-Secretary-General for Political and General As-sembly Affairs, made before the NGOCommittee of ECOSOC in March 1975*.The Secretary-General's report, as con-sidered by the NGO Committee, wasmerely noted by the Council.

iii) The Economic and Social Council

In a discussion of new trends and oppor-tunities affecting the consultative statusof NGOs, it was pointed out that a majordevelopment has been the tendency ofGovernments to shift major issues fromECOSOC to the General Assembly andits subsidiary bodies concerned witheconomic and social matters. Even asthis trend continues, ECOSOC and itsCommittee on NGOs were seen by someas being primarily preoccupied withprocedural matters.But apart from thé shift to the GeneralAssembly where NGOs have no consul-tative status, there have been proce-dural and structural difficulties in app-lying the consultative system withinECOSOC. Given the large number ofNGOs in consultative status and thepressure in trying to cover ECOSOC'slong agenda, the opportunities for ac-tive NGO participation are limited. EvenGovernments appear to be limited intheir capacity to digest the voluminousdocumentation on so many issues. Underthese circumstances, only those NGOswhich had done a thorough advancepreparation for the items of interest tothem could hope to make a contribution,perhaps more through contacts withSecretariat officials and delegationsthan through formal statements.Some participants warned that theNGO-UN relationship should not be seenmainly in terms of existing physicallimitations that hinder effective contact,but rather in ways that could facilitateNGO action, without necessarily expec-ting them to relate directly to the UnitedNations system. The key would be tofacilitate NGO activity in general with apossible spill-over effect onto areas of specific programme interest to the Uni-ted Nations. Not all NGOs would needto have access to United Nations mee-tings; some might be interested just inan exchange of information and docu-ments, and contact with the relevantsecretariat officials whenever neces-sary. Perhaps more NGOs could be en-couraged to take this «» lower key »form of the consultative status, ratherthan employing administrative machi-nery which would push them to workthrough « prestigious » channels.Within the ECOSOC consultative sys-tem, a source of difficulty for interestedNGOs was said to be the rigidity ofthe procedures for admission and cate-gorization; NGOs have tended to bebogged down in the debates of theCouncil's NGO Committee about statusrather than concentrating on making a

substantive contribution. Some main-tained thai the usual junior level ofGovernment representation in the Com-mittee perhaps reflected a negativeattitude towards NGOs and their poten-tial contribution - an attitude which wasnot prevalent in the relevant bodies ofthe General Assembly, such as UNICEF,UNHCR. UNCTAD and UNEP, and in thespecialized agencies. Although generaldissatisfaction was expressed about thepresent broad categorization of NGOswithin ECOSOC which, it was claimed,was designed to regulate rather thanencourage NGO participation, non con-sensus could be reached on an alter-native classification based on a func-tional typology. The following categorieswere variously suggested :

1. Mass organizations representingparticular segments of society indifferent countries; UN-fosteredNGOs; specialized technical NGOs.

2. Influence-seeking NGOs; professio-nal and advice-giving NGOs; NGOsoperating in areas not presently co-vered by United Nations agencies.

3. NGOs that could substantially con-tribute : to United Nations delibera-tions; to programme implementation;to public opinion in support of theUnited Nations.

4. General NGOs; specialized NGOs;public information and public pres-sure NGOs; voluntary agencies, bothnational and international.

5. International NGOs representinggovernmental, departments; tech-nical international NGOs havingsemi-governmental regulatory func-tions; international NGOs performingpurely non-governmental functionsbut within the purposes of the UnitedNations Charter; national NGOsconcerned with the work of the Uni-ted Nations.

In addition, it was suggested with con-siderable support that NGOs shouldalso be classified by subject of specialconcern in line with the tendency of theUnited Nations to organize itself sec-torally. A functional differentiation ofthe role of NGOs was also suggestedas a means of identifying the main typesof relationship with the United Nations :for example, to strengthen the UnitedNations; to use the United Nations; toinfluence the United Nations; and toserve the United Nations. However,caution was expressed with regard toboth suggestions in view of the newthinking in the United Nations to re-verse the trend of sectoral proliferationand to move towards an interdiscipli-nary, problem-oriented approach andalso because of the multi-purpose andmulti-functional nature of many NGOs.Moreover, some participants took ex-ception to most of the terminology usedin the second suggestion (i.e. to in-fluence, to use, to serve the United Na-tions) which tended to regard NGO's asappendages to the United Nations ratherthan as partners. Finally, on the general


question of categorization, a note ofcaution was expressed by those whomaintained that it was not the organiza-tion as such that should be classifiedbut rather the type of its contribution toa particular set of programmes. Thesame NGO might have valuable techni-cal expertise on some programmes whileon others it may only help to make theissue known. Such a « dynamic classi-fication » should ideally be used togovern the privileges associated withrelationship : suggesting agenda items,speaking at meetings, exchanging do-cuments, etc. The relationship wouldthus be diverse and flexible, dependingupon the programme or issue.

A major part of the discussion focusedon the implication for NGO participationresulting from the possible revitaliza-tion of ECOSOC, specifically in theevent that the General Assembly adoptsthe recommendations of the Group ofExperts on the Structure of the UnitedNations System' '.Considerable concernwas expressed by some participantsthat the report of the Group of Expertscontained no reference whatsoever tothe role of NGOs. Some others explai-ned that the omission, while regre-table, might not be deliberate as theGroup of Experts could not cover allaspects and was aiming at attaining aconsensus on the major issues of con-cern to Governements. There was gene-ral agreement that the omission was achallenge to NGOs to reexamine them-selves and to re-state their case throughspecial representations to the Secretary-General, As the seventh special sessionof the General Assembly was unlikelyto go beyond a preliminary considera-tion of the specific aspects of the re-port, there would still be an opportuni-ty for NGOs to communicate their con-cern in order to ensure that Article 71of the United Nations Charter was re-affirmed in any structural reforms affec-ting their status in ECOSOC. The dia-logue that UNITAR hopes to initiatethrough the present report, a copy ofwhich would be submitted to the Se-cretary-General, might be helpful inthis regard.

There were four major aspects in therecommendations of the Group of Ex-perts affecting the NGO status :

i) Expansion of the programming andplanning functions of ECOSOC andassumption by it of greater co-ordinative functions within the Uni-ted Nations system;

ii) Reduction of the number of ECOSOCsubsidiary bodies and convening ofseveral subject-oriented ECOSOCsessions and small negotiatinggroups to operate through intensiveconsultations rather than voting;

iii) Creation of a new post of Director-General for Development and Inter-national Economic Co-operation, whowould serve as primus inter paresamong agency heads dealing witheconomic and social affairs; and

iv) Substitution of special General As-sembly sessions for ad hoc worldconferences,

In view of the vagueness of some ofthe proposals and the fact that theywere not made with the NGO status inmind, there was general agreementthat an assessment of their effect onNGO participation cannot be made withany degree of certainty. However, it wasrecognized that, in the context of a rea-ffirmation of NGO status under Article71, some of the proposals might openup opportunities for more effectiveNGO participation while others mightrestrict such participation. Thus, if

ECOSOC resumes its place as a cen-tral organ for economic and social co-ordination and if the work of ECOSOCis streamlined and rationalized on thebasis of carefully prepared topics, itshould become easier for NGOs (as inthe case of Member States) to focus onthose topics and make well-preparedcontributions. For a more effective con-tribution, NGOs might have to sendsectoral experts as their representative.Such a practice might enhance theireffectiveness in dealing with Secretari-at officials and delegations, though itmight put at a dis-advantage thoseNGOs that lack experts.There was no illusion that the proposedsmall negotiating groups would allowNGO participation in their efforts to re-solve differences through intensive ne-gotiations. Informal contacts with dele-gations would, of course, not be preclu-ded.Of more concern to many participantswas the possible elimination of manyECOSOC subsidiary bodies in whichNGOs were active, without any certain-ty that the subject-oriented sessions ofECOSOC would allow the same degreeof participation. Moreover, if the Coun-cil's NGO Committee is abolished -the report is not clear on this point -would there be any substitute machineryfor NGO hearings ? If the General As-sembly refers the Group of Experts re-port to a committee for detailed study,NGOs should think of proposing a moreeffective machinery for NGO hearings.The conference did not fully explorethe implications of a new post ofDirector-General for Development andInternational Economic Co-operation.However, to the extent that this changemight facilitate integrated planning andprogramming with the help of a jointinter-agency unit, it might induce thedevelopment of a problem-oriented per-spective among NGOs and pave the wayfor a more uniform system-wide classi-fication of NGOs. Such a reorganiza-tion might also render more accep-table any proposals for integrating orclosely co-ordinating the various se-cretariat units in the United Nationsdealing with NGOs.The views on the future of ad hoc con-ferences will be examined in a subse-quent section.

iv) The General Assembly

There was considerable discussion ofthe need for NGOs to have access toand influence on the sessions of theGeneral Assembly. While it was reco-gnized that a measure of access wasimplicit on issues submitted to the As-sembly by ECOSOC, it was argued thataccess ought to be both broader andmore explicit and should include as aminimum, the right to have relevant me-moranda circulated as official docu-ments. A cautionary note was struck bysome who held the view that the Gene-ral Assembly had become so formaland cut and dried in its business thataccess to its sessions was less impor-tant and that any efforts to contributeto its work need to be initiated wellbefore the Assembly convenes. Theadoption of common NGO positions andcontacts with delegations during thesessions might also exert some indirectinfluence on some of their positions.

v) Special Sessions of the General As-sembly

The view was advanced that specialsessions of the Assembly offered grea-ter opportunities for NGO involvementand contribution and that these possi-bilities should be most carefully exami-ned and, if necessary, regularized. Onedisability noted was that special ses-sions tended to meet in a single loca-tion (New York) and that this situation,by contrast with that of the ad hoc con-ferences, tends to limit continuouslythe opportunities for participation byNGO representatives from other partsof the world.

vi) Special Conferences

The Group of Experts' recommendationfor replacing ad hoc world conferencesby special sessions of the GeneralAssembly had a mixed reaction withinthe United Nations system. While it waswelcomed by certain specialized agen-cies as an attempt to reverse the trendof convening too many overlapping con-ferences and of proliferating bureau-cratic set-ups, the Secretary-Generalsaw great value in well prepared speci-al conferences, both because of theirgreater impact on public opinion andtheir more flexible procedures. Not sur-prisingly, the participants from NGOsexpressed their agreement with the Se-cretary-General's pragmatic point ofview : ad hoc conferences have provi-ded the greatest potential for NGO par-ticipation at all stages during the pre-paration and at the conferences them-selves.The procedures for consultation withNGOs, based essentially on those ofECOSOC, permit a substantive NGOcontribution to the agenda and docu-mentation, depending upon the rela-tionships established with the confe-rence secretariat and the preparatory


committee. The special focus on a sub-ject tends to induce special prepara-tion by NGOs. An important aspect ofsuch preparation is for the NGOs togenerate popular support at the na-tional level for the positions that theyadvocate, thereby educating their cons-tituents on the issues as well as layingthe foundation for influencing officialpositions. Because of the fluid nature ofthe ad hoc conferences, last minuteNGO contributions, through delega-tions, may be possible if an effectivelink has been established with the na-tional constituency, as in the case ofthe Canadian Council for InternationalCo-operation, GATT-FLY and the Uni-ted Nations Association in Canada atthe Rome World Food Conference.

Through instantaneous cross-Atlanticcommunication of the daily briefingsfor NGOs by the Canadian delegates inRome, the representatives of those Ca-nadian NGOs were able to inform cons-tituents in ten Canadian cities and tomobilize pressure on the Governmentto modify certain positions. This ex-perience may not be equally applicablein other circumstances, but it doesunderline the importance of advancepreparation the national base ofNGOs.

A more common form of NGO Influenceat conferences has been the newspaperprepared by groups of NGOs, not onlyto report on developments to their mem-bers and to conference participantsalike, but also to put across NGO pers-pectives. Finally, a counter-point toGovernment positions is provided byjoin NGO declarations and statementsof common strategy which emerge fromNGO congresses, organized parallel tothe United Nations conferences. Supp-lemented by NGO-supported proposalsby eminent persons, such declarationsat least point the direction in whichGovernment positions should be revi-sed in order to respond to importantsegments of informed public opinion.Apart from enhancing the possibility ofinfluencing conference proceedings, theNGO congresses and declarations havethe value of giving the NGOs concer-ned with a particular issue significantvisibility, useful for their future dealingswith their members, with Governmentsand with international secretariats.

vii) The Specialized Agencies

While, to meet the limitations of itsagenda, the Conference concentratedon problems relating to the United Na-

tions Organization, sufficient referenceswere made to NGOs and the speciali-zed agencies. It became apparent thatthe co-operation of some NGOs in theoperational work of United Nationsbodies and agencies, (for example,UNCTAD, UNEP, UNHCR, FAO, UNES-CO, ILO and WHO) had establishedpatterns of joint consultation, pre-plan-ning and certain types of co-operationwhich were never envisaged in Article71 of the Charter. This was particularlytrue in the area of finance where insome cases an NGO was contributingto an agency programme and in othersit was receiving funds from an agencyand acting on its behalf.It was, therefore, agreed that a muchmore comprehensive study of the NGOrelationship with specialized agencieswas necessary and that, in stressing atthis stage the need for the re-affirma-tion of Article 71, if possible in a morecomprehensive form, there should bereference to the various resolutions of

the specialized agencies which regula-ted their relationships with NGOs. Anote on NGO consultations and co-operation with the specialized agenciesand special bodies of the United Na-tions is contained in Appendix III.

2. THE POTENTIAL OF NON-GOVERN-MENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

There was a frank and constructiveexchange of views on the characterand future role of NGOs, which someconsidered had been slow in adaptingthemselves to the many changes in themembership, attitudes and practices ofthe United Nations since the adoptionof the Charter. In a discussion on thepossibility of redefining NGOs, stresswas laid on the fact that many of themost important international NGOswere established before the UnitedNations with aims and objectives oftheir own, not all of which had beenembraced by the United Nations; theywould continue to pursue their objec-tive, preferably in partnership with theUnited .Nations but, if necessary, ontheir own. Note was also taken of thefact that many, even of those NGOswhich owed their origin to the creationof the United Nations, had acquired anethos of their own, particularly in thefields of Human Rights and humanneed, and had won the support of cons-tituencies of their own, which assuredthem of an independent existence.Some participants warned that theNGO question should not be seen onlyin the context of the United Nationssystem, as this - administrative pers-pective » would exclude other parts ofthe international system, including otherintergovernmental organizations rele-vant to the work of NGOs. A sociologi-cal focus on all relevant organizationsand institutions would reveal that thereis a vast network of organizations and.groups in our society, extending fromthe community level to the international


Photo : Paul Almasy - Reproduced from - UNESCO Courier -

level. As very little is known about thisnetwork, an extensive study of its com-ponent bodies and processes accor-ding to problem areas could indicatethe potential of this unexplored « re-source ».

In a discussion on the effectiveness ofinternational NGOs, concern was ex-pressed about the complex problem ofrepresentativeness of present interna-tional NGOs and its effect on their rolevis-a-vis the United Nations. It wasgenerally agreed that many interna-tional NGOs concerned with globalissues could enhance their effectivenessby following the example of some othersin making every effort in the spirit ofthe United Nations Charter to broadentheir geographical scope, individuallyand as a group. Though there weresharp differences on the reasons for thelack of adequate representation of de-veloping countries among the NGOsand on whether the United Nationscould appropriately suggest further in-ternationalization of NGO staff, especia-lly in international conferences, therewas basic agreement that any effort toincrease the number of their nationalaffiliates and to broaden the geographi-cal coverage of their activities, com-bined with the present trend towardsthe regionalization of their meetings,would significantly contribute towardsbalanced representation and greatereffectiveness. Such a developmentwould obviate the need for resorting tosymbolic representation of any interna-tional NGOs by people from hithertounrepresented parts of the world andwould enable them to continue usingthe criterion of expertise and economywithout any fear of criticism.It was generally agreed that more atten-tion should be paid to the representa-tive character of existing internationalNGOs, particularly at the national andregional levels, and also to their rolewithin new nations and in countrieswith a one-party system of government.Discussion was focused on the currentefforts of some international NGOs andUnited Nations agencies to promoteNGOs in developing countries. WhileUNESCO has encouraged nationalNGO activities with the help of its na-tional commissions, some regional com-missions of the United Nations havecontributed to institution-buildingthrough seminars and meetings of localNGOs. Significantly, the UNDP hasissued guidelines for its Resident Re-presentatives to include relevant na-tional NGOs in the planning and pro-gramming process as well as in the im-plementation of projects. Correspondingguidelines have also been proposed bythe NGO Sub-Committee on Field LevelRelations, Conference of NGOs in Con-sultative Status with ECOSOC, for useby the national affiliates and branchesof NGOs operating in developing coun-tries. As regards the efforts of interna-tional NGOs to increase their nationalaffiliates, the developing countries weresaid to be less responsive to some than

to other NGOs, depending upon theirrelevance to national priorities. In viewof the political and legal difficulties en-countered in some of those countries,United Nations initiatives to encouragenational NGOs were regarded as beingparticularly useful. It was, of course,recognized that some types of NGOsmight not be of interest to certain de-veloping and socialist countries andthat certain specialized NGOs mightnot necessarily gain by wider geogra-phical membership.With regard to a redefinition of the func-tion of NGOs as viewed by the UnitedNations system, it was noted that apartfrom the many frustrating obstacles toco-operation based on indifference ormisunderstanding there were somecompensatory favourable trends, themost notable being the increasing re-cognition of the importance of NGOsas agents of social progress. There wassome difference of opinion as to howNGOs themselves should redefine theirfunctions vis-a-vis the United Nations.But there was little disagreement thatit was the policy of most NGOs to helpstrengthen the United Nations, not as abureaucracy but as one of the bestpresently available means of appro-aching arid resolving world issues. Itwas agreed that many internationalNGOs regarded it part of their functionto seek to influence the United Nationsdirectly or indirectly by pointing the wayto new tasks and different priorities. Byway of elaboration, some participantssuggested that international NGOsmight be able to affect policy-makingin two significant ways : through thedistribution of NGO papers giving awell reasoned analysis of problems andsuggestions for solution and perhapsthrough contacts by better known NGOleaders; and, more importantly, throughthe programmes and impact of theirnational affilliates. The main actors, itwas argued, would be national NGOs,but in order to be taken seriously, theywould need to have respectable pro-grammes of their own or, in the case ofthose that focus on highlighting theissues, effective links with a politicallyvocal constituency. In addition, theywould have to ensure that their viewswere soundly reasoned and were pre-sented by knowledgeable and articulaterepresentatives. Though internationalNGOs would be able to help in this pro-cess by strengthening their nationalaffiliates, the main impact on develop-ment policy would have to be made bemade by national NGOs through na-tional programmes and national Govern-ments.Finally, there was general agreementthat any overhaul of ECOSOC will re-quire serious revision of NGO organi-zation and representation at the UnitedNations. Emphasis was laid on the ten-dency - especially by the specializedagencies - to deal with issues sectorallybut that this did not preclude the pos-sibility, in the future, of interdisciplinaryand multi-sectoral approaches. •


* A summary of the Under - Secretary - General'sintroductory statement before the Council's NGOCommittee and of the Committee's debate on theSecretary-General's report is contained in UNdoc. E/5631 and corr. 1 and 2.

** A New United Nations Structure for Global

WORLD PROBLEMS

AND HUMAN POTENTIAN

- Significance and preliminary resultsof the World Problems Project

IntentRecognizing the considerable difficulties at this time of :— achieving any degree of intellectual consensus on matters

of concern to more than one discipline or school ofthought;

— achieving any form of action-oriented consensus on mat-ters touching the concerns of different nations, ideologiesor cultures;

— compensating for the confusion, secretiveness and mu-tual hostility arising from the claims, counter-claims andgrantsmanship of the many organizations and individualsanxious to assert the special value of their own particularcontribution to understanding the current state of thesocial system and priorities for action;

— assembling and processing the large amount of relevantinformation on factors significant to any overview of theproblems of the world and the resources which can bebrought to bear upon them;

— mobilizing the necessary financial resources and skilledpersonnel to undertake such a task given that is neitherwithin the mandate of any official body nor legitimatedby any academic perspective:

The objectives of this project are :1. Identify information items and series which help to clari-

fy the nature of (a) all perceived world problems, bothindividually and as a complex of interlinked networks,(b) the different kinds of intellectual, organizationaland other resources which can be brought to bear onsuch problems, both individually and as a totality,(c) the values in the light of which the problems areperceived and any action is initiated, and (d) the con-cepts and processes of human development consideredto be the ultimate justification of any human actionand which, as such, both generate world problems andare frustrated by them.

2. Establish a framework for such items of informationconcerning the world social system (particularly thoseconventionally perceived as being incommensurableor essentialy unrelated), in such a way as to permit newitems to be registered, if or when they are recognized,together with any relationships between such items.

3. Demonstrate the consequences of tolerating a largernumber of information items in a series than is con-ventionally favoured without regrouping (e.g. 100 to

5,000 items rather than 1 to 50). (See also Appendix3).

4. Collect and process sufficient information in each ofthe different information series to demonstrate the na-ture of this approach and to determine its viability.

5. Initiate a process to obtain further information and updatethe collected information by periodically providinga product which can be widely distributed to those prov-iding and using such information, constructively criti-cized, and used to improve the organized response toworld problems. The design and utility of the product,as a vehicle for the information contained, should besuch as to ensure that by its sale it could ensure thefinancial viability and independence of the project as acontinuing exercise.

6. Experiment with different forms of collaboration betweenorganizations interested in developing particular featuresof the project or in improving the process by which newperceptions are identified and incorporated.

7. Demonstrate the extent of the interrelatedness of theitems of information included and the importance ofthe possibility of analyzing such information as inter-linked networks rather than as isolated items.

8. Experiment with different methods of processing anddisplaying the information on complex interlinked net-works in order to facilitate their comprehension andan understanding of their mutual significance.

9. Experiment with different methods of classifying andregrouping the items registered, whilst at the same timeensuring a relationship to existing systems of classification,where such exist.

10. Establish a flexible computer-based system to facilitatethe achievement of the above objectives (including theperiodic preparation of a saleable product).

11. Determine the nature and quality (a) of the productwhich can be produced in fulfillment of these objec-tives and in the light of the above-mentioned constraintson any such project at this time, and (b) of the processwhich can be initiated to eliminate defects progressivily,despite such constraints.

12. Determine the extent to which such a process could helpto constitute a stabilizing element in the shifting worldof images concerning world problems, resources ofvarious kinds, and their interrelationships.


Significance

The significance of the Yearbook of World Problems andHuman Potential as a whole can best be briefly illustratedby the following quotations which, taken together, indicatethe importance of exploring the kind of approach attemptedhere.

' The map of organizations or agencies that make up thesociety is, as it were, a sort of clear overlay against a pageunderneath it which represents the reality of the society.And the overlay is always out of phase in relation to what'sunderneath : at any given time there's always a mis-matchbetween the organisational map and the reality of problemsthat people think are worth solving... There's basically nosocial problem such that one can identify and control withina single system all the elements required in order to attackthat problem. The result is that one is thrown back on theknitting together of elements in networks which are notcontrolled and where the network functions and the net-work roles become critical ».(Donald Schon. What can we know about social change ?BBC Listener, 1970)

« When anything becomes a problem we are caught in the so-lution of it. and then the problem becomes a cage, a barrierto further exploration and understanding ».(J. Krishnamurti. The Urgency of Change. 1971)«... how is a practitioner of any one discipline to know in aparticular case if another discipline is better equipped tohandle the problem than is his ? It would be rare indeed ifa representative of any one of these disciplines did not feelthat his approach to a particular organizational problemwould be very fruitful, if not the most fruitful... ».(R.L. Ackoff. Systems, organizations, and interdisciplinaryresearch. General Systems, 1960).

« Because our strength is derived from the fragmentedmode of our knowledge and our action, we are relativelyhelpless when we try to deal intelligently with such unitiesas a city, an estuary's ecology, or the • quality of life ». »(Editorial, Fortune, 1970)

« Today, as we have seen, information is not primarily thetriumphant standard of progress. It is the only means ofmaintaining sufficient control of evolution in order that hu-manity, strengthened by its knowledge and experiences andmaking appropriate use of all available information, canalways maintain itself ahead of any threat which may leadto catastrophe ».(Helmut Arntz, President, international Federation for Docu-mentation, 1975)

. It is unforgivable that so many problems from the pastare still with us, absorbing vast energies and resourcesdesperately needed for nobler purposes : a horrid and futilearmaments race instead of world development; remnants ofcolonialism, racism and violations of human rights insteadof freedom and brotherhood; dreams of power and domina-tion instead of fraternal coexistence; exclusion of greathuman communities from world co-operation instead of uni-versality; extension of ideological domains instead of mu-tual enrichment in the art of governing men to make theworld safe for diversity; local conflicts instead of neighbour-ly co-operation.While these antiquated concepts and attitudes persist, therapid pace of change around us breeds new problemswhich cry for the world's collective attention and care : theincreasing discrepancy between rich and poor nations;the scientific and technological gap; the population ex-plosion; the deterioration of the environment; the urbanproliferation : the drug problem; the alienation of youth;the excessive consumption of resources by insatiablesocieties and institutions. The survival of a civilized andhumane society seems to be at stake.The world is bursting out of its narrow political vestments.The behaviour of many nations is certainly inadequate tomeet the new challenges of our small and rapidly changingplanet. International co-operation is lagging considerably >.(U. Thant, Secretary-General of the United Nations on theoccasion of United Nations Day, 1970)

« Many of the most serious conflicts facing mankind resultfrom the interaction of social, economic, technological,political and psychological forces and can no longer besolved by fractional approaches from individual disciplines-Complexity and the large scale of problems are forcingdecisions to be made at levels where individual participa-tion of those affected is increasingly remote, producing acrisis in political and social development which threatensour whole future ».(Bellagio, Declaration on Planning, 1968)« What finally makes all of our crises still more dangerousis that they are now coming on top of each other. Most ad-ministrations... are not prepared to deal with... multiplecrises, a crisis of crises all at one time... Every problemmay escalate because those involved no longer have timeto think straight ».(John R. Platt. What we must do. Science, 1969)« Society is not a crowd or cluster or clump of humanbeings; it is a set of networks of relations between humanbeings. Every human being is linked with others in a num-ber of networks which are not mutually exclusive and arealso not coextensive with each other ».(Arnold Toynbee, Aspects of Psycho-history. Main Currentsin Modem Thought, 1972)


« The problem is that in most, if not all spheres of inquiryand choice, quantities of raw information overwhelm inmagnitude the few comprehensive and trusted bodies orsystems of knowledge that have been perceived and ela-borated by man... Where, for example, does the novice ur-ban mayor turn to comprehend the dynamic inter-relation-ships between transportation, employment, technology,pollution, private investment, and the public budget; be-tween housing, nutrition, health, and individual motivationand drive ? Where does the concerned citizen or Congress-man interested in educational change go for the best avai-lable understanding of the relationship between communi-cations, including new technology, and learning ? »(McGeorge Bundy. Managing Knowledge to Save the En-vironment, US House of Representatives, 1970)

« The most probable assumption is that every single oneof the old demarcations, disciplines, and faculties isgoing to become obsolete and a barrier to learning as wellas to understanding. The fact that we are shifting from aCartesian view of the universe, in which the accent hasbeen on parts and elements, to a configuration view, withthe emphasis on wholes and patterns, challenges everysingle dividing line between areas of study and know-ledge ».(P.F. Drucker. The Age of Discontinuity; guidelines to ourchanging society. 1968)« ...the penalty for any principle which fails to express thewhole is the necessity to co-exist with its opposite ».(Lancelot Law Whyte. The Next Development in Man. 1950)« ...in face of the growing specialization of thought and ac-tion brought about by diversification in research and thedivision of labour, Unesco has a duty to promote interdis-ciplinary activities and contacts and to encourage broadviews, in short, to emphasize the vital importance of thespirit of synthesis for the health of our civilization. I sayvital advisedly since man — and I mean his essence, whichis to say his judgement and his freedom of choice — isjust as likely to be smothered by his knowledge as para-lysed by the lack of it. Similarly, he is quite as likely tolose his identity in the confusion of competing social pres-sures as to atrophy in the condition known as under-de-veloped ».(René Maheu, former Director-General of Unesco. Addressto a symposium on science and synthesis, 1967)« Interdisciplinary knowledge can only develop throughinterdisciplinary education; it is a question of facilitatingthe emergence of a new form of knowledge... Whilst opera-ting according to the norms of his specific dimension, theresearcher must be able to encompass a mental spacevaster than the epistemological cell within which his rese-arch runs the risk of confining him... The new understan-ding must be based on an affirmation of the functionalunity of the human being as a focal point for all researchintentions in the different domains of knowledge... Thisnew understanding must be embodied in a new pedagogy,oriented to compensating for the deficiencies of speciali-zation by stressing the solidary unity of all domains of know-ledge ».

(Georges Gusdorf. Interdisciplinaire (connaissance). In :__ Encyclopedia Universalis)

_

' The development of a world culture concerns mankind atlarge and each individual human-being. Every communityand society, every association and organization, has a partto play in this transformation; and no domain of life will beunaffected by it. This effort grows naturally out of the crisisof our time : the need to redress the dangerous overde-velopment of technical organization and physical energiesby social and moral agencies equally far-reaching andeven more commanding. In that sense, the rise of worldculture comes as a measure to secure human survival. Butthe process would lose no small part of its meaning wereit not also an effort to bring forth a more complete kind ofman than history has yet disclosed. That we need leader-ship and participation by unified personalities is clear; butthe human transformation would remain desirable andvalid, even if the need were not so imperative.The kind of person called for by the present situation isone capable of breaking through the boundaries of cultureand history, which have so far limited human growth. A per-son not indelibly marked by the tattooings of his tribe orrestricted by the taboos of his totem : not sewed up for lifein the stiff clothes of his caste and calling or encased invocational armor he cannot remove even when it endangershis life. A person not kept by his religious dietary restric-tions from sharing spiritual food that other men have foundnourishing; and finally, not prevented by his ideologicalspectacles from ever getting more than a glimpse of theworld as it shows itself to men with other ideological spec-tacles, or as it discloses itself to those who may, with in-creasing fe frequency, be able without glasses to achievenormal vision.The immediate object of world culture is to break throughthe premature closures, the corrosive conflicts, and thecyclical frustrations of history. This breakthrough wouldenable modern man to take advantage, of the peculiar cir-cumstances today that favor a universalism that earlierperiods could only dream about ».(Lewis Mumford. The Transformations of Man. 1956)« ...that since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in theminds of men that the defences of peace must be cons-tructed... a peace based exclusively upon the political andeconomic arrangements of governments would not be apeace which could secure the unanimous, lasting and sin-cere support of the peoples of the world... ».(Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization)

« The relations between world culture and the unified selfare reciprocal. The very possibility of achieving a worldorder by other means than totalitarian enslavement andautomatism rests on the plentiful creation of unified per-sonalities, at home with every part of themselves, and soequally at home with the whole family of man, in all itsmagnificent diversity... Without fostering such self-know-ledge, balance, and creativity, a world culture might easilybecome a compulsive nightmare ».(Lewis Mumford. The Transformations of Man. 1956)


« The fact which confronts us is that cultural change islimited by the restrictions imposed on change in individualhuman nature by concealed neurotic processes. At thesame time there is continuous cybernetic interplay betweenculture and the individual, i.e. between the intra-psychicprocesses which make for fluidity or rigidity within the in-dividual and the external processes which make for fluidityor rigidity in a culture. It would be naive to expect politicaland ideological liberty to give internal liberty to the indivi-dual citizen unless he had already won freedom from theinternal tyranny of his own neurotic mechanisms... There-fore, insofar as man himself is neurotogenically restricted,he will restrict the freedom to change of the society inwhich he lives.This interplay is sometimes clearly evident, sometimessubtly concealed; but it is the heart of the solution of theproblem of human progress •.(Lawrence S. Kubie. The nature of psychological changeand its relation to cultural change. In : Ben Rothblatt (Ed.),Changing perspectives on Man. 1968)« Post-historic man, the wholly subservient creature of themachine, dismally adapted to the pseudo-life of its mecha-nical collectives, is a theoretic possibility, not a historicprobability. For the conflicts between the overrational andthe irrational, between the mechanized institutions andatavistic men, are too great to promise more than an in-creasingly erratic oscillation, ending in a final breakdown...An apocalyptic termination of all human developmenthas become possible in our day... Man's principal tasktoday is to create a new self, adequate to command theforces that now operate so aimlessly and yet so compulsi-vely. This self will necessarily take as its province theentire world, known and knowable, and will seek, not toimpose a mechanical uniformity, but to bring about an or-ganic unity, based upon the fullest utilization of all thevaried resources that both nature and history have revealedto modern man. Such a culture must be nourished, not only;by a new vision of the whole, but a new vision of a self.capable of understanding and co-operating with the whole.In short, the moment for another great historic transforma-tion has come. If we shrink from that effort we tacitly electthe post-historic substitute.The political unification of mankind cannot be realisticallyconceived except as part of this effort at self-transforma-tion — without that aim we might produce uneasy balancesof power with a temporary easing of tensions, but no full-ness of development ».(Lewis Mumford. The Transformations of Man. 1956)« We can either involve ourselves in the recreative self andsocietal discovery of an image of humankind appropriatefor our future, with attendant societal and personal con-sequences, or we can choose not to make any choice and,instead, adapt to whatever fate, and the choices of others,bring along ».(Center for the Study at Social Policy of the Stanford Rese-arch Institute. Changing Images of Man. 1974)

Summary

In summary, it seems appropriate to attempt to bring to-gether and interrelate within one framework informationon : the problems with which humanity perceives itself tobe faced; the organizational, human, and intellectual re-sources it believes it has at its disposal; the values bywhich it is believed any change should be guided; and theconcepts of human development considered to be eitherthe means or the end of any such social transformation.Problems, organizations, concepts and human developmentare usually considered as though they were unrelated. Butit is necessary to have a progressively more integratedconceptual structure in society before the interrelationshipsbetween the newer problems can be perceived. Both areneeded before an attempt can be made to interrelate or-ganizational units to handle the interlinked problems. Indi-vidual ability to tolerate and comprehend the complexityand dynamism of these interrelationships is directly relatedto the individuals' own degree of personal development.Furthermore, a general increased integration in any ofthese four domains will tend to increase integration in theother three. Equally, progressive fragmentation in any ofthe domains will provoke disintegrative tendencies in theothers.Even if the constraints make it impossible to achieve asatisfactory result through this particular exercise, it is tobe hoped that through the process outlined here it will bepossible to learn more about how information from verydiverse sources can be concentrated and structured to thecritical level required to provide the kind of integrativeoverview necessary for all to develop a sufficiently complexand strategically sound response to the world problemscomplex as it is now emerging.


Preliminary resultsFurther comments on the results willemerge from discussion with interestedbodies and individuals. The Yearbookof World Problems and Human Poten-tial is designed, in part, as a workingdocument to facilitate this process. Fu-ture editions may incorporate more de-tailed comments on the results as wellas appropriate modifications in respon-se to constructive criticism,

Interesting questions that emergedduring the course of work on this pro-ject include :

1. How can networks of relationshipsbe analyzed systematically as networksto determine what are the most impor-tant focal points for action, and whatdifferent meanings could then beattached to « importance • ?

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF INFORMATION SERIES INCLUDED


2. How can comprehension of comple-xity be improved without artificiallyforcing relationships into (definitive)hierarchical groupings, thus doingviolence to any inter-hierarchical link-ages ?

3. Might it not be useful to investigatethe result of using the mathematicaltechnique to convert relationships be-tween points into points in a network ?Useful insights may then emerge frombeing able to switch between the per-ception of problems as linked in a net-work of relationships and the percep-tion of problems as relationships whichintersect at certain points.

4. Given that the number, variety andrelationships of human diseases, andthe nature of their effects on the Indi-vidual are now well understood, do theynot suggest ways for organizing thoughtabout the range and variety of psycho-social problems and their impact onthe psycho-social system ?

5. Is it as ecologically inappropriate toask the question « What are the fivemost important problems (organizations,etc) in the social system » as it is toask the question « What are the fivemost important animals (plants, etc.)in the natural environment • ?

6. Can the relationships between pro-blems for between organizations) beusefully conceived as analogous to thefood chains and trophic levels withinwhich animals are embedded ? Doesthis help to suggest why different kindsof problems emerge as being of majorimportance at different times ? Howmight the evolution of problems andproblem systems be conceived in thislight ?

7. From what is the stability of a « pro-blem ecosystem » (as it might emergefrom the previous point) derived ? Is ituseful to distinguish between degreesof (negative) maturity of problem ecosys-

QUANTITATIVE SUMMARY OF INFORMATION IN YEARBOOK OF WORLD PROBLEMS AND HUMANPOTENTIAL

(Totals are for relationship pairs, not for cross-references)

A C D E H J K M P Q S T V Total

ENTRIES

— incorporated 3300 241 1845 132 228 428 421 606 2653 77 1197 931 704 12763— cross-referenced only — — — — — 311 — — 4791 698 — — — 5800TOTAL 3300 241 1845 132 228 739 421 606 7444 775 1197 931 704 18563

INTRA-SERIES RELATIONSHIPS

Hierarchical— contextual 625 235 1417 157 243 5013 —— component 752 235 1417 157 535 6612 698— associated 790 — 983 — — 554 —Functional 881 _ _ _ _ 6408 _TOTAL INTRA-SERIES (*) : (2423) (235) (2400

)(157) (535) (1357

4)(698)

(20022)

INTER-SERIES RELATIONSHIPS

A International agenciesand associationsC Traded products andcommodities 203D Intellectual disciplinesand sciences 478 —E Economic and industrialsectors 109 516 —H Human developmentconcepts 22 — 22 —J Occupations andjobs 1284 — 572 89 —K Integrative and transdisciplinary concepts 48 — 54 — 7 —M Multinationalcorporations — 480 — — — — —P Worldproblems 1036 122 1282 39 — — — —Q Humandiseases 91 _ — — — — — — 197S International periodicalsand serials 193 — 1440 — — — — — 151. —T Multilateral treatiesand agreements 536 27 — 13 — 46 — — 227 — —V Humanvalues 614 _ _ _ 37 _ 47 _ 353 — — 83TOTAL INTER-SERIES C) : 4614 1348 3848 766 88 1991 156 480 3407 288 1784 932 1134 (10433)

TOTAL RELATIONSHIPS C) : (7037) (1583]

(6248) (923) 88 (2526)

156 480 (16981)

(986)

1784 932 1134 (30455)


tems and to attempt to determine theamount of energy required to maintainthem ? Is anything suggested for betterunderstanding of problem systems bythe (act that a highly diversified ecosys-tem has the capacity for carrying ahigh amount of organization and in-formation and requires relatively littleenergy to maintain it, whereas, conver-sely, the lower the maturity of the sys-tem, the less the energy required todisrupt it (as emphasized by R. Marga-lef) ? Thus anything that keeps an eco-system oscillating (or « spastic »), re-tains it in a state of low maturity,whence the possible danger of simplis-tic reorganization of organizational,conceptual or value systems. Is theproblem of understanding and organi-zing the maturation of natural ecosys-tems of a similar form to that of under-standing and organizing the disruptionof problem ecosystems ?

8. Given the absence of sufficient com-parable information to produce sensi-

tive, widely acceptable, quantitativeworld models covering all aspects ofthe psycho-social system, to what ex-tent can increasing the number andvariety of non-quantitative relationshipsand entities documented lead to valu-able insights of greater acceptability ?In other words, to what extent canknowing less about more (and organi-zing that knowledge) compensate fornot being able to know more aboutless ? Can any relationships be esta-blished between the amount of informa-tion, the type (quantitative, structuredor unstructured, qualitative), the man-ner of representation, and its degreeof acceptability ?

9. To what extent is the complexity ofthe problem system with which humani-ty is faced greater than that which itsorganizational and intellectual resour-ces are capable of handling ? Worse,is there a widespread unacknowledgedpreference for simplifying the repre-sentation of complex problem (and

other) systems down to less than 10elements so that they lend themselvesto easy debate In public and in a poli-cy-making environment (as might besuggested by some of the work of com-munication psychologist George Miller) ?Are organizational and conceptual re-Sources then marshalled and structuredto match the problem system as sim-plified rather than to handle it in itsmore dangerous complexity, thus run-ning the (unacknowledged) risk ofleaving the problems uncontained anduncontainable by the resources avai-lable ? Does this suggest a corollaryto Ashby's Law of Requisite Varietywhich might read : That any attemptto control a psycho-social system witha control system of less complexity(i.e. of less variety) than that of thepsycho-social system itself can onlybe made to succeed by suppressing orignoring the variety (i.e. reducing thediversity) in the psycho-social systemso that it is less than the relative sim-plicity of the control system ? Suchattempts tend to breed violence, how-ever.

A.J.

The Chinese symbol oppositerepresents « crisis » or a « criticalturning point ». It is composed of anupper character representing « danger »and a lower character associated withthe notions of « organic complexity »,« intricate systems », « hidden opport-unity » and « and evolutionarychange ».

It is reproduced here because thisYearbook of World Problems andHuman Potential also attempts toembody these seemingly incompatibledimensions in an equally positivemanner. It therefore identifies themultiplicity of dangers to society, butit also highlights the interlockingcomplexity of the existing organizational,intellectual and personal resources.This contains the concealed opportunityfor creative change and the opportunityfor appropriate response to the crisisof crises.


STRUCTURE OF THE PUBLICATION

The publication is made up of the information series identified in therectangles in the diagram (see page 106). Each series constitutes an indep-endent section.

Entries in information series

Each series is composed of numbered entries. The entry mayconsist of : the name(s) of the item, a description, relation-ships to other entries in the same series, and relationshipsto entries in other series. Where appropriate, the entry mayalso include an address or bibliographical references.

Number of entries

The number of entries in each series is indicated in the cor-responding rectangle. (The asterisked numbers are entrieswhich are cross-referenced but have not yet been allocateda number.)

Descriptive information

This is included, where available and relevant, in entries inall series (except : human diseases (Q), traded commodities(C), economic sectors (E), international organizations (A),and international periodicals (S), (or which the information isavailable in other reference books).The amount and type of descriptive information varies accor-ding to the series and the availability of information on theitem in question. Descriptions of world problems, for example,are made up of several subsections which may vary fromseveral lines to several hundred lines. Entries in other sectionsmay consist of a simple description, or several lines accom-panied by a list of countries.

Cross-references within series

Where appropriate, each entry also includes relationships toother entries in the same series. Such relationships may be of

several types. For example, in the case of a world problem,they might indicate links to broader, component or associatedproblems. In addition, relationships are given to problemsaggravated by or aggravating the problem, as well as to pro-blems alleviated by or alleviating the problem.

Cross-references between series

Where appropriate, each entry also includes relationships toentries in other series. For example, in the case of a worldproblem they might indicate which international organizations,disciplines, treaties, human values, periodicals, etc. are asso-ciated with the problem. (The pattern of such relationships isindicated in the diagram on page 106.)

Cross-references to other publications

Some of the series are ordered to facilitate access to informa-tion in other publications and statistical series. So, for example,detailed information on the international organizations in-cluded can be obtained by referring to the Yearbook of Inter-national Organizations (in English or French). The informationincluded here is a highly abridged extract from that publicat-ion.

Coverage and sources

The problems, disciplines, organizations, etc. included relateto all subject areas. Information is not restricted to any sub-ject or mission-oriented area. The information included hasbeen obtained form existing published documents and notfrom new research. In the case of the world problems, forexample, their identification and descriptions are based wher-ever possible on documents of international organizations(partly used by the Union of International Associations toproduce the Yearbook of International Organizations, 16thedition, 1976).

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Books,

reports

and proceedings received

Meeting reports/Comptes rendus

Federacion de Universidades Privadas de America Central yPanama. III Seminario, actas. San Salvador, 4-7 diciembre,1972. 173 paginas.Central Treaty Organization. Council of Ministers (21st ses-sion)/Economic Committee (22nd session)/Military Committee(25th session). One volume, 43 pages with photos (black-and-white). Council of Ministers : session held at Washington, D.C.,21-22 May, 1974; Economic Committee : session heldat Ankara, 8-10 April, 1974; Military Committee : session heldat Teheran and Ankara. April 1974.International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. 5th interna-tional institute on the prevention and treatment of drug depen-dence. Copenhagen, 8-12 July, 1974. 156 pages includingtables, diagrams and graphs.International Federation of Secondary Teachers. 44th Congress,report. Paris, 22-25 July, 1974. In « Bulletin International/Inter-national Bulletin/Internationale Zeitschrift » (trilingual bulle-tin). 152 pages including photos (black-and-white).Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization(ALECSO). Workshop : « Outline Plan for a syllabus in biologyfor Arab secondary schools », conclusions. Tripoli, Libya, 7-19September, 1974. Brief English section (15 pages), summari-sing the project of which this workshop was a part, and givingthe main syllabus points for 10th, 11th and 12th grades in Arabsecondary schools; full Arab section.Federacion de Universidades Privadas de America Central yPanama. // Reunion de Académicos : « Los elementos de con-cientizacion en los Curricula de las Universidades Centro-americanas », actas. Heredia, Costa Rica, 23-27 septembre,1974. 179 paginas.Institute for the Philosophy of Sciences and Peace of the Yu-goslav Academy of Sciences and Arts / Yugoslav Pugwash Con-ference. 22nd Pugwash symposium : « Science and ethics »,report. Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 14-18 January, 1975. In « En-cyclopaedia Moderna » (quarterly magazine), 36-page section,zany layout (unusual titles and column widths).

Federaciôn de Universidades Privadas de America Central yPanama/Fundacion Konrad Adenauer. IV seminario FUPAC/IX seminario Latino-americano para directivos de teleduca-cion/ll Seminario internacional de T.V. éducative: « Teledu-cacion universitaria «.Antigua, Guatemala, 16-21 marzo. 1975.119 paginas.Inter-American Development Bank. Sixteenth meeting of theBoard of Governors, proceedings. Santo Domingo, DominicanRepublic. 19-21 May, 1975. 219 pages.Union Internationale des Transports Publics. 41e Congrès in-ternational, conclusions adoptées par l'Assemblée Générale.Nice. 25-31 mai, 1975. Dans « UlTP Revue », vol. 24-3/1975.section trilingue allemand-anglais-français de 40 pages avectableaux, diagrammes et photos (noir et blanc).Nordisk Rad. Seminarium : «Grannsprak och minoritetsspraki Norden ». Esbo, Finland, 4-6 april, 1975. Nordisk utrednings-serie 1975:32, 87 sider.International Institute for Peace. Symposium : * Perspectivesof the integration process and collective security in Europe ».Budapest, 6-7 June, 1975. In the « Peace and the Sciences »series, no. 4, December 1975, German and English edi-tions, 105 and 87 pages respectively; price per copy : AS 40.

Ouvrages,

rapports

et comptes rendus reçus

Union Académique Internationale. 49ème session annuelle duComité, compte rendu. Munich, 15-21 juin, 1975. 206 pagesavec tableaux.Alliance Israélite Universelle. Réunion annuelle, rapport. 23juin, 1975. Dans - Les Cahiers de l'Alliance Israélite Univer-selle », octobre 1975, no. 193, 48 pages avec photos (noir etblanc).Inter-American Development Bank. Special meeting of theBoard of Governors, proceedings. Washington, D.C., 9 July,1975. 29 pages including tables.International Federation of Secondary Teachers. 45th Congress,report. Munich. 21-25 July, 1975. In «Bulletin International/International Bulletin/Internationale Zeitschrift », no. 123January 1976, 120 pages.International Fellowship of Former Scouts and Guides. GeneralAssembly, report. Aalborg, Denmark. 15 August, 1975. In the« Fellowship Bulletin », vol. XXI no. 4, November-December1975, English and French editions, 21-page section includingphotos (black-and-white).Inter-Parliamentary Union. 62nd Conference, report. London,3-12 September, 1975. In the « inter-Parliamentary Bulletin »,55th year 1975, fourth quarter no. 4. 32-page section.Internationaler Eisenbahn-Alkoholgegner-Verband, 5. Studien-woche, bericht. Griechenland, 21-27 September. 1975. 32 Seite.Association International du Congrès des Chemins de Fer/Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer. XX/e session del'AICCF/Congrès AICCF/UIC, compte rendu sommaire. Bo-logne, 28 septembre - 5 octobre, 1975. Dans « Rail Interna-tional », 6e année no. 12, décembre 1975, section de 42 pagesavec photos et diagrammes (noir et blanc) et une carte (cou-leur).International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. 11th worldcongress, resolutions and statements. Mexico City, 17-25 Oc-tober, 1975. Separate 18-page brochure included with theDecember edition of « Free Labour World » (monthly journalappearing in English, French, German and Spanish editions).Bureau International de la Récupération. Congrès, documents(dernière partie). Vienne, octobre 1975. 8 pages stencillées.

Annual reports and anniversaries/Rapports annuels et anniversaires

Canadian Institute of International Affairs. Annual report/Rap-port annuel 1974-1975. Bilingual English-French, 32 pages-Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier. Les inves-tissements dans les industries du charbon et de l'acier de laCommunauté - rapport sur l'enquête 1975 - Situation au 1erjanvier 1975. 93 pages, avec tableaux et graphiques (noir etblanc, et couleur).International Civil Aviation Organization. Annual report of theCouncil - 1974. Doc 9127, 157 pages, including tables, graphs(colour) and appendices.International Folk Music Council. 1974 Yearbook, Vol. 6. 175pages, main text in English, some articles in German, Frenchwith English summaries photos, diagrams, music and dancescores, equations.The Population Council, New York. Annual Report 1974. 138pages.


UNESCO, Commission Océanographique Intergouvememen-tale. La Décennie internationale de l'exploration océanique(DlEO) 1971-1980. Série technique no. 13. 92 pages avectableaux, diagrammes, cartes, photos (noir et blanc); 4 4ditions:édition française ISBN 92-3-201253-7, édition anglaise 92-3-101253-3. édition espagnole 92-3-301253-0. édition russe92-3-401253-4.

Reference manuals/Manuels de référence

UNESCO. Index Translationum, 25th volume.International Federation of Consulting Engineers. ConsultingEngineers' Guide to International Agencies. 1976. 37 pages.ILO. International recommendations on labour statistics, ISBN92-2-101376-6. 131 pages.Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Geographical Dis-tribution of yellowfin and skipjack tuna catches in the easternPacific Ocean, and fleet and total catch statistics / Distribuciongeografica de las capturas de atun aleta amarilla y barrileteen el Oceano Pacifico orientât, estadisticas de la flota y cap-tura total. 1971 - 1974, by/por Thomas P. Calkins. Bulletin,vol. 17 no. 1, 1975, 116 pages, bilingual English-Spanish, ex-tensive tables and maps.Bibliography of el Nino and associated publications/Biblio-grafia del Nino y publicaciones afines, by/por Merritt R. Ste-venson and Helen R. Wicks. Bulletin, vol. 16 no. 6, 1975, bi-lingual English-Spanish, 50 pages + microfiche.Bureau International du Travail. Sécurité dans la Constructionet l'Utilisation des Tracteurs. 45 pages, ISBN 92-2-201403-0.Fédération des Industries Chimiques de Belgique. Guide desTechnologies Anti-nuisances/Gids voor Technieken ter Be-strijding van de Milieuhinder. 72 pages, bilingue français-néer-landais.International Superphosphate and Compound Manufacturers'Association. Emploi des engrais - Glossaire / Fertiliser UseGlossary / Glossar zum Mineraldungergebrauch / Utilizacion delos fertilizantes - Glosario. Spécial issue of « Phosphorus inAgriculture ». 18th year 1975 no. 66, quadrilingual English-French-German-Spanish, 41 pages.World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Glos-sary of Health Care Terminology, by James Hogarth. In theseries « Public Health in Europe » no. 4, preliminary editionin English, but other language editions to follow, 476 pages.

Education and culture/Education et culture

Universities, schools and teachers/Les universités, lesécoles et les enseignants

Association Internationale des Universités. Bulletin. Trimestriel,bilingue anglais-français, entre 70 et 100 pages divisé en 9sections : Points de vue; Chronique universitaire internationale;Statistiques universitaires; Collaboration des universités; Lavie des étudiants; Organisations internationales; L'UNESCO etles universités; Publications récentes; Activités de I'AIU. Abon-nement annuel, édition normale : 36 FF, S 7,50, £ 3.World Education Fellowship. The New Era. 28 pages of ar-ticles on developments in education, either historical or cur-rent, with a view to increasing world understanding and cuttingthrough cultural and social prejudices. The magazine incorpo-rates the World Studies Bulletin, and ends with a book reviewsection. ISSN 0028-5048, 25 P or 75 C per issue, 9 issues ayear.International Schools Association. Bulletin. Bilingual Englishand French, 64 pages of notes and news of education trendsand information for educators (of publications, particularlyresource books, translations, youth problems, etc.); conferencenews.

European Bureau of Adult Education, Notes & Studies. Trilin-gual English-French-German, 69 pages, articles on projectsundertaken by member countries, short news items and newpublications.World Council of Comparative Education Societies. Newsletter.Published in association with the International Bureau of Edu-cation (UNESCO). Bilingual English-French, 79 pages, stencilformat, giving news from the World Council, its national andregional societies, news from the IBE, forthcoming conferen-ces, publications.Association des Universités Partiellement ou Entièrement deLangue Française. Idées. 53 pages d'articles sur des innova-tions, démarches et expériences dans l'enseignement supé-rieur, y comprennant deux sections sur les publications péda-gogiques.La Revue de l'AUPELF : « Université et Espace ». Numérospécial, vol. XIII, No. 1, juin 1975. 340 pages d'études en pro-fondeur sur la recherche spatiale à l'université et son applica-tion; tableaux, diagrammes, graphiques, photos (noir et blanc).Union de Universidades de America Latina. Universidades. 289paginas, seis secciones : Seccion doctrinal; Actividades de laUDUAL; Las Universidades de America Latina; Informaciongeneral; Resenas bibliograficas; Publicaciones recibidas. Pre-cio del ejemplar : US S 2.50; Suscripcion anual : US S 9.00.MX ISSN 0041-8935.International Council for Educational Development. Newsletter.8 pages on educational grants and project news + news of staffactivities, ICED meetings and publications.Occasional paper number 15 : Some Thoughts on Higher Edu-cation, by Soedjatmoko (Paper prepared for a seminar onEducation, Employment and Equity, University of Indonesia,Jakarta, March 6, 1975). Indonesian focus, 25 pages.Social Science Research Council (New York). Items. 15 pages,short study-articles on social science topics, world wide per-spective, + grants and publications sections.International Federation of Secondary Teachers. Bulletin Inter-national/International Bulletin / Internationale Zeitschrift. Tri-lingual, English-French-German. Annual subscription : 25 FF.Federation Internationale Syndicale de l'Enseignement. Cour-rier des Enseignants. Bulletin de 11 pages d'informations surles congrès et d'autres manifestations.World Confederation of Organizations of the Teaching Profes-sion. Echo. Quarterly, 8 pages of worldwide news of projects,conferences, and educational developments; photos (black-and-white).Federacion Panamericana de Asociaciones de Facultades deMedicina. Boletin. 20 paginas de informaciones sobre proyec-tos y reuniones, y resenas bibliograficas.Charles F. Kettering Foundation. New Ways. Quarterly, 8 pages,large format, notes on research development in science andeducation + publications list, mainly US perspective; photosand diagrams (black-and-white).Association for World Education. Journal of World Education.Quarterly, 16 pages, news items on world education, book re-views, meetings, study and travel opportunity, association news.

World University Roundtable. International Newsletter. Monthly,+ 8 stencilled pages, conference, grants news + thoughts onthe advancement of education and world understanding in theNew Age. US focus, badly arranged and superficial.Experiment in International Living, Odyssey, 4-page newslet-ter of exchange student and similar projects; photos (black-and-white).UNESCO. Education des Adultes - notes d'information. Trimes-triel, éditions en langues anglais, français et espagnol, 14pages sur les programmes UNESCO en faveur de l'éducationdes adultes, bibliographie; Alphabétisation - Notes et Nou-velles est incorporée dans ce bulletin, dont la distribution estgratuite.La Compréhension internationale à l'école. Publiée deux foispar an pour le Système UNESCO des écoles associées, ar-ticles pour le développement social transnational à l'école, etpour l'élimination du racisme, etc., nouvelles des projets encours, publications; photos, diagrammes, dessins (noir-et-blanc).


Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO.The World in the Class Room. Quarterly, general topics suchas development, world problems, international cooperation ina UNESCO and world context but also as they relate to India,UNESCO conference news, Indian National Commission news.Universidad Central de las Villas (Cuba). Istas. Revista culturaly histbrica de 200 paginas con fotos (negro y blanco).Institut Belge d'Information et de Documentation. Interstages.60 pages d'études sur le rôle du média, + actualités, forma-tion, publications. Abonnement annuel : 250 FB; prix le nu-méro : 35 FB.

Reading/La lecture

Mobral, Brazil. « Para o Mobral ». « Fac-similes » da corres-pondência pelos alunos e ex-alunos de alfabetizaçao e duca-çao integrada. as primeiras mensagens de alguén que emergenrecentemente do analfabetismo; con fotos, 54.Literacy House, India. Literacy Today - A panorama of adultliteracy. 16 pages, trends in adult education, conferences, li-terature, world perspective.International Reading Association. The Reading Teacher. 112pages, in-depth study-articles of the teaching of reading andreading problems + special sections : Children's Book CouncilSummer Reading Program. Crossfire, the Clip Sheet, CriticallySpeaking, ERIC/RCS, and others; tables, diagrams, photos(black-and-white).Reading Today International. 4-page newsletter put out by theIRA (European Office), in English and French editions (Frenchtitle : La Lecture dans le Monde); brief reading and educationnews, conferences and other manifestations.Right to Read'75. A series of 6 bimonthly reports on the USNational Right to Read Effort, a program undertaken by theIRA to eliminate illiteracy in the USA by 1980. 4 pages, inclu-ding photos (black-and-white).

Documentation

UNESCO. Promotion du livre. Bulletin mensuel de 8 pages surles manifestations en faveur de la promotion du livre à traversle monde.International Federation for Documentation. FID News Bulletin.Monthly. 12 pages, giving brief news of a wide range of docu-mentation subjects + conference and association news,worldwide perspective. ISSN 0014-5874. Annual subscription :fl. 40.UNESCO. NATIS Nouvelles. Bulletin de 4 pages d'informationssur le programme NATIS.UNISIST Newsletter. 8 pages, English, French, Russian andSpanish editions, UNISIST and related project news. ISSN0300-2519.Innovation. 12-page newsletter on the International Educatio-nal Reporting Service, new ideas, projects and experimentsin education.Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics. IBI Newsletter. 16pages (monthly) + 8-page « Forthcoming Events » Calendarsupplement (bimonthly). Brief news of developments in a widerange of applications of informatics, conference news, publi-cations. Annual subscription : US S 18.Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries.Newsletter/Carta Informativa. 20 pages, bilingual English-Spanish, association news.Association of International Libraries. Journal. Quarterly, 34pages, bilingual English-French, association news, reports onclassification systems, bibliographical notes, abstracts andsummaries, new publications. Annual subscription : US S 10(or equivalent).Organization of American States. Inter-American Review ofBibliography - Journal of humanistic studies. Quarterly, + 120pages, bilingual English-Spanish (a tendency for more inSpanish than English), study articles on cultural-historicaltopics, book and article reviews, news and notes section, pu-blications of the OAS and its specialized organizations.UNESCO. Bulletin de l'Unesco à l'intention des bibliothèques.Articles sur de différents systèmes et problèmes de documen-tation, descriptions d'organisations de documentation (et na-

tionales et internationales), sections : publications récentes,nouvelles et informations, échange - publications demandées -distribution gratuite.

Patent, Copyright/Propriété industrielle, Droit d'Auteur

Fédération Internationale des Conseils en Propriété Industrielle.Revue et Bulletin. Trilingue anglais-français-allemand, 150pages, documents, études et rapports sur l'application desbrevets, rapports, procès-verbaux et résolutions de l'associa-tion.World Intellectual property Organization. Industrial Property.Monthly, English and French editions, association news andmeetings, international agreements, activities of other organi-zations, legislation, book reviews, general studies. Annualsubscription : 95 SF; price per issue : 10 SF.Le Droit d'Auteur. Mensuel, informations et réunions de l'as-sociation conventions et activités internationales, législationsnationales. Abonnement annuel : 95 FS; prix le numéro : 10 FS.UNESCO. Bulletin du droit d'auteur. Trimestriel, 66 pages, con-ventions internationales, organisations internationales, réu-nions, nouvelles et informations, livres reçus, documents.Abonnement annuel : 22 FF; prix le numéro : 6,50 FF.

General/Général

Association Guillaume Budé. Bulletin (Revue de culture géné-rale). Trimestriel, environ 200 pages d'études culturelles.P.E.N. American Center. The American Pen. Quarterly, 86pages, literary pieces, including verse. Annual subscription :S 4; price per issue : S 1.25.International Folk Music Council. Bulletin. 38 pages, associa-tion news.International Heinrich Schutz Society. Acta Sagittariana. Tri-lingual, English-French-German, 24-27 pages, association newsand news of national sections devoted to the work of HeinrichSchutz (composer and musician).International Amateur Theatre Association. Information Bulle-tin. Bilingual English-French, new format since 1975, articlescovering different aspects of amateur theatre, association news.International Student Theatre Union. Bulletin. Brief examina-tion of the role of theatre, technical aspects, association news,international meetings, 12 pages.World Crafts Council. World Crafts Council News. 6-pagenewsletter giving association and section news; photos (black-and-white) .International Federation of Aero-Philatelic Societies. Bulletin.Trilingual, English-French-German, 36 pages, association news,examples of stamps and commemorative post-marks (black-and-white).Association Suisse des Chasseurs de Sons. Bulletin. Bilingueallemand-français, 24 pages, informations techniques sur l'en-registrement sonore, sur les concours internationaux d'enre-gistrement et d'autres manifestations internationales; ce Bulle-tin sert comme bulletin de la Fédération Internationale desChasseurs de Son.Union Mondiale des Voix Françaises. Via Vox Contact. Bimen-suel, brèves informations de différents pays, informations del'association, + informations de la Fédération Française desChasseurs de Son. Prix le numéro : 5 FF.UNESCO. Patrimoine Culturel de l'Humanité. 12 pages d'in-formations sur la préservation et la mise en valeur du patri-moine culturel, le rôle du musée dans la vie culturelle et dansl'éducation scolaire et extrascolaire; photos (noir-et-blanc).International Council of Museums, ICOM News. 44 pages, bi-lingual English-French, technical information articles, associa-tion news, museum news, worldwide perspective, publications;photos (black-and-white). Annual subscription to nonmembers :US $ 10,UNESCO, Oficina Regional de Ciencia y Tecnologia de laUNESCO para America Latina y el Caribe. Boletin. 62 paginas,articulos cientificos, noticias de la UNESCO, actividades de laoficina, noticias de la région, bibliografia. calendario de reu-niones.


Asian National Commissions for UNESCO, UNESCO-Asia. Quar-terly, 36 pages, bilingual English-French, regional meetingsand programmes, news from regional offices, news from na-tional sections; photos (black-and-white).Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO.Newsletter. 24 pages, international UNESCO news, News-in-brief section of international news and events with special re-levance to education, Indian National Commission news,UNESCO publications.Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization(ALECSO). Newsletter. 64 pages, bilingual Arab-English(mainly Arab), news of the different departments of ALECSO,news of the Arab world.

UNESCO. Features. English and French editions, articles cover• such topics as general culture, education, medical care, pollu-tion, activities and programmes of member organisms ofUNESCO, + brief news; drawings (black-and-white).Impact of Science on Society. English and French editions,in-depth study-articles on a specific topic per issue, such as therational use of health resources, youth and science, etc., 70-100pages; photos (black-and-white). Annual subscription ; 32 FF;price per issue : 9.50 FF.Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization.The Arab Culture. Short English section (36 pages), long Arabsection, various aspects of culture, education and science;photos, drawings, maps (black-and-white). ISSN 0301-7869.

Sport

Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme. Bulletin.Trilingual English-French-German, association news.Union Internationale de Spéléologie. UIS - Bulletin. 16 pages,quadrilingue allemand-anglais-espagnol-francais, manifesta-tions, documents, publications, nouvelles de l'association.Fédération Internationale de Football Association. FIFA News.English, French, German and Spanish editions, monthly, re-ports on international matches, symposia on related topicssuch as sports medicine, exposure of instances of corruptionin the sport, examination of regulations procedure, refereeing,etc., news from national associations, results of internationalmatches, visitors to FIFA House, books received : photos(black-and-white). Annual Sbuscription : (North Africa andEurope) 30 SF; (Africa and Near East) 35 SF; (rest of world)40 SF.Union des Associations Européennes de Football. BulletinOfficiel de l'UEFA. 39 pages, trilingue allemand-anglais-fran-çais, articles traitant des problèmes, tels que la violence, lapolitique en sport, informations européennes générales, nou-velles des associations-membres, nouveaux livres, communi-cations officielles; photos (noir et blanc).UEFA Informations. 7 pages stencillées, nouvelles de l'associa-tion, résultats des matchs européens.

international Welghtlifling Federation. International Welghtlif-ting. Monthly, 18 pages, bilingual English-French, competitionnews, mainly results; photos (black-and-white). Annual subscrip-tion : (Europe) £ 2; (elsewhere) £3 .Confédération Européenne de Billard. Le Billard. Trimestriel8 pages de nouvelles et résultats des championnats européenset internationaux; photos (noir et blanc).Centre de Documentaciôn e Informaciôn del Instituto Nacionalde Déportes, Education Fisica y Recreacion (Cuba), BoletinCientifico-Tecnico INDER-Cuba. 70 paginas de estudios dediversos aspectos de déportes diferentes y educacion fisica :English contents and summaries of articles; Sommaire et re-sumes d'articles en langue française.Ministerio de Educacion Publica y Déportes, Ecuador. BoletinInformativo. 87 paginas de informaciones sobre proyectos yactividades nacionales y internacionales en déportes y educa-cion; photos y dibujos (negro y blanco).

Artificial languages/Langues artificiellesUnion Mundial pro Interlingua. Currero. Bimonthly, coverswide range of topics; the language is very close to Latin andSpanish.Interlingue-Union. Cosmoglotta. Bimonthly, various subjectsof a transcultural nature, publications; the language is not tobe confused with Interlingua : it is also heavily Latin-basedbut with more leanings towards Italian + other influences.Annual subscription : 15 SF (5 issues); 12 SF (3 issues); 8 SFper issue. ISSN 0010-9533.Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista. Scienca Revuo. 40pages, scientific studies, short news section at end. ISSN0048-9557.Bulteno. 8-page folded sheet, association news.Universala Esperanto-Asocio. Esperanto. Monthly, about 20pages, cultural and literary (including verse, play extracts),book reviews, conference information, official information.Laborista Esperanto-Asocio. SAT Amikaro. 8 pages, mensuel,nouvelles de l'association.Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda. Sennaciulo. 8-page newsletter;photos (black-and-white).Internacia Fervojista Esperanto-Federacio. Internacia Fervojisto.Bimonthly, 14-16 pages, association activities and news; pho-tos and maps (black-and-white).La Skolta Esperantista Ligo. La Skolta Mondo. Quarterly, asso-ciation and general scouting news; photos, graphies (black-and-white).Ornitologia Rondo Esperantlingua. La Mevo - internacia revuoornitologia. Quarterly, articles and news of ornithological in-terest, association news; photos and drawings (black-and-white). Price per issue Nfl. 2.Mondpaca Esperantista Movado. Paco. 16 pages, generalpeace news, association and section news, arts : books, thea-tre, film; photos, witty cartoons and other graphics (black-and-white).

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Book ReviewsThe Functional Theory of Politics,by David Mitrany.

London School of Economics andPolitical Science/Martin Robertson& Co. Ltd. 1975, ISBN 0 85520 097 9,xxv + 294 pages.

This book is a series of essays in whichthe author traces the evolution of histheory of « functionalism ». It is dividedinto four parts : the first is autobio-graphical; the second composed ofthree « statements » of principle madein 1932, 1941 and 1943; the third partillustrates a range of economic, socialand political problems to which func-tionalism could be applied as a pro-blem-solving tool; the fourth and finalsection « Retrospect and Prospect »summarises functionalism, sets it in thecontext of other internationalist theo-ries and examines perspectives for thefuture. The volume is introduced byPaul Taylor.The main principles of functionalismembody a three-fold idea : that peoplecan learn to evolve from loyalty to thenation state by the experience of fruit-ful international cooperation; that ade-quate international organization canincrease the welfare of the individualbeyond the state's capacity as a provi-der; and that these rewards would begreater when the organization is wor-king across national boundaries.The theory encompasses the ideals ofinternational cooperation, interdepen-dence and integration, but upholds theimportance of cultural as opposed topolitical sovereignty. Growing from « aninterest without pre-judice, but with analmost despairing concern through twoWorld Wars at the utter futility of com-peting political erections and the waysof « armed security », it forms one ofthe major bases for modern interna-tionalist thinking, with a continuing re-levance through subsequent new modesand trends.Mitrany concentrates on the practicaleffectuation of peace. In trying to finda workable peace system, he analysesthe social, economic and politicalcauses of conflict, weighing alternativestructures. The essays in Part 3 of thebook, written from 1938 to 1973, coverconcepts and practical aspects of na-tionality and nationalism, neutrality,alliance systems, economic policy, war,peacemaking, international security,the protection of human rights, inter-national equality, decolonization, inter-national technical assistance, and ananalysis of the United Nations in itshistorical perspective.In Part 4 he assesses the current worldsituation against a background of poli-tical theories past and present, andcompares 19th and 20th century de-velopments. He reassesses the func-

tional approach to politics, its placeand usefulness in modern society. Inso doing, he extends its possible appli-cations and perspectives beyond thoseinitially envisaged.

He summarises the 19th century as oneof political constitutionalism and eco-nomic internationalism in the spirit ofWestern Enlightenment. The 20th cen-tury is essentially the era of social as-piration, which has involved a returnto nationalism - to a large extent theresult of decolonization. This natio-nalism is both economic and social,and inevitably political, though the po-litics is of an administrative rather thanconstitutional kind. He describes thisas an Eastern influence, with a naturaltendency towards despotism, or totali-tarianism in the modern context. Na-tional political theory can add nothingto this; in contrast, international politi-cal theory, particularly from the West,emanates in profusion.He criticizes the modern « scientific >approach to international politicaltheory which attempts to supply theultimate answer or formula for theworld situation. This is too rigid anddoes not take account of change, timeor place. In contrast, functionalism hasno * imperative prescription for a socialor political ultimate » since it expresses- the political application of the outlookand mutuality of humanism ». It splitsup functions and tackles them indivi-dually, without necessarily workingthrough official channels, governments,the UN, etc., but through groups ororganizations based on a need. Thesegroups come into being, expand, shrinkor die according to consensus and thetask at hand. « Functionalism knowsonly one logic, the logic of the problem,and a problem always apt to be in flux. in its elements, its spread and itseffects ».

Mitrany regards size, or bigness, withresulting dehumanization and socialapathy, as one of the major obstaclesin 20th century organization. Func-tionalism allows for any political, social,economic, religious or cultural affilia-tions in the individual, and by extensionin society as a whole. In this way andin tackling problems in context as theyappear, it could help restore « repre-sentative initiative and control », butwithout the former territorial limits.However, we are also at a cross-roadsof political evolution. We can move to-wards an era of institutionalized coope-ration, concentrating on positive com-mon interest, and making use of newtechnology and new social awareness.Alternatively, the new technology willbe used for negative nationalistic pur-poses, resulting in conflict and • nuc-lear challenge », which will leave theworld a remnant of scarred communi-ties struggling for survival.

S.F.T.

Functionalism — Theory andPractice in International Relations,edited by A.J.R. Groom andPaul TaylorUniversity of London Press. 1975ISBN 0340 16153 1,354 pages.Divided into three sections, a shortintroduction by the editors. Part Igiving the theoretical perspectives andPart II giving problems and dimen-sions, this book is a collection of essaysby various authors from different partsof the globe. They include senior scho-lars, some practitioners in internationalrelations, and younger researchers. Thebook closes with an extensive biblio-graphy.The aim of the book, according to theeditors is two-fold : . to provide stu-dents-with a comprehensive survey ofan important approach to the problemsand organisation of world society andto provide an assessment of the cur-rent state of the theory, both concep-tually and empirically ». The focusis functionalism, but the contributorsreflect a range of viewpoints regardingits role in the analysis and resolutionof the world situation.Part I of the book outlines crisply andclearly the theoretical aspects of func-tionalism, developments in the theory(neofunctionalism and instances ofunorthodox approaches to functiona-lism, such as that of Ernst Haas) and•its possible application. The papersprobe, raise questions regarding thenature of international society, and thevalue of the theory. In each case, directreference is made to institutional or or-ganisational fact and evolution, forecas-ting possible trends, particularly in theapplication of a functionalist approach.David Mitrany contributes two papersto this section, giving it a solid base.In Part II the papers spotlight differentstructures in the world community,the problems they pose or with whichthey are faced, and the impact of func-tionalism within the structures, and onthe problems. The section opens withan historic analysis of the League ofNations and functionalist practice dur-ing that period. It follows with a studyof the UN Specialised Agencies, theUN International Secretariats, interna-tional non-governmental organisations(a paper contributed by A.J.N. Judge,Assistant Secretary General of the UAIand Kjell Skjelsbaek of the Internatio-nal Peace Research Institute, Oslo),and multinational corporations. Thefinal papers cover conflict resolution,international economic relations, andthe limits of functionalism in the lightof the South-East Asian situation.The contents are wide-ranging, providingvery solid intellectual material. Theoverall approach is less philosophicaland more academic than Mitrany's ownbook (reviewed here). For that reasonit is also less digestible, although as aworking tool, manifestly useful, andperhaps more particularly accentedtowards a specialised public, S.F.T.


LISTE DES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAIPrintemps 1976

ANNUAIRE DES ORGANISATIONS INTERNATIONALESCette publication réalisée en collaboration avec les NationsUnies est le seul annuaire de références s'étendant au réseaumondial des organisations internationales. Il est le résultatd'enquêtes et de questionnaires mis au point par une équipede rédacteurs et dont les données ont été confiées à un ordina-teur et traitées par bande magnétique.Quatre mille trois cents organisations internationales gouver-nementales et non gouvernementales y sont décrites. Chaquenotice donne les informations suivantes : nom en français,anglais et autres langues s'il y a lieu, adresses principales etsecondaires, nom du secrétaire général, historique, buts, struc-ture, commissions techniques et régionales, personnel et finan-ces, relations consultatives, membres et leur nationalité, prin-cipales activités et programmes, lieux et dates des réunionsles plus récentes (passées et futures), publications périodiquesou non.En supplément, on trouve une section importante compre-nant des listes, tableaux, statistiques diverses : les membresdes Nations Unies, des Institutions Spécialisées et Instituts asso-ciés; les organisations non gouvernementales ayant le statutconsultatif auprès des Nations Unies et/ou des InstitutionsSpécialisées; les organisations non gouvernementales les plusfréquemment reconnues par les organisations inter-gouverne-mentales; les groupements d'organisations internationales nongouvernementales; les statistiques sur le nombre d'organisa-tions internationales et leur répartition géographique; les nomset adresses des fondations à vocation internationale; les nomset adresses des instituts, centres et écoles de relations interna-tionales; les noms et adresses des chercheurs spécialisés dansles relations internationales; la bibliographie des documentssur les réseaux d'associations transnationales.L'ouvrage paraît en version française et anglaise.Les mises à jour de l'Annuaire (changements d'adresse, nou-velles organisations internationales, etc.) paraissent régulière-ment dans la Revue « Associations internationales ».ANNUAIRE DES PROBLEMES MONDIAUXET DU POTENTIEL HUMAINLa première édition — expérimentale — de cet ouvrage de1000 pages sort de presse au début de l'année 1976.C'est le résultat d'un ambitieux projet qui consiste à présenterensemble dans un cadre unique l'information clé sur les chan-gements sociaux dans le monde et faire apparaître les relationsréelles ou possibles entre ces sources d'information.L'ouvrage comprend 13 sections :— les problèmes mondiaux et régionaux (identifiés pour la

première fois)— les concepts du développement humain— les disciplines intellectuelles— les secteurs économiques— les organisations et institutions internationales— les produits de base— les professions et occupations— les concepts interdisciplinaires et intégrateurs— les sociétés multinationales— les maladies humaines— les périodiques internationaux (et publications en séries)— les traités multilatéraux— les valeurs humaines,

ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS CALENDAR(CALENDRIER ANNUEL DES REUNIONSINTERNATIONALES)Ce calendrier répertorie, les réunions internationales prévueset annoncées non seulement pour l'année en cours, mais égale-ment pour les années suivantes jusqu'aux dates les plus éloi-gnées pour lesquelles des prévisions ont été faites. Il comprenddeux parties principales : une section chronologique et unesection géographique. Dans la première partie les informa-tions sont classées selon les dates de réunion et comportentles détails suivants : date, lieu, nom de l' (ou des) institution(s)organisatrice(s), type de réunion, thème, nombre de partici-pants attendus, nombre de pays représentés, mention — s'il ya lieu — d'exposition conjointe, référence à la notice descrip-tive dans l'Annuaire des Organisations Internationales, adressede l'organisation. Dans la deuxième partie, les mêmes infor-mations sont reprises mais classées par continent et, à l'inté-rieur de ceux-ci, par pays et par ville.Des index détaillés complètent le volume : un index des orga-nisations internationales rappelle pour chacune de celles-ciclassées selon leur titre anglais, les dates et lieux des réunions

qui vont se tenir sous leurs auspices. Un index analytique enanglais est établi à partir des objets généraux et particuliersde chaque réunion. Enfin une liste - dernière minute » donnedes informations nouvelles ou complémentaires aux sectionsprécédentes. Elles sont présentées par ordre chronologique etne sont pas reprises dans la section géographique.L'édition annuelle du Calendrier est complété par dix supplé-ments qui paraissent régulièrement dans la Revue • Associa-tions Internationales ».

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES/INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONSRevue illustrée, 10 numéros par an, essentiellement consacréeau réseau des associations transnationales (internationales nongouvernementales et sans but lucratif). Ces associations grou-pent de par le monde des millions d'individus dont elles sontle porte-parole ou le point de rencontre. Ces associationscontribuent chaque année aux programmes internationaux pourplus d'un milliard de dollars.Elles sont le contrepoids, dont la nécessité est de plus en pluslargement reconnue dans tous les secteurs, aux initiatives gou-vernementales et inter-gouvernementales.Etudes et informations dans « Associations Internationales »sont au service de ces associations d'abord et aussi de tous ceuxqui s'intéressent à elles : informations spécifiques sur les acti-vités des associations, leurs congrès, leurs réunions; articles etétudes sur les problèmes et intérêts communs aux associations;statistiques, recensions bibliographiques; chronique des nou-velles organisations; changements d'adresse (suppléments àl'Annuaire des Organisations Internationales); calendrier desréunions internationales (supplément à l'International CongressCalendar).

LES BIBLIOGRAPHIES• Bibliographie sélective sur l'organisation internationale(1885-1964) par G.P. Speeckaert. 2e édition, 1965. 350 titresrelatifs à l'organisation internationale en général et 730 titresrelatifs à 214 organisations différentes.• Répertoire des périodiques publiés par les organisations in-ternationales, 3e édition, 1969. 1734 périodiques dont 1475publiés par 1071 organisations internationales non gouverne-mentales (sciences, médecine, éducation, jeunesse, arts, reli-gion, technologie, économie, etc.)• Bibliographie des ouvrages, comptes rendus de congrès etdocuments reçus par l'UAI, trimestriellement dans « Associa-tions Internationales ».• Bibliographie des comptes rendus des réunions internationa-lestenues en 1957 (1963)tenues en 1958 (1964)tenues en 1969 (1966) 3 volumes• Yearbook of International Congress Proceedings1ère édition, congrès tenue de 1960 à 1967 (épuisé)2e édition, congrès tenus de 1962 à 1969publication provisoirement suspendue.

LES ETUDESSérie « Documents pour servir à l'étude des relations interna-tionales non gouvernementales ».N°1 L'avenir des organisations internationales non gouverne-

mentales (épuisé)N°2 Commentary on Article 71 of the Charter of the United

Nations and official basic texts

(épuisé)N° 3 Un plan d'évaluation des organisations internationales non

gouvernementales. Rapport par J. Meynaud

(épuisé)N°4 Plan for Evaluating International Non-Governmental

Organizations

(épuisé)N°5 Les 1978 organisations internationales fondées depuis le

Congrès de Vienne (épuisé)N°6 Relations between the Council of Europe and Internatio-

nal non-governmental organizations, by Peter H. Rohn(épuisé)

N°7 The 1978 international organizations founded since theCongress of Vienna (épuisé)

N° 8 Les congrès internationaux de 1681 à 1899, liste complète.N°9 Facilitation problems of international associations. The

legal, fiscal and administrative facilities of internationalnon-governmental organizations, by R.S. Rodgers, 1962.

N°10 Freedom of association. A study of the role of interna-tional non-governmental organizations in the developmentprocess of emerging countries, par James E, Knotl, Jr.


N° 11-12 La coopération internationale et nous. Version fran-çaise, anglaise et néerlandaise, par L. Verniers. 1962.N° 14 Les congrès internationaux de 1900 à 1919.N°15 Les relations entre l'Unesco et les organisations non-gouvernementales, par R. Papini.N° 16-17 L'Union des Associations Internationales 1910-

1970. Passé, Présent et Avenir. Version française, anglaise,allemande, espagnole, Italienne.

N° 18-19 La nouvelle société ouverte. Un séminaire de ré-flexion sur le rôle à venir du réseau des associations inter-nationales. Version française, anglaise, allemande, espa-gnole, italienne. 1973.

Les problèmes du langage dans la société internationale. 1975.Compte rendu du Colloque organisé par l'UAI à Paris, les28 et 29 mars 1974, en association avec le Comité pour l'ana-lyse des concepts et de la terminologie (COCTA) et l'Associa-tion internationale de science politique.

Série « La science des congrès ».N° 1 Théorie et pratique de l'organisation des congrès interna-

tionaux. Version française.N°2 Manuel de l'organisateur de congrès, par L.R. Duchesne.

Programmation d'une réunion internationale, ' tableaumural français-anglais.

N°3 Compte rendu du 3e Congrès des organisations et techni-ciens de congrès internationaux, Rome 1962. Les moyensaudio-visuels. Les expositions associées. Les relations pu-bliques. Version française et anglaise.

N° 4 Guide pratique à l'usage des utilisateurs de services d'inter-prétation de conférence, par l'Association internationaledes interprètes de conférence. Version française et anglaise.

N°5 Les divers types de réunions internationales, l'aménage-ment des salles, l'équipement et les services, par G.PSpeeckaert. Version française et anglaise.

N° 6 Le 4e Congrès international sur l'organisation des congrès,Copenhague 1966. Compte-rendu. Les divers types deréunions internationales et leur aménagement matériel.Les participants et les orateurs. Les investissements finan-ciers consacrés aux congrès et leur rentabilité. Versionfrançaise et anglaise.

N° 7 L'organisation des réunions médicales internationales, parle Conseil des Organisations internationales des Sciencesmédicales. Version française et anglaise.

N° 8 Les organisations internationales face à l'aspect budgétaireet économique de leurs congrès. Compte rendu du 5eCongrès International sur l'Organisation des Congrès,Barcelone 1970. Version française et anglaise.

N°9 Guide pratique des services linguistiques (traduction,comptes rendus analytiques, édition) à l'exclusion de l'in-terprétation, par l'Association internationale des traduc-teurs de conférences. Version française et anglaise.

N°10 Les techniques nouvelles et l'organisation des congrès.Les congrès dans la région Asie-Pacifique. Compte rendudu 6e Congrès sur l'organisation des congrès. Kyoto 1975.Version française et anglaise.

— Comment participer aux réunions internationales : 82 con-seils. Version française, anglaise, allemande.— Conseils aux auteurs et conférenciers, par le Centraal Co-mité voor Voordracht en Publicatie (Pays-Bas). Version fran-çaise et anglaise.Deux petites brochures, format poche, papier bible, pour tousles participants aux congrès internationaux.

BON DE COMMANDE à renvoyer à UNION DES ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALESRue aux Laines, 1 - 1000 Bruxelles

de la part : Nom ..................................................................................... Signature ...........................................................................

Adresse ............................................................................... Date ....................................................................................

Annuaire des Organisations Internationales— 16e édition, 1976 version française.— 16e édition, 1976 version anglaise.FB 2.100 FF 250 FS 150— 15e édition, 1974 version française.FB 1800 FF 220 FS 140— les anciennes éditions encore disponibles :12e édition, 1968-69 version anglaise11e édition, 1966-67 version anglaise10e édition. 1964-65 version anglaise9e édition, 1962-63 version anglaise8e édition. 1960-61 version française7e édition. 1958-59 version anglaise6e édition, 1956-57 version françaisechacune au prix de FB 250 FF 30 FF 22 + frais d'envoi.

Annuaire des Problèmes Mondiaux(Yearbook of World Problems and HumanPotential)ISBNn°92-834-1232-XFB 2.300 FF 270 FS 150(prix spéciaux pour les ONG internationaleset nationales)Répertoire des PériodiquesFB 350 FF 40 FS 30Bibliographie sélectiveFB 150 FF 20 FS 13Bibliographie des comptes rendus des réu-nions international es tenues en1957 FB 320 FF 40 FS 281958 FB 320 FF 40 FS 281959 FB 320 FF 40 FS 28Yearbook of International Congress Pro-ceedings, 2e éditionFB 960 FF 120 FS 84

Associations Internationalesabonnement 1 an FB 600 FF 80 FS 50

Calendrier des Congrès internationaux16e édition (janvier 1976) FB 763 FF 96FS 60.

15e édition (janvier 1975) FB 600 FF 80FS 5014e édition (janvier 1974) FB 150 FF 20FS 13.13e édition (janvier 1973) FB 150. FF 20,FS 13.

Associations Internationales 1976 + Calen-drier 16e édition.Abonnement combiné année 1976FB 1.166 FF 140 FS 90.Collection « Documents pour servir à l'étu-de des relations internationales non gouver-nementales ».Volumes encore disponibles :— Les congrès internationaux de 1681 à 1899

FB 150 FF 20 FS 13— Facilitation problems of international

associationsFB 200 FF 28 FS 18

— Freedom of associationFB 100 FF 14 FS 9

— Les congrès internationaux de 1900 à 1919FB 200 FF 28 FS 18

— Les relations entre l'Unesco et les organi-sations non gouvernementalesFB 200 FF 28 FS 18

— L'Union des Associations InternationalesFB 100 FF 14 FS 9.

— La nouvelle société ouverteFB 100 FF 14 FS 9.

— Les problèmes du langage(conditions spéciales).

Collection - La Science des Congrès ».— Manuel de l'organisateur

FB 250 FF 30 FS 18— Programmation d'une réunion (tableau

mural).Par 3 exemplaires ; FB 100 FF 14 FS 9.

— Compte rendu du 3e CongresFB 200 FF 28 FS 18.

— Guide pratique (interprétation)FB 100 FF 14 FS 9.

— Les divers types de réunionsFB 200 FF 28 FS 18.

— Le 4e Congrès, CopenhagueFB 200 FF 28 FS 18.

— L'organisation des réunions médicalesFB 250 FF 30 FS 22

— Les organisations internationales face àl'aspect budgétaire de leurs congrèsFB 350 FF 45 FS 30

— Les techniques nouvelles et l'organisationdes congrès.FB 600 FF 80 FS 50.

— Comment participer aux réunions internationales.

— Conseils aux conférenciersChacune de ces deux dernières petites bro-chures, par 50 exemplaires :FB 150 FF 20 FS 13tarif dégressif par quantités plus impor-tantes.

Les prix en FB s'entendent TVA comprise.

MODES DE PAIEMENT

Soit:Par chèque barré à l'ordre de l'Union desAssociations Internationales, 1 rue aux Lai-nes. 1000 Bruxelles. Belgique.Soit :Bruxelles : Compte Chèque postal numéro000-0034699-70. ou Compte numéro210-0451651-71 à la Société Générale deBanque.Genève : Compte courant à l'Union desBanques Suisses 472.043.300.Paris: Compte n° 545150-042 au Crédit duNord et Union Parisienne, Boulevard Haussmann, 6-8.

Rome : Compte courant. Banco di Roma,307 Via del Corso, 0083021.London : cheque to Union of InternationalAssociations. 17 Anson Road, LondonN7ORB


This calendar is a monthly supplement to informationlisted in the - Annual International Congress Calendar »16th edition 1976.The sign • indicates supplementary information ofmodification to previous announcements.

1976 Feb 27-29 London (UK)Int Falcon Movement- Socialist Educational Int. IC meeting, (YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10. B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1976 Feb Canberra (Australia)Int Sociely of Hypertension. 9th symposium.

Prof F Gross, Pharmakologisches Institut. Hauptstrasse 47-51, D-6900 Heidel-berg, Germany.

1976 Feb Dakar (Senegal)Int Federation of Beekeepers' Associations. Symposium : L'apiculture auxpays en voie de développement. (YB n° 1867)Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101, Rome, Italy.

1976 Feb Teheran (Iran)Int Peace Academy. Seminar for Iranian diplomats : Mediation, negotiationand peacekeeping. (YB n° 2339)777 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.

1976 Mar 1-6 Nairobi (Kenya)Panafrican conference on trade union action against youth unemploymentP : 35,

Mr J G N Mahinda, Director, Jenyatta Conference Centre P 0 Box 30746Nairobi.

1976 Mar 3-6 Munich (Germany, Fed Rep)Meeting : Cor pulmonale chronicum.

Dr S Daum, I Medizinische Klinik der Technischen Universitat Munchen,D-8000 Munich 80.

1976 Mar 5-7 Innsbruck (Austria)Europaischen Gesellschaft fur Gastrokamera - Diagnostik. 8. Magensymposium.

Chirurgischen Universitatsklinik, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck.

1976 Mar 6 N ew Delhi (India)World Council of Management, AAMOC1OS. Workshop on rural development.

(YB n° 1730)AAMOCIOS, c / o Singapore Institute of Management. POB 3040, Singapore 9.

1976 Mar 7 Bombay (India)World Council of Management, AAMOCIOS. Executive Committee.

(YB n° 1730)AAMOCIOS, c / o Singapore Institute of Management. POB 3040, Singapore 9.

1976 Mar 8 Bombay (India)World Council of Management. Management Board. (YB n° 1730)1 rue de Varembé. CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1976 Mar 8-13 Brussels (Belgium)Centre Universitaire du Film Scientifique et des Moyens Audio-Visuels del'Université Libre de Bruxelles. 79 Festival int du film scientilique et tech-nique. Ex.

Avenue F 0 Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels.

1976 Mar 8-15 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)Asian African Legal Consultative Committee. Annual session : Law of thesea, environmental law. state succession in respect of treaties. Int commer-cial arbitration. P: 120. (YB n° 69)20 Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar lV, New Delhi 110024. India.

1976 Mar 9-15 Tel Aviv (Israel)European Society for Pédiatrie Haematology and immunology. 5th Meeting,P : 500.

Kenes. PO Box 16271, Tel Aviv.

1976 Mar 10-12 Montreux (Swtzerland)8th Int personnel conference : The Personnel manager as business manager.

R The Registrar, Management Centre Europe, Avenue des Arts 4. B-1040Brussels, Belgium.

1976 Mar 11-13 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Civil Defence Organization. Séminaire pour cadres nationaux de la pro-tection civile. (YB n°1506)

Secrétariat Permanent de I'OIPC, case Postale 124, CH-1211 Geneva 6.

1976 Mar 12 Nice (France)European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupa Assurances Agricoles. Réu-nion (YB n° 686)Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.


Les informations faisant l'objet de cette rubrique consti-tuent les suppléments au « Annual international congresscalendar » 16e édition. 1976,Le signe • indique un changement ou complément auxinformations publiées précédemment.

1976 1st quarter La Par (Bolivia)Int Union of Architects , Commissions « Formation de l'Archtecte » et« Exercice de la Profession ». Groupe III. Réunion. (YB n° 2689)

Colegio de Arquitectos de Bolivia. Cajon Postal 2447, La Paz.

1976 Feb 2-5 Nairobi (Kenya)United Nations Environment Programme. Human settlement technology mee-ting. P: 40. (YB n° 4161)

Mr JGN Mahinda, Director, Kenyatta Conference Centre, P 0 Box 30746,Nairobi.

1976 Feb 4 London (UK)Institute of Physics, Materials and Testing Group. One day meeting onabsorption of sound and vibration.

Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Belgrave Square, London SWIX8QX, UK.

1976 Feb 9-14 Nairobi (Kenya)FAO, Intergovernmental Group on Hard Fibres. 10th session. P: 140.

(YB n° 971)Mr JGN Mahinda, Director, Kenyatta Conference Centre, P 0 Box 30746.Nairobi.

1976 Feb 10-11 Zurich (Switzerland)Int Federation of Association Football, Commission des Arbitres. Réunion.

(YB n° 1856)FIFA House, 11 Hitzigweg, CH-8023 Zurich.

1976 Feb 14-16 Bombay (India)Asian Association of Pédiatric Surgery. Congress. P : 300. C : 18.

(YB n° 4019)R K Gandhi, MD, K E M Hospital, PareI. Bombay 400 012.

1976 Feb MiddleWorld Council of Management, CECIOS. Board and assembly.

(YB n° 1730)CECIOS, NIVE, Parkstraal 18, The Hague, Netherlands.

1976 Feb 16-20 Nairobi (Kenya)Int Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees. Pan Afri-can conference and seminar. P : 50. (YB n° 1892)

Mr JGN Mahinda, Director, Kenyatta Conference Centre, P 0 Box 30746,Nairobi.

1976 Feb 18-20 Pittsburg (Pa. USA)Int conference on the implementation of management science in social organizations.

Dennis P Slevin, Conference Co-chairman, Graduate School of Business, Uni-versity of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.

1976 Feb 23-26 Tel Aviv (Israel)1st Int congress of family therapy. P : 200.Kenes, P O B 16271, Tel Aviv.

1976 Feb 23-27 Chiang Mai (Thailand)Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center/lnt Soybean Programof the Universities of Illinois and Puerto Rico/Host Govt. of Thailand. Con-ference : Expanding the use o( soybean (A conference (or Asia and Oceania).P : 200. C : 20.

Int Soybean Program, 113 Mumford Hall, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illi-nois 61801, USA.

1976 Feb 24-25 Vancouver (Canada)Int Air Transport Association. 13th biennial public relations conference.

(YB n° 1149)IATA. 1155 Mansfield Street, Montreal 113, Canada.

1976 Feb 25 Monte Carlo (Monaco)European Federation of Conference Towns. Réunion du Comité Directeur.

(YB n° 727)Palais des Congrès, Esplanade de l'Europe 2, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.

1976 Feb 26-29 Monte Carlo (Monaco)Marché Int des Villes de Congrès- Mivico 76 : Journées Int d'étudés sur lescongrès, conventions et voyages de stimulation. Ex.ACTUAL, 43 avenue Marceau, F-75116 Paris, France.

1976 Feb 26-27 Paris (France)

pour les compagnies, les chargeurs et les transitaires. (YB n° 1490)

1976 Apr 11-15 Wurzburg (Germany Fed Rep)Int Round Table for the Advancement of Counselling. 7tn Int conference ;

Nouvelles tendences et perspectives on " counsalling". (YB n° 2423)

Dr D A L Hope, Secretary IRTAC, Brunei University, Uxbridge, Middlesex U83PH, UK.

1976 Apr 11-17 Ostand (Belgium)Congrès dos Jounes Unesco club.

Ministerie van Nederlandse Kultuur. Kortenberglaan 158, B-1040 BrusselsBelgium.

1976 Apr 20-22 Ottawa (Canada)15th Annual Canadian hydrographic conference.

Mr L P Murdoch or Mr S van Dyck, Co-Chairman, 15th Annual Canadian Hy-drographie Conference, Canadian Hydrographie Service. Department of the

1976 Apr 22-24 Jakarta (Indonesia)Asian Development Bank. 9th Annual meeting of the Board of Governors.

(YB n° 77)2330 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City. Philippines.

1976 Apr 23-27 London (UK)British Tourist Authority /London Convention Bureau /Association of Con-ference Executives/English Tourist Board. Conference '76.

Conference '76/Belgian Bureau, British Tourist Authority, 23 Place RogierB-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1976 Apr 24-25 Courtral (Belgium)Congress of the Watch Tower Society.

Jehovah's Getuigen, Kring 12, Hot ter Mere 16. B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

• 1976 Apr 25-26 Timisoara (Rumania)Balkan Medical Union. 13e Cours int de perfectionnement : Actualités dansles maladies vasculaifes - actualités en néphrologie - conférences et com-munications' libres. (YB n° 182)UMB, Gabriel Péri, 7000, Bucarest (5.1), Rumania.

1976 Apr 26-28 Bruges (Belgium)4th Int congress of brick manufacturers.

Nat. Groepering van de Kleinijverheid, Wisverkoperstraat 13, B-1000 Brussels,Belgium.

1976 Apr 29-30 Strasbourg (France)Conference eds Regions da l'Europe du Nord-Ouest : Amenagement et

transports (organisation des transports, élément de la planification et del'aménagement régional et urbain).

Mr le Prof Kormoss, Secrétaire Général de la CRENO, Korte Winkel 9,B-8000 Bruges, Belgium.

1976 Apr 29-30 Vienna (Austria)European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupe Mécanisation. Réunion.

(YB n° 686)Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1976 Apr 29-May 1 Atlantic City (NJ, USA)Society for Investigative Dermatology- Convention.

Dr W M Sams, Jr. 3941 S Cherry Street, Englewood, Col 80110, USA.

1976 May 1st half Paris (France)European Confederation of Agriculture. Groupe Economie Forestière. Réu-nion. (YB n° 686)Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1976 May 2-7 Strasbourg (France)Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int. Seminar : Co-operation orcompetition in sports and outdoor activities.

(YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10. B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1976 May 3 (3 weeks) Geneva (Switzerland)World Health Organization. World health assembly. 29th session, and Exe-cutive Board, 58th session. (YB n°3548)WHO. CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.

1976 May 4-6 Li nz (Austria)European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupe Jeunesse rurale. Réunion.

(YB n° 686)Case Postale 87. CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1976 May 5 London (UK)Institute of Physics. Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group. Meeting onscanning transmission electron microscopy.

Mr K Anderson, AEI Scientific Apparatus Division, Barton Dock Road. Urnis-ton Manchester, UK.

• 1976 May 10-12 Paris (France)European Association of Editors of Biological Periodicals. 3rd General as-sembly : Experience with innovation in Journal editing and production.

(YB n° 565)J R Metcalfe, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham House. Farnham

Royal, Slough, Bucks SL2 3BN, UK.


1976 Mar 15-17 Brussels (Belgium)Association Int des Presses Universitaires de Langue Francaise . Assemblee générale P: 20-25 . C . 9.Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, Parc Leopold, B-1040 Brussels.

1976 Mat 15-18 Ibadan (Nigeria)Symposium on C.V.D. In Africa.

Dr 0 0 Akinkughe, c / o Nigerian Cardiac Society. UCH, Mall Bag N° 5116,lbadan.

1976 Mar 15-18 Nairobi (Kenya)African Airlines Association. 8th Annual general assembly. P : 60.

Mr J G N Mahinda. Director, Kenyatta Conference Centre, P 0 Box 30746,Nairobi,

1976 Mar 16-18 Brno (Chechoslovakia)Int Geomorphological Map of Europe. Drafting Group. Session.

Geographical Institute of the CSAV, Ass Prof Dr J Demek, Mendelovo 1, Brno.

1976 Mar 16-19 Geneva (Switzerland)Conference of Non-GovernmentaI Organizations in Consultative Status withthe United Nation* Economic and Social Council. 13th Conference assembly.

(YB n° 409)Keith E Kentopp. C P 78, CH-1211 Geneva.

1976 May 17-21 Liblice (Czechoslovakia)Symposium " Physical properties of uppermantle rocks in relation to geodynamic processes".

Geophysical Institute of the CSAV. Dr V Baouska, CSC. Bocni II. cp 1401,Sporilov, Prague 4, Czechoslovakia.

1976 Mar 22-26 Paris (France)Standing Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations. 2nd Meeting. P : 120.

Secretariat of the NGO Standing Committee, Unesco House. S.388, F-75700Paris, France.

• 1976 Mar 23-27 Dublin (Ireland)Int Union of Architects. Group de Travail Construction et Industrialisation.5e Collogue ; Modes d'industrialisation et environnement : du conflit à l'har-monie : et 3 sous-themes : le site , l'usager et les modes d'industrialization

(YB n° 2689)The Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland, 8 Merrion Square, Dublin 2.

1976 Mar 23-29 Brussels (Begium)Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int. IC Meeting. (YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13. Bte 10 B-1000 Brussels.

1976 Mar end Brussels (Belgium)European Confederation of Agriculture, Comité Spécial pour la Protectionde l'Environnement. Réunion. (YB n° 686)Case Postale 87. CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1976 Mar Jakarta (Indonesia)Association of South East Asian Nations. Regional conference among ASEANmember countries for the establishement of a regional documentation centerfor visual and performing arts.

ASEAN, Pejambon Street 6. Jakarta.

1976 Spring late Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia)Int Hotel Association. Council meeting. (YB n° 2110)89 rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré,F-75008 Paris, France.

1976 Apr 1 New Orleans (La, USA)Louisiana Crafts Council. 9th National-International sculpture conference.

Louisiana Crafts Council, 139 Broadway, New Orleans, La 70118, USA.

1976 Apr 4-6 Maria Laach (Germany)World Union of Catholic Women's Organizations. Assises int.

(YB n° 3594)UMOFC, 20 rue Notre-Dame des Champs, F-75006 Paris.

1976 Apr 5-8 Kingston (Jamaica)Inter American Press Association. Midyear meeting. (YB n° 1094)IAPA, 141 N.E. Third Avenue, Miami, Fla 33132, USA.

1976 Apr 5-9 Radolfzell (Germany, Fed Rep)Int Council for Bird Preservation, European Continental Section. 11th Con-

ference. (YB n°1722)ICBP, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7. UK.

1976 Apr 5-9 StrobI am Wifgangsee (Austria)9th Int specialist conference on East-West trade : East-West economic andtrading relations with special reference to licensing and technological ex-pertise in contractual practice, and to legal protection for commerce.

Gesellschaft fur Ost-und Sudostkunde, Bismarckstrasse 5, A-4020 Linz,Austria!

* 1976 Apr 7-9 Southampton (UK)Institute of Physics, Vacuum Group- Conference on the Interaction of elec-tron with solids.

Mrs Margaret Wainwright, Department of Physics. University of Southamp-ton. Southampton S09 5NH, UK.

1976 Apr 9-10 Paris (France)Int Union of Architects, Commissions . Formation de l'Architecte » et. Exercice do la Profession ., Groupe 1. Réunion conjointe. (YB n° 2689)Section Française de l'UlA, 51 rue Raynouard, F-75016 Paris, France.

1976 Jun 19-24Louisville (Ky, USA)Supreme Council Order of Amaranth. Convention, P : 1000.

G R Laurens. 9997 S W 57th Avenue, Portland, Ore 97219, USA.

1976 Jun 21-2GWarsaw (Poland)Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int. All European youth andstudents meeting. (YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1976 Jun 20-25Chicago (Ill, USA)Int Association of Medical Laboratory Technologists ASMT, Joint int con-ference for medical technology. (YB n° 1310)

American Society for Medical Technology, 555S West Loop South, Suite 200,Bellaire, Texas 77401, USA.

1976 Jun 22-Jul 7Nemi (Italy)Int School on Disarmament and Research on conflicts. 6th Course : 1) New

military technologies and the perception of nuclear deterrence - strategicalarms limitation; 2) the changing of the world economic structure and thetransfer of conventional arms and nuclear weapons proliferation and mili-tary and political instabilities.

ISODARCO. c/o C Schaerf, Instituto di Fisica, Université degli Studi, Piazzaledélie Scienze 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.1976 Jun 23-26 Lincoln (Neb. USA)

Int Fotoprint Association , Meeting . P : 450.W C Greiner, 1230 Clearview Boulevard, Lincoln, Neb 68512. USA.

1976 Jun 25-28Paris (France)Int Federation of Translators. Council meeting. (YB n ° 2036)Heiveldstraat 269, B-9110 Sint-Amandsberg, Belgium.

• 1976 JunMoscow (USSR)Int Federation of Beekeepers' Association. Symposium de génétique del'abeille. (YB n° 1867)Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101, Rome, Italy.

1976 JunVienna (Austria)Int Peace Academy. Seminar on the " Principles and Implemmentation ofpeacekeeping .. (YB n° 2339)777 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.

1976 Jul 4-7Anaheim (Cal, USA)Key Club Int. Convention. P : 2300.G R McCord, 101 E Erie Street, Chicago, Ill 60611, USA.

1976 Jul 5-7Leeds (UK)Institute of Physics, Polymer Physics Group. Conference on theoreticalmethods in polymer physics.

Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Belgrave Square, LondonSW1X 8QX, UK.

1976 Jul 5-9Birmingham (UK)11th Int symposium and exhibition on gas chromalography.

Hewlett-Packard Ltd, King Street Lane. Winnersh, Wokingham, Berks RG115AR, UK.

1976 Jul 5-12Bruges (Belgium)Int Sports Federation of Catholic Teaching Establishments. Congress.

(YB n°4172)M Willy Seppion, Guimardstraat, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium.

1976 Jul 6-11Minneapolis (Minn, USA)Int Society for Clinical Laboratory Technology. Convention. P : 350.David Birenbaum, 805 Ambassador B1, St Louis, Mo 63101, USA.

1976 Jut 11-17Los Angeles (Cal, USA)Int Catholic Deaf Association. Convention. P: 1000.

James Herron, 2512 Wedgemere Street, Pittsburg, Pa 15226. USA,

1976 Jul 11-23Lancaster (UK)Institution of Electrical Engineers. 3rd Residential vacation school on ; RFElectrical measurements.

Annemarie Cunningham-Swendell, Press and Public Relations Officer, IEE,Savoy Place, London WC2R OBL, UK.

1976 Jul 15-23Liverpool (UK)4th European library summer seminar : Library services and their users.

W H Snape, Course Director, 4th European Library Summer Seminar, Deptof Library and Information Studies. Liverpool Polytechnic, Tithebarn Street,Liverpool L2 2ER, UK.

1976 Jul 16-18Louisville (Ky, USA)Int Dale Carnegie Alumni Association. Convention. P : 300.

Mrs Edna Gibson, P 0 Box 2575, Cheyenne, Wyo 82001, USA.

1976 Jul 19-22Dearborn (Mfch, USA)American Guild of Music. Convention. P : 2000.

Elmer Herrick, P 0 Box 3, Downers Grove, III 60515, USA.

1976 Jut 21-24Miami Beach (Fla, USA)Quote Int Inc. Convention. P : 600.

Mrs Dora Haynes, 1828 L Street, NW. Washington, DC 20036, USA.

1976 Jul 24-29Berlin (West)Int Organization of Good Tempters. Cultural conference, 125th jubilee.

IOGT, Bockmannstrasse 3-4. 2 Hamburg 1, Germany, Fed Rep,


1976 May 11-13 London (UK)World processing conference and exhibition,

Business Equipment Trade Association, 109 Kingsway, London WC28 6RU, UK.

1976 May 17-19 Cancun (Mexico)Inter-American Development Bank. Board of Governors. Annual meeting.

(YB n° 1069)SOS 17th Street, NW. Washington, DC 20577, USA.

1976 May 17-19 Nice (France)Int Electrotechnical Commission. General meeting. (YB n° 1800}1 rue de Varembê, CH-1211 Geneva 20. Switzerland.

1976 May 17-21 Tours (France)Association Générale des Hygiénistes et Techniciens Municipaux, S6e Con-grès : Assistance technique aux collectivités pouf l'exploitation des sta-tions de traitement d'eau d'égout et la formation du personnel d'exploitationde ces stations; Problèmes de qualité de l'eau; Les textes nouveaux de laréglementation française et européennes pour la protection de l'environnementUrbanisme.

9 rue de Phalsbourg, F-7S017 Paris, France.

1976 May 19-21 Bruges (Belgium)Int Union of Advertisers Association. Meeting. (YB n° 2680)

Union Belge des Annonceurs, 4 rue de la Chancellerie, B-1000 Brussels,Belgium. •

1976 May 23-26 London (UK)Int Federation of Associations of Catholic Doctors. 3e Congrès européen :Le médecin et la législation - P : 600. (YB n° 1857}156 Lambeth Road, London SE 1, UK.

1976 May 24-26 Aarhus (Denmark)European Tissue Culture Society. Meeting. P : 50.

DIS Congress Service, 3 Knabrostraede, DK-1210 Copenhagen K.

• 1976 May 26-30 Ostend (Belgium)European Billiards Confederation/World Billiards Union. Congress.

(YB n° 594/3479)M Knockaert, Tarwestraat 27. B-8400 Ostend.

1976 May 27-29 Tokyo (Japan)Int Study Group for Research in Cardiac Metabolism, 8th Annual meeting.

Prof Yoshio Ito, 8th annual meeting of ISGRCM, Tokyo University BranchHosp., Mejirodai 3-28-6, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japan.

• 1976 May Budapest (Hungary)Int Federation of Beekeepers' Association. Symposium de flore metlilère.

(YB n° 1867)Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101, Rome, Italy.

1976 Jun 1st halt Windermere (UK)European Confederation of Agriculture , Bureau de la Conference Europeenne

pour les Réglons de Montagne. Réunion. (YB n° 686)Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1976 Jun 1-22 Vienna (Austria)Int Institute for Music, Dance and Theatre in the Audio-visual Media. Poly-valent TV-workshop, Humour in storytelling, its form, presentation and effecton television. (YB n° 3911)Metternichgasse 12, A-1030 Vienna.

1976 Jun 6-10 Minneapolis (Minn. USA)Catholic Hospital Association. Convention. P : 1200.

Sister M Maurita, 1438 S Grand Blvd. St. Louis, Mo 63104, USA.

1976 Jun 6-12 Ottawa (Canada)European Broadcasting Union. Symposium on . Radio in the 1980s >.

(YB n° 598)1rue de Varembé, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1976 Jun 7-9 Toronto (Canada)

30th Annual technical conference of ASTD on " Quality - Passport to profit

and customer satisfaction ".

ASQC, 161 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis 53203, USA.

1976 Jun 8-9 Oslo (Norway)

European Confederation of Agriculture , Groupe Betail de Boucherie et

Viande. Réunion, (YB n° 686)Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

1976 Jun 8-11 Brighton (UK)IEE Conference on communications equi ment and systems. Ex.

Mrs Ann Cook, Manager, IEE Conference Department, Savoy Place, LondonWC2R OBL, UK.

• 1976 Jun 11-13 (Belgium or Germany)Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int. Ordinary congress.

(YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

• 1976 Jun 15-18 Stirling (UK)

1976 Jul 24-30 Goteborg (Sweden)Nationless Worldwide Association. 49th Congress. (YB no 2970)67 avenue Gambetta. F-75020 Paris, France.

1976 Jul 25-29 Asheville (NC, USA)Int Association for Identification. Convention. P : 450.

W G Hoetzer, P O Box 139, Utica, NY 13503, USA.

1976 Jul 29-Aug 2 . Tunis (Tunisia)World Scout Bureau. Arabian conference. (YB n° 194)CP 78, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

1976 Jul Atlanta (Ca, USA)American Society of Extra Corporated Technology. Convention. P : 400

AI McCauley, 1815 N, Ft Myer dr., Arlington, Va 22209, USA.

1976 Jul Bangkok (Thailand)Seminar on Handicraft Management and marketing, design for handicraftexport.

Thai Handicraft Promotion Division, Ministry of Industry, Rama VI Road,Bangkok.

1976 Jul Vancouver (Canada)In! Brotherhood of Pottery and Allied Workers. Convention. P : 250.

L H Null, Sr. P O Box 988, East Liverpool, Ohio 43920, USA.

1976 Aug 1-5 Orlando (Fla, USA)Int Association of Priming House Craftsman. Convention. P : 1000.

J A Davies, 7599 Kenwood dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45236, USA.

1976 Aug 4-11 Washington (USA)World Confederation of Organizations of the Teaching Profession. Generalassembly. (YB n° 3491)3-5 Chemin du Moulin. CH-1110 Morges, Switzerland.

1976 Aug 16-22 Toronto (Canada)Experiment in Int Living. General int meeting of the experiment..

(YB n°917)GIM Secretary, The Experiment, Brattleboro, VT 05301, USA.

• 1976 Aug 19-28 Mexico (Mexico)World Scout Bureau. Inter-American conference. (YB n° 194)CP 78. CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

1976 Aug 24-27 Berkeley (Cal, USA)Int Materials Symposium : Ceramic microstructures.

CVPeterson, Lawrence Berkeley lab. U of Cal., Berkeley, Cal 94720, USA.

1976 Aug 24-27 Sandefjord (Norway)Acoustical Society of Scandinavia/Acoustical Society of Norway. Scandina-vian acoustical meeting. P : 200. C : 6-7. Ex : probably. (YB n° 3)NAS, T Gestland, ELAB, N-7034 Trondheim- NTH, Norway.

1976 Aug 25-27 Copenhagen (Denmark)European Association for the Study of the Liver. Congress. P : 300.

(YB n° 560)DIS Congress Service, 3 Knabrostraede. DK-1210 Copenhagen K.

1976 Aug 25-27 Stockholm (Sweden)Int Committee on Occupational Mental Health. Annual meeting and a sym-posium : Psychological stressors in the work environment : identification ofpositive and negative stressors. research strategy, control and prevention.

(YB no 1634)Dr Gunnar Nerell, Medical Director, The Central Organisation of SalariedEmployees in Sweden, Linnegatan 14, P O Box 5252, S-102 45 Stockholm.

1976 Aug 25-28 Copenhagen (Denmark)Nordic Administrative Association. Meeting. P : 300.

DIS Congress Service, 3 Knabrostraede,DK-1210 Copenhagen K.

1976 Aug 25-30 Copenhagen (Denmark)Int Council for Educational Media. Conference and general assembly. P : 200.

DIS Congress Service. Knahrostraede 3, DK-1210 Copenhagen K.

1976 Aug 25-Sep 10 (North Atlantic region)Int Civil Aviation Organization. Limited North Atlantic regional air navigationmeeting. (YB no 1505)Int Aviation Building, 1080 University Street, Montreal 101. Canada.

• 1976 Aug 26-28 Copenhagen (Denmark)European Brain and Behaviour Society. Annual general meeting.

(YB n° 595)Dr Rolls, Dept of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South ParksRoad, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK.

• 1976 Aug 26-28 Poznan (Poland)Int Commission on Trichinellosis/Polish ParasitologicaI Society/ParasitologicalCommittee, Polish Academy of Science, 4th Int conference on tri-

chinellosis : Biology of trichinella spiral is, trichinellosis in man, epidemio-logy and control of trichinellosis. (YB n° 1572)

Z S Pawlowski, id Secretary-General, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60355 Poznan,Poland.

1976 Aug 27-30 Liblice (Czechoslovakia)Int Society for Study of Behavioural Development. Executive Committee mee-ting.

Psychological institute of the CSAV, Dr J Kotaskova, Purkynova 2, NovéMesto, Prague 1, Czechoslovakia.

HOTEL PRESIDENT

YAMOUSSOUKRO - COTE D'IVOIRE

•Téléphone : 64.01.59Câble : PRESIDENTOTEL YAMOUSSOUKRO

Telex : 988

*

Implanté dans un parc de 25 ha à 20 minde l'aéroport de Yamoussoukro, zone im-portante de passage.

Accès facile depuis Abidjan par avion lé-ger (1 h 30 de vol), par la route (2 h 45).

Hôtel de standing international150 chambresEntièrement climatiséSalons de réceptionBar américain2 restaurantsNight-clubPiscine - SolariumBoutiques (souvenirs, presse)Télex, téléphoneTravaux de secrétariatBureau de voyages (possibilité d'excur-sions)Location de voitures.

Salle de Congrès de 1.000 places à proxi-mité immédiate de l'hôtel, avec scène équi-pée pour congrès (sonorisation et traduc-tion simultanée en 4 langues avec cabi-nes) et grand écran pour projections.Climatisation générale, Promenoir, Bar.

Tout équipement pour congrès (tableaux,microphones, etc...) sont mis gratuitementà la disposition des usagers.

UTHInternational Hotels

19 bld Malesherbes - 75008 PARISTél. : 266.19.40 - Télex : 650425FRéservation Centrale : Tél. : 7664152Télex : 280034


1976 Aug 30-Sep 2 Copenhagen (Denmark)3rd Int symposium on contamination control. P : 300-400.DIS Congress Service, 3 Knabrostraede, DK-1210 Copenhagen - K.

• 1976 Aug 30-Sep 2 Washington (USA)Int Federation of Automatic Control/Int Federation for Information Proces-sing. 2nd Ship operation automation. (YB n° 1862/1828)

Mr J Roche, Code M900, U S Maritime Administration, Washington,DC 20230, USA,

1976 Aug Nairobi (Kenya) •Int Federation of Beekeepers' Association. Symposium : L'apiculture auxpays en voie de développement. (YB n° 1867)Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101, Rome, Italy.

1976 Sep 5-10 Guayaquil (Ecuador)Interamerican Planning Society/Sociedad Ecuadoriana de Planification.11th Congress: Planning for national, regional and urban development. P:800-1000. C ; All the countries of the American continent. (YB no 1093)

SIAP'S Secretariat, Apartado Postal 27-716, Mexico 7. DF, or : Apartado3380. Guayaquil, Ecuador.

1976 Sep 5-10 Recklinghausen (Germany, Fed Rep)Int Falcon Movement- Socialist Educational Int. Seminar on - Creativity asa dimension of socialist education - . (YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10, B-1000 Brussels. Belgium.

1976 Sep 6-11 Manila (Philippines)World Health Organization, Regional Committee for the Western Pacific :27th session. (YB no 3548)P O Box 2932, 12115 Manila.

1976 Sep 6-11 Washington (USA)Int Federation of Cell Biology. 1st Meeting. (YB n° 2476}Dr L M Franks, Imperial Cancel Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Lon-don WC2A3PX, UK.

1976 Sep 8-12 Salzburg (Austria)Project Life - 2000 : Technical congress : Drinking - bathing - use water; Politicalseminary : Frontier - crossing cooperation to the purpose of environment

protection. Trade exhibition.Contact Fachmessen Salzburg. Postfach 285, A-5021 Salzburg.

1976 Sep 9-14 Lagos (Nigeria)World Scout Bureau. African conference. (YB no 194)CP 78, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

1976 Sep 9-15 Rome (Italy)Int Institute for the Unification of Private Law. 2e Congrès Int de droit privé

et d'unification du droit : Aspects prives et publics du droit du commerceinternational. (YB no 2136)

Unidroit, 28 Via Panisperna, I-00184 Rome.

1976 Sep 12-17 Jerusalem (Israel)2nd Int congress of eye research. P : 400.Kenes P O B 16271, Tel Aviv. Israel.

• 1976 Sep 14-18 Athens (Greece)World Health Organisation, Regional Committee for Europe. 26th session.

(YB no 3548)8 Scherfigsvej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

1976 Sep 19-22 Edinburgh (UK)Institut of Physics. Solid State Physics Sub-Committee. 1976 Int symposium

on galium arsenide and related compounds. P: 200.Conference Secretary, Mr B L H Wilson, Plessey Company, Alien Clark Re-search Centre, Caswell, Towcester, Northants, UK.

1976 Sep 21-24 Toulouse (France)2nd European solid state circuits conference.

ESSCIRC 76, LAAS-CNRS, 7 avenue du Colonel-Roche, F-31400 Toulouse.

• 1976 Sep 21-27 Tbilisi (USSR)Int Federation of Automatic Control. 4th Identification and system parameterestimation. (YB no 1862)

USSR National Committee of Automatic Control, Profsojuznaja 81, MoscowGSP-312, USSR.

1976 Sep 23-25 Bruges (Belgium)Meeting : European Economy after the crisis « From stabilisation to struc-tural reform «.

Europe College. Dyver. B-8000 Bruges.

• 1976 Sep 26-Oct 1 Athens (Greece)Int Union of Architects, Groupe de Travail « Espaces Educatifs «. 3e Sé-minaire : Intégration des équipements éducatifs et communautaires.

(YB n° 2689)J Michael, Président de la Commission Int du Séminaire UIA, Athènes 76,Chambre Technique de Grèce, K. Servias 4, Athens.

1976 Sep 27-Oct 2 Nairobi (Kenya)Int Telecommunications Satellite Organisation. Assembly. P : 300.

(YB n° 2627)Mr JGN Mahinda, Director, Kenyatta Conférence Centre, P O Box 30746Nairobi.

Organisation complète detoute réception à domicileou sur demande mise àdisposition de Châteaux

dans la région.

Vous propose la grande variétéde ses Chocolats

ses « Croquettes Versaillaises »Marque déposée

Dans une sélection de présentations.


TRIANON-PALACE-HOTEL**** LUXE

1 boulevard de la Reine78000 VERSAILLES

(Yvelines)Téléphone : 950-34-12

Adresse télégraphique TRIANOTEL VERSAILLESTelex : 690863 TRIANOTL-VERSA

• 140 chambres toutes avec bain(ou douche) et W.C.

• Sa situation dans un magnifiqueparc de trois hectares en borduredu château de-Versailles, et desTrianons, lui assure un calmeabsolu

• Idéal pour conventions ou sémi-naires ; nombreuses salles deréunion ou de travail.

• Thés - Déjeuners - Dîners en pleinair - Repas d'affaires - Salonsparticuliers.

• Illumination du parc tous les soirs(tous appartements et chambresavec vue sur le parc).

• A 25 minutes, en voiture, desChamps-Elysées. PARKING illimité.

J.P. MARCUS, Directeur

19T6 Sep 29-Oct 5 Teheran (Iran)World Scouts Bureau / lranian Scouting. Conference Including seminar,workshop on ancillary events. P : 300. C : 21. Ex : Probably. (YB n° 194)National Headquarters, lranian Scouting, Teheran.

• 1976 Sep Bucharest (Rumania)Int Federation of Beekeepers' Association. 2nd Symposium Int d'apitherapie.


1976 Sep Kampala (Uganda)World Health Organization. Regional Committee for Africa. 26th session.

(YB n° 3548)P O B o x 6 , Brazzaville, Congo.

1976 Sep, Oct or Nov London (UK)Int Union of Mailers Painters/National Federation of Painting and Decora-ting Contractors. Annual assembly of Delegates. P : 60-80. C : 15.

(YB n° 2739)82 New Cavendish Street. London WIN 8AD. UK.

1976 Autumn (USSR)Int Radio and Television Organization, Radio Programme Commission. Ses-sion. (YB n° 2391)OIRT, 151 13 Prague 5, 15, U Mrazovky, Czechoslovakia.

1976 Oct 3-10 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)Pan American Federation of Engineering Societies. 14th UPADI convention :Engineering and the integrated development of the countries of America.And 7th Pan American congress on engineering education : Planning andadministration of faculties and engineering schools. P : 4000. C : 25. Ex :2nd Pan American exhibition on engineering and industry. (YB n° 3059)

Federaçao Brasileira de Associacoes de Engenheiros. Av. Rio Branco 124Andar 20 ZC 21, Rio de Janeiro.

1976 Oct 5-7 Montreal (Canada)Protect Management Institute. 8th Annual Int symposium.

Technical papers PMI-76, P O Box 85. Station « H ». Montreal, Quebec,Canada.

1976 Oct 5-29 (Caribbean/South American region)Int Civil Aviation Organization. Caribbean/South American regional airnavigation meeting. (YB no 1505)Int Aviation Building, 1080 University Street, Montreal 101. Canada.

* 1976 Oct 7-10 Hartford (Conn, USA)Richelieu Int. Congress.

260 rue Dalhousie, Ottawa, Bureau 303. Canada.

1976 Oct 9-10 Palma (Spain)

European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupe Femmes Paysannes. Reunion.(YB n° 686)

Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brougg, Switzerland.

• 1976 Oct 10-13 Sao Paulo (Brazil)World Council of Management. PACCIOS. 9th regional conference.

(YB n° 1730)PACCIOS, AVE, Aptdo 5525, Caracas, Venezuela.

1976 Oct 10-16 Anaheim (Cal. USA)Int Academy of Astronautics. 6th Int symposium on cost reduction in spaceoperations: 10th int history of astronautics symposium: 9th int space rescueand safety symposium; 3rd int space relativity symposium; 5th int reviewmeeting on communication with extra-terrestrial intelligence. (YB n° 1125)

General Chairman. Mr B D Haber, 1057 Arbolado Road, Santa Barbara, Cal93103, USA.

1975 Oct 10-16 Anaheim (Cal, USA)Int Astronautical Federation. 27th Int aeronautical congress : A new eraof space transportation. (YB n° 1140)

250 rue Saint-Jacques. F-75005 Paris, France.or : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1290 Avenue of theAmericas. New York, NY 10019, USA.

1976 Oct 10,16 Anaheim (Cal. USA)Int Institute of Space Law. 19th Colloquium on the law of outer space.

(YB no 2163)Mrs I H Ph Diederiks-Verschoor. 43 Leestraat, Baarn, Netherlands.

* 1976 Oct 11-15 Palma (Spain)European Confederation of Agriculture. 28th General assembly.

(YB no 686)Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brougg. Switzerland.

1976 Oct 11-15 Vienna (Austria)Int Federation of Cotton and Allied Textile Industries. Conference : Thetextile Industry in the concept of intergovernmental institutions : policiesand work programme. P : 350. C : 25. (YB no 1898)

Verein der Baumwoll Spinner und-Weber Oesterreichs, Rudolfsplatz 12,A-1013 Vienna.

1976 Oct 11-15 Virginia (Va, USA)Inter-American Press Association. Annual meeting. (YB no 1094)

IAPA, 141 N.E. Third Avenue, Miami, Fla 33132, USA.


• 1976 Oct 15-17 Nairobi (Kenya)Baha'l Int Community. Conference. P : 2500. (YB n° 180)

Mr Sohaiti, Box 44262, Nairobi.

1976 Oct 16-24 Courtral (Belgium)5e Biennale Int de la créativité on matière d'architecture Intérieure.

Casinoplein 10. B-8500 Courtrai.

1976 Oct 17-25 (Israel)Int Federation Of Thermalism and Climatism. Congrès: L'Importance de laprévention pour le thermalisme et le climatisme. (YB n° 2032)Health Resorts Authority. 68 rue Hapalmach, Jerusalem, Israel,

• 1976 Oct 18-22 Katowice (Poland)UN Economie Commission for Europe, Coal Committee. Symposium onenvironmental problems resulting from coal industry activities.

(YB no 4176)CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.

1976 Oct 19-21 Chicago (Ill, USA)IDEA'16. the Nonwoven industry's int conference and exposition.

Int Nonwovens and Disposables Association. 10 East 40th Street, New York,USA.

1976 Oct 22 (10 days) Nairobi (Kenya)American British Travel Agents. Conference. P : 2000.

Mr JGN Mahinda, Director, Kenyatta Conference Centre, POBox 30746,Nairobi.

• 1976 Oct 25-Nov 1 Las Palmas (Gran Canaria, Spain)Int Working Group on Soilless Culture. 4th Int congress on soilless culture.

(YB no 2819)POBox 52, Wageningen, Netherlands.

1976 Oct 26-27 Nairobi (Kenya)Unesco. General conference. P : 2400. (YB n° 3383)Place de Fontenoy. F-75007 Paris. France.

1976 Oct 27-30 Liblice (Czechoslovakia)Unesco. Consultation, experts in the field of electrochemistry. (YB n° 3383)

J Heyrovsky institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of theCSAV, Vlasska 9, Prague 1, Czecoslovakia.

1976 Oct 29-31 Recklinghausen (Germany, Fed Rep)Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int. Int Committee meeting.

(YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10. B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

• 1976 Oct Bologna (Italy)Int Federation of Beekeepers' Association. Symposium int de pathologie.


1976 Oct Bruges (Belgium)Int Motorcycle Federation. Int congress. (YB n° 2270)

M H Bougard, Alg Secr., Belgische Motorrijdersbond, Capouilletstraat 18,B-1060 Brussels, Belgium.

• 1976 Oct Johannesburg (South Africa)Int Federation of Beekeepers' Association. Symposium : L'abeille Africaine.

(YB n° 1867)Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101, Rome. Italy.

1976 Nov 8-10 Singapore (Singapore)Int Air Transport Association. 32nd Annual general meeting. (YB no 1149)

Macdonald House, Orchard Road, Killiney Road, P O Box 84, Singapore 9.

1976 Nov 14-19 (France)Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int. Seminar on « Children inindustrialized societies «. (YB n° 1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1976 Nov 28-Dec 3 Sydney (Australia)Int Hotel Association. General congress. (YB n°2110)89 rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré, F-75008 Paris, France.

1976 Nov Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)Asian Basketball Confederation. Congress : The future of basketball develop-ment in Asia. P : 45. C : 20. (YB n° 3876)Asian Basketball Confederation, KPO Box 738, Seoul, Korea.

• 1976 Dec 6-10 Vienna (Austria)Int Federation of Automatic Control /Int Federation of Operational ResearchSocietief. 2nd Dynamic modelling and control in national economies.

(YB n° 1862/1966)Dkfm W Stejskal, c/o Austrian Centre for Efficiency and Productivity, POB131. A-1014 Vienna.

1976 Dec 10-12 Brussels (Belgium)Int Falcon Movement-Socialist Educational Int. Int committee meeting.

(YB n°1821)Place du Samedi 13, Bte 10, B-1000 Brussels. Belgium.

1976 Dec 11-20 Nairobi (Kenya)Christian youth conference. P : 700.

Mr JGH Mahinda, Director, Kenyatta Conference Centre, POBox 30746Nairobi,

• 1976 Dec La Havana (Cuba)Int Federation of Bookeepers' Assocation. Symposium ; La technology de

l'entretien des abeilles dans les conditions du climat subtropical.Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101. Rome, Italy, (YB no 1867)

1976 Dec Le Chesnay (France)IRlA/Int Federation of Automatic Control/IIASA. New trends in systems

analysis. (YB no 1862)Prof A Bensoussan, iRlA-Laboria, Laboratoire de Recherches en Informatiqueet Automatique, Rocquencourt, BP 5, F-78150 Le Chesnay, France.

1976 end Berlin (West)European Confederation of Agriculture, Groupe « Relations publiques « REU-NION. (YB n° 686)Case Postale 87, CH-5200 Brouge, Switzerland. '

1976 Jakarta or Bogor (lndonesia)Int Council for Bird Preservation. Asian Continental Section. Regional con-

ference. (YB n° 1722)ICBP, c/o British Museum (Natural History). Cromwell Road, London SW7 UK

1976 Parma (Italy)European Union of Public Relations. Congress : Development In the organi-sation (in particular in relations to the adhesion of socialist countries P:40. C: 20 (European). (YB no 4134)Via Emilio Lepido 21, I-43100 Parma.

1977 May Copenhagen (Denmark)European Feed Manufacturers Association / Danske Korn-Og-FoderstoMm-Og Eksportorers Faellesorganisation. Congress. P : 500. (YB no 726)DAKOFO. Borsen, 1217 Copenhagen, Denmark.

1977 Jun 19-24 Waterloo (Canada)Int Congress on Fracture. 4th Int conference on fracture. P : 500. C ; 29. Ex.

4th Int Conference on Fracture, Prof DMR Taplin, Chairman, University ofWaterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3GI, Canada.

1977 Jun Bonn (Germany, Fed Rep)Int Federation of Organizations for School Correspondence and exchange.Biennial congress. P : 30. C : 15. (YB n° 1968)

Secretariat der Standingen Konferenz der Kultus-minister der Lauder,Paedagogischer Austauschdienst, Nassestrasse 8. 53 Bonn.

1977 Jul Paris (France)Int Union of Physiological Sciences. Congress. (YB n° 2752)

Secretary of Organising Committee, Prof J Scherrer, Faculté de Médecine,Laboratoire de Physiologie. 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75634 Paris Cedex 13.

1977 Sep 19-22 London (UK)Institute of Physics. Conference to mark the 50th anniversary of the Disco-very of Electron Diffraction. Ex.

Meetings Office. The Institute of Physics, 47 Belgrave Square, LondonSW1X, 80X, UK.

1977 Oct 11-13 Birmingham (UK)National Coal Board. Int conference on remote control and monitoring inmining. Ex.

NCB Conference Secretary, Remote Control and Monitoring, The Lodge.South Parade Doncaster, Yorkshire DN1 2DX, UK.

1978 Jun 27-30 Goteborg (Sweden)Int congress on public transport systems in urban areas and trade fair.

Svenska Massan, Skanegatan 26. S-41251 Goteborg, Sweden.

1978 Jul Montreal (Canada)Int Association of Youth Magistrates. 10th Congress : Le magistrat devant

les pressions de l'environnement sur la jeunesse et la famille.(YB n° 1375)

AIMJ, Secretariat General, Tribunal pour Enfants de Paris, Palais de Jus-tice, F-75055 Paris, France.

1978 Aug 1-10 Helsinki (Finland)Int Union of Radio Science. General assembly with associated open sym-posia : Radio science (Radiocommunications and applications of radiomethods in other branches of science). P : 800. (YB n° 2770)URSI, rue de Nieuwenhove 81. B-1180 Brussels. Belgium.

1978 Oct Madrid (Spain)Int Veterinary Association for Animal Production/European Association forAnimal Production. 1st World congress on ethology applied to zootechnics.

(YB n° 2801/546)Carlos Luis de Cuenca, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad de Madrid.Dept de Genetica y Mejora, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 3, Spain.

1979 May Miami. Chicago or San Francisco (USA)Int Reclamation Bureau. Congress. (YB n° 2403)

Place du Samedi 13, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.1979 Autumn Copenhagen (Denmark) prob.Int Reclamation Bureau. Congress. (YB n° 2403)

Place du Samedi 13, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

Last Minute1976 Mar 4-8 Brussels (Belgium)International Tribunal on Crimes against Women (ITCRA) : a meetingcalled by individual women of all political and social backgrounds topublicize the oppressions women suffer as women; open to all women.P : 400 (approx.). C : 25.

ITCRA, 165 Boulevard Général Jacques, 1050 Brussels.
