Internal Forces and Climate

I. Introduction

I. Introduction

Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years

Erosion rate: 14 cm per 1000 years

I. Introduction

Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr

Rate x Time = Distance

I. Introduction

Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr

Rate x Time = Distance

.000131 ft * Time = 20,000 ft yr

Time = ???

I. Introduction

Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr

Rate x Time = Distance

.000131 ft * Time = 20,000 ft yr

Time = 152 million years

I. Introduction

Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr

Rate x Time = Distance

.000131 ft * Time = 20,000 ft yr

Time = 152 million years

II. The endogenic effect

A. Overview

II. The endogenic effect

A. Overview

“The difference between the two massesrepresent a balance in endogenic mechanics”

Archimede’s Principle: An object is immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

II. The endogenic effect

B. Epeirogeny

“uplift or depression on a regional scale, with minimal disruption of original rock structure”

e.g.: isostacy

C. Orogeny and Tectonic Geomorphology

D. Volcanism

D. Volcanism

Two overlying controls:

• Silicon content of magma

• Temperature of magma

D. Volcanism

1. Lava Plains and Plateaus

D. Volcanism

1. Lava Plains and Plateaus

2. Shield Volcanoes

Shield volcanoes– Tall volcanoes –3 or 4

miles tall

– Wide base – Diameter of ten of miles

Mauna Loa, HI

Mauna Loa, HI

D. Volcanism

1. Lava Plains and Plateaus

2. Shield Volcanoes

3. Cindercone Volcanoes

Cinder cones– Short, narrow cone,

– Steep sides

– Violent eruptions

Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA

Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA

D. Volcanism

1. Lava Plains and Plateaus

2. Shield Volcanoes

3. Cindercone Volcanoes

4. Composite Volcanoes

Composite or stratovolcanoes – – Tall volcanoes – 1 to 2

miles high

– Violent eruptions

Mayon Volcano, Phillippines

Mt. St. Helens, WA

III. Climatic Geomorphology

A. Overview

“Examine the relationship between landforms and climate”

CLIMATE-PROCESS SYSTEM

MORPHOGENETIC SYSTEM

III. Climatic Geomorphology

A. Overview

B. Geomorphic Response

“response time”

III. Climatic Geomorphology

A. Overview

B. Geomorphic Response

“response time”

Orbital Eccentricity100,000 yr cycle

Axial Tilt41,000 yr cycle

Precession of Equinoxes(wobble effect)11,000 yr cycle

Milankovitch Cycles