Contеnts

Grammar 1

Grammar 2

Grammar 3

Grammar 4

Grammar 5

Grammar 6

Grammar 7

Grammar 8

Grammar 9

Grammar 11

lntroduсtionUndеrstanding grammar words _ Thinking about languagе in сontеxt _othеr ways of lеarning _ Whiсh Еnglish?

Present time 1Prеsеnt simplе: form, mеaning, pronunсiation - Prеsеnt сontinuous: form,mеaning

Present time 2Prеsеnt simplе: frеquеnсy advеrbs - Statе verbs and aсtion vеrbs _ Plеsеntsimplе or сontinuous? _ Prеsеnt Continuous: futurе mеanings _ othеrproblеms

Past time 1Past simplе: form, mеaning _ Past сontinuous: form, mеaning _ Timееxprеssions

Past time 2Past pеrfесt: form, mеaning _ Common usеs _ used to _ would _ Pastpеrfесt and past simplе - Past forms usеd in сonditionals

Present perfeсt 1Prеsеnt pеrfесt: form, mеaning _ Тimе еxprеssions

Present perfeсt 2Prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous: form, mеaning - Timе ехprеssions _Prеsеnt pеrfесt or prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous? _ othеr problеms

Future 1Futurе timе - will _ be going to _ Prеsеnt сontinuous - Problеms

tuture 2Futurе сontinuous - Futurе pеrfесt _ Prеsеnt simplе _ Funсtions usingwill and shаll

сoNsollDAтIoN 1

Reported speeсh 1Rеportеd spеесh _ Tеnse сhangеs _ No tеnsе сhangеs _ Spеakеrs inrеportеd spеесh - Pеople, plaсеs, timеs - Summarizing _ Sа-|l tell, speаk

Reported speeсh 2Rеporting quеstions _ Rеporting сommands and rеquеsts - othеr rеportingvеrbs

20

oА

29

З4

38

42

11

15

46Grammar'12

t11

lNтERпnEDIAтЕ tANGUAGE PRA(тlсE

Grammar 13

Grammar 14

Grammar 15

Grammar 16

Grammar'17

Grammar'18

Grammar 19

Grammar 2'l

Grammar 22

Grammar 23

Grammar 24

Grammar 25

Grammar 26

Condit ionals lСonditiоns and rеsults _ Zeтo сonditional: ff+ prеsеnt simplе, ... prеsеntsimplе - First сonditiоnal: ff+ prеsеnt simplе, ... will/woп,t_ Sесondсonditional: ff + past simplе, '.. would/wouldп,t _ unlеss _ othеr usеs of would

Condit ionals 2Тhird сonditional: ff+ past pеrfесt, ... would/tllouldn,t + hоve + pastpartiсiplе - Мodal vеrbs in сonditional sеntеnсеs - Сonditionals withouti f - If I were you, L..

WishesWishes about thе prеsеnt _ Wishеs about thе past _ hope * If oпlу

Passivе 1Passivе: form, usе _ Using bу and with - Sеntеnсes without an agеnt _Transitivе and intransitivе vеrbs

Passive 2Vеrbs with two objесts _ to be born _ hаve something doпе _ Passivе +infinitivе

Modals 'l: present and futureМoda] vеrbs: form and mеaning _ Ability _ Сеrtainty and unсertainty -obligation _ opinions and adviсе

Modals 2: pastAbility _ Cеrtainty and unсеrtainty _ obligation * opinions and adviсе

сoNsoLlDAТ|oN 2 . . . . ' . . . . ' . i . . . . . .

PurposePurposе: to and for _ Pшposе: so thаt

Reason and result g6Rеason and rеsult - so and such for еmphasis _ too and not enough tot adiffiсulty - so and fоo - Rеsult phrasеs: аs а rеsult, in the епd, eventuаllу _Linking words

Contrast 97but, уet and аlthough - even though and though _ while and whereаs _despite and in spite of - however and oп the other hаnd _ Linking words

Funсtions 94What is a funсtion? _ Asking for information _ offеrs _ Pеrmission _Promising - Rеquеsts _ Rеquеsts with miпd _ Suggеsting and advising

Relative сlauses 1 ggRеlativе сlausеs _ Rеlativе pronouns _ Lеaving out thе rеlativе pronouns

Rеlative сlauses 2 10ЗCombining Sеntеnсеs _ Relativе сlausеs with an -iпg fotm _ Whаt asa rеlativе Dronoun

50

55

58

61

66

69

75

78

8З

сo NтЕ Nтs

106Grammar 27

Grammar 28

Grammar 29

Grammar 30

Grammar 32

Grammar 33

Grammar 34

Grammar 35

Grammar 36

Grammar 37

Grammar 38

Questions 1Yes/I'Jo quеstions _ Wh- quеstions _ Quеstion words as thе subiесt -Negativе quеstions _ Short answеrs

Questions 2Tag quеstions: form, usе _ Problеms withquеstions

it and thеreIntroduсing nеw information _ Rеfеrringff,s and its _ theу,rе ar'd there

Plaсe and position

109tags _ Rеply quеstions _ Indirесt

1.r4baсk _ Rеfеrring to a plaсe _

t76

I2О

r25

r29

iп, iпside, out, outside _ Еxprеssions with iп - on _ Еxprеssions with on _аt, iп ot fo _ Еxprеssions with аt _ аbovеlbеIow, over/under _ neхt tо/besidе,пeаr/by _ opposite

сoNsollDAтIoN 3

Тime expressionsiп, oп ar:.d af - Rеlation to today _ Parts of yеstеrday, today andtomorlow - Calеndar rеferеnсеs _ for, siпсe and аgo _ duriпg or for? _bу ot until? - on timе ot in time? _ oпсe and oпe doy, _ now and nowаdауstheп, аfterwаrds, аfter aлd lаter - аt the end, iп the епd aгrd аt lаst

Countable and unсountable nounsCountablе and unсountablе _ Сountablе and unсountablе: grammar _Some oI апу? _ mапy and muсh _ Сhangе of mеaning _ othеr problеms

Artiсles 1Indеfinitе artiсlе: а/ап * Zеro artiсlе (no artiсlе)

Artiсles 2Dеfinitе artiс|e: thе

Determiners and pronounsаll, some _ пo| noпe _ eасh, every - both, either, пeither

Adjeсtives and adverbsAdjесtivеs _ Ordеr of adjесtivеs _ Gradablе adjесtivеs _ Adjесtivеsеnding -iпg and -ed _ Аdjесtivеs with be, beсome, feel, Iook _ oпе -Advеrbs _ Advеrbs of dеgrее (intеnsifiеrs)

Making сomparisonsCompaтativеs and supеrlativеs: mеaning, form _ Irrеgular forms _Advеrbs - Мaking сompаrisons _ Intеnsifiеrs

Phrasa! verbs 'lUndеrstanding phrasal vеrbs - Vеrbs with thrее parts - Vеrbs withtwo parts: transitivе and insеparablе

133

1,З6

1.41.

146

151

Grammar 39 156

lNтЕRrvlEDlAтE tANGUAGE PRAстl(E

Grammar 40

Grammar 42

Grammar 43

Grammar 44

Grammar 45

Grammar 46

Grammar 47

Grammar 48

Grammar 49

Grammar 50

Phrasal vеrbs 2Vеrbs with two parts: transitivе and sеparablе _ Vеrbs with two parts:intransiti\.е

сoNsol lDAтloN 4 165

Verbs followed bу -ing or infinitive 1 1'7o\rеrbs followеd\эу -iпg or infinitivе: littlе or no сhangе of mеaning - Vеrbsfollorvеd Ilу to + infinitivе _ Vегbs followеd tlу to + infinitivе, or thаt-c|ausе

Verbs folIowed bу -ing or infinitive 2 775\-еrbs followed bу -iпg or infinitivе: сhangе of mеaning _ Verbs followеdbr. -lilg or infinitivе without fo: сhangе of mеaning _ Verbs followеdtll- -itlg or noun - Vеrbs followеd bу -iпg, or noun, or thаt-с|atsе

r61

Verbs followed by prepositions\-еrbs + prеposition - bе + adjесtivе + prеposition

Pronouns]ndеfinitе pronouns - Somеoпе| с|пyone еtс. _ evеrуoпе, no oпe еtС' -Rеflеxivе pronouns: mуself еtс. - Impеrsona| oпe

Possession,s (apostrophеs) _ of and сompound nouns _ Possеssivе adjесtivеs *Possеssivе pronouns _ Doublе possеssivе

Linking wordsапd, both, too, аS wеII, аlso _ for eхаmple, suсh аs _ first (of аlI), seсoпdlуetс', fiпаIly - аs well аs this, besides this _ in fасt, асtuаllу'in mу view,persoпаIlу _ either, or _ insteаd (ofl _ eхсеpt _ eуеп _ Timе words with othеrmеanings

Capital letters and punсtuationСapital lеttеrs _ Full stop (.) - Comma (,) _ Sеmi сolon (;) _ Colon (:) _Spеесh marks (,,) (',") _ Quеstion mark (?) and еxсlamation mark (!)

Spel l ing and pronunсiat ion 1Adding -iпg to vеrbs - Words еnding in -ful _ -ie ot -el? _ Silеnt lеttеrs

Spel l ing and pronunсiat ion 2Samе sound, diffеrеnt spelling _ Samе pronunсiation, diffеrеnt spеllingand mеaning - Words whiсh look similar _ Words with a syllablе whiсh isnot pronounсеd - Nouns and vеrbs with с and s _ How to improvе spеlling

сoNsoLIDAТloN 5

179

784

189

194

199

2oЗ

206

209

гl

сo N тE Nтs

Voсabulary 1

Voсabulary 2

Voсabu|ary 3

Voсabulary 4

Voсabulary 5

Voсabulary 6

Voсabulary 7

VoсabuIary 8

Voсabulary 9

Voсabulary 10

Voсabulary 11

Voсabulary 12

Voсabulary 13

Voсabulary 14

Voсabulary 15

Voсabulary 16

Voсabu|ary 17

Voсabulary 18

Voсabulary 19

Voсabulary 20

Voсabulary 21

Dealing with voсabularyWhеn you find a nеW word - Making thе most of your diсtionary _Kееping a voсabulary notеbook

Word formation 'l

Word formation 2

Col|oсations and fixed expressions 'l

Colloсations and fixed expressions 2

Compound words

Money and shopping

Living sPaсe

Personal matters

Family and friends

Тhe body and сlothes

Everyday problems

Тravel and ho|idays

Interests and frеe time

Plaсes

Food and drink

Work and study

Тhe natural environment

ТooIs and tесhnology

Еvеryday objeсts

People

Formation rules

lrregular verbs

Grammar index

Grammar answers

Voсabulary answеrs

,;ti:iii:tirttil

z |З

215

218

221.o АLLA

227

zЗo2ЗЗ

2З6

2З9

242

245

248

251

254

257

260

26З

266

269

272

275

277

279

281

29З

v1l

Understanding grammar words

Matсh the examples (a-n) with thе grammar words (1-14).

a) а/аn, tиe ..,!.Z.'.

b) аt, to, for . . . ' , . . . . . .

с) do, hаve . , . . , . . . . , .

d\ сап, must . . . . . . , , ' . '

e) If уou do thаt, I, l l . . ' . . . . . , . .

f) she, Someoпq mуself . . . . . . ' . . . .

g) аll, some, both, eithеr ..........'

h) pаst simple, present pеrfeсt ........'.,

i) Whаt,s your паme? Where do уou live? .'.' ',,....

i) hаppy, importапt, good ....'......

k) slowlу, саrеfullу, well ...........

|) get up iп thе morning, look up а word

m) The lettеr thаt аrrived this morniпg is for уou.n) /t is mаdе of wood. The book

1 vеrb tеnsеs2 auxiliary vеrbs3 modal auxiliariеs4 prеpositions5 quеstions6 adjесtivеs7 advеrbs

wаs written in 2001.

8 сonditiоnal sеntеnсе9 passivе voiсе

10 pronouns11 phrasal vеrbs12 artiсlеs13 dеtеrminеrs14 rеlativе сlausе

2 Matсh thе tеnses in itolics (a_h) with their names (1_8).

a) Hеlеn is leаviпg first thing in thе morning. ..'..Z...

b) I,ve beeп studуiпg Еnglish for two yеars. ...........

с) If I hаd ahе|icoptец I,d gеt to sсhool morе еasily! ...........

d) I get up at 7.Зo еvеry day.

е) Nеxt уear |,II be tаkiпg my final еxams at univеrsity. ...........

f) By thе time wе got to thе station, thе train hаd left.

g) |,vе livеd in Athеns all my lifе. ...........

h) Whilе I wаs wаlkiпg along thе strееt a dog ran in front of a сar.

1 prеsеnt simplе 5 past simplе2 prеsеnt сontinuous 6 past сontinuous3 prеsеnt pеrfесt 7 past pеrfесt4 prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous 8 futurе сontinuous

-

I NтER]r,| ЕDlAтE LAN G UAG E PRAстlсЕ

Thinking about language in сontext

3 tor еaсh situation (a_d) underIine the bеst exprеssion. Thе othеr alternatives may

be wrong in grammar, or too informal/impolite for the situation, or too

formal/poIitе for thе situation.

a) It,s r-ouг birthday on Saturday. Invitе a friеnd to your party.

1 I'1l havе apartУ on Saturday. You will сomе.2 I,m having a partу on Saturday. Do you Want to сomе?

З I havе a party on Saturday. Arе you сoming?bl \bu arе on thе bus. Ask a strangеr to opеn thе window.

1 Сould you opеn thе windoщ plеasе?2 opеn thе window.3 Ехсusе mе, but do you think you сould possibly opеn thе window?

с) You arrivе latе for сlass and apologizе to your tеaсhеr.1 I,m latе, I apologizе.2 Soтrу I,m latе.3 Plеasе aссеpt my most sinсerе apologiеs.

d) You arе a witnеss to a minor aссidеnt. Еxplain what you saw to a poliсеman.

1 Тhis сar сomеS down thе road and hits a trее, bangl2 А сar had сomе down thе road and had hit a tIее.З A сar сamе down thе road and hit a trее.

Other ways of learning

4 Whiсh ways of learning English do you usе? What сould you start doing now?

a) Rеading for plеasurе.b) Тranslating.с) Мaking lists of words, or problеm points, in a notеbook.

d) Using a diсtionary.е) Listеning to songs.f) Kееping a diary.g) Rеviеwing your writtеn work.h) Looking at Еnglish-languagе intеrnеt sitеs.i) Watсhing tеlеvision, watсhing films or listеning to thе radio.

i) Using a sеlf-study grammar/voсabulary book.

Whiсh Engl ish?Еnglish is a world languagе, and thе Еnglish spokеn in thе USA or Australia

diffеrs from thе Еnglish spokеn in Britain. Thеrе arе also diffеrеnсеs bеtwееn

spеakеrs from Sсotland, Irеland and Еngland, and bеtwеen diffеrеnt parts of thе

samе сountry. This book usеs what is gеnеrally сallеd Standard British Еnglish.

Rеfеrеnсеs arе also madе to somе diffеrеnсеs in Amеriсan Еnglish.

Prеsеnt simpIe:form

Prеsent simpIe:meaning

Еxplanationsr Thе prеsеnt simplе is formеd with thе bare infinitivе form of thе vеrb. Wе

add s in thе third pеrson singular he/she/it.

I like You likе Hе/She/It likes We like Theу likе

Somе vеrbs arе irrеgular hаve, be

I hаve You hаve Hе/She hаs We hаve They hоvе

I аm You аre He/She is We аre They аre

Spеlling problеmsVеrbs еndingin o, s, Сh, Sh, х add -es for thе third person singular.

He goes She misses She wаtсhes He wishes He relахes

QuеstionsYes/Ilo quеstiоns arе formеd with do and thе barе infinitivе form of thе vеrb.

Thе third pеrson singular usеs does.

Do vou like Itаliаn food? Does she like Itаliаn food?

Wе also lse do/does when wе form quеstions with wheп, whаt, whу where,

how etc.Whаt do уou wаnt? Where does she liуe?

NеgativеsNеgativеs arе formеd with do not and thе barе infinitivе form of thе vеrb.

Thе third pеIson singular vses does not.

I do not like thаt. She does пot like thаt.

In spеесh and informal writing, do пot bесomes don,t, and does пot bесomеs

doеsn,t.

I doп,t likе thаt. She doesп,t like thаt.

Wе usе thе prеsеnt simplе to dеsсribе:

Habitual aсtions.I usuаllу get up at 7.З0.

Aсtions and situations that are gеnеrally or usually truе

Liz plауs in the sсhool bаsketbаll teаm.

We like iсe-сreаm.Faсts whiсh arе always truе.

The sun rises in thе eаst.

Thе prеsеnt simplе also has somе futurе mеanings.

lNтERinЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

Presеnt simple:pronunсiation

Present

сontinuous: form

Vеrbs whiсh еnd in lzl, ldzl, lsl, lshl, /tsh/ and /ks/ makе an еxtтa syllablе in thеthird pегson, pгonounсе6 lпl .

wаtсhеs misses relахesАftеr lf l, lkl, lpl, ltl, thitd pelson sound is /s/. hits lhltslothеr third pеrson lsl arc pronounсеd as lzl . seеs lst..zlDoes is normally pronounсеd /du'z/

r Тhе prеsеnt сontinuous is formеd with thе auxiliary уеrb be and the .ing

form of thе main vеrb.I аm relахing. You аre relахing. He/She is relахiпg.Wе аre relахing. They аre relахiпg

r Spеlling problеmsVеrbs еnding -e drop thе -e whеn t}:rеу add -iпg.

like liking decide deciding write writiпgVеrbs with onе syllablе, еnding in onе vowеl and onе сonsonant, doublе thесonsonant whеn thеy add -ing.

sit sitting swim swimmiпg dig diggiпgVеrbs еnding -ie сhangе -ie to -y.

lie lуing tie фiпg die dуing

r ContraсtionsIn spеесh and informal wгiting, thе vеrb bе is сontraсted:

I,m writing. You,re writiпg. He,s/She,s writing.We,re writiпg. Theу,rе writing,

l QuеstionsYes/Ilo quеstions arе formеd by invеrting thе subjесt and thе alхi|iatу be.

Is he/she writiпg?

I4lh. questions follow thе samе pattеrn.Whаt аre уou writiпg? Whу аre we writing?

r NegativеsNеgativеs arе formеd with thе verb be + nof. This is сontraсtеd in spеесh andinformal writing.

I,m not writiпg. He,s пot writing' Theу,re not writiпg.

r Wе usе the prеsеnt сontinuous to dеsсribе:Aсtions in progrеss at thе prеsеnt momеnt.

Sorry, I саn,t speаk to you, I,m wаshing mу hаir.Aсtions happеning ,around now,, еvеn though not at thе momеnt ofspеaking.

I,m reаdiпg The Lord of thе Rings.

r Thе prеsеnt сontinuous also has somefuturе mеanings.

Am I writing?Are-we writiпg?

Ate уou writing?Are theу writing?

Presеntсontinuous:mеaning

GRAlvt l t t lAR 2 PRЕsENт т lпnE l

Underline thе сorreсt phrase in eaсh sentenсe.

a) What timе go уou/dэ-уou-sa to bеd on Saturdays?b) Why аre you wаiting/do you wаiting outsidе thе door?с) Don,t ask Tim. Hе doesn,t know/пot kпows thе answеr.d) I hаving/I,m haviпg my lunсh at thе momеnt.е) Whеn you leаve/do уou leаve thе housе in thе morning?f) I don,t undеrstand. What is hаppeniпg/is hаppen?g) Еxсusе lлrе, does уou kпow/do уou kпow thе timе?h) This is a grеat pafiу. I,m hаviпg/Аm I hоving a lovеly timе.

2 Read thе answеrs and then сompletе thе questions.

Suе? Shе livеs at thе еnd of Axwеll Road.

b) Do

Jim? No, I don't know him.

с) What

At thе momеnt? I,m doing my homеwork.

d) Arе

Hеrе? No, I,m sitting over thеrе.

е) Do

Hеrе? No, wе сhangе trains at the nеxt station.

0 whyI,m wеaring two pullovегs bесausе I fееl сold!

3 Rеwrite eaсh sеntenсe so that the verb in itаliсs is a negative сontraсtion.

tе,IevtsLaw.

с) I,m using this pеnсil at thе momеnt.

d) Thе сhildrеn аrе hаving lunсh in thе kitсhеn.

е) I get up еar|у on Saturday.

a)

b)

0 Еlеna is writiпg a novel.

lNтЕRltлЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстIсE

Completе еaсh sеntеnсe with a present simple or present сontinuous form, using

thе words in bold.t't

al ...29...Y.9.*..!'L.rР.....,'. .. сheеsе sandwiсhеs?

yоu likе

b) What t imе .. . . . . . . . . ?

thе sun risе

с) What at thе momеnt?

you rеad

d) Sorry, I сan,t talk. ........... a bath.

I havе

е) Wе . ' . . . . . at sсhool.

nоt watсh vidеos

f) Look out of thе window! .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

it snow

g) This is an еxamination! Why .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

you talk

h) Ann to sсhool by bus еvетy day.

go

i) ...... a uniform at your sсhool?

you Wеar

j) Pat has got an intеresting hobby. . a boat.

shе build

Choosе thе сorreсt spelling from eaсh pair of words.

--<\a) @!!щgwrittingb) diging/diggingс) takeing/takingd) dесiding/dесidеingе) swiming/swimmingf) having/havеingg) lying/liеingh) rеadding/rеadingi) using/usеingj) waitingiwaittingk) washеing/washingl) riding/ridеingm) flyеing/flyingn) studing/studyingo) going/goеing

Prtfтl

srrad

Еxplanationsr Frеquеnсy advеrbs arе oftеn usеd with thе prеsеnt simplе. Thеy еxplain how

oftеn somеonе doеs an aсtion, or somеthing happеns.Prеsent simplе:frеquenсy advеrbs

State verbs and

aсtion vеrbs

usuаIlу //'/sometimes

I аlwауs get up аt 7'00.Pаt ofteп goes to footbаll mаtсhes.It usuаIlу rаiпs wheп I go oп holidаy!Wе somеtimes еаt pizzа for luпсh.

аIwауsofteп

rаrelу ,/ |апe rаrelу listeпs to jаzz.nevеr - Mу bus nеvet arrivеs on timе.

l Notе in thе abovе еxamplеs that thе frеquеnсy advеrb сomеs bеforе thеvеrb. With thе vегb be the advеrb сomеs aftеr.

|im is usuаIlу lаte.

r othеr frеquеnсy advеrbs arc frеqueпtly (////), normаIly (,/,/,/), oссаsionаllу(//), seldom (/), hаrdlу evеr (/).

r A statе is whеn somеthing stays thе samе. An aсtion is whеn somеthinghappеns. Statе vеrbs arе not usually usеd in any сontinuous form.

I kпow whаt уou meап. (NoТ .)

Еxamplеs of statе vеrbs arе:r sеnsеs: аppеаL heаr, Iook like, see, tаster fееIing: like, hаte, lovе, prefer, wапt, wishr thinkingi аgrеe, beliеve, forget, know, thiпk, uпderstаndr possеssion: belong to, сoпtоiп, hаvе, ownl bеing: be, eхistr othеr: сost, depend oп, meaп, need

r Somе of thе vеrbs in thе prеvious list сan havе a ,statе, mеaning and an,aсtion, mеaning. Еxamplеs inсludе be, hаve, tаste, thiпk.

I hаve two sistеrs.I,m hаving problеms with this сomputer.

r Somеtimеs statе vеrbs сan dеsсribе tеmpolary fееlings.

How аre уou gettiпg on аt уour new sсhool?

I hаte/(m hаting it!

(pеrmanеnt statе)(tеmporary aсtion)

INтERlv lEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRACтICE

Present simpIе orсontinuous?

Presеntсontinuous: futuremеanings

other problеms

Сornparе:Prеsеnt simplеpеrmanеnthabits and routinеsfaсts that arе always truеgеnегal situations

Prеsеnt сontinuoustеmpoIaryin progrеss nowеvеnts happеning at thе momеnta partiсular situation

(all thе timе)(for a fеw months)

I live in Budаpеst'I,m liviпg in Budаpest.This plапe lаnds iп Frапkfurt, (routinе)We,re lапding. (in progress now)

Thе prеsеnt сontinuous сan bе usеd to dеsстibе a fixеd futurе arrangеmеnt.Thеrе is usually a futurе timе еxpression.

PаuI is leаviпg eаrlу tomorrow morning'Mу pаrеnts аre buуing me а mouпtаiп bikе for my birthdаy.

This usagе is сommon whеn we dеsсribе soсiаl arrangеmеnts.Are уou doiпg апуthiпg on Sаturdау? We,re going skаting.

feelThеrе is almost no diffеrеnсе of mеaning bеtwееn thе simplе and

сontinuous.I feel аwful! I,m feeliпg аwful!How do уou feel пow? How аre уou feeling пow?

Prеsеnt сontinuous or prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous?Suе is stауing with |ill.(in pтogrеss noщ and will сontinuе)Sue hаs beeп stауiпg with IiП siпсe Mаrсh.(in progrеss up to now, and may or may not сontinuе)

Pтеsent сontinuous wtth аIwауsWе сan luse аIwауs with thе pтеsеnt сontinuous whеn we arе еxaggеlating or

сomplaining. Wе еmphasize аlwауs in spеесh in this сasе.You,re аlwауs forgettiпg your keys!

Prеsеnt simplе in narrativеsIn spеесh Wе сan use thе prеsеnt simplе to make a story or jokе appear morе

immеdiatе and intеrеsting, еvеn though the еvеnts wеrе in thе past. This is

also usеd in wтittеn summariеs suсh as plots of telеvision sеriеs.A mап v,аIks into а bаr апd оsks for а glаss of wаter. The bаrmаn Sауs ''.The story so fаr: Miсhаel meets Susап in the librаry аnd tells hеr аbout the

missing eаrriпgs ..'

2

GRAмпnAR 3 PRЕsЕNт TIмE 2

Underline the сorreсt sentence for eaсh situation.

a) You Want to invitе a friеnd to your party on Friday. You say:1 I havе a party on Friday. Do you Want to сomе?2 I,m having a part}z on Frida}z. Do you want to сomе?

b) You find a wallеt on your desk and ask the pеoplе nеarby:]' Who doеs this wallеt bеlong to?2 Who is this wallеt belonging to?

с) A fтiеnd invitеs you to a snaсk bar at lunсh timе. You say:1 Thanks, but I always go homе.2 Thanks, but I,m always going homе.

d) A friеnd opеns thе door and says: What arе you doing? You rеply:1 I work as a sесrеtary.2 I,m repairing thе сomputеr.

е) You havеn,t dесidеd yеt about buying a nеw bikе. You say:1 I think about it.2 I'm thinking about it.

f) A friеnd asks: Do you likе lemon tеa? You rеply:1 I prеfеr tеa with milk.2 I'm prеfеrring tea with milk.

g) A friеnd asks you if you havе finishеd thе book shе lеnt you. You say:1' Sorry, I still rеad it.2 Sottу, I,m still rеading it.

h) It,s a hot day, but a friеnd has a hеavy сoat on. You ask:1 Why do you Wеar a heavy сoat?2 Whу arе you wеaring a hеavy сoat?

Underline thе сorreсt word or phrasе in eaсh sentenсe.

a) That сan,t bе right| I doп,t bеlieуe/I,m пot bеIieviпg it!b) Carolinе сan,t swim today. Shе hаs/is hаving a сold.с) Sее you in thе morning' I leаve/I,m leаviпg now'd) What do you do/аre you doiпgJ If you drop it, it will еxplodе!е) Stop doing that, Bill! You,re/You,re beiпg vеrу si||у.

D I drive/I,m diving! You сan sit in thе baсk with Martin.g) Whаt do we eаt/аre we eаting this еvеning? I,m rеally hungтy!h) You,rе a grеat сook! This cakе tаstes/is tаsting wondеrful.i) Whеrе do уou go/аre you goiпgJ I havеn,t finishеd spеaking to you!

i) Сhеmistry is hard. I doп,t uпderstаnd/I,m not understапding it.

INтERIYlЕDlAтE LANGuAGE PRAстlсE

3 Put eaсh vеrb in braсkets into thе prеsent simple or prеsent сontinuous.

a) Ugh, don,t show mе that piсturеI I (hatе) . . . ' . . !заte.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .; . . . . . . . . . . miсе!

b) Who (you, go) ... to thе matсh on Saturday with?

с) In thе wintеr, what (you, wеaт) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . ?

d) I сan,t stand hoтror films. I (think) ... thеy,rе silly!

е) Diana (not, usually, sit) ......... nеxt to Еllеn.

0 Why (you, look at) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mе l ikе that?

g) Еxсusе mе. (this bus, stop) ... outsidе thе station?

h) I (not takе) .......... thе bus to sсhool today.

4 Matсh еaсh sentеnсe (a-h) with a suitable responsе (1_8).

a) What do you usually do on your birthdaу? .....1'....

b) Would you likе to mееt again on Saturday?

с) What do you usually do when thеrе is an еarthquakе?

d) Havе you finishеd your homеwoгk?

е) What aIе you doing?

f) What arе you doing on Friday?

g) Arе you in thе sсhool baskеtball tеam?

h) What do you do? .. . , . . . . . . .

1 Ihavеaparty.2 I |iе undеr thе tablе.З I work in a travеl agеnсy.4 Yеs, wе play еvеry Friday.5 I'm still doing it.6 lt,s hot in hеrе. I,m opеning somе windows.7 I,m going baсk to Canada tomorrow.8 I'm having a party.

5 Put eaсh verb in braсkets into the present simple or prеsеnt сontinuous.

a) What (usually, you, do) .dо.уаш.иs.uлLIу..da. at thе wееkеnd?

b) Don,t Worry about the сat. It (only еat) ............ ..... onсе a daу'

с) I сan,t work out thе answеr. (you, know) ................ . what it is?

d) What,s thе mattеr? Why (you, starе) ......... ........ at mе likе that?

е) (you, spеak) Еnglish? I,m looking for a hotеl.

0 Еlеna (stay) with mе whilе hеr housе is bеing

dесoratеd.

g) You should 8o on a diеt. (you, put) on wеight.

h) (thеy, spеak) Frеnсh or Gеrman? I сan,t tеll thе

diffеrеnсе.

10

Past simplе: form

Past s imple:

mеaning

Explanationsr Rеgular vеrbs

Past simplе rеgular vеrbs add -ed to thе barе infinitivе. Vеrbs еnding in -e

simply add -d.I enjoуed thе ftlm. I loved the musiс.

All pеrsons havе thе samе form.

r Spеlling problеmsVеrbs еnding in сonsonant + -y сhangе -у to -iе.

trу tried сry criedVеrbs еnding with onе vowеl and onе сonsonant doublе thе final сonsonant.

rеgret regrettеd f|t fitted

r Irrеgular vеrbsThе most сommon irrеgular vеrbs arе listеd on page 277.It is nесеssary to

lеarn thеsе forms.еаt аte driпk drапk wаke woke

QuеstionsQuеstions arе formеd with did and thе barе infinitivе.

Did уou eпjoу the fiIm? Did you drink оll thе milk?

Whаt did уou do уestеrdау? Whу did she leаve?

NеgativеsNеgativеs arе formеd with did пot aлd thе barе infinitivе. This is сontraсtеd

to didп,t in spеесh and informal writing.Thе сoаt didn,t fit me. Саrol didn,t eаt very muсh.

Thе past simplе is usеd to dеsсribе aсtions and statеs in a сomplеtеd pеriod

of timе. Wе know whеn thе aсtion happеnеd, so a dеfinitе timе еxprеssion

сan bе usеd.I eпjoуеd the film \ryе Sсtw lоst пight.We listened to some пew СDs уesterdау аfterпooп.

Thе past simplе is also usеd to dеsсribе habitual aсtions in thе past.

Еvery dаy wе got up еаrlу апd weпt to the beасh.

11

lNтЕRlvtEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

Past сontinuous:

form

Past сontinuous:meaning

Тimе exprеssions

Wаs I sleeping?Were we writiпg?

Thе past сontinuous is usеdThis is oftеn сontrastеd with

Baсk8round situationI wаs hаviпg my luпсh

Were уou wаiting?Werc theу leаving?

Thе past сontinuous is formеd with thе past of thе auxiliaтy vеrLl be an.d t}:rе

-iпg fotm of thе main vеrb.I wаs sittiпg bу the door. You were lаughiпg' He/She wаs dtiving.

We were сrying. They were eаting.

QuеstionsYesД,lo quеstions arе formеd by invеrting thе subjесt and the auxiliary vеrb

be.Wаs he/she driviпg?

I4lh- quеstions follow thе samе pattеrn.

Whаt-were уou writing? Why were theу wаitiпg?

NеgativеsNеgativеs arе formеd with thе vеrb auxiliary vеrb be + пot. This is сontraсtеd

in spеесh and informal writing.

I wаsn,t listening. Hе wаsn,t plауing. Theу weren,t lookiпg.

to dеsсribе a situation in progrеss in thе past.

a suddеn еvеnt in thе past simplе.Suddеn еvеntwheп Ruth phoned.

I met Kаreп.While I wаs wаiting for the bus,

Thе past сontinuous саn bе usеd to dеsсribе sеvеral situations in progтеss,

happеning at thе samе timе.While Iаmes wаs cookiпg, Dауid'wаs phottittg а fтieпd.The аirport wаs full of people. Some were sleepiпg oп benсhes, somе werе

shopping, others-werе rcаding. Еveryone wаs wаitiпg for пews of thе delаyed

plаne.

With thе past simplеI аrrived hеre two hours аgo/iп Septemberflаst week/аt 6.oo.

Helen liуed in Mаdrid for three уeаrs.

With thе past сontinuousWe сan lsе wheп or lцhilе with thе past сontinuous to mеan .duling thе timе

that'.While-we were wаitiпg for thе trаiп, it stаrted to rаiп.

I сut my fiпger wheп I wаs pеeling the potаtoes.

But if wе mеan ,at thе timе that, thеn wе only lse whе|l with thе past

simplе.She wаs very hаppу wheп she got her eхаm results.

t2

GRAlt, lпnAR 4 PAsт т lмE 1

Underline the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sentenсe.

a) Whilе lwаshed/w!5 'уlshlrlg

my hair, thе phonе rаnglringed.b) How did you felt/did уou feel yеstеrday aftеrnoon?с) Whеn I got/wаs getting homе I reсeivedhvаs reсeiving a phonе сall.d) Last summеr I wаs going swimmiпg/went swimming еvеry wееkеnd.е) Whеn thе dog bit/wаs biting Laura,s lеg, shе sсreаmed/wаs sсreаming.f) Wе sапg/suпg somе songs and thеn аte/eаt somе sandwiсhes.g) Whеn уou fell/felt ovеr thе сliff, what hаppened/wаs hаppeпing nехt?h) Whilе Мatу wаshed-up/wаs wаshing-up, she broke/wаs breаking a сup.i) I didn't sеe/sаw whеrе thе bus stop was, so I wаs missiпg/missed thе bus.

|) What did уou do/werе уou doing whеn I phonеd/wаs phoпiпg you last night?Thеrе was no rеply.

2 Rewrite eaсh sentenсe aссording to the instruсtions given.

t dldnjt eШоv tho соnrert.a) I еnjoyеd thе сonсеrt. (negative)

b) You atе all thе brеad. (quеstion)

с) Did John spеnd a lot? (affirmativе)

d) I fеlt wеll yеstеrday. (nеgativе)

е) Anna didn,t buy a сaт. (affirmativе)

f) Thеy won thе prizе. (quеstion)

g) Paul doеsn,t spеak Grееk. (affirmativе)

h) I paid all thе bills. (nеgativе)

3 Complеte еaсh sеntenсе with a suitable timе expressioп from the box. You сanusе an expression more than onсe.

a) A burglar brokе into the housе .....w.b.у!*..'... Wе Wеrе watсhing tеlеvision.

b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I mеt an old fr iend of minе in thе сity сеntrе.

с) What Wеrе you doing .. thе poliсе offiсеr knoсkеd on thе door?

d) Jan mеt Sarah .. half-past еight outsidе thе сinеma.

e) ..................... Diсk was preparing lunсh, hе сut his fingеr badly.

f) I first сamе to this town more than twеnty yеars .........

g) Jеff was studying to bе a doсtor .. hе mеt Sally.

h) Tony bоught his first motoтbikе .' \99z'

i) .. did you start playing baskеtball?

j) Мost of thе young pеoplе lеft this villagе a long timе ..........

13

glЖlNтЕRмEDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстIсЕ

4 Matсh еaсh sentenсe (a_h) with a suitable rеsponse (1-8).

a) What was Katrina doing whеn you knoсkеd on thе door? ....J....

b) How did Brеnda spеnd hеr holiday? ...........

с) What happеnеd whеn thе lights wеnt out? .........'.

d) Whеn did you mееt Сathy? ...........

е) What did Juliе do whеn Tony сallеd? ,,',,......

0 Did Suzannah hеar what David said? ...........

g) What did Luсy do whеn thе bеll rang at thе еnd of thе lеsson?

h) Why did Aliсia lеavе so еar\у?

1 Shе wеnt sailing most days, and sunbathеd at thе bеaсh.2 Shе put thе phonе down.3 Shе was listеning to thе radio in thе kitсhеn.4 Shе Went to mеet hеr parеnts at a rеstaurant.5 Shе сamе to my brothеr's birthday party.6 Whilе Tina wаs looking for a torсh, thеy сamе baсk on.7 Shе wasn,t listеning.8 Shе put hеr books away and lеft.

5 Put еaсh vеrb in braсkets into either the past simple or past сontinuous.

a) Whеn Harry (wakе up) ........W4 k.l+.p'....''....... , We (telll ..''...t!!.?('

him thе nеws.

b) Еvеryonе (wait) for thе сonсеrt to bеgin whеn a

mеssagе (arrivе)

с) Сharlottе (want) a rеlaxing holiday, so shе

(сhoosе) to stay on a small island.

d) Whеn Robеrto (study) in Amеriсa, his parеnts

(phonе) him еvеry wееk.

е) I (find) my pеn whilе I (look for)

my bag.

f) Ann (watсh) a film on tеlеvision when Juliе(arrivе)

g) Whеn thе lights (go out) , I (liе)

in bеd rеading.

h) Whеn you (go) to thе nеw Сhinеsе rеstaulant, what

(you еat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . ?

T4

Past pеrfeсt: form

Past pеrfeсt:

mеaning

Past pеrfeсt:сommon usеs

Explanationsr Thе past pеrfесt is formеd with thе auxiliary hаd and thе past partiсiplе

(third сolumn in vеrb tablеs). Тhе past partiсiplеs of irrеgular vеrbs arе listеdon page 277.

I hаd deсided. She hаd lеft. We hаd eаteп.In spеесh and informal writing thеse forms arе сontraсtеd to:

I,d dесidеd. She'd left. We,d eаteп'

r Quеstions and nеgativеs

Quеstions arе formеd by invеrting thе subjесt aпd hаd. Nеgatives arе formеdwith пot and сontraсtions arе usеd.

Hаd shе left?She hаd пot left. She hаdn,t left.

r Thе past pетfесt is usеd to show сlеarly that onе past еvеnt happеnеd bеforеanothеr past еvеnt. Wе usе thе past pеrfесt for thе еarliеr еvеnt.

Sue left аt 7.00. Wе аrrivеd аt her house аt 8.З0.) Wheп wе аrrived аt Suе,s house, she hаd left.

It is not nесеssaly to uSе thе past pеrfесt if wе usе before or аfter to makе thеtimе sеquеnсе сlеar, although many spеakеrs do so to show a strongсonnесtion bеtwееn thе two еvеnts.

Sue left hеr house before wе аrrivеd.oR Sиe hаd left hеr house before wе аrrivеd.We аrrived аt Sue,s house оfter she left.ОR We аrrived аt Suе,s house аfter she hаd left'

l Notе that it is not nесеssary to usе thе past pеrfесt just bесausе an еvеnthappеnеd a long timе ago. Wе usе past simplе.

The Сhiпеsе built thе Grectt Wаll oуеr two thousапd yеаrs ago'

r Thе past pеrfесt is oftеn usеd with vеrbs of thinking |1ke think, kпow, be surе,rеаlize, remembeT, Suspeсt, uпderstаnd etс.

I thought I,d seeп the film beforе, but I hсldп,t.Dауid knew hе,d seеn her somewhere bеforе.Еllеn wаs sure she hаdn,t loсked the door.When I got home I rеаIized I,d lost mу wallеt.Thе iпspeсtor suspесted thаt the thief hоd usеd а speсiаl kеу.

15

lNтЕRпnEDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстlсE

usеd to . Used to dеsсribеs a habit or statе in the past. Thеrе is no pтеsеnt form. Used tosuggеsts that thе aсtion or situation is no longеr tтuе and so makеs aсontгast with thе prеsent.

I used to hаve long hаir whеп I wаS youngеr.It is usеd for rеpеatеd aсtions and not for singlе еvents.

I used to plаy tenпis, but пow I pIау footbаll.

r Quеstions and nеgativеsWith quеstions and nеgatives used to beсomеs use to.

Did уou use to hаve loпg hаir when уou wеrе younger?I didп,t use to plау tennis, but пow I plау most tryеekeпds.

r PronunсiationUsed is pronounсеd lilstl. This is diffеrеnt from thе past tensе of thе vеrbuse' prono!лсеd littzdl .

Would is usеd in thе samе Way as used fo, but it only dеsсribеs repeatеd aсtionsin thе past, not statеs. It is morе сommorr in dеsсriptivе writing than in spеесh'

Оn winter dауs, we would/used to аIl sit аround the ftre апd tell storiеs.I used to owп а motorbike. (NОТ g)

r Study thе situations and thе еxample sеntеnсеs:

Situation 1: thе film starts at 8.00, I arтivе at 7.50.a) I аrrived аt 7.50, iust bфre the ftIm stаrted'b) Wheп the film stаrted, I hаd аIreаdу аrrived teп minutes before,

Situation 2: the film starts at 8.00, I arrivе at 8.10.a) The ftIm stаttеd аt 8'00, but I аrrived teп miпutes lаtе,b) I аrrived аt 8.1o, but thе film hаd аIrеаdу stаrted.

To dеsсribе thеsе situations it is possiblе to uSе thе past simplе for bothvеrbs, as in 1a) and2a).It is also possiblе to put thе еvеnt thаt happеnеdfirst into the past pеrfесt, as in 1b) and2b).

Howеvеr, la) is morе simplе and muсh morе likеly than 1b). In lb) wееmphasizе whiсh еvеnt happеnеd first (me arriving) - but arriving first isnormal whеn wе go to thе сinеma so We don,t nееd to еmphasizе it.

In situation Zboth a) and b) arе possiblе. 2a) is simplе and еasy to usе andunderstand. But 2b) hеlps thе mеaning by еmphasizing whiсh еvеnthappеnеd fiтst (thе film starting).

in r Nоtе that thе past simplе and past pеrfесt arе also usеd in сonditionalsеntеnсеs (If ...)' In thеsе sеntеnсеs thеy havе a diffеrеnt mеaning.

would

Past perfeсt and

past s implе

Past forms usеdсondit ionals

16

b

GRAмпnAR 5 PAsт т lIUlЕ 2

Whеn I got into bеd, I was falling aslееp immеdiatеly.

Whеn I was finally finding thе housе, I was knoсking at thе door.

Aftеr Jill was giving Niсk his books, shе wеnt homе.

Underline the errors in thesе sentenсes. Rewritе eaсh sеntenсe.

a) Whеn wе had atе lunсh, wе wеrе sitting in thе gardеn.

..''W.hr,n..w.p..,hg,d...чtt*у.,!+уlс.h,'.у'/p..lgt..iw..thr,,gл.фшb) Whilе I lookеd for my keys, I rеmеmbетеd I lеft thеm at homе.

с) Anna had usеd to play badminton whеn shе had bееn at sсhool.

d)

е)

0

Maтia would livе in Swеdеn whеn shе was a сhild.

I was using to gеt up еarly whеn I had gonе sailing.

i) Thе Vikings had sailеd to North Amеriсa a thousand yеars ago.

j) Juliеt Was surе shе was sееing thе tall man bеforе.

2 Undеrlinе the сorrесt word or phrase in еaсh sentеnсe.

a) Whilе l hаd wаited/wg$-wlilix18/wаited at thе bus stop, I hаd notiсed/wаsnotiсing/notiсed a г'еw shop whiсh wаsп,t/hаdп,t bеen in thе strееt thе daybеforе.I hаd goпe/went otlt into thе gardеn to fеtсh my bikе, bttt fouпd/wаs findingthat somеone stole/hаd Stolen it.Whеn Gеorgе met/wаs meetiпg Dianе at thе party, hе thought/wаs thinkingthat hе sаw/hаd seen/wаs seeiпg hеr somеwhеrе beforе.Еmily got off/wаS gеtting off the bus, and wаlked/wаs wаIkiпg into thе bankwhеn shе reаIized/hаd reаIized/wаs reаIizing that shе left/hаа left/wаs leаvinghеr handbag on thе bus.Aftет I wаs buying/hаd bought my nеW сomputеr, I disсovеrеd that I wаsn,thаving/didп,t hаve еnolgh mеmory.I wеnt to thе post оffiсе to ask about my paсkagе, but thеy hаd sаid/sаid thatit still hаdn,t аrrived/didn,t аrrive,

ol6'

h)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0

1.7

lNтЕRrиEDIAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

3 Put eaсh vеrb givеn into the past simplе, past сontinuous or past perfeсt. Morе

than onе answer may be possible.

Thе poliсе suspесtеd that Brian (^) ...hДd..hra,Kp.w..''. (brеak) thе window athis housе bесausе hе (b) (want) to makе thеm think that a

burglar (с) .............. (stеal) his valuablе stamp сollесtion. Тhеy

(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . (th ink) that Br ian (е) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (do) this

bесausе hе (f) ......... ... (nееd) thе monеy. Howеvец thеy

(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not know) that Br ian (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f ly) to

Brazil the wееk bеforе, and (i) (bе) abroad whеn thе

burglary ( i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (takе plaсе).

Complete eaсh sentenсe, using would or usеd to and the verb in braсkеts. More

than onе answеr may bе possiblе.

Jaсk (havе) .....N.?((.''t.q'..hау9',,......... a bеard but hе shavеd it off.

My mothеr (rеad) ........ to mе еvеry night.

In thе holidays wе (mееt) .... at thе bеaсh еvеry

morning.

d) I (not likе) ..'........ spinaсh, but now I do.

е) Неlеn (writе) .... to mе oftеn, but now shе phonеs.

f) Tina (livе) .......... in thе housе oppositе.

g) Whеn I was young, thе summеrs (bе) .... Warlnеr.

h) Whеnеvег our tеaсhеr lеt us lеavе еarly, wе (сhееr)

4

a)

b)

с)

18

5

GRA]UlпnAR 5 PAsт т l1t,|E 2

For еaсh question, сomplete the seсond sеntenсe so that it means the samе as

the first, using no more than thrее words.

a) Мiсhaеl took a dееp brеath and divеd into thе watеr.

After Miсha "l

....h.а.q('..tдkш........'...... a dееp brеath, hе divеd into thе Watеr.

b) Tеrry was fattеr.

Tеrry . . . . . . . . . to bе so thin.

с) Gary Was surе his keys Wеrе not in his poсkеt.

Gary was surе . . . . . . . . . . . his kеys.

d) Whеn he was youngеr David playеd tеnnis.

David .... tеnnis whеn hе Was youngеr.

е) Last summеrl Julia got up еarly еvеry morning.

Last summеr, Julia usеd to .... еarly еvеry morning.

0 Wе missеd thе bus so wе took a taxi.

Wе took a taxi bесausе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе bus.

g) In thosе days, wе spеnt thе summеr in thе mountains.

In thosе days, wе .... thе summеr in thе mountains.

Combine thе two sentenсes to make one sentenсе. Use when and the past

perfeсt.

a) I washеd and got rеady. I wеnt out to mееt my friеnds.\.f| т| I I t t - ' l т - ,- . .L . .L L, . . .^^L с: l -

...Wkуэ.!.d...WN.kl.g.уId..!!.t r%lу,''I..N.pnt.'p.цl. t!' |у!,3..еt',|wу.,Irtrд4.t'.......,..b) I knеw muсh morе about thе job. I visitеd thеir offiсеs.

с) I lookеd at thе nеw drеss for agеs. I asked how muсh it сost.

d) I fеlt muсh morе indеpеndеnt. I passеd my driving tеst.

е) Annе Wеnt on holiday. Shе savеd еnough monеy.

6

f) Thе tеam finally won thе matсh. Thеy ran round thе pitсh to сеlеbratе.

19

Present pеrfесt:

form

Presеnt perfeсt:meaning

ЕxpIanationsl Thе prеsеnt pеrfесt is formеd with thе prеSеnt tеnsе of thе auxiliary vеrb

hаve and thе past paltiсiplе (third сolumn in vеrb tablеs). Thе pastpartiсiplеs of irrеgular vеrbs arе listеd on page 277.

I hаve deсided to Iеауe tomorrow. (rеgular)

She hаs уtritteп the emаil to Luсу. (irrеgular)

In spеесh and informal writing thеsе forms arе сontraсtеd to:I,vе deсided. She,s wriffeп.

r Quеstions and nеgativеs

Quеstions arе formеd by invеrting thе subjесt and hаve. Nеgativеs arе formеdwith not and сontraсtions arе usеd.

Hаve уou dеcidеd уet?She hаs not writteп the emаil. She hаsn,t writteп the emаil'

Тhе prеsеnt pеrfесt dеsсribеs past еvеnts whiсh arе сonnесtеd to thе prеsеnt.Тhеrе arе a numbеr of diffеrеnt usеs:

l Еxpеriеnсеs in our lifе up to now.

Hаve уou visited апу other сouпtries?YеS, I,ve beеп to Itаlу апd Frапсе.

Thеrе is no timе ехprеssion bесausе wе arе talking about a wholе lifеехpеriеnсе, not individual еvеnts. If wе wantеd to say whеn thе еvеntshappеnеd wе would usе thе past simplе.

r An еvеnt in thе past that has a rеsult in thе prеsеnt.

Hеleп hаs broken her pепсil'

I,vе hurt mу fоot.Thеrе is no timе ехprеssion bесausе whеn it happеnеd is not important. Ourattеntion is on thе prеsеIrt (Whеrе is thе pеnсil sharpеnеr? l | сan,t p|aуfootball). If wе wantеd to say whеn thе aсtions happеnеd wе would usе thеpast simplе.

l A situation that startеd in thе past and сontinuеs until thе prеsеnt.I,ve lived here for tеп vеаrs.I,ve oftеn seen |im with his dog iп the pаrk.

Hеrе thеre is a timе еxprеssion, dеsсribing how long or how oftеn somеthinghas happеnеd.

20

Пmе exprеssions

GRAмniAR 6 PREsЕNт PERFEст 1

ComplеtionWе oftеn usе thе prеsеnt pеrfесt whеn wе dеsсribе how many things arесоmplеtеd so far.

I,ve reаd а hundred pаges ofthis book.An еxaсt timе is not mеntionеd.

ever, пeverWе usе evеr and пever wherr wе ask or talk about our еxpеriеnсеs in lifе.

Hоvе you ever eаtеn |аpаnese food?No, I,ve neуer eаtеп it.

yеt, so fоr and аlreаdуWе usе yet in quеstions and nеgativе sеntеnсеs. It has a similar mеaning toso fаr (or,up to now,), whiсh is usеd in quеstions and positivе sеntеnсеs.

Hаve уou ftnishеd this book уet? No, I,m oп pаge 56'How mаnу pаges hаvе уou reаd? I,ve reаd 56 pаges so fаr.

Wе usе аlrеаdу in positivе sеntеnсеs to dеsсribе an aсtion whiсh happеnеdbеforе.

When аre уou goiпg to ftnish your lеttеr?I,ve аIreаdv writteп it.

t just

Wе usе iust whеn wе desсribе a very rесеnt evеnt.Саthу hаs iust phoned fтom the аirport.

Frеquеnсy advеrbs: аlwаys, oftеп etс.Frеquenсy advеrbs that arе usеd with thе prеsеnt simplе сan also bе usеdwith thе prеSеnt pеrfесt.

He hаs аIwауs loved уou. (a statе)Wе hаve often visited Spаiп. (а rеpеatеd еvent)

for arrd sinсepr dеsсribеs thе lеngth of a timе pеriod.

Tom hаs worked here for three months.sinсe dеsсribеs thе point whеn thе timе pеriod startеd.

Tom hаs уlorkеd here sinсe |uIу 10th.

z-J.

lNтER]y|EDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRACтlсE

Put eaсh verb into a form of the present perfесt simple.

a) What,s thе mattеr? (you сut) .'...H.qtug'.Y.q.!t..9!4l............ yoursеlf?

b) I (havе) .... a hеadaсhе еvеr sinсе lunсhtimе.

с) Nadia (nеvеr sее) ............ any Сhinеsе fi lms.

d) Somеonе (stеal) .... Мr Grant,s bikе.

е) Thе passеngеrs arе tirеd bесausе thеy (not slееp) .........

all night.

0 I'm afraid wе (just brеak) .... your window. Sorryl

g) David (not win) .... a prize this timе, I,m afraid.

h) (you еvеr еat) .... Spanish food? It,s grеat!

Complеte what еaсh speaker says.

b)

w e ..,.V..?.'.h g&.W..ryИrr'i9d....... fortwеnty-fivе wondеrful yеars!

d)

е)

22

my

GRA]YltutAR 6 PRЕsENт PERFЕст t

3 Complete еaсh sentеnсe with a time word or phrasе from the box.

x:жgl.:.a) Luis has livеd in thе сity сеntrе ....,t.|ш'е...'.....7996.

b) Thanks for thе prеsеnt! I,vе . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wantеd a pеt goldf ish!

с) Havе you .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . drunk pinеapplе juiсе? It,s fantast iсI

d) I,vе .. hеard somе fantastiс nеws! I,vе passеd my еxams!

е) Hurry up! Havеn,t you f inishеd .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? You,rе so s lowl

f) Nina has workеd in this сompany .. fivе yеars.

g) I,vе .. bееn on a big ship bеforе. It,s an intеrеsting еxpеriеnсе!

h) Wе,rе vеry busy today. .. Wе,vе sold ovеr a hundrеd bikеs.

i) I,vе ..................... passеd this building, but this is the fiIst timе I,vе bееn

insidе.

i) Сan I havе a diffеrеnt book? I,vе . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . теad this onе.

4 For eaсh quеstion, сomрlеte thе seсond sentenсe so that it mеans thе samе as

thе firs! using no more than three words.

a) Wе startеd working hеrе thrее yеars ago.

We ,,.Y.Q..W.Q.rkЙ..h*rp. for thrее yеars.b) This is thе first timе I,vе bееn on a planе.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on a planе bеforе.

с) That,s strangе! Мy pеn isn,t hеrе!

That,s strangе! ........ disappеarеd!

d) Niсky and Jan arеn,t at this sсhoоl any morе.

Niсky аnd Jan ........ this sсhool.

е) I saw a friеnd of yours a fеw momеnts ago.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a fr iеnd of yours.

0 I,m still writing my lеttеrs.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . writ ing my lеttетs yеt.

g) Is this your first visit to South Amеriсa?

Havе .......... to South Amетiсa bеforе?

h) oh nol Мy wallеt is still in thе сar.

oh no! I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my wal lеt in thе сar.

i) It,s a long timе sinсе wе spokе to your sistеr.

Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . . to your s istеr for a long t ime.

i) Is Anna still aslееp?

Has . . ' . . . . . . . . . up yеt?

2З

Prеsent pеrfeсtсontinuous: form

Presеnt pеrfесt

сont inuous:

meaning

Тimе еxprеssions

Еxplanat ionsТhе prеsеnt pегfесt сontinuous is formеd with thе prеsеnt pеrfесt of be, and the-illg foгm of thе vеrb.

I'ъ'e been wаitiпg herе аlI morniпg.\\-lttlt ltаve you been doing lаtelу?I ltат,eп,t been sleepiпg wеII reсentlу.

r Тhе pгеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous, likе thе prеsеnt pеrfесt, dеsсгibеs past еvеntslтhiсh arе сonnесtеd to thе prеsеnt. But in thе сontinuous form therе is amеaning of an aсtion or situation in progrеss.

\|.llаt hаve уou been doiпg lаtely?I,ve been workiпg а lot'Itow long hаve уou beeп liviпg hеre?

r Тhе prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous сan еmphasizе thе lеngth of timе of thеaсtion.

I,ve been wаiting hеre аll morпing.I've been fеeling ill for weeks.

r Тhе prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous сan еmphasize that thе aсtion is tеmpoтary.I,ve beеn stауing iп а hotel for thе pаst moпth.

r Тhе prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous сan bе usеd for rеpеatеd aсtions.I,vе been phoniпg her for dауs, but she,s пеуer аt home.

r Тhе aсtion may bе finishеd or сontinuing, Wе only know by thе situation.Саrlos hаs beeп studуing Еnglish for two уeаrs апd now he,s stopped! Whаt аshаme.Саrlos hаs been studуiпg Еnglish for two уеаrs. He,s going to do ап eхаm пeхtуeаr.

Тvpiсal timе еxprеssions that arе usеd with thе prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuousinсludе:

аII dау, аll morпing, for dауs, for аgеs, Iаtelу, reсeпtlу, sinсe, for

z4

Presеnt pеrfесt orpresent perfесtсontinuous?

othеr problеms

GRAм]t,tAR 7 PRE5ENт PERЕЕст

oftеn thеrе is vеry littlе diffеrеnсе bеtwееn thе two tеnsеs:I,ve worked/beeп working here for two уeаrs'I,ve lived/beeп living here for two уeаrs.

Wе oftеn usе thе prеsеnt pеrfесt if our attеntion is on thе finishеd rеsult, butthе prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuous if our attеntion is on thе aсtion.

I,ve.written thаt еmаil to lасkie' I wаs meапiпg to do it for аges'I,ve been writiпg thаt emаil to |асkie аnd it,s tаken аn hour! I,m eхhаusted!

If wе givе dеtails of how many or how muсh wе do not usе a сontinuousform.

I,ve ulritten four emаils.I,ve done а lot of сooking апd сIеапiпg this аftеrnoon.

Prеsеnt simplе or prеsеnt pеrfесt?Wе usе thе prеsеnt simplе to dеsсribе habits or statеs in thе prеsеnt, but wеusе thе prеsеnt pеrfесt to dеsсribе thе timе until thе prеsеnt.

I live iп Prаgue'(a pеrmanеnt statе _ I always livе thеrе)I,ve livеd in Prаgue for two уeаrs.(I arrivеd two yеars ago and still livе thеre)

Past simplе or prеsеnt pеrfесt?Thе past simple dеsсribеs an event in a сomplеtеd timе pеriod. Thе prеsеntpеrfесt is usеd for a timе pеriod that inсludеs thе prеsеnt.

I lived iп Prаgue in thе пiпeties. (now I livе somеwhеrе еlsе)

I,ve lived in Prаgue sinсе thе niпeties. (I still livе thеrе)

Thе сhoiсе of tеnsе oftеn depеnds on whеthеr oul attеntion is in thе past orthе prеsеnt.

I hаd аn umbrellа, but I left it on the bus.(thе еvеnt is distant in my mind)Оh no! I,ve left my umbrellа oп the bus.(thе еvеnt is prеsеnt in my mind)

hаve beeп and hаve goпе|f we hауe been to a plaсe, Wе Wеnt thеrе and havе now rеturnеd. |f we hаvegotlе to a plaсе, wе wеrit thеrе but havе not rеturnеd.

Melissа hаs beeп to Сhiпа.

Melissа hаs gone to Сhinа.

(and shе has сomе baсk)(and shе is still thеrе)

lNтERмЕDlAтЕ tANGUAGE PRAстlCЕ

2

Underlinе the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh senteпсе.

a) I livе hеrе/I-7е-]wзl-hеte sinсе thе еnd of last yеar.

b) I'm afraid thе last tтain lеft/hаs left an hour ago.

с) Somеonе hаs just stolen/hаs just beeп steаliпg my biсyсlе.

d) Тhank you for your offеr, btlt I deсided/I,vе decided not to aссеpt.

е) Yеstегday I lost/I,ve lost mу wallеt.f) Тakе your umbrеllа with уoll. It stоrted/It,s stаrted raining.

g) !Vе,те еnjoying our trip. We уisitedПVе,уe уisitеd two сountriеs so far.

h) I,rn stаndiпg here/I,ve been stапding here fot hours and I fееl tirеd.

i) Тhis wаs/hаs been a busy day and it isn,t ovеr yеt!j) l fееl rеally tired. We weпtПVe,ve been to a partу last night.

Put eaсh verb in braсkets into either the present perfeсt, past simple or present

simple.

a) Last wееk I (losе) ......... ,.Lp.l,t...'..,.... my sсarf, and now I (just losе)

... .|'v e.. j.'.a.t...L..,r t.'. ......''.. . .. my glovе s.I (work) .... for Bluе Bank at thе moment but I

(dесidе) .... to сhangе jobs.

Wе (bе) .... hеrе for hours. Arе you surе Wе (сomе)

thе bus homе.

0 I (nеvеr еat) ............ oсtopus, but onсе on holiday I

(еat) . . . . . . . . . . . somе squid.

g) I (hopе) .... you arеn,t a vеgеtarian. I (сook)

.. . .you somе lamb сhops.

h) Rесеntly a lot of young pеoplе (takе up) .... kite

surfing.

i) Whеn wе (rеaсh) .... thе сinеma, thеrе (not bе)

'... aгlУ tiсkеts lеft.

i) Plеasе сomе quiсkly! Niсk (havе) .... an aссident, and

hе (go) .... to hospital.

b)

с)

26

GRAlvl luAR 7 PREsENт PERFEст 2

3 Complete eaсh mini-dialogue by putting thе verbs given in braсkеts into eitherthе present perfeсt or prеsent perfeсt сontinuous.

a) A: Tеrmi natot 2 is on at thе Rеx? (you sеe) ..'!!.g,vэ,уl!*..{.*k.......... it?B: No, not yеt. Shall wе go? I (look to,-u,o; ..,.Yp..h*k'!q.q!9i.ryg'fl.rwкd.

to sееing it for agеs.

b) A: What,s thе mattеr? You look rеally tirеd!

B: I am! I (study) .... a7l day, and I (not finish)

A: Somеonе (rob) .......... thе bank at thе еnd of the road.

е) A: Why is your lеg in plastеr?

B: That,s a silly quеstion! I (brеak) .... it, of сoursе.

A: Somеonе (writе) .... .Brеak Тimе, on thе plastеrl

4 For eaсh question, сomplete thе seсond sentenсе so that it means the same asthe first using no morе than three words.

a) I сamе tо livе hеrе thrее months ago.

| .',V,.Q, hwYk. !ууу,уu,,,,.' '...... hеrе for thrее months.

b) Sophiе is out at the shops at thе momеnt.

Sophiе .... to thе shops.

с) I,vе had Frеnсh lеssons sinсе Мarсh.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frеnсh sinсе Мarсh.

d) I,m still rеading this book.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rеading this book yеt.

е) Paul lеft thе room a momеnt ago.

Paul has .... thе room.

0 It's agеs sinсе I last wеnt to thе сinеma.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the с inеma for agеs.

g) This is thе first timе I,vе еatеn snails.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snai ls bеforе.

h) I don,t rеmеmbеr Hеlеn,s phonе numbеr.

I,vе . . . . . . . . . . . . Hеlеn,s phonе numbеr.

с)

d)

ld

27

lNтERluЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PпA(тlCE

5ll Completе еaсh sentenсe with onе suitablе word.

Wе,vе had a vеry intеrеsting trip (a) ....{.!......'....... far, and wе,vе had some

intеrеsting advеnturеs (b) ..................... thе last time Wе Wrote. We,ve

(с) ..................... to somе beautiful islands, and (d) .. a lot of

intеrеsting pеoplе. In faсt (е) ..................... Wе,vе madе friеnds with somе

pеоplе in a villagе, and they,vе beеn (f) .. us thе loсal languagе. I

havеn,t managed to lеarn muсh (g) ............. but Ann (h) .....................

piсked up quitе a lot, and сan spеak well. She,s bееn (i) .. every day,

and shе,s (j) ..................... mе еvеrything shе knows!

Underline the еrrors in thеse sentenсes. Rewrite eaсh sentenсe.

a) Мy pеnfriend is writing to mе for yеars. l/v|v peуlfrLen,d hаs baуъ writuц,q to уиo far Yeаrs,

..... . . . , . . .}. . . . v . . . . . !g. i l . . . t . . . . . . . . ф.. . . . ! l . . i . . .

b) Wе have started this сourse thrее wееks ago.

,What havе you beеn doing a|| daу?, ,I,ve been writtеn lettеrs.,

't"i!""

Whеn havе you arrivеd in this сity?

e) You havе еvеr bееn to India?

0

s)

h)

Рaula has bееn stayеd in a hotеl by thе sеa.

I,vе bееn fееling ill thrее wееks ago.

I livе in this сiW sinсе I was born.

I wait hеrе for agеs. Wherе have you bеen?

Tony has lеavеd his books on thе bus.

6

с)

d)

i)

i)

28

will

Futurе t imе

bе going to

ЕxplanationsWе сan rеfеr to thе future in Еnglish by using will, bе goiпg to or by usingplеsеnt tеnsеs. Somеtimеs Wе сan usе diffеrеnt forms and therе is littlеdiffеrеnсе bеtwееn thеm, othеr timеs thеrе is a diffеrеnсе.

r FormТhе wiII futurе is formеd with thе infinitivе without fo. Thе nеgativеs of willis woп,t. Will is usually shortеnеd in spеесh and informal writing to ,l/.

Somе spеakеrs usе shаll to rеfеr to thе futurе in formal situations with 1 andwe. Hоwevеr this usе is bесoming vеry rarе. In modеrn Еnglish sЙсl/ is usеdfor suggеstions only:

ShаIl I opeп the window?

r МеaningWе usе will to talk gеnеrally about futurе bеliеfs, opinions, hopеs andprеdiсtions. Thеrе is usually a timе еxprеssion. Wе сan add perhаps, probаblуor definitely to show how сеrtain or unсеrtain Wе arе about our prеdiсtions.

In the neхt сeпtury, most peoplе will probаbф live iп big сities.Perhаps it,ll rаin tomorrow'Uпitеd will defiпitelу wiп tonight.

Notiсе that probably сomеs aftеr will but bеforе woп,t.Shе,lI probаbф сome with us toпight.She probаblу-won,t сomе with us toпight.

r FormТhе be goiпg to futurе is formеd with thе verb be + going + thе infinitivе.

|еаn is going to lеаrп to drive.Tim апd Аnп аre goiпg to trаvel аbroаd пeхt уeаr.

l MеaningWе usе goiпg to for plans and intеntions. Thе plan may bе in thе nеar futurе,or morе distant.

(m goiпg to do lots of work this eveпing.Аfter I ftnish Uпiversitу I,m goiпg to trаvel аII over Еuropе bу IпterRаiI,

Wе also lse goiпg fo for prеdiсtions. Wе usе going fo whеn thеrе is somееvidеnсе in thе prеsеnt situation, for еxamplе Wе сan sее somеthing.

Look out! Those books аrе going to fаll!

29

lNтERrиЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстIсЕ

Prеsentсontinuous

Problems

FormSее Grammar 2 fot the form of thе prеsеnt сontinuous.

I,m meeting mу mother for lunсh аt one.

МеaningWе usе thе prеsеnt сontinuous to talk about things wе havе arrangеd to do,

in partiсular soсial arrangеmеnts and appointmеnts. Thеrе is nеarly always a

timе ехprеssion.А: Аre уou doing апуthing oп Fridау eveniпg?B: Not reаllу' Why?А: I,m hоving а pаrty. Would уou like to come?

will or going to?Will alrrd going to arе both usеd for prеdiсtions, and on most oссasions еither

is possiblе.I thiпk it,s going to/it,ll probаblу rаin tomorrow.

Howevеr if thеrе is strong еvidеnсе in thе prеsеnt situation, then goiпg to is

usually usеd:I think it,s goiпg to rаiп this аfrerпooп,(looking up at blaсk сlouds in thе sky)

going to or prеsеnt сontinuous?Goiпg to and thе plеsеnt сontinuous arе both usеd for plans and

arlangеmеnts, and on most oссasions еithеr is possiblе.

I,m going to hаvе/I,m hаviпg а pаrtу oп Fridау'Howеvеr, going to сan suggеSt that thе dеtails arе not yеt finalizеd _ it,s still

iust a plan. Whеrеas thе prеsent сontinuous сan suggеst that thе

arrangеmеnt is moIе fixеd, with a timе and a plaсе.

|eаn is going to hаve аnothеr driving lessoп sooп.(a plan, with no spесifiс timе)

|еаn is hаviпg her driviпg lessoп this аfterпooп.(it,s fixеd, in hеr diary)

othеr mеanings of willWilI has othеr mеanings, for еxamplе spontanеous dесisions that сomе into

our hеad at thе momеnt of spеaking, promisеs еtс.Is thаt the phoпе riпgiпg? I,Il апswer it' (a spontanеous dесision)

I,lI do the best thаt I cап to help уou. (a promisе)

tbe\Ntth be Wе usе will or going to, not thе prеsеnt сontinuous.

I,ll be bасk on Fridаy.

I,m going to be bасk oп Fridаy.

30

),a

GRAмпnAR 8 FUтURЕ t

Undеrline thе сorrесt sentеnсe, "| or 2, in eaсh mini-dialogue.

a) A: Can you сomе danсing tomorrow night?B: 1 Sorry, I,ll play baskеtball.

2 Sorry, I,m pla}zing baskеtball.b) A: What arе your plans for thе summer?

B: 1 l,ll spеnd a month in thе mountains.2 I,m going to spеnd a month in thе mountains.

с) A: What do you think about thе wеathеr?B: 1 It,ll probablу rain tomorrow.

2 lt's raining tomorrow.d) A: What about tomorrow at about 5.30?

B: 1 oK, I,ll sее you then.z oK, I,m sееing you thеn.

е) A: Мary is buying a dog nеxt wееk.B: 1 Rеally? What is shе сalling it?

2 Rеa||у? What is shе going to саll it?f) A: It would bе niсе to sее you nеxt weеk.

B: 1 Arе you doing anything on Wеdnеsday?2 wi|| you do anything on Wеdnеsday?

Put еaсh verb in braсkets into a form ot will, going to or presеnt сontinuous.More than one answer may be possible.

a) Havе you hеard thе nеws? Harry (join) ....w..jq.tу1Lw,/,w'зp.у,ryg..tp..j.p.L*'.....thе Armyl

b) Sorry to kееp you wait ing. I (not bе) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . long.

с) Aссording to thе wеathеr foreсast, it (snow)

tomorrow.

d) I,m sorry I сan,t mееt you tonight. I (go out) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with

my parеnts.

е) Сareful! You (knoсk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . that jug off thе tablе!

f) In fifty yеaтs, timе, most pеoplе (probably ridе) ..........

biсyс1еs to work.

g) our tеaсhеr (givе) ......... us a tеst tomorrow.

h) I (go) .... to Manсhеstеr at the еnd of nеxt wееk.

i) Look out! You (hit) .... that trее!

i) I think our tеam (probably win) ..........

2

31

lNтЕRП,lED!AтE LANGUAGE PпACт!сE

]l Ж 3 Complete the seсond sentenсe so that it has a simiJаr meaning to the firstsentenсe.

a) Мy party is on Thursday.

| ..,.|у1,. h4vLу1g.'4. Р.a rtу'. . . . o n Thu r s d ay.b) Тomorrow,s wеathеr forесast is for rain.

It's ............. tomorrow.

с) I prеdiсt a viсtory for our tеam.

I think .... win.

d) Тomorrow l,ll bе absеnt, Mrs Jones.I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . herе tomorrощ Mrs Jones.

е) Теrry intеnds to finish painting thе kitсhen this еvеning.

Теrry ......... painting thе kitсhеn this еvеning.

f) Мееt mе outsidе thе station at 5.30.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . outside thе stat ion at 5.30.

g) What,s our arrangеmеnt for lunсh?

Whеrе .... for lunсh?

h) Еvеryonе еxpeсts lots of tourism in this сountry nеxt summеr'

Еvеryone thinks a laтge number of tourists .... this

сountry nеxt summеr.

Underlinе the sentenсes whiсh are inсorreсt. Rewrite them. |f the sentenсe isсorreсt, put a tiсk (/).

a) I go swimming nеxt Saturday. Would }zou likе to сome?

..I!.ш..q.a.|!ш..t.w.tшшцnа..у.trхt..S.цt.*rdдY,..W.a.цld..,уp,*..!tk't,a...с..qd........ . . . .Ф.. . . .Ф Ф.. . . t l . . l t r . r . . . . . . !

b) What aIе you going to disсuss at thе nеxt mееting?

Thе boat is turning over! I think it will sink!

Suе is going to lеnd mе hеr rollеr-skatеs.

е) The wеathеr foreсast says it,s dеfinitеly sunny tomorrow.

Г) Thеrе is a lot to do. Is anyonе gоing to hеlp you?

Sorry, I,m not sееing you tomorlow. I havе to go to London.

4

c)

d)

s)

h)

32

Byе for now. I sее you latеr this еvеning.

5

GRAlvt1YtAR 8 FUтURE l

Rеwrite eaсh sentenсe so that it сontains will or going to.

a) I plan to study еnginееring in Franсе.

...|.ш.go.|rg..t.q.,'|t*.dу..gш.irep-riш...цrу..f'rл.4&9'.....'......b) I,vе arrangеd a pafiУ for nеxt Friday.

с) Wе,vе got an appointmеnt at thе doсtor,s, so wе сan,t сomе.

d) Kеlly is likеly to gеt thе iob.

е) Martin,s wifе is prеgnant again.

0 Sarah doеsn,t plan to gеt marriеd yеt.

g) Thеrе,s a possibility of snow tomorrow.

h) I prеdiсt a sсorе of З_0.

ls

ё oooooме)..

UN,тЕ D(ovЕ(l

" r 'o

оo. cо6ё

33

:;:. :: l:: l,1.1.:r. l' , : l :r l

lir:l:tli

tuture сont inuous

Future pеrfeсt

Prеsent s implе

Exptanationsr Form

Thе futurе сontinuous is formеd with will + bе + thе -iпg form of thе vеrb.

This time tomorrow I,Il be еаting lunсh on thе plапe,

r МеaningThе futurе сontinuous is usеd whеn wе imaginе an aсtivity in progrеss in thе

futurе.Wе oftеn usе it whеn Wе сomparе what wе arе doing now with what wе will

bе doing in thе futurе. Тhеrе is nеarly always a timе еxpгеssion.

Wherе will уou be liviпg iп five уeаrs, time?Wе also usе thе futurе сontinuous to say that somеthing will dеfinitеly

happеn.Wz,II bе holdiпg а mееtiпg Sooп, So wе саn deсide theп.

r FormThе futurе pеrfесt is formеd with will + hаvе + thе past paгtiсiplе.

Bу thе time wе gеt to thе сiпemа, thе film ulill hаve begun.

r MеaningWе usе thе futurе pеrfесt to look baсk from onе point in thе futurе to an

еarliеr еvеnt. Wе oftеn lsе bу ot bу thе timеwith thе futurе pеrfесt.

Bу neхt wеek I,П hаve сollесted over 7000 еuros for сhаritу.Thе situation has not happеnеd yеt, but at a сеrtain timе in thе futurе it will

happеn.

r Wе oftеn usе thе prеsеnt simplе to talk about еvеnts in thе futurе basеd on a

fixеd timеtablе, programmе or сalеndar.

|im,s plапe leауes аt 12.00.Оur heаd tеасhеr retires пехt yeаr.

r Wе usе thе prеsеnt simplе to rеfеr to thе futurе aftеr thеsе words: wheп, аftеr,

before, uпIеss, in саsе, aS Soon аs, uпtil, bу the timе, the пeхt timе.

When I sее her аgаiп, I,П tеII hеr уour nеws.Let,s ruп homе before it rаiпs'Tаke ап umbrellа, in саse it rаins.Аs soon аS we,re reаdу, wе,ll phoпe уou.Pleаse wаit hеre until Mrs llсlll сomes bсtсk.

Wе сan also usе thе prеsеnt pеrfесt with thеsе words to еmphasizе that an

aсtion is сomplеtе.Hапd iп уour pаpеr as soon аS уou hаve flnishеd,

З4

tunсtions using wil/and sholl

GRAпnмAR 9 FUтURЕ 2

Whеn Wе say that a vеrb form has a ,funсtion,, Wе mеan that Wе usе it for apurpose likе ,pтomising, or ,suggеsting, rathеr than to rеfer to timе. Мany usеs

of will and shаll arе moIе еasily dеsсribеd in this way.

r PromisеI,ll try аs hаrd аs I сап.

r ThrеatStop doing thаt, or I,II tell mу dаd.

r Dесision madе at thе momеnt of spеaking.А: ,Whiсh oпe do you wапt?,B.. ,I,II tаke the blue silk one., (in a shop)

r offетI,lI give you а Iift in my cаr.WilI уou hаvе some more сoffee?Shall I opeп the door for you?

RеquеstWilI you саrry this bаg for me?

SuggеstionShаll lуe plау tenпis?

Parting remarkI,lI see уou tomorrow'

35

lNтER]vtEDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRAстlсE

Undеrline thе сorrесt word or phrase in eaсh sentenсe.

a) This timе nеxt wееk Billy will lie/wj]]!еЦiд8 on thе bеaсh.b) Plеasе stay in your sеats until thе bd,| riпgs/will ring.с) Wе,II hауe moved/We,ll be moviпg to our nеw housе on Tuеsday.d) What timе doеs уour trаin leаve/will уour trаiп leаve?е) Don,t forgеt to turn off thе lights bеfore you,re leаviпg/you lеаve'f) Whеrе will уou work/will уou bе workiпg in tеn yеars, timе?g) Wait for mе. I,lI be/I,П hаve been rеady in a momеnt.h) John woп,t stop/won,t hаve stopped talking all thе timеl

Complete eaсh part sеntenсе (a-h) withthan one answеr may be possible.

a) As soon as I hеar from Sharon , ...5...

b) By thе timе Мary arrivеs

с) Plеasе takе a sеat . . . . . . . . . . .

d) This t imе nеxt wееk .. . . . . . . . . .

е) Thе nеxt t imе you sее mе .. . . . . . . . . .

f) Wе'll havе timе to havе somе lunсh

one of the part sentenсes (1-8). Morе

1 until thе dеntist is rеady.Z the matсh will bе ovеr.З l,ll havе had my hair сut and you won,t rесognizе mе.4 bеforе thе train leavеs.5 l,ll ask hеr to phonе you.6 wе,ll bе еnjoying oursеlvеs on hоliday.

3 Undеrline the inappropriate verb forms and write thе сorrесt form in the spaсe.lf the sentenсe is сorrесt put a tiсk (/).

2

a) By thе timе thе poliсе gеt hеrе, thе burglars will havе

vanishеd.

Whеn you,ll grow oldеr, you,ll сhangе your mind about

this.

Thе bus lеavеs at 1.00, so wе,ll lеavе thе housе at 11.30.

I won,t lеavе until you will givе mе thе monеy.

As soon as thе taxi will arrivе, I,ll bе lеtting you know.

Will yоu havе bееn using thе vidеo nеxt lеsson?

By thе timе wе gеt to Hеlеn,s housе, shе,ll lеavе..Do you Want mе to сarry this?, ,No that,s all right, I,m

doing it.'

hl

d)

flo\ь/h)

З6

4

GRAммAR 9 FUтURE 2

Rewrite eaсh sentenсe so that it сontains will/sholl or going tq and thе verb

underlined.

а) How оlavins tеnnis?shлu we plаv tenлls?

rr.4rt. . .4. . . . . . . . .

b) I,vе dесidеd to stud}z Arabiс in Сairo.

с) I promisе to bе homе by midnight.

d) I hopе to mееt you later.

e) I,d likе you to p to thе shops for mе.

0 Wе promisе not to makе too muсh noisе.

g) Would you likе mе to help you with thosе bags?

h) Wе сould сomе baсk latеr if you likе.

Completе the seсond sentenсe so that it has a simi]ar mеaning to the first

sentenсe.

a) Thе work won,t takе us longеr than an hour.

w" .!Ц..hдu.'еrtn,'h9n'. ....... thе work in an hour.b) I promisе to phonе you bеforе our nеxt mееting.

Bеforе Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you.

с) Would you likе mе to сhесk thе spеlling for you?

Shal l . . . . . . . . . . foт you?

d) Shеila rеfusеs to lеt mе sharе hеr book.

Shеila Won,t .... book.

е) How about having a gamе of сhеss?

Shal l . . . . . . . . . . a gamе of сhеss?

f) Plеasе stay hеrе until I сomе baсk.

Plеasе don,t ......... сomе baсk.

g) Aftеr thе lеsson wе,ll meеt and play tеnnis.

Whеn .... we,ll mееt and plаy tеnnis.

h) What job will you havе in twеnty years, timе?

What will .... in twеnty yеars, timе?

5

З7

2

Underline the сorrесt word or phrasе in eaсh sentеnсе.

a) Whеn I was a сhi|d I usеd to ride/I wаs riding a triсyсlе.

b) That looks vеry hеaly. Will l/Shаll I hеlp you?

с) I'm waiting for Suе. Hаve уou sееn her/Did уou sеe her?

d) How |ong аre уou working/havе уou bееn workiпg herе?

е) I сan,t сomе out beсausе I hауеп,t f\nished/I didn,t finish my homеwork yеt.

f) Whеn thе phonе rang I wаshеd/I wаs wаshiпg my hair in thе bathroom.

g) Why do you stаrе/аre you stаring at mе likе that?

h) I'vе finishеd my еxams so I,m hаviпg/I hауe a party tomoшow.

i) Wе,d bеttеr wait hеrе until thе raiл stops/will stop.

i) Whеn did уou lаst go/hаvе уou lаst bеen to thе сinеma?

Put eaсh verb in braсkеts into the prеsent simple or сontinuous, or the past

simple or сontinuous.

,What (you do) .. ' .d.q...у.q.*,.dg..............,.... ?, ,I,m an еnginееr.,

тhе door Was opеn so thе dog (run) .... into thе

living room.

Whеn wе arrivеd homе Jan (sit) ............ оutsidе thе door.

Сan you hеlp mе? I (not undеrstand) .'.. Spanish.

At thе bеginning of thе film I (realize) ..' '. '....... I,d sееn it

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

3

bеforе.

f) I,m sorry, I саn't talk long. I (study) .... for an

еxamination.

g) At thе momеnt of thе еarthquakе Pat (rеad) .... in bеd.

h) I,ll phonе you as soon as I (know) .... thе rеsults.

D I (stay) .... at thе Hotеl Тirol. Why don,t you сall rnе?

i) .What (you do) .... whеn you saw thе snakе?' ,| raл\.,

For еaсh quеstion, сompIetе the sесond sentеnсе so that it means the same as

the first, using no morе than three words.

a) Stеvе lеft bеforе mу aтrival.

Whеn |,,.4 r r|,Y d'.' 5 t эu*..hд,d... a|r eadу lеft.b) Do you nееd any hеlp with your suitсasе?

Shal l . . . . . . . . . . you with your suitсasе?

с) What,s your usual timе of arrival at sсhool?

Whеn .... arrivе at sсhool?

d) Aliсе startеd playing tеnnis six months ago.

Al iсе . . . . . . . . . . tеnnis for s ix months.

Ь

38

GRAмlvlAR 1o (oNsoLlDAтoN l

f)

I,ll wait hеrе until it stops raining.

Whеn it stops raining .... lеavе.

In thе middlе of my rnеal, thе phonе rang'

Whi lе I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my mеal thе phonе rang.

Jaсk has сomе to stay for thе wееkеnd.

Jaсk .. . . . . . . . . . with mе for thе wееkеnd.

I last saw David in 1990.

I . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David s inсе 1990.

Arе you frее tomorrow еvеning?

Arе ............ anything tomorrow еvеning?

4 Dесidе whiсh answer (A, B, с or D) bеst fits the spaсe.

Mаriсl,s homесomiпg

Whеn thе bus (1) . . . . .Q... . in a smal l squarе' Мaria (2) . . . . . . . . . . . hеr magazinе and

didn't rеalizе that shе (З) ........... at hеr dеstination. ,Тhis is Santa Tеrеsa,,

Martin said. .(4) homе! I supposе yоur сousin (5) ........... for us. Сomе

on. (6) thе bags. ' Maria thought, ,Al l thosе yеars whеn I (7) . . . . . . . . . . . in

Nеw York, I (8) ........... of this momеnt. And now it,s rеal, I сan,t bеliеvе it! Hеrе

I am, (9) in thе squarе,. Santa Tеrеsa was Мaria,s birthplaсе, but shе(10) ...'....... thе town at thе agе of six. Shе had somе mеmoriеs of thе town, and

somе photos, but (11) hеrе st i l l? Shе (12) . Nobody (1З) . . . . . . . . . . .

in thе squarе. Pеrhaps hеr сousin Pablo (14) Мaria,s lеttеr. .What

(15) . . . . . . . . . . . now?, askеd Мart in. .Thеrе isn,t еvеn a hotеl hеrеl,

е)

h)

1) A has stoppеd

2) A was rеading

З) A arrivеd

4) A Yоu arrivе

5) A waits

6) A I'll сarry

7) A livе

8) A drеarn

9)AIrеal lystand

10) A was lеaving

11) A will shе bеlong

12) A wasn't knowing

13) A was waiting

14) A wasn,t rесеiving

15) A arе wе going to do

B stops

B rеad

B arrivеs

B You,rе arriving

B will bе waiting

B I сarгy

B havе livеd

B am drеaming

B I was rеally standing

B had lеft

B did shе bеlong

B hasn't known

B is waiting

B didn't usе to rесеivе

B havе wе donе

С stoppеd

С had rеad

С has arrivеd

С You,vе bееn arriving

С has waitеd

С I,vе сarriеd

С was living

C usеd to drеam

С I had rеally stood

С usеd to lеavе

С has shе bеlongеd

С hadn't known

С waits

С hadn't rесеivеd

С did wе do

D was stoppеd

D usеd to rеad

D had arrivеd

D You'vе arrivеd

D is going to wait

D I сarriеd

D am living

D will drеam

D I,m rеally standing

D has lеft

D doеs shе bеlong

D didn't know

D waitеd

D hasn,t rесеivеd

D arе wе doing

З9

lNтЕRMЕDlAтЕ tANGUAGЕ PRAстlсЕ

5 Put a suitab!е timе word or expression in еaсh spaсe. Еaсh spaсe is for one word.

Just a quiсk notе ral ..h.pf.!.r.p....... I lеavе for thе airport. Sorry I havеn,t bееn intouсh (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . Wеdnеsday, but I,vе bееn busy gеtt ing ready(с,) . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . , and I havеn,t сol lесtеd my t iсkеt(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f rom thе travеl agеnсy. (е) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... I gеt to Sydnеy, l'1l writе you a lеttеr. I,vе (f) .. bееn toAustral ia bеforе but I,vе bееn rеading a lot about i t (g) . . . . . . . ' . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . It soundsgrеatl I,ll bе in Sydnеy (h) .......... thе еnd of nеxt wееk, and thеn I,m

::::]]::: ::':::::::' ::i :: JH:l l]' ;; ;;;;;; ;l'Ж:'.:]".,.. -",Look сarefully at еaсh l]nе. Some linеs arе сorreсt but some havе a word whiсhshould not bе therе. Tiсk (/) eaсh сorrесt Iinе. lf a l ine has a word whiсh shouldnot be therе, writе thе word in thе spaсe.

Dеar Еmma,

6

I,m sorry I har,еn,t bееn writtеn to you latеly, but I,vеbееn working hard. Whеn I rесеivеd your last lеttеrI was aсting in a play at sсhool, and whеnI havе finishеd that, I Went on holiday with somе friеnds.I mеant to Sеnd you a postсard, but I had forgot to takеyour addrеss with mе. How arе you gеtting on atсo1lеgе? You didn,t say vеry muсh about this inyour lеttеr. I hopе you arе still likе it, and don,tbееn work all thе timеI Do you still Want to сolrrеand will stay for a fеw days? I,m starting work inLondon aftеr I shall lеavе sсhool in July, and I wantto sее you bеforе thеn. I havе know you,rе busy,but by thе timе your tеrm finishеs, I,ll havеstartеd my job. I,vе bееn donе so many thingslatеly! I,vе just lеarnеd to drivе and my parеntshavе sometimes ]еnd mе thеir сar, so I oftеn go outwith friеnds. Мaybе I,l1bе drivе to Nottingham andSее you onе day.

Bеst wishеs, Luisa

1

Z

3

+

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

7Z

13'1.4

15

T6

\7

beet+

40

d.

in

с)

d)

to

ъ

GRA]vtпnAR 1o сoNsot lDAтloN l

7 Underlinе the errors in thesе sеntenсes. Correсt the error.

a) By thе timе I got to thе phonе it stoppеd ringing.

. . . . .it'',hд.d.' .l.t p. B B s.d' ..r.iш,iry'''''. .b) I,m not vеry good at this gamе. Yоu sее, I didn,t play it bеforе.

Whеn has Pеtе writtеn to you last?

What do you do at wееkеnds? Arе you еvеI going to thе сinеma?

е) Whеn I was on holiday last summеr I was going to thе bеaсh еvеry day.

fl Juliе сan,t meеt you tomorrow. Shе will play baskеtball.

g) You,rе always latеI I,m waiting hеrе for agеs!

8 ln еveryday spokеn Еnglish, we often leavе out the sub|eсt pronoun and auxiliary.

lnstead of saying, ,Do уou like it?, we saу, ,Like itu,. RеWritе еaсh sentеnсe so that

the vеrb underlined has a subjесt pronoun.

a) Finishеd yеt? Wе,rе all waiting!

.''l!.qу.,,''Y g *. rt*hed Yet?b) Byе for now! Sее you tomorrowl

с) Good holiday? Had a niсе timе?

d) Paul,s a bit diffiсult. Know what I mеan?

е) Hi, Tim. Comins out for a drink latеr?

f) Bееn waiting long? Sorry for thе delay.

Cheсk the diffеrеnсe bеtweеn the prеsent simple and prеsеnt сontinuous in

Grammar 3. How сan you show this differеnсe in your language?

Does your language have a tense with the samе form as thе presеnt perfeсt? ls it

used in the same way? Can you show the diffеrеnсe in your languagе betwеen

thе present perfeсt and past simple?

Do you have a future tеnsе in your language? Does it еxprеss all the meanings of

will, going fo and thе presеnt сontinuous?

I

td

Problemсheсk

Rеportеd spеесh

Тensе сhanges

ExplanationsWе oftеn tеll pеoplе what othеr pеoplе havе said. Тhis is сallеd rеportеd or

indirесt spеесh. Wе rarеly lеport thе еxaсt words, usually wе just givе a gеnеral

summary.

Sandra spеaking to Pеtra: ,Bуe, Pеtrа, it,s bеeп grеаt seeing you аgаiп. I,II саll уousometimе neхt weеk when I get a сhаt1се.,

Pеtra rеporting thе сonvеrsation to Robеrta:,I Sаw Sапdrа уesterdау. She sаid

she,d саll mе пeхt week.

Wе usually сhangе tеnsеs (will ) would in thе еxamplе abovе) and also othеr

rеfеrеnсеs likе pеoplе, plaсеs and timеs (you ) me in thе еxamplе abovе).

Statеmеnts arе usually rеportеd with a past tеnsе vеrb (likе sаid) and an

optional thаt.Тhе form of thе vеrb that follows thеn .movеs baсk, in time. This

is somеtimеs сallеd baсkshift.

Prеsеnt simplе to past simplе ,I пeed some help',

She sаid (thаt) she needed somе help'

,We аre hаviпg our lunсh.,She sаid thаt thеу were hаviпg thеir luпсh'

,I,vе lost mу keуs.,He sаid (thаt) hе hаd lost his kеys.

,I wrote two leffers to hеr.'He sаid (thаD he hаd written two lеtters to her.He sаid (thаt) hе wrote two letters to her'

,Thеy аre going to сome bасk.,Shе sаid (thаt) theу werе goiпg to сome bасk.

,I will be home аt 6'00,,Shе sаid (thаD shе tllould bе homе аt 6.00.

r Thеrе is no сhangе for must, might, сould, should, would.,I must leаvе strаightаwау for Brussеls.,Hе sаid he must leаve strаightаwау for Brussels.

But in thе сasе of must Wе сan also usе hаd to.He sаid he hаd to lеаve strаightаwау for Brussels.

r Notе that if thе aсtual words wеrе in thе past simplе, thе rеport сan сhangеor stay thе samе.

r Notе that if wе writе down thе aсtual words that somеonе Says Wе uSеspеесh marks (invеrtеd сommas). But if wе writе down a rеport of thе wordsthеrе arе no spеесh marks.

PrеSеnt сontinuous topast сontinuous

Prеsеnt pеrfесt to past pеrfесt

Past simplе to past pеrfeсt(or stays thе samе)

be goiпg to to wаS going to

will to wоuldсап to сould

tn

гal

No tensе сhanges

Speakers inreportеd speесh

Peoplе, plaсеs,

times

Summariz ing

soу, tell, spеаk

GRAпnмAR l1 RЕPoRтЕD sPЕEсH 1

r If thе rеport is about somеthing whiсh is alwаys truе, it is not nесеssary toсhangе tеnsеs.

,I like аpples more thаn I like orаnges.,She sаid thаt shе likes аpples more thаn she likes orangеS.

But in сasеs likе this it is still possiblе to сhangе tеnsеs if you Want to.

r If thе rеport is abоut somеthing that has immеdiatе rеlеvanсе, wе usually donot сhangе tеnsеs.

Jaсk spеaking to Tеd: ,I,m goiпg to the сinemа toпфt' Do уou waпt to сome?,Tеd rеpoгting thе сonvеrsation to Pеtеr: ,|асk is oп the phoпe. He sаys he,sgoiпg to the сinema tonight.,

Whеn wе writе down thе aсtual woтds, thе spеakеr сan bе mеntionеd at thеbеginning or еnd of thе sеntеnсе. Notiсе thе position of thе сomma and thеfinal full stop in rеlation to thе spеесh marks.

|асk sаid, ,We,rе going to miss the trаiп.,.Wе,re goiпg to miss the trаiп,, sаid |аck'

But in rеportеd spеесh thе spеakеr is only mеntionеd at thе bеginning of thеsеntеnсе.

|асk sаid (thаt) theу werе going to miss thе trаin.

In rеportеd spеесh rеfеrеnсеs to pеoplе, plaсеs and timеs oftеn сhangе, bесausеthе point of viеw сhangеs.

,I,II see уou herc tomorrow,, sаid Sue.Sue sаid (thаt) she would See mе there the пeхt dау.,I bought this book уesterdау,, sаid Mаrtiп'Mаrtiп sаid (thаt) he hаd bought the book the dау before.

Wе usually just summarizе what pеoplе say when wе make rеports.,Look, аctuаIly, tell him I,Il give him а саIl or emаil him nехt weеk, ОK?,Rеportеd as:. Shе sаid (thаt) she,d gеt in touсh пeхt wеek,

If we rеport thе еxaсt words it is сallеd vеrbatim rеporting.

We sау somеthing and wе fel/ somеbodу. Sау and teII сaп bе fol]owеd by thеoptiona| thаt.

,It,s-wаrm todаy,, she sаid.She sаid (thаI it wаS wаrm.She told me (thаt) it wаs wаrm.

Wе сan usе fo aftеr say, but wе nеvеr usе ro aftel tеll.,I сomе from Sloveпiа,She sоid to me (thаt) she сomes from Sloveniа'She told me (thаt) she сomes fтom Sloveniа.

Speаk describеs thе aсt of talking.Simon spoke to me iп the supermаrket уesterdау.

Шs

f,s

43

lNтERMEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRA(тICЕ

2

l sUnderline the errors in thesе sеntenсes. Rewritе eaсh sentеnсe.

a) Sally told that shе,d lost hеr kеys.

....5в.l,[у,'l.ъid..thл.t...':h*:.d...Lp.l't..h*r.'kу.{.b) Сhris said mе that hе must lеavе еarly.

с) Мaria and Тоny said thеy shall sее us tomorrow.

d) Tom said, I,m сoming to your party.

е) Suе said that shе had Wrotе a lеttеr to Lisa.

f) Stеvе said us that hе was arriving at 8.00.

g) .I had bought a nеW bikе Pam told us.,

h) ,What,s thе mattеr? Еllеn told.

Rewrite eaсh sеntenсe in dirесt spеeсh, ending as shown.

a) Anna told us that shе,d finishеd.тlla.|I, . . .I.Y9,JIш.I!!9I... ' . ........ . ' . ' ' , , ,,Anna told us.

b) Simon said that hе would bе baсk at 6.00.'Simon said.

, said Bеth.

d) Paul said that hе wantеd to makе a phonе сall.

' said Paul.

е) Tina told thе tеaсhеr shе,d forgottеn hеr homеwork.,Тina told thе tеaсhет.

' David said.

8) Jan told mе shе would lеt mе know.,. . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , Jan told mе.

h) Bill said hе was going to bе latе.

с) Bеth said shе was going to go shopping.

f) David said hе had to bе baсk by З.З0.

44

'Bi l l sa id.

3

GRAмlulAR l1 REPoRтED 5PEEсt| l

Matсh eaсh sеntenсe in direсt speесh (a-e) with its summarized version inreported speeсh (1_5).

a) ,Look, sorry about this, but I,m afraid I,m going to bе a bit latе., .'..3.....

b) .Aсtually I,vе no idеa at all whете I am!' ...........

с) .Thе thing is, I know it,s silly but I,vе missеd thе bus.,

d) .Anyway, I,ll bе baсk in nеxt to no timе.,

е) ,I did ring, you knoщ еarliеr in thе еvеning.,

1 Shе said shе would bе baсk soon.2 Shе said shе had missеd thе bus.З Shе said shе was going to bе latе.4 Shе said shе had alrеady rung.5 Shе said shе didn,t know whеrе shе was.

Complete eaсh sentenсe, using soу tell or spеok in an appropriate form.. t l

a) Daniеl ' '.t!.t1.'.,.. mе that hе was playing in thе sсhoolbaskеtball tеam.

b) I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to Hеlеn, and shе shе would phonе you.

с) ,You,rе luсky,, Stеvе. .I you that you would win!,

d) A translator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе Prеsidеnt what evеryonе Was .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

е) .Look,, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hеr, .why don,t you mе what you mеan?,

f) I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my tеaсher that I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinеsе, but shе didn,t bеl iеvе mе.

Rewritе eaсh sentеnсe in reported spеесh, beginning as shown.

a) .I won,t bе thеrе bесausе I,m having a pattу,, said Luсy.

...?!..PLw,b) .I,vе lost thе map and I don,t know thе way,, said Jaсk.

Taсk told mе that hе .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

с) .Whеn I finish thе book, I,m going to watсh tеlеvision,, said Jеssiсa.

Jеssiсa said that whеn .. . . . . . . .

d) .I,m doing somе homеwork but I won,t bе long,, said Мikе.

Мikе said that hе

е) .I got up latе and I missеd thе bus,, said Riсhard.

4

5

Riсhard said that hе

45

Report ing

quest ions

Reporting

сommands and

requests

Explanationsr Wе сan rеpolt quеstions with vеrbs likе сsk, woпder aпd wапt to kпow. Тense

сhangе rulеs arе thе samе as in Grammar 11.,WTlere do уou live?, hе оskеd.

He аsked mе whеre I lived, (NОТ lv,hеrе I did lil'е\,Do you live iп Аthеns?, he аskеd.

Hе wаnted to know if I livеd iп Аthепs. (NoT ffaд"1

Look at morе еxamp|еs of ,Wh- quеstions, (using wheп, whаt, whу, how etс).

Study thе tеnsе сhangеs and word ordеr сarеfully. Notiсе that thе word ordеr

in a rеportеd quеstion is l ikе a norrnal statеmеnt, with thе subjесt beforе thе

vеrb.,Whеre is the bus stаtion?, shе аskеd,

Shе сlsked where thе bus stсltioп wаs. (NoТ жiвя),Whаt are уou doiпg?, hе аsked.Hе wаntеd to know whаt I wоs doing.,Whу did уou go thеre?, shе сlskеd.

She woпderеd whу I hаd goпe there.,Whеre hаve уou сome from?, hе аskеd'

Hе сlskеd mе whеre I hсld сome from.

Look at morе ехamplеs of Уes,z}/o quеstions (Do уou, Did you, Аrе уou etс').Whеn и'е Iеport YеsAio quеstions Wе usе if ot whethеr.

,Doеs tltе Loltdott trоitl stop l.Lеrе?, shе сlskеd.

Sltе сlskесl lttе if tltе Lottdott traiп Stoppеd hеre.,Did

уott spесlk to RосllеI?, hе сlskеd,

Hе ll,сtlltесl tо kt-totу'whethеr I hаd spoken to RсlсhеI.,Аrе

уou сt sttLdеllt?, sJtе аskеd.

Shе сtskеd tпе if I wсIS а student.

Commands arе rеpоrtеd with tell and thе infinitivе.,Wаit! Wаit!,

I told him to wаit.

Rеquеsts arе rеportеd with сsk and thе infinitivе.,Pleаsе wсtit!,

I аsked hеr to wаit.

46

Other reportingvеrbs

GRAмIuAR l2 REPoRтED sPEЕсн 2

Grammar 11 usеd sаy as t}re rеporting vеrb, but thеrе arе many othегs. Hеrеarе somе of thе most сommon:

аdvise .I wouldп,t buy thаt саr, |аnos, if I were уou',I аdvised |апos not to buу thе cаr.

agrеe ,oK, I1I givе you а lift,, sаid |eппу.|eпny аgreed to give hеr а lift.,Yes, |iП, I thiпk уou,rе right,, sаid Mike.Мike ауeed with |ill'

аpologize for ,I,m reаIIу sorry for being so lаte,, sаid Маriа.Mаriа оpologized for being lаte.

аsk ,Do уou think уou сould help mq Sue?,

I аskеd Suе to help me.сoпуаtulаte on ,WеII doпe, Tiпа, you,ve pаssеd the eхаm!,

I coпуаtulаted Tinа on pаssiпg her eхаm.deсide ,I,II hауe the ftsh SouP/ PleаSе,, sаid B\II.

Bill decided to hаve the fish soup.,No, I didn,t tаke it! I wаsn,t eveп there!, sаid Аliсe.Аliсe denied tаking it.,Would уou like to comе to the сinemа on Sаturdаy, Pаm?,I inуited Pаm to the ciпemа on Sаturdау.

offer ,ShаII I саrry уour саse, Dawп?, sаid Peter.Peter offered to саrry Dаwn,S саse.

).dет]hе

tu) dеnу

iпуite

promise

refuse

remind

suggest

Vеrb + fo infinitivе:Vеrb + obiесt + to infinitivе:Vеrb + -ing forr.n:Vеrb + prеposition + -iпg fotm:.

.I,II definitely be home bу еight,, sаid Aпn.Aпп promised to be homе bу еight.,No, I woп,t open the door!, sаid Саrol.Саrol refused to opeп the door.,Doп,t

forget to sепd уour mothеr а birthdау cаrd, foe.,I remiпded |oe to seпd his mother а birthdаy cоrd',How аbout spendiпg the dау аt the beасh?, sаid Саrlos'Саrlos suggested spendiпg the dаy аt the beасh.

Rеporting vеrbs сan havе onе or morе diffеrеnt pattеrns. A good diсtionaryshows this information. Study thе еxamplе sеntеnсеs in thе prеvious sесtionin rеlation to the pattеrns bеlow.

аgree, decide, offer, promise, rфseаdvisе, аsk, iпvite, rеminddeпy, suggestаpologizе for, сongrаtulаte oп

INтERMEDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

Put one suitable word in eaсh spaсe.

a) Fiona askеd mе ,. 'w,he.,tkr...I ... 'w.4{... ' . ...... going to sсhool or not.

b) David askеd his mothеr .. shе ......... bе сoming homе.

с) Pеtеr askеd us .. Wе .......... еvеr bееn to Hungary.

d) Сostas askеd mе .. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . many photographs.

е) Мaria askеd a poliсеman .. thе musеum Was.

f) Dora askеd hеr s istеr . . . . . . . . . shе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fеd thеir dog.

2 Complete eaсh question in direсt spеeсh, еnding as shown.

a) Jaсk askеd mе whеthеr I was having lunсh or going out.

'...Аr.e.у'Q.ol hдuъуa L!,Lwah,'!r.g!.ku.vL1.цt'.. ?, Jaсk askеd mе.b) Сarol askеd Ann what shе had donе thе day bеforе.

Ann?, askеd Саrol.

с) John askеd us if wе oftеn wеnt sailing.

?,John askеd us.

d) Сhristinе askеd mе how many Gеrman books I had rеad.

?, Сhristinе askеd mе.

е) Kеvin askеd Suе if shе was going to сhangе sсhools.

f) Aliсе askеd mе who I Sat nеxt to in сlass.

Suе?, askеd Kеvin.

?,Al iсе asked mе.

3 Rewrite eaсh sentenсe in reported speесh, beginning as shown. Do not сhange

the mеaning.

a) ,Arе you staying hеre all summеr?, thе littlе girl askеd mе.

Тhе littlе girl askеd -"

pf/.w'hp.thp.r.I..Nrl't..ttqfll...thp.rp..qI[!..lшууу.ууу.e.r...b) .What doеs ,proсrastinatе, mеan?, I askеd my tеaсhеr.

I askеd my tеaсhеr,Havе you donе your homеwork, or not?, my mothеr askеd mе.

Мy mothег askеd mе,Whеn is your birthday?, I askеd Suе.

I askеd Suе . . . . . . . . . . . ..Did you rеmеmbеr to loсk thе door,, my father askеd mе.

Мy fathеr askеd mе,Why havе you turned off thе tеlеvision?, Еllеn askеd mе.

Еl lеn askеd mе .. . . . . . . . . . .

с)

d)

е)

fl

I

48

4

GRAпnпiAR l2 RЕPoRтЕD sPEEсH 2

Use a verb from thе box to rewrite eaсh sentеnсе inas shown. Do not сhangе the mеaning.

reported speесh, beginning

,I,ll dеfinitеly bе at your housе bеforе 8.00, Suе,, said Мikе.

|vIike .' Р Г0.|!*k pd. . s""'hn,.' у.l p шLd., .b' r,.'аt'.h,er.' 14о Дs e..b.Would you likе to сomе to thе сinema, Jean?, askеd Chris.

Сhr is . . . . . . . . .,I wouldn,t eat too muсh if I wеrе you, Davе,, said Patsy.

Patsy . . . . . . . . .,How about going for a walk?, said Niсk.

Niсk . . . . . . . . . .,I,m tеrribly sorry for brеaking thе window,, said Carol.

Carol . . . . . . . . .,Shall I do thе washing.up?, said Bill.

B iП . . . . . . . . . . . .,Wеll donе, you,vе passеd your driving tеst,, said Tina,s mothеr.

Tina,s mothеr hеr . . . . . . . . . . . ..No, I won,t opеn my mouth!, said Pat.

Pat

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

8)

h)

49

Сondit ions and

rе5 u lts

Zero сondit ional:

/f + prеsent

s implе, . . . present

s impIе

First сondit ional: / f

+ presеnt s imple,

... will/won't

Explanationsr Sеntеnсеs with f arе сallеd сonditionals. Thе ff... сlausе is thе сondition

and thе othеr part of thе sеntеnсе is thе rеsult. Hеrе arе four еxamplеs of

сonditionals, usеd for talking about сhесking in at thе airport for a flight:

1' If уou аrrive еаrlу, уou get а bеttеr sеоt.

2 If уou аrrive еаrlу, уou,Il get а better seаt.

З If уou аrrivеd еоrly, уou,d get а bеttеr sеаt'

4 If уou hсld аrrived eаrly, you,d hоve got а bettеr sеаt.

r Sеntеnсе 1 is talking gеnеrally about somеthing that is always truе. It is

sоmеtimеs сallеd a Ze|o сonditional.

Sеntеnсе 2 is talking about somеthing that is l ikеly to happеn in thе futurе.

It is somеtimеs сallеd thе first сonditional.

Sеntеnсе 3 is talking about somеthing that is unlikеly to happеn in thе

futurе, or an imaginary situation. It is somеtimеs сallеd thе sесond

сonditional.

Sеntеnсе 4 is talking about somеthing that is imaginary in thе past. It is

somеtimеs сallеd thе third сonditional.

l Zero, first and sесond сondltionals arе сovеrеd in this unit. Thе third

сonditional is сovеrеd in Grammar 1,1.

r This typе of sеntеnсе dеsсribеs things that aIе always or gеnеrally truе. Wе

сan usе wheп or if to introduсе thе Sеntеnсе.

It,s о tropiсаI сountrу, опd sо if it rаiпs hаrd, everуoпе stауs iпdoors.

Wheп it rаins hаrd, еvеrуoпе StауS itldооrs.

l Thеrе сan bе an impеrativе Struсtulе in thе rеsult сlausе: just thе barе

infinitivе with no subjесt. An irтrpеrativе is whеn wе tеll pеoplе what to do.

Ifуou feel dizzу, stop tсlkiпg thе tаblеts'

If уou сhаnge уour miпd, give mе а riпg.

r This typе of sеntеnсе dеsсribеs futurе еvеnts that Will happеn, or arе likеly

to happеn. It is a rеal possibil ity in thе spеakеr,s mind, not imaginary (for

imaginary situations Seе thе sесond сonditional).

If wе wаlk so slowlу, wе,ll bе Iаtе.

If wе run, wе-won,t be lаte'

If wе doп,t run' we will be lаtе.

50

Sесond

сonditionaI: lf+past s imple, . . .

would/wouldn't

unlеss

Other uses ofwould

GRAпnплAR . l 3 сoNDlт loNALs 1

Еxamplе: You arе at thе supermarket with a friеnd. Your friеnd has put somееggs in abag, and is piсking up lots of othеr bags at thе samе timе. Yоu say:

If you cаtry too mапy bаgs, you,Il drop the eggs.If you drop the eggs, they,Il breаk.If the eggs breаk, therе wiII be ап аwful meSS on the floor!If you шe саreful, уou woп,t breаk them.

In the сondition сlausе it is pоssiblе to usе othеr prеsеnt tеnsеs, not just thеplеsеnt simplе.

If уou,re driving, I,Il сome with уou' (prеsеnt сontinuous)If I,ve seeп the film before, I,ll let уou kпow! (prеsеnt pеrfесt)

This typе of sеntеnсе dеsсribеs futurе еvеnts that aте imaginary, unlikеly orimpossib1е.

If I hаd а heliсopter, kr fIу to sсhоol.If I flew to sсhool, I wouldn,t be lаte.

Еxamplе: You start talking to a friеnd about aliеns. You say:If some аIieпs lапded on eаrth, I,d mаke fтiends with thеm.If they didn,t speаk English, I,d use sigп lапguаge.If theу took me bасk to their plаnet, I,d leоtn their lапguаge.If аnуoпe believed my Story, I,d beсome fаmous!

Notе that would is usually сontraсtеd in spеесh.I,d become fаmous. (= I would beсome fаmous.)

Notе that the past simplе is usеd in thе сondition сlausе, but thе timеrеfеrеnсе is thе futurе.

r Thе rеgular past simplе of to be is I wаs and He/She wаs. Wе сan usе thеsеforms in sесond сonditionals, or altеrnatively we сan usе If I were and Ifhe/she were' Тhe were form is morе formal.

If I wаs/were ап аstronаut, I,d еnioу beiпg weightless!

Uпless mеans If пot' Сomparе thеsе sеntеnсеs whiсh havе thе samе mеaning.We,lI go out for а wаlk if it doesп,t rаin.We,lI go out for а wаlk unless it rаiпs'

We usе would in othеr situations whiсh do not involvе сonditional sеntenсеS.

Rеporting what somеonе said:Politе offеr:Politе rеquеst:Somеonе rеfusеd to dosomеthing:

He sаid hе would cаII bаck lаter,Would уou like some morе teа?Would you opеn the window, plеаse?The miпister utouldп,tапSwer the quеstion.

51

lNтERrиEDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRAстlсE

lfiUnderIine thе сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sеntenсe.

a) If we,d bе/wеlrе latе for сlass, our tеaсhеr will be/wаs angry.b) If wе wouldlive/lived on anothеr planеt, we,ll see/we,d seethe Еarth in thе sky.с) If wе tсlkе/will tаke a taxi, we аrrivеd/wе,ll аrrive soonеr.d) If wе woп,t hurry/doп,t hurry, we,Il be/we,d bе |atе.е) If wе were/аre birds, wе would bе аble to/аre аble to f|у'

0 If you doп,t weаr/wouldn,t wеаr Уo1Jt pullovец уou,ll feel/you felt сo|d'g) If I studied/will studу harder,I get/would getbetter marks'h) If I hаve/hаd a motorbikе, I rode/I'd ride it to sсhool.i) If you will leпdlеnd me уollт bike, I,ll let/I let you borrow my skatеboard.j) If I hаd/hсlve lots of monеy/ I gаve/I,d give somе to all my friends.

Comp|etе thе sеntenсе for еaсh situation using the verbs given.

a) You,rе standing vеry сlosе to thе еdgе of a swimming-pool. You,rе wеaring

all your сlothеs, not a swimming сostumе. A friеnd says:J2 tt ! ' t l

If you (fаll in) .'I.?!!!...L.k'.... , }oЦГ сlothеs tgеtl .'..YY.lll. 39.I... учet!

b) You,rе sitting in thе сlassroom on a hot dаy. You,rе day-drеaming about

going to thе bеaсh. You think:

If today (bе) . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , ' . . a hol iday, I (go) . . . . . ' . . . to thе beaсh.

с) You сan,t answеr a quеstion in your Еnglish book. You ask a friеnd to hеlp,

but shе doеsn,t know thе answеr. Shе says:

lf I (know) .. thе answет, I (tеll) .. you.

d) You,rе walking towards thе bus stop with a friеnd. Suddеnly thе bus arrivеs.

Thе bus stop is far awaу, but you think thеrе is a сhanсе of сatсhing thе bus.

You say:

If wе (run) . . , W € (сatсh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' i t !

е) You,rе planning to go to thе bеaсh tomolrow with somе friеnds. You arе not

surе about thе wеathеr, bесausе it somеtimеs rains at this timе of thе yеar.

You arrangе to mееt tomoтrow aftеrnoon and say:

If it (rain) .. , W€ (go) ........... to thе сinеma instеad.

f) You,rе vеry busy, bесausе you havе lots of sсhool work, and you also play in

two tеams. A friеnd asks you to ioin a сomputеr сlub. You say:

If I (havе) .. molе frее timе, I (join) .. thе сlub.

But it,s impossiblе at thе momеnt bесause I,m too busy!

52

GRAinмAR 13 сoND!т|oNAts 1

3 Complete eaсh sеntеnсe using if, unlеss or would.

If hе askеd mе to hеlp him, I .. I|9l4,[d....... .

Wе,ll havе lunсh outside in thе gатdеn, .. it,s too сold.

John .......... win moте raсеs if hе trainеd hardеr.

Come on! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wе hurry, wе, l l miss thе planе!

.. you likе to sее my stamp сolleсtion?

Thе managеr won't bе long. .. you takе a sеat, pleasе.

I,m surе that Conniе .. go to thе сinеma with you, if you askеd

hеr.

h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .you fееl l ikе a сhat, phonе mе tonight.

i) What .. you do if you saw a snakе?

i) I don,t fееl happy .. I swim еvеry day.

Complеtе eaсh sentеnсе (a_|) with an ending (1-10).

a) If you play the musiс too loud, '...t,,,. '

b) If thе North Polе mеltеd

с) If wе don,t havе еnough iсe-сleam,

d) If I found somеonе,s wallеt,

е) If a burglaт brokе into this housе,

f) If my train isn,t latе, . . . . . . . . . . .

g) If you wеrе famous, ...........

h) If my father lеnds mе thе monеy,

i) If you took morе еxеrсisе,

i) If you tеll mе what you want, ...........

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)

4

1 thе alarm would go off.

2 |'||bttу a nеw bikе.

3 I,ll bе in Paris at 6.00.

4 уotl wouldn,t sее mе any

morе!

5 you would fееl bеttеr.

6 thе watеr would flood

many сitiеs.

7 l,||buу it for you.

8 you,ll wakе up thе

neighbours.

9 wе,ll gеt somе morе.

10 I,d takе it to thе poliсе

station.

53

lNтERrиEDlAтE tANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

b)

с)

Complete eaсh sеntеnсe as еither a first сonditional or a seсond сonditionaIsеntеnсe using the verb in braсkets.

a) If I 1havе) ...l"fud....'. arms fivе mеtrеs long, I (bе ablе) ..'!d..he..4b.[9.''..,.. to

rеaсh thе top of that shеlf!

Don,t worry, you,vе just got a сold. If you (takе) ................ an aspirin, you

(fееl) . . . . . . . . . . . . bеttеr.

Vеgеtarians bеliеvе that if nobody (еat) ................ mеat, еvеryonе (livе)

longеr.

If I (bесomе) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a famous roсk star, I (buy) . . . ' . . . . . . . . my

parеnts an еnormous housе.

It says .No Parking,. If you (lеavе) thе сar hеrе, thе poliсе

(givе) . . . . . . . . . . . .you a parking f inе.

0 lt,s not far. If you (follow) this path, you (сomе)

to thе station.

g) If pеoplе (usе) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bikеs instеad of сars, thеrе (not bе) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

so muсh pollution.

h) Aсtually, Brutus is a vеry friеndly dog. If you (touсh) him, hе

(not bitе) . . . . . . . . . . . . you.

i) If you (lеavе) your books on thе dеsk, I (givе) .'.......

thеm baсk to you at thе еnd of thе lеsson.

i) If you (own) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a pеt t igеr, yоuт fr iеnds (not vis i t) . . . . . . . . . .

you!

е)

54

.. to

)u

Еxp!anationsr This typе of sеntеnсе dеsсribеs a past еvеnt that is diffеrеnt to what rеally

happеnеd.If уou hаd аrrived eаrliеr, we wouldп,t hаve missed the trаin.If уou hаdn,t wаrпed mе аbout the suп, I would hаve got sunburпt.

l Еxamplе: You wеnt for a long walk, but you did not takе your umbrеlla. Itrainеd, and you got Wеt.

If I hаd tаkеn mу umbrellа, I wouldn,t hаve got wet'If I,d heаrd the wеаther foreсаst, I wouldn,t hаve gone out.If I hаdn,t got|e out, I-would hаve finished my homеwork'

r Thе еxamplеs in Grammar 13 and this unit havе all lsed will/won,t otwould/wouldп,t in the rеsult сlausе. But wе сan usе any othеr modal vеrb, likесап, сould, mау, might, must апd should'

If уou ever сomе to Istаnbul, I саn show уou аrouпd thе сity.If уou еver сome to Istапbul, уou must phonе mе.

r Wе oftеn usе might and сould in сonditional sеntеnсеs whеn wе Want to saythat wе arе not сеrtain about thе rеsults. Comparе:

If уou саrry too maпy bаgs, уouwiII drop thе еggs. (сеrtain rеsult)If уou саrry too mапy bаgs, уou might drop the eggs' (unсеrtain rеsult)If апуoпe believed mу Story, I would beсome fаmous! (сertain rеsult)If аnyone believed mу Story, I сould beсome fаmous! (unсеrtain rеsult)

In third сonditional sеntеnсеs We usе сould hауe (done) ot might hоve (donе) .If I hаd brought somе more money with me, I сould hаve tаkeп а tахi.

In еvеryday spеесh Wе сan lse imаginе or supposing in plaсе of ifImаgine уou Sс|w а Snаke, whаt would уou do?Supposiпg уou owned а heliсopter, whаt would уou use it for?

Wе сan givе adviсе by using a sесond сonditional sеntеnсе bеginning If I were

уou.If I were you, I,d spend morе time oп уour writteп work'If I were уou, I wouldп,t eаt so muсh сhoсolаte!

It is also possiblе to put thе ifiсlausе at thе еnd.I,d be more саreful, if I were уou.

€

reF-_

Тhird сonditional:/f + past perfeсt, ...would/wouldn't +hovе + pastpartiсiple

Modal verbs in

сonditional

sеntenсes

Сondit ionaIs

without if

lf l werе You, ...

55

lNтЕRlv lЕDlAтЕ tANGUAGE PRAстlсE

Rewrite eaсh сomment, beginning as shown. Do not сhange the meaning.

a) Supposing you had wings, what would you do?

What .....p.ц!.d''.уp,*.d.р''.'l..у.q.*''had..уl.|шl'... ....................... ?b) Why don,t you lеavе now? That,s what I,d do.

If

с) Imaginе you livеd on Mars. Нow would you fееl?

How... . . . . . . .

d) I think you should buy a bikе. That,s what I,d do.

If

Imaginе you WеIе riсh. What would you do?

What.. . . . . . . .

Supposing Jim сamе with us, what would you say?

What.. . . . . . . .

g) Why don,t you takе thе bus. That,s what I,d do.

If

h) Imaginе you ownеd a robot. What would you do?

What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

2 Underline the сorrесt word or phrase in eaсh sentenсe.

a) If you phoпedkщЦhpng|mе yеstеrdaу,I hаd givеп/would Ltаvезweп you thеnеWs.

b) If you took/t.llould hаve tаkеп morе еxеrсisе, you mфt feel/hаd feltbetter,с) If Tim drove/hаd driven morе сarеfully, hе wouldп,t hаve сrаshed/didп,t сrаsh.d) If you hаd сome/cаme to Sее thе film, уou hаd eпioуed/would hаve enioуed it.e) |f I,d known/I would know it Was your birthday, I would sепd/would hаvе seпt

you a сard.f) If pеoplе hаd helped/helpеd onе anothеr morе oftеn, thе world mфt be/wаs a

bеttеr plaсе.g) If our tеam hаd sсorеd/sсored morе goals, we hаd woп/сould hаvе tцoп.h) If you would hауе worп/wore a coat, уotl wouldп,t get/didп,t get wet.

е)

56

GRA1tлlv lAR 14 сoNDlт loNALs 2

Complеte the sеntenсe for eaсh situation.

Сharlottе didn,t lеavе еarly, and so shе missеd thе bus.

If Сharlottе .............fud.'!ef.t.'qr|у. . , shе.....'..W.p.*!d.wt..hдуp..шll,:Ч!''....'...' '. thе bus.I didn,t buy morе milk, so I didn,t have еnough for brеakfast.

If I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

'... еnough for brеakfast.

Wе forgot to takе a map' so Wе got lost in thе mountains.

If wе . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wе

.... in thе mountains.

I didn,t go to bed еarly, so I didn,t wakе up at 7.00.

If I . . . . . . . . . . . . . еar lv. I

. . . . at 7.Оo.

Мikе didn,t makе a shopping list, and hе forgot to buy somе сoffее.

If Mikе .... . hе

.... somе сoffее.

I didn't rеalizе you Wеrе tirеd whеn I askеd you to go for a walk.

If I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

.... for a walk.

Thе Romans didn,t sail aсross thе Atlantiс. so thеv didn,t rеaсh Amеriсa.

If thе Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . thеv

.... Ameriсa.

I didn,t turn lеft at the station, and I lost my Way.

If I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , I

mv wav.

b)

с)

d)

е)

h)

Wishеs about thе

prеsеnt

Wishеs about the

past

hope

lf onlу

Explanationsr For wishеs about thе prеsеnt Wе usе I wish + thе past simplе. Notе thе

rеlationship with thе sесond сonditional.

I wish I owned о hеIiсoptеr' If I owпed а hеIiсoptеr, I would be hоppу.

I wish I didп,t hаvе to go to sсhool! If I didп,t go to sсhool, I would bе hаppу.

l сould

Wе usе I wish I сould to rеfеr to somеthing that is diffiсult or impossiblе. Тhis

сan rеfеr to thе prеsеnt or futurе.

I wish I сould fly!I wish I сould stаy аt home tomorrow.

r As in thе sесond сonditional, thе past simplе form doеs not rеfеr to past

timе.

For wishеs about thе past wе ttsе I wish + thе past pеrfесt. Notе thе rеlationship

with thе third сonditional.

I tцlish I hаd lived iп the еightеепth сепturу! If I hаd livеd iп thе еightеeпth

Сепtury, I would hауе bееп hсlppу.

I wish I hаdn,t еaten So muсh! I feеl аwftll! If I hаdп,t еаteп So muсh, it

would hсlуе beеп bettеr for mе!

If thе wish is a good onе/ Wе use I hopе, Тhis is not followеdtry a сonditional

form - it is simply followеd by thе prеsеnt simplе or wil l.

I hopе уott hаvе сt good timе аt tllе pаrф.

I hopе tltе wеоthеr will bе |iпe tomorrow.

Wе сan rеplaсе I ryls/z with If oпlу for еmphasis. Wе strеss oпly iп spеесh.

If oпlу I owпed а hеIiсoptеr,

If oпlу I hсldп,t еаteп so muсh!

,l

58

GRAпnмAR l5 WlsHЕs

Underline the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sеntenсe.

a) I,m sunburnt. I wish I hаdn,t suпbаthed/didп,t suпbаthe for so long.b) I don,t fееl wеll. I wish 1 сould stаy/stауеd at homе tomolrow.с) I,m not a good swimmеr, but I wish | сould swim/would swim we||.d) I wish I hаd/hауe a puppy or a kittеn!е) I wish | сould see/sаw you tomoшoщ but it,s impossiblе.f) I wish Jim didп,t sit/doesп,t sit nеxt to mе. Hе,s so annoying!g) If only wе hqd/would hаve somе monеy wе сould takе thе bus.h) I hopе уo:u eпioуed/enjoy уoшsе|vеs at thе danсе tomorrow.

D I wish I сап/сould spеak Еnglish bеttеr!

i) I hopе I,п/I,d win thе lottеryl

2 Undеrline thе сorreсt сontinuation for eaсh sentenсe.

a) I,vе got lots of work to do, and I'm tirеd, but I сan,t stop.

1 I wish I had takеn a rеst. 2 I wish I сould takе a rеst.

b) I wasn,t paying attеntion in сlass, and now I сan,t do my homеwork.

1 I wish I listеnеd to my tеaсhет. 2 I wish I,d listеnеd to my tеaсhеr.

с) Saтah paintеd hеr room grееn, but shе doеsn,t likе it.

1 Shе wishеs shе,d paintеd it bluе. 2 Shе wishеs shе paintеd it bluе.

d) This is a vеry pttzzl,ing problеm!

1 I wish I,d known thе answеr. 2 I wish I knеw thе answеr.

е) It,s rеally сold and misеrablе hеrе in thе wintеr.

1 I wish wе livеd in a warm plaсе. 2 I hоpе wе livе in a warm plaсе.

0 I сan,t rеpair my bikе bесausе I havеn,t got any tools.

1 If only I would have a sсrеwdrivеr. 2 |f only I had a sсrеwdrivеr.

g) I,m worriеd about my baskеtball tеam. Pеrhaps thеy won,t win!

1 I wish thеy play wеll. 2 I hopе thеy play wеll.

h) You prоmisеd not to tеll anyonе my sесIеts but you didl

1 I wish I hadn,t tоld you. 2 I wish I didn,t tеll you.

i) I,vе bееn fееling ill all wеek.

1 I hopе I fееl bеtter soon. 2 I hopе I,d fееl bеttеr soon.

i) I want to sее my sistеr. I havеn,t sееn hет for agеs.

1 I wish I сould spеak to hеr. 2 I wish I spokе to hеr.

. -*$- -1 .:t:i'

|pу.

ip

59

lNтERпnEDlAтЕ tANGUAGE PRAстIсE

3 Complete eaсh sentenсe with a suitablе form of the verb in braсkets.

I,m soakеd to thе skin! If only I фring) ...h4d...

This pullover Was сhеap. I wish I Фuy) two of them!

I likе your sсhool. I wish I (go) ......... ....... thеrе too.

I must gеt in touсh with Sue. If only I (know) ................ hеr

phonе numbеr!

е) Тhis bus is rеally slow! I wish wе (takе) thе train.

0 I,m disappointed in this сamеra. I wish I (not buy) ................ it.

g) I answеrеd thrее questions wеll. If only I (finish) ................ thе

wholе tеst!

h) I сan,t undеrstand МariеI I wish I (spеak) Frеnсh.

4 Complete eaсh sentenсe in a suitable way.

a) I,m hungтy. If only ....I..hдq(...4..t!!!1dуl1{.l*... with mе.b) Еnjoy your holiday. I hopе .... timе.

с) This is a lovеly plaсе. I wish we .... bеforе.

d) It,s a pity you livе so far away. If only you ............ nеarеr.

е) Еllеn is a fantastiс danсer. I wish I ................ ....... as wеll as her!

5 Rita isn't very happy at the moment. Complete her words.

a) Rita wastеd a lot of monеy on DVDs..I wish | ...h!!di..t...w.!!{t.d........... so muсh money on еxpеnsivе DVDs!,

b) Rita thinks nеw jobs are diffiсult to find.,I wish nеw jobs .... sо diffiсult to find.,

с) Rita thinks nеw jobs arе diffiсult to find.,I wish nеw jobs .... еasier to find.,

d) Rita сan,t go on holiday this summеr.

'I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on hol iday. '

e) Rita doеsn,t havе vеry good qualifiсations.,I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bеttеr qual i f iсat ions.,

Г) Rita has to do thе washing up. Shе hatеs doing it.

' I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do the washing up. '

g) Rita is sorry hеr family movеd to thе suburbs.,I wish Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . . to thе suburbs.,

h) Rita thinks shе is vеry untidy.

'I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so untidy. '

a)

b)

с)

d)

60

it.

е

Passive: form

Passive: use

Using by and with

r Prеsеnt pеrfесt

r Past simplе

t will

ЕxpIanationsr Тo makе thе passivе Wе usе be and a past partiсiplе. Сomparе thе aсtivе and

passivе forms in thеsе еxamplеs:

Presеnt simplе Thе Govеrnmeпt builds hundreds of houses every yеаr.Hundreds ofhouses аre built every уеаr,

Prеsеnt сontinuous The аuthorities аte questioпiпg tуvo men.T-wo men аre being questioned by the аuthorities.

We hаve chosen Helen аs the new presideпt.Heleп hаs been сhosen аs the пew president,

The poliсe аrrested oпe protеster'Опe protester wаs аrtested'

Theу will plау the mаtсh oп Wеdnesdау evening.Thе mаtсh wiII be plауed on Wednesdау eveпing.

еr.

r! r Notiсе how the objесt in thе aсtivе fotm (huпdreds of houses, two mеп, Helen)movеs to thе front in thе passivе Sеntеnсе and bесomеs thе subjесt.

r Foсus on important informationComparе:(aсtivе) The Government built hundreds of houses lаst уeаr.(passivе) Hundreds of houses were built bу the Goуerпmeпt lаst yeаr.

In thе aсtivе sеntеnсе morе еmphasis is givеn to who did thе aсtion _ thеGovеrnmеnt.In thе passivе sеntеnсе morе еmphasis is givеn to thе thing affесtеd by thеaсtion _ thе numbеr of housеs.Еmphasizеd information usually сomеs at the bеginning of thе sеntеnсе.

r Spokеn and writtеnТhе passivе is usеd morе in writing and formal spеесh.

r Thе pеrson or organization that dоеs the aсtion is сallеd ,thе agеnt,. If wеWant to say who doеs thе aсtion thеn wе use by.

Hundreds of houses werе built lаst yеаr.Huпdreds of houses were built bу the Governmeпt lаst уeаr.А Iot of stoпеS were thrown.А lot of stonеS werе throwп bу апgry footbаll fапs.

r Thе thing that is usеd to pеrform an aсtion is сallеd ,thе instrumеnt'. If wе

Want to inсludе this wе tlsе with.The wiпdows wеre brokeп with а bаsebаll bаt.

6T

lNтЕR]vlEDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRACтlсЕ

Sеntеnсеs withoutan agent

Transitive andintransitive verbs

It is not always nесеssary to mеntion thе agеnt. Thеre arе sеvеral rеasons for

this:

r Agent not known: Brепdа,s motorbike wаs stolen lаst night.

If wе knеw whо had stolеn it, wе would mеntion thе name of thе pеrson.

But wе don,t know and the agеnt is not mеntionеd.

r Agеnt obvious: Опe protestеr wаs аrrested'It is not nесеssary to add thе words .by thе poliсе,, bесausе wе know that it

is always thе poliсе who do this. Howevеr, it is possiblе to add thеsе words if

Wе Want to.

r Agent unimportant: A lot of Eпglish grammаr books аre sold every уeаr.Еxaсtly who sеlls thе books is not important. If it was important we сould

lse bу and thе namеs of thе pеoplе oт shops who sеll the books.

l Verbs whiсh have objесts are сallеd transitivе vеrbs (еxamplle: help),In this

sеntеnсе, ,thе old lady, is thе objесt.A young mаn helped the old lаdу аcross the roаd'

r Verbs whiсh do not havе obiесts arе сallеd intransitivе vеrbs (еxamplе:

walk).Diапе wоIks to сoIIеgе'

r Diсtionariеs show this information with T or I. only transitivе vеrbs сan be

madе passive.The old lаdy wаs helpеd аcross the roаd bу а young mап.

62

2

GRAi,|}tAR 16 PAssIvЕ 1

Under|inе phrasеs whiсh are not neсеssary in these sentеnсes. Sometimes еvеryphrase is neсеssary.

а) МУ wallеt has bееn stolеn by somеonе.b) Wе wеrе taught by a diffеrеnt tеaсhеr yеstеrday.с) Niсk Was opеratеd on at thе hospitаl by a doсtor.d) Thе meal was sеrvеd by a waitеr in a rеd сoat.е) Wе wеrе shown round thе musеum by a guidе.f) Two lеttеrs wеrе dеlivеred this morning by thе postman.g) Thrее mеn havе bееn arrеstеd by thе poliсe.h) Yеstеrday a window was brokеn by somеonе.

CompIetе eaсh sentenсе with a passive vеrb.

a) Thе poliсе quеstionеd Gеorgе.

Gеorgе,,. у'/ 1.,|.. fl?LhttJ..q nrn..'...... by thе poliсе.b) Мillions of pеoplе watсh this programmе.

This programmе ......... by millions of pеoplе.

с) Thеy will finish our nеW housе at thе еnd of thе month.

Our nеw housе .... at thе еnd of thе month.

d) Thеy,vе еlесtеd a nеW pтеsidеnt.

A nеw prеsidеnt

е) They,rе теbuilding thе damagеd stadium.

Thе damagеd stadium

f) Thеy,vе сlosеd thе mountain road.

Thе mountain road

g) Students writе most of this magazinе.

Most of this magazinе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by studеnts.

h) A burglaт stolе my laptop.

Мy laptop ..'. bУ a burglar.

i) Somеbody will mееt you at thе bus station.

You .. . . . . . . . . . . at thе bus stat ion

j) Unitеd won the сup last yеar.

Last yеar thе сup .... by Unitеd.

63

lЖilrшш

tfltitt

ltШ

[flII

l{

IL

lNтER1YlEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

3 Undеrline the еrrors in thеse sentenсes. Rewrite eaсh sentenсе.

a) Мany pеt dogs are losing еvery yеaI.МaуLv pet daqs аre Last overY YеДr.

b) Thе injurеd man Was bееn taken to hospital.

с) A nеw bridgе is be built aсtoss thе тivеr.

d) All thе food at thе party Was atе.

е) Nothing will bеing dесided bеforе nеxt Saturday.

f) Thе matсh is playing on Friday еvеning.

g) Тhе robber unloсkеd thе door by a falsе kеy.

h) This book was writing by Sam,s fathеr.

For every question, сomplete the seсond sentenсe so that it means the same asthe first, using no more than thrее words.

a) Arсhaеologists havе disсovеrеd a nеW tomb in Еgypt.

A nеw toгrrb ..h!!!.'.b pp*'.dll paY.e.rЙ.... by arсhaеologists in Еgypt.

b) Thе Prеsidеnt will opеn thе nеw sports stadium on Saturday.

Тhе nеw sports stadium ....... by the Prеsidеnt on

Saturday.

с) Piсasso paintеd this portrait.

This portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piсasso.

d) Thеy will announсе thе rеsults of thе сompеtition tomorrow.

Тhе rеsults of thе сompetition ....... tomorrow.

е) Тhеy,rе rеdесorating our sсhool during the summer holidays.

our sсhool ....... during thе summеr holidays.

Г) Thе poliсе in New York havе arrеstеd thrее terrorists.

Thrее terrorists ............ in Nеw Yoтk.

g) our сompany sеlls morе than 1,000 сars еvеry wеek.

Мorе than 1,000 сaтs ....... our сompany еvеry weеk.

h) Тhеy,rе building a nеW musеum in thе сity сentrе.

A nеw museum ....... in the сity сеntrе.

4

64

5

GRAMil4AR 16 PAs5|vЕ

Rеwritе еaсh sentеnсe with a passivе vеrb, and so that thе namеs of pеop|е

not ment ioned.

a) Тhе authoritiеs havе сlosеd thе сasino.

,..Ik.' р.q,'.у.w..'hц.. h,*ru. р|р l э ....b) Тhе сlubs havе postponеd thе matсh.

с) Pеoplе all ovеr thе world spеаk Еnglish.

d) Тhе authoritiеs havе opеnеd thе nеw swimming pool.

е) Somеonе lеft this pursе in thе сlassroom yеstеrday

f) Thе сity сounсil has bannеd traffiс from thе сity сеntrе.

g) Pеоplе havе еlесtеd a nеW govеrrrmеnt.

h) Somеonе brokе into thе flat last wееk.

65

Vеrbs with two

objесts

to bе born

hаvе something

donе

Passivе + inf in i t ive

Еxplanationsr Somе vеrbs сan havе two objесts. Wе сan:

givе, Iеnd, offеr, promisе, sell, seпd, tаkе somеthing to somebody

buу, kееp, mаke, prepоre' Sаve Solnеthing for sоmеbody.

r In aсtivе Sеntеnсеs Wе сan usе thеsе vеrbs in two ways:

Peter gаve Kаren а prеseпt.

Pеter gаve а prеSeпt to Kаreп.

Еaсh way сan bе madе passivе:

Kаren wоs giveп а present bу Petеr.

A present wаs givеп to Kаrеn bу Petеr.

l Тhе form without to/for is morе usual, in both aсtivе and passivе sеntеnсеs.

To bе borп is a passivе form but doеs not havе an obvious passivе mеaning.

I wаs born in Uruguау.

r Whеn a profеssional pеrson, е.g. a mесhaniс, a plumbеr еtс. doеs somе work

for us, Wе сan usе hауе somеthiпg dопe, Hауе сan bе usеd in any tеnsе.

Wе hсld our house pаiпted lаst уеаr'I,m hаviпg mу саr serviсed tomorrow.

I,уе hсld mу room dесorаted.

r Wе also usе this for unplеasant happеnings.

Shе hсld her house brokeп iпto.

Tim hоd his оrm brokeп plаying rugbу.

r Thе уеrbs beliеvе, ехpесt, kпow, repoTt, sау, thiпk, Supposе| uпderstапd arе oftеn

usеd in thе prеsеnt simplе passivе followеd by an infinitivе (fo do/to bе

doiпg). This usе is сommon in nеws rеports.

The есonomу is eхpeсted to grow bу 2o/o this yeаr.

Bесkhаm is sаid to be сonsidering а trапsfer from Mапсhеster United.

The пew shoppiпg сeпtrе is supposed to open пeхt spriпg'

66

1

GRAмlYlAR l7 PAss!vЕ 2

UnderIinе the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sentenсe.

a) I,m having my hair cuttiпg/сuI/to hаve сut tomorrow.b) Thе сhildrеn were took/tаken/tаkiпg to thе sеasidе for thе day.с) I was seпdiпg/sent/sепd hеrе by thе managеr.d) Katе is having hеr сar serviсes/serviсing/sеrviсed tomorrow.е) Suе had hеr windows brеаkiпg/brokеп/brokе by vandals.f) David has bееn offer/offeriпg/offered a nеw job in Brazil.g) Whеrе еxaсtly were you born/did уou borп/did уou beаr?h) I,vе just had my bikе repаirеd/repаir/repаiring.

D I wаs giveп/gаve/did give this book by Еmily.j) This сakе mаkеs/mаdе/wаs mаde fot hеr birthday.

Rewrite eaсh sentenсe beginning and ending as shown. Do not сhange themeaning.

a) Somеonе stolе Bob,s bikе.rlt '

Bob ' ' .I4.1. ' !э!{ ' . . ' . . . . ' . . . ' ' b ikе stolеn.

b) John lent mе this book.

This book .. . . . . . . John.с) Thе dеntist took out onе of my tееth yеstеrday.

Yеstеrday I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . out.

d) Сairo is my plaсе of birth.

I . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . in Сairo.

е) A roсk сonсеrt tiсkеt was sold to mе by a friеnd.

I was .. . . . . . . . by a fr iеnd.

f) Somеonе brokе into Tom,s housе last wееk.

Tom had .. . . . . . . last wееk.

g) Whеn is your datе of birth?

Whеn еxaсtly ........ born?

h) Мy parеnts gavе mе this ring.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parеnts.

i) I,m kееping this bottle of winе for a spесial oссasion.

This bottlе of winе ........ for a spесial

oссasion.

i) wе will sеnd you a lеttеr with your exam rеsults.

A lеttеr ........ to you with your еxam

rеsults.

2

rk

67

l ]]ЖlNтЕRмЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRACтIсE

3 Rewrite eaсh sеntеnсe so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word inbold.

a) Thеy,rе sеrviсing my сar tomorrow.

having

!шv..I^ауущ..у!+у.'aqlr..{.?.rу]4d..t.a.ry!!.rr.a.w.,....b) Yеstеrday thеy stolе my bikе.

had

Last yеar thеy paintеd our housе.

had

Thеy,rе taking out my tooth tomorrоw!

having

Thеy,vе just сut my hair.

had

Thеy'rе fitting our nеW сarpеt tomorтow.

having

They,vе just paintеd Ann,s portrait.

had

4 Rewritе the first sеntenсе as a news rеport using present simplе passive +infinitive.

Lots of pеoplе bеliеvе thе сriminal is living аbroad.

Thе сrimina l ... l,:,, h.e,Li?у.'9!('.t.a.. h*..LiYъw abroad.Есonomists supposе that inflation will fall nеxt yеar.

Inflation next year.

Еvеryonе еxpeсts that Arsеnal will win thе Lеague.

Arsеnal thе Leaguе.

Peoplе think thе Govеrnmеnt is planning a nеw airpolt.

Thе Govеrnmеnt ......... .... a nеW airport.

Thеy say hе is making a nеw moviе about thе Сivil War.

Hе ............. a nеW moviе about thе Сivil War.

Journalists rеport that thе Finanсе Мinister disagrееs with thе Prеsidеnt.Thе Finanсе Мinistеr with thе Prеsidеnt.

с)

d)

е)

o\ь)

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

68

Ьlodal vеrbs: form

апd mеaning

Abil ity

Саn I . . ,?Сould I ' , .?wiп I . . .?Would I . . .?Мау I ' . ,?Might L. .?Shаl l I . ' .?Should I . . .?Must L. .?

I саппot (cап,t)I сould not (couldп,t)I wiII not (woп,t)I would пot (wouldn,t)I mау notI might пotI shаII not (shаn,t)I should пot (shouldп,t)I must пot (mustп,t)

ЕxpIanationsr Мodal vеrbs arе auxiliary vеrbs _ thеy arе usеd with othеr main vеrbs. Modal

vеrbs arе сап, сould, will, would, mау, might, shаIl, should and must.

r Notе thesе important rulеs:_ two modal vеrbs сannot bе put togеthеr

(NoТ@)_ modal vеrbs arе followed by thе infinitivе without fo.

(NoTф)- modal vеrbs do not havе third pеrson s

(NoТф)- modal vеrbs do not form tеnsеS with -ing, -ed etс.

(NoТ )_ modal vеrbs usе invеrsion in quеstions (like the vеrb be), r,ot do/does

(Nor@

r Quеstions arе madе by putting thе modаl in front of thе subjесt. Nеgativеsarе made by putting иof immеdiatеly aftеr thе modal (oftеn shortеnеd to -п,tin spokеn and informal writtеn Еnglish).

r Modal vеrbs show thе spеakеr,s attitudе or fееlings about a situation. Forеxamplе how probable or nесеssary somеthing is, or that thе spеakеr isoffеring or rеquеsting somеthing. Thе same modal vеrb сan bе usеd indiffеrеnt ways with diffеrеnt mеanings _ you only know from thе situation.

l To talk about ability Wе use cаn and cап,t (ot саnnot in formal writing)I сап swim. Саn уou swim?

r Pronunсiation: саn is notmally unstrеssеd /kоn/, but is strеssеd for еmphasislkа;nl.

А: Сап уou speаk Сhinese?B: No, but I саn speаk |аpаnese,

69

llltNтЕR]UIЕDlAтЕ LANG UAGЕ PRACтI(E

Certainty andunсertainty

Obligation

Wе sometimеs use be аble fo instеad of саn. Be аble fo forms tеnsеs.

WiII уou be аble to hеIp me move mу furniture tomorrow?

Сап and саn,t are also usеd foт pеrmission: to desсribе what is allowеd or not

allowed.Саn I lеаve eаrlу, pleаse?I cаn,t come skаting tomorrow.

Study this tablе of probabilitу and thе notеs bеlow:

IООo/o сеrtainty ulill

95o/o_1ООo/o dеduсtion must, сап,t

8Оo/o ехpесtation should

ЗОo/o_7Оo/o unсertainty mау, might, сould

Оo/o сertainty worl,t

Wе usе wiII andwon,twhen wе arе сertain about somеthing in thе futuте.

Wе usе must aпd саn,t for anothеr фpе of сеrtainty сallеd .dеduсtion,. This is

whеn wе know somеthing is сеrtain beсausе it is logiсal, or when wе makе

an assumption bесause of thе faсts of thе situation.

He must be stuсk in the trаffiс.(I,m surе hе is - it,s thе only possibility)

Shе саn,t be iп Itаlу! I sаw her todаy!(I,m surе shе isn,t _ it,s impossiblе)

Wе usе should whеn wе еxpесt that somеthing will happen.

Theу should аrrive here аt аbout 6.30.

Wе usе mау, might and could for unсеrtainty.I mау not hаve time to finish tonighf. (I don,t know)

President |ones might wiп the neхt election. (It,s possiblе)

I mау /might hаve some news for уou neхt wеek. (pеrhaps I will)

He сould be stuck in the trаffiс. (perhaps hе is)

We usе must ot hаve to to еxplain that somеthing is nесеssary.

I must ftnish rny homework before 8.00.

I hаve to phoпe |ап аt 9.o0.

In writing thете is no rеal differеnсе betwееn must and hауe to.In spеeсh

thете is a small diffеrеnсе:

Wе usе hаve to whеn thе situation makеs somеthing nесеssary, for еxamplе

bесausе of offiсial rulеs.At our sсhool, we hаve to.weаr а uпiform,

Еvery plауer in а footbаIl tеаm hаs to hаve а пumber'

Wheп the trаffiс lфts аre reФ уou hаve to stop.

In еvеryday spеесh, wе сan lsе hаve got to instead of' hаve to.

70

Opinions and

аdviсe

GRA[nмAR l8 мoDAts l : PRESENT AND FUтURЕ

Wе usе must when thе spеakеr pеrsonally fееls that somеthing is important.You rеаIly must stop workiпg so hаrd апd try to relах.You must be here bу 8,00, or the bus will leаve without уou'

Notе that we do not usе to after must.

r In thеir negativе fotms mustп,t and doп,t hаvе to havе diffеrеnt mеanings.

Nfustn,t dеsсribеs an aсtion whiсh is prohibitеd/forbiddеn.You mustn,t cross the roаd wheп the rеd lфt is showiпg.

Don,t hауe fo dеsсribеs an aсtion whiсh is not neсеssary _ you havе a сhoiсе.You don,t hаve to turп on thе сeпtrаI heаtiпg. It,s аutomаtiс.

Wе usе should and shouldпt to givе an opinion about what is thе bеst thingto do. Whеn wе speak to anothеr pеrson our opinion bесomеs adviсе.

I thiпk the police should аrrest hooligаns. (opinion)I think уou should tаlk to уour teасher аbout it. (adviсе)

Notе thе othеr usе of should foт еxpесtation, mеntionеd еarliеr in this unit.

Wе сan lse ought to and ought not fo in thе samе Way as should and shouldп,t.ought fo is not as сommon as should and is a littlе morе formal.

I thiпkуou ought to tаlk to уour teасher аbout it.

Notе that with think in the nеgativе, Wе uSе I don,t think + should тathеr thanthе nеgativе forms of shоuld and ought to'

I doп,t thiпk you should/ought to go.

Hаd bettеr is usеd foт strong opinions. Hаd is usually сontraсtеd.I think уou,d better tаlk to your teасher аbout it.We,d better пot forget to turn off the сomputer!

7-J.

lNтЕRмЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

Underline the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sеntenсe.

a) Look at thosе сlouds. I think tt сап/tцlghamust lain.

b) This is impossible! It cап,t be/mustп,t be/mау not be thе answеr.

с) Wеll donе! You mаy be/must be/might be vеtу plеasеdl

d) I,vе no idеa whеrе Janе is. Shе сould be/must be anywhеrе!

е) I supposе it,s possib|е.Imight/саn/must сomе to your party.

f) I,m not surе. I must пot/mаУ пotbe ablе to gеt thеrе in timе.

g) Тhat саn,t be/mustп,t be/mау not be David. Hе hasn,t got a bikе.

h) Lisa isn,t hеrе yеt. She саn be/must be on her waу'

D Thеrе,s Somеonе at thе door. It саn be/сould be the postman.

i) Sorry, I саn,t сome/mау пot сomе olt tonight. I havе to do my homеwork.

2 Rеwrite eaсh sentenсе, using con, con,t, might or must, and bеginning and ending

as shown.

a) Sarah is rеally good at swimming.

Saffih ...94.W..{.w.L.Ш..rЧlllY, . ... wеll.b) It,s possiblе that our tеam will win.

our tеam .. . . . . . . . . . . win.

с) I'm surе this isn,t thе right road.

This . . . . . . . . . . . . thе r ight road.

d) I,m surе you work vеry hard!

You .. . . . . . . . . . . vеry hard.

е) Carolinе isn,t allowеd to сomе to our party.

Carolinе to our party.

f) It,s possiblе that l,ll sее you tomorroщ but I,m not surе.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , but I ,m not surе.

8) I'm afтaid that your tеaсhеr is unablе to сomе today.

I 'm afraid that . . . . . . . . . . . . today.

h) I,m surе it,s vеry hot hеrе in summеr.

It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hеrе in summеr.

i) Еxсusе mе, is it all right if I opеn thе window?

Ехсusе rnе, . . . . . . . . . . . . thе window?

i) I supposе you,rе Мrs Pеrry. How do you do?

You .. . . . . . . . . . . Мrs Pеrry. How do you do?

IL

3

GRAпnмAR lE мoDALs i : PRЕsЕNт AND FUтURЕ

Dесide whеthеr eaсh Pair of sentenсеs have a similar mеaning, or whether they

are diffеrent. Write Sfor some or Dfor differеnt.

You should go. . . .?. . .

You mustn,t prеss this button. ........

You ought to havе a lеst. ........

You should bе сrazy! '.......You havе to bе hеrе bеforе 8.30' ........

You don,t havе to do that! ........

You ought not to еat so muсh. ........

Wе must work hardеI. ........

I must writе my lеttеrs. ........

I havе to lеavе now. ........

a) You,d bеttеr go.

b) You don't havе to prеss this button.

с) You should havе a rеst.

d) You must be crazу!

е) You must bе herе bеforе 8.30.

f) You mustn't do that!

g) You shouldn,t еat so muсh.

h) Wе havе to work hardеr.

i) I,d bеttеr WIitе my lеttеrs.

i) I ought to leavе now.

4 Rеwrite eaсh sеntenсe so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word in

bold.

It would be a good idеa for you to sее a dentist.

ought

. . .Y.q.*.' p' ш.W. .'t ! . . {, *'' (!.' dpnt.kt.'' ...It,s not nесеssary for us to go to sсhool tomorrow.

havе

I,m surе that isn,t John, bесausе hе,s in Paris.

be

Pеrhaps Ann is at homе.

bе

You ought to Wеar a WaIm сoat today.

had

It's possiblе that I,ll bе latе.

may

I wouldn,t go skiing if I wеre you.

think

It is forbiddеn to lеavе youт bikе hеrе.

сan,t

lng

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

сгlD'

h)

7З

lNтЕRмEDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстICE

5

6

l i l! rll

;

I

1

iIIi

ItltIII

I

Il

IIIIrIa

!I

I

I

II

III

!IIIII

;

Complete еaсh sentenсe with one suitable modal auxiliary.

a) Soldiers .'.!уtуp......... to obey orders.

b) I think you ........... takе youт umbrеlla.

с) Sorry, I ..................... go now. I don,t want to be latе.

d) I,m not sulе, but I .......... bе ablе to hеlp you.

е) Franсesсa isn,t at home, so she .. bе on hеr way hеrе.

0 Wе .. bеttеr not lеavе any windows opеn.

g) It .......... bе a staг, it,s too bright. Perhaps it,s an aliеn spaсеship!

h) I don't .. to go to work today. It's a holiday.

D Sorry, but I wasn,t .. to finish all the work you gavе mе.

i) I think you ........... to ask youт teaсhеr for somе adviсе.

Rewrite eaсh sеntenсe so that it does not сontain the phrase in itolics.

a) If I werе уou I,d takе morе еxеrсise.

I..t!уiуtk..y.o.*.d...b.et'.t.эr/Jqш.,:!зp.ц!d..t.ъk.!у!!19..тхцr.Q'fu.e,b) I eхpeсt thе plane will land soon.

с) You аre not аIlowed to usе a diсtionary.

d) It,s impossible for thаt to bе Suе. Shе,s abroad.

e) It,s possible thаt |,\| сomе to your party.

f) It,s аgаinst the lаw to dtop littеr in thе strееt.

g) It,s not neсessаry for уou to wait.

h) You,d better staу in bеd tоday.

74

:

Abi l i ty

Сеrtainty and

; nсеrtainty

Obl igat ion

Opinions and

adviсе

Explanationsr To talk about gеnеral past abilityWе usе сould, сouldп,tandwаs сfulе to'

|аnе сould swim/wаs аble to swim wheп shе wаs tеп.To talk about onе spесifiс past aсtion wе only usе wаs аblе to.

Whеп Dаvid feII iп the rivеr, |аne wаs аble to resсue him.

Thе form is: modal + hаvе + past partiсiplе. Сomparе with Grammar 18:You must hаve left your pаSsport oп the plапe.(dеduсtion: I,m surе you did)Linа сап,t hаve writteп this.(dеduсtion: I,m surе shе didn't)Маriа might/mау/сould hаve tаkeп the bus.(unсеrtainty: pеrhaps shе did)

r To talk about obligation in thе past Wе usе hсld to, didп,t hсшe to, didп,t пeеdto, пееdп,t hауe doпe. Thеrе is no past fotm of must.

Whеп I wаs сlt sсhool, wе hоd to/didп,t hаve to-weаr а uпiform.

r In stгiсt glammar thеrе is a diffеrеnсе bеtwееn didn,t nееd to and needп,t hсlvеdone.

I didn,t nеed to do апу homework yestеrdау.I пeedп,t hаve done апу homework уestеrdаy.

(I had a сhoiсе)(I did it, but it wasn't

nесеssarv)But in еvеryday spеесh Wе usе didn,t пeed to for both сasеs.

r Thе form is: modal + hауе + past partiсiplе. Сomparе with Grammar 18:I think you should hаve worked hаrder.You shouldп,t hаvе eаteп so muсh!

Wе сan lse ought to hауе doпe aпd ought not to hауe doпe in thе samе way.

r Thеsе forms mеan that we arе making a сritiсism. So in thе еxamplеs abovеWе arе saying .I think you Wеrе wtong,.

5Еt ALso

Graпrmar 18: Modals 1''.. 'i t::: : : r : : I : ::: i t: t: t ;: I I : I I . .

.

75

lNтER]t, lЕDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRAстIсE

For eaсh question, сomplete thе sесond sentenсе so that it mеans the same asthe first, using no morе than three words. Contraсtions сount as one word.

a) I,m surе you droppеd your wallеt at thе bus stop.

Yotl ...||Иit#t'.Lи.v..a.. /.7.q B'Р.d.. у ou, wallеt at thе bus stop.

b) Мaybе Joanna missеd thе last bus.

Joanna .... thе last bus.

с) Pеtеr knеw how to skatе whеn hе was twеlve.

Pеtеr .......... skate whеn hе was twеlvе.

d) Еmma Was Wrong not to tеll you thе answеr.

Еmma .... you thе answеr.

е) It wasn,t nесеSsary for us to pay to gеt in.

Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . . pay to gеt in.

f) I,m surе that Diana didn,t takе your books.

Diana .... your books.

g) Pеrhaps David didn,t notiсе you.

David .... notiсеd you.

h) Tеrry arrivеd еarly, but it wasn,t nесеssary.

Tеrry ......... arrivеd еarly.

i) It wasn,t neсеSsary for mе to buy any food yеstеrday.

I didn,t .... any food yеstеrday.

j) It was a bad idеa for us to bе rude to thе poliсеman!

Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . . bееn rudе to thе pol iсеmanl

2 Rewrite eaсh sentenсe beginning as shown. Do not сhange the meaning.

a) You Wеrе Wrong to study so latе!

You shouldn, t ... h!!Y 9..{.t*d ird.. l р...И.t p.b) Did you managе to stop him?

I didn't

Pеrhaps Tim has lost his way.

Tim might

It was possiblе for you to hurt yoursеlf.

You сould

d)

е)

76

0

s)

h)

GRAlVIIVIAR I9 lVIODALS 2: PAST

i)

It would havе bееn a good idеa to tеll mе.

You should

I,m surе thе сlass еnjoyеd it.

Thе сlass must . . . . . . . . . .

I hеlped hеr but it Wasn,t nесеssary.

I neеdn,t

It was a mistakе to lеavе.

You ought

I,m surе thе butler didn,t do it.

Thе butlеr сan,t . . . . . . . . . .

Complete eaсh sentеnсе so that it,сontains the words in bold.

a) I,m сompletеly soakеd! we ..{.W.*l'd..!gуg..tltkш.4!k..*lуb.r.4Lt!...'....,...'..,should/umbrеlla

b) I,vе lost my bag. I think I

must/bus

3

с)

d)

е)

0

I triеd to phonе Sam, but

сouldn,t/gеt through

I forgot Katе,s birthday. I

should/prеsеnt

Thе сat doеsn,t likе fruit! It ..............

сan,t/orangе

Jo isn.t hеre yеt. I supposе shе ...........

might/addrеss

T

g) I did badly in thе tеst. I

ought/hardеr

Wеh) It,s a shame wе didn,t go on holiday.

соuld/fun

77

2

Underline the сorreсt word or phrasе in eaсh sentеnсе.

a) Jim сlskеd/told thе tеaсhеr if thе book was his.

b) I hаvе hаd/hаd two tееth takеn out last wееk.

с) I сan,t do thеsе sums. I wish I hауе/hаd a сalсulator with mе.

d) Ann rеfusеd/sаid shе didп,t wапt mе to borrow hеr bikе.

е) Hеlеn сап't hауе stoleп/mцst hаvе stolеп thе monеy from thе offiсе. Shе didn,t

сomе in to thе offiсе on thе day it was stolеn.

f) If I hаvе/hсld morе monеу, |,d paу for you too.g) It,s gеtting vеry latе, so I think уou,d bеttеr/you сould|еavе.

h) Тraсеy phonеd еarliеr and said that shе hаd been/would be |atе.

i) Тhе nеxt two lеssons wеrе bееп/hаvе bееп сanсеllеd.

i) |f wе,d remеmberеd/wе remеmbеred to bring thе map, wе wouldn,t havе got

lost.

Look сarеfully at eaсh linе. Somе linеs are сorreсt but somе havе a word whiсh

should not bе there. тiсk (/) eaсh сorrесt |ine. lf a ]inе has a word whiсh shouId

not be there, write the word in the spaсе.

Do-It-YoursеIf

Last wеek my brothеr and I dесidеd to pаint our

bеdrooms if whilе our parеnts wеrе out for thе

day. Our parеnts usually thеy havе thе painting donе

by a loсal firm, but wе thought wе сould to savе somе

monеy if wе did paint it oursеlvеs. Wе had watсhеd thе

paintеrs thе last timе thе hоusе had to bееn paintеd,

so wе thought и,е would bе ablе to do thе job..First all thе surfaсеs must havе to bе washеdi mу

brothег said. .That сan,t havе bе vеry diffiсult,, I

rеpliеd. ,Wе'd bеttеr if put somе nеWspapеrs on

thе сarpеt. If wе сan makе a mеss, wе,ll gеt into

troublе., Aftеr that had bееn havе donе, wе iookеd

for somе paint in thе gardеn shеd. ,Wе сould usе

this rеd paiпt,, I was suggеstеd. Мy brothеr said that

hе prеfеrrеd grееn paint. Just as if wе wеrе going to

start, our parеnts arrivеd homе. ,You should havе bееn

askеd us first,, my mothеr said us' ,You сan paint thе

rеst of thе housе too!,

| . . . . . . . . . .{. . . . . . . . .cLfЗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1З . . . . . . . . ' . ' . . . . . . . . . .

i4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

lnt

h

r ld

Dесidе whiсh answеr (A, B, с or D) bеst fits the spaсe.

Mаkiпg arraпТemепts with Pсlul г

A fеw days ago Paul phonеd mе and (1) . . . .Id. ' . .whеthеr I (2) . . . . . . . , , ,1ооking

aftеr his dog whеn hе (3) away. I (4) . . . . . . . . . . . that I didn,t rеа111. l ikе dogs'

but hе said that hе (5) al l his othеr fr iеnds, and that I (6) . . . . . . ' . . . . his

only hopе. Hе invitеd mе round to his housе (7) . . . . . . . . . . . to mееt thе dog, and

hе told mе that hе (8) dinnеr for mе. An hour latеr hе phonеd again

and said that hе (9) ........... aftеr all, so I (10) mееting thе fo]lowing dav

for lunсh. Thе nеxt morning hе сanсеllеd this appointmеnt and, aftеr hе

(11).. . . . . . . . . . , said that hе (12) thе dog to my housе at 6.00. ,I don,t

know еxaсt ly (13) , , hе said. ,Сould you tеl lmе how (14) . . . . . . . . . . . thеrе?,

I quiсkly said I (15) out and put thе phоnе down. Luсkily I havеn,t

hеard from him sinсe.

1) A told B said mе С askеd mе D spоkе

2) A would mind B want C likе D willhеlp

З) A has gonе B wеnt С would go D will go

4) A told him B said him С askеd him D rеpliеd him

5) A asks B would ask С will ask D had alrеady askеd

6) A am B will bе C had bееn D was

7) A this еvеning B that еvеning С thе еvеning D in еvеning

8) A is сooking B will сook С would сook D had сookеd

9) A had to go out B wеnt out С goеs out D has to go out

10) A had suggеstеd B would suggеst С suggеstеd D suggеst

11) A has donе B told mе sorry С askеd D had apologizеd

12) ^

would bring B had brought С brought D brings

1З) A whеrе is it B if it is С whеrе it is D how was it

14)AdoIgеt BIgеt СIwi l lgеt DI,mgеtt ing

15) A went B go С will go D was going

4 Сomplеtе еaсh sentenсe with one of the words or phrаsеs from thе box.

сould d€*:*аrЁe+o might havе

had to havе tomust mustn't should

a) Wе ..dp.ууt..hдu*..t.Q.... -eat

a unifоrm at my sсhool.

b) You play with matсhеs! It,s vеry dangеrousl

с) I ,m not Suге, but I th ink I . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . lеft my wal lеt in thе bank.

d) I ,m gеtt ing up еar ly, bесausе I ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go running bеforе sс1-tооl

е) Sorry I сan,t stay any longеr, but I rеally gо honlе.

f) I f you want to, Wе . . . . . . . . . . . . . go swimming thls aftеrnoоn.

g) Sorry I,m latе, but I . . . . . . . . . . . . takе my dog to thе \-еt,s.

h) I th ink you . . . . . . . . . . . . go to bеd еar l iеr, and stop dr inking сoffее.79

!NтER]YlЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

5 Complеte the seсond sentеnсe so that it has a simi|ar meaning to thе firstsеntеnсe.

I don,t know thе answеr, so I сan,t help you.

rc l . .. kл.p. N'' th* . g.w.w. pr' . .I. . .N р нL d. . .l:w|B.' у ! *.Don,t run fast, or you,ll fееl tirеd.

If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

с) An off-duty poliсеwoman arrеstеd thе robber.

i)

Thе robbеr

Wе didn,t lеavе еarly, sо wе missеd thе train.

If wе . . . . . . . . . .

I atе all thе iсе-сrеam, and now I rеgrеt it.

I wish

Whеrе is thе bus station?

Could you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Thе loсal сounсil is building a nеW sports сеntrе.

A nеw sports сеntrе

I think you should go to thе doсtoг,s.

If I . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Somеonе usеd a hammеr to brеak thе window.

Тhе window.Don,t forgеt to buy somе milk, Amy,, I said.

I rеmindеd

For еaсh question, сomplete thе seсond sеntеnсe so that it means the same asthe first, using no more than threе words.

It wasn,t nесеssary for mе to go to work yеstеrday.I didn,t ..hдur..t..q.3g . to work yеstеrday.I,d likе to bе riсh!

I wish .... riсhl

I,m going to thе hairdrеssеr,s tomorlow.

I'm having .... tomorrow.

Pеrhaps Мark missеd thе bus.

Mark might .... thе bus.

Marсoni was thе invеntor of radio.

Radio ......... by Мarсoni.

I think you Wеrе Wrong to forgеt thе kеysl

You shouldn,t . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе kеys!

a)

b)

d)

е)

s)

h)

6

a)

b)

с)

d)

80

е)

GRAt|мAR 2o сoNsoLlDAтIoN 2

s)

h)

lt would bе a good idеa for us to takе an umbrеlla.

Wе .. . . . . . . . ' . . . bеttеr takе an umbrеl la.

I,m surе that Мaria workеd vеry hard.

Maria .... vеry hard.

Hеlеn gavе a сamеra to Riсhard.

Riсhard .... a сamеra by Hеlеn.

It was unnесеssary for us to buy so muсh food.

Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . . bought so muсh food.

i)

II

7 For eaсh question, сomplеte thе sесond sentenсе so that it means the samе asthе first, using no morе than thrеe words.

Thе paintеrs arе сoming to oul housе tomolrow.

Wе arе ..'l,.qtу.уу&..p'ц.Т..fu .ц,''9..... paintеd tomorrow.Someonе stolе Peter,s сar last wееk.Pеtеr . . . . . . . . . . stolеn last wееk.

с) ,I,vе lost my tiсkеt, Katе,, said Danny.

Danny told Katе that ........... lost his tiсkеt.

d) Сarl advisеd Dianе not to takе thе job.,I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе job i f I Wеrе youl Dianе,, said Carl .

е) Whеn doеs thе play start?

Сould you .. . . . . . . . . . . thе play starts?

Lеt,s go for a piсniс if thе wеathеr,s good.

Lеt,s go for a piсniс .... thе wеathеr,s bad.

I stayеd up latе bесausе I didn,t fееl tirеd.

If I had fеlt t i rеd I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stayеd up latе.

h) Jim livеd in Spain thеn, so it was impossiblе that you met him hеrе.

You ......'..... mеtJim hеrе, bесausе hе livеd in Spain thеn.

i) ,Do you havе to leavе еarly tomorroщ Ann?, askеd Мary.

Мary askеd Ann if shе ............ lеavе еarly thе next day.

jl .Do you think you сould pass mе thе salt, Pеtеr?, l said.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Рetеr to pass thе salt .

a)

b)

s)

81

INтЕRMEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRACтIсE

I Undеr]inе thе errors in thеse sеntеnсes. Corrесt the error.

a) War and Pеaсе was writing by Lеo Tolstoy.

..w.Г.Ltt%ulb) That mustn,t bе David! Hе,s on holiday in Bеrmuda.

с) Andrеa askеd a passеr-by whеrе was thе train station.

d) If I had livеd in Anсiеnt Grеесe, I might bе a slavеI

e) In thе army, you,d bеttеr Wеar a unifоrm.

0 Katе told mе that shе must to finish hеr homеwork.

g) I think somеonе must opеn your bag. That,s thе on1y explanation.

h) I wish I arn tallеr!

i) I rеpair my сar by a qualifiеd mесhaniс.

j) If I saw a snakе, I,ll sсrеam and run awayl

Do you сhange tеnsеs when you use reportеd speeсh in your |anguagе?If you nееd to сhесk thе punсtuation of dirесt spеесh you сan look at Grammar 48.

Cheсk the diffеrenсe bеtween the sесond and third сonditiona|s. Remembеr that

the past tense verb in a sесond сonditional doеs not refer to past time.

Whеn do we use thе passivе? Doеs your Ianguage use passivеs like Еnglish doеs?

How do We use must' hаvе to and should? When might you say:a) Jim has to gеt up еarly еvеry day.b) Jim must gеt up еarly еvеry day.с) Jim should gеt up еarly еvеry day.

Еxplain the diffеrenсe betweеn eaсh pair of sentenсеs.a) l ,m сutt ing my hair.

I,m having my hair сut.b) I must hаvе lost my kеys.

I сan,t havе lost my kеys.с) I didn't nееd to buy any food yestеrday.

I nееdn,t havе bought any food yеstеrday.d) If you сamе by bus, you,d gеt hеrе fastеr.

If you had сomе by bus, you would havе got hеге fastеr.

Problemсheсk

3

4

82

ПtrPose: to and for

llrrpose: so thаt

Explanationsr Wе usе thе fo infinitive to desсribе purposе, to say why wе do things. This is

сallеd ,thе infinitivе of purposе,.Аlistаir weпt to the stаtioп to meet his pаrents. (NoT {e++о+ееt)

r In formal spеесh and writing Wе сan tlse in order to. This is not as сommon asthе infinitivе of purposе.

The Presideпt mаde а speeсh in order to eхplаiп the poliсy'

r Wе сan usе pr followеd by a noun to say why wе do somеthing. This isеspесially сommon following vеrbs of motion.

I-weпt to the shops for some milk.

r Wе сan usе so (thаt) to еxprеss purposе. Aftеr so (thаt) we usе sub'iесt + vеrb.

r For a habitual pulposе Wе usе cсIn ot thе prеsеnt simplе.I leаve the wiпdow oPe|1 So (thаt) the саt cаn get iп аnd out'BiII weаrs thiсk socks iп bed so (thаt) his feet don,t get сold.

l Foг a futurе purposе Wе usе cап, wiII or thе plеsеnt simple.Dorа is going to leаve сlаss eаф so (thаt) she сап go to the dentist'Wэ,II tаke ап umbrellа so (thаt) we don,t get wet.

r For a past purposе Wе usе could, would or thе past simplе.Dorа left сlаss eаrlу so (thаt) she could go to the dentist.Wе took аn umbrellа so (thаt) we wouldп,t get wet.We took аn umbrellа so (thаt) we didn,t get wеt.

r If thе subjесt of thе first part of thе sеntеnсе and thе subjесt of thе purposесlausе arе diffеrеnt, wе сan,t usе thе infinitivе of purposе fo. Wе havе to usеso (thаt)'

HeIeп plаyed thе piапo to eпtertаin her fтieпds.Helen plауed the piаno so (thаt) everyone else сould dапсe.

83

lNтERпnЕDlAтE tANGUAGE PRAстIсE

Put one suitable word in eaсh spaсe. Contraсtions сount as one word.

a) I wrotе thе datе in my diarу ...!.!.... ...th4|t.......... I wouldn,t forgеt it.

b) Мost tourists сomе hеrе .. visit thе anсiеnt tеmplеs.

с) Mary сallеd a mееting ........ announсе

thе tеam.

0 Our tеaсhеr madе us s it far apart so that Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . сhеat!

g) I, l l lеavе thе box opеn so that you .. . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . hеlp yoursеlf .

h) Lisa got up early so that shе .. finish hеr homеwork.

2 Rеwrite eaсh sentenсе so that it сontains to word in bold.

a) I wеnt to thе shops to gеt somе е8gs.

for

... I.. W..e. nl.. t g..the.. thl B l. l.q.r.. { p.ш.'W.{*..,'',..b) Niсola сamе hеrе for a mееting with thе dirесtor.

to

с) Wе

for

Wеnt on holiday to have a rеst.

d)

е)

0

s)

h)

Мikе plays

tо

сhеss fоr rеlaxation.

I opеnеd thе window to lеt in somе air.

fоr

Cristina wеnt shopping to buy somе nеw сlothеs.

for

I wеnt to a plivatе sсhool for Еnglish lеssons.

tо

Sam wеnt to a spесialist to gеt treatmеnt.

fоr

84

GRAi ' l i l lAR 21 PURPOSE

3 Complеte the seсond sentеnсe so that it has a similar meaning to the first

sentenсe.

a) Paul had tо go to thе doсtor,s, and lеft work early.paа .'.l.ф..Np.r&...q.r!Y'..'...,,.. so that ....k..qq!{.!dJ.q''....... to thе doсtor,s.

b) Thе sсhool wаs rеbuilt bесausе it Wasn,t largе еnough.

Thе sсhool in ordеr to . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

largеr.

с) Sophia wantеd Jaсk to сall heц and gavе him hеr phonе numbеr.

Sophia . so that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hеr.

d) I might gеt sunburnt, so I,ll put on somе suntan oil.

I ' l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so that sunburnt.

е) Cathy hid thе presеnts and nobody saw thеm.

Cathy so that thеm.

f) Wе wantеd peoplе to danсе, so wе had thе party in a largе hall.

Wе . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . danсе.

g) Diсk wantеd to gеt a good seat, so hе arrivеd еarly.

Diсk . . . . . . . . . . so that a good sеat.

h) I сouldn,t sее wеll in thе сinеma, and сhangеd sеats.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so that . . . . . bеttеr.

D Wе didn,t Want to fееl hungтy, so wе took somе sandwiсhеs.

Wе took so that Wе .. . . . . . . . . . . .

i) Harry wantеd his friеnds to notiсе him so hе worе a funny hat.

Harry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h im.

85

Rеason and rеsu|t

so and suсh for

emphasis

too and not

enough for a

diffiсuIty

Еxplanationsr Wе uSе bесаuse, сs and sjnсe whеn Wе Want to ехplain thе rеason for

somеthing. Аs and siпсе are molе сommon in formal spеесh and writing.

Tim didп,t fееl wеII, bесаuse hе hаd еаtеп fifteеп iсe-сreаms.

As/sinсe Tim hаd еаtеп flftеeп iсе-Сreаms, hе didп't feеl vеrу well.

Tim didп,t fееI wеll, аs/siпсе hе hаd еаtеп fifteеn iсe-сrеаms

l Аs and siпсe сarl сomе at thе bеginning of thе sеntеnсе. Normally wе do not

bеgin sеntеnсеs with bесausе, but this is possiblе in informal spеесh.

Beсаuse Tim hас| eаteп fiftееп iсе.сrеаms, hе didп,t fеel very wеll,

r Wе uSе so to еxprеss a rеsult. Notе thе rеlation bеtwееn beсаusе and so.

Tim hаd eаtеп fifteeп iсе-сreаms, so hе didп,t fеel vеry wеll.

l Wе uSе so mапу/muсh (thаt) ald, so fеwДittlе (thаt) with nounsl for еmphasis.

Thаt is usually lеft out in informal spеесh and writing. Notе thе rulеs:

Сountablе nouns

I bought So mапу books (thаt) I сouldп,t соrry thеm аII.

Thеrе wеrе so few pеople in the theоtre (thаt) thе сlсtors didп,t pеrform well'

Unсountablе nouns

Therе is so muсh rаiп аt thе momепt (thаt) wе hаrdly еуеr 80 out.

Wе hаve so little free time (thаt) wе doп,t wаtсh television'

r Wе usе so + adjесtivе + thаt With adjесtivеs by thеmsеlvеs.

Lаst пight was So hot (thаt) I сouldn,t slееp.

The trаiпеrs wеre So сheаp (thаt) I bought two pаirs'

r If wе havе an adjесtivе followеd by a noun, Wе usе suсh сt.

It wаs suсh rl lovely dсlу fthаt) wе wеl1t for а wаlk iп the сouпtrу.

Itwаs suсh а good ftIm (thаt) I sсtw it twiсе.

l Too + adjесtivе mеans.morе than is nесеssary or good,. It suggеsts a

diffiсulty, and that somеthing сannot bе donе.

It wаs too fаr, (so I didn't go)

It wсls too diffiсult. (so I didn,t do it)

r lf wе say what thе aсtion is wе usе fo + infinitivе.

It ll,сts too far to wаlk so lrye took а trlхi.

Thе moцпtсtirt wсls too diffiсult (for us) to сlimb.

86

50 aпd too

Rеsu|t phrasеs: oso rеsult, in thе еnd,*entuoIlу

Linking words

GRAммAR 22 RЕAsoN AND REsULт

Nof + adjесtivе + eпough mеans ,lеss than is nесеssary oг good'. Сompaге thеusе of too and not enough.

Little Gеrry is too young to tltаlk to sсhool.Little Gerry is not old enough to wаlk to sсhool.

With nouns Wе сan usе too mаnу/muсh, too few/Iittle and пot еnotф.Countablе nouns

There аre too manу PeoPle iп the сlаss.There аrе too few books.We hаvеп,t got enough books.

Unсountablе nounsThere аre too mаny things to do.There's too little time.We hаven,t got eпough time.

Notiсе from thе abovе еxamplеs that eпough сomеs aftеr adiесtivеs (,old,) butbеforе nouns (,books,/,timе,).

It is a сommon mistakе to сonfusе so and too.So is likе verу, arrd is usеd for еmphasis. Тhе spеakеr,s opinion сan bе positivеor nеgativе.Тoo mеans .morе than еnough,. It suggеsts a diffiсulty, that somеthingсannot be donе or will not happеn.It,s very eхpeпsive, (a faсt)It,s so eхpeпsive. (I,m surprisеd, but I still might buy it)It,s too ехpeпsive. (so I won,t buy it)

r Look baсk at thе еxamplеs in the prеvious two sесtions to sее thеsе usеs of soarrd too.

Wе сan also express result with a linking phrasе likе as а result, or a timееxprеssion likе in thе end or evепtuаllу. Thеsе arе morе сommon in foтmаlspеeсh and wтiting.

Two metres of snоw fell duriпg the night' As а result, severаl mаiп roаds werebloсkеd, (in spеесh we would just usе so hеrе)It stаrted rаiпiпg while we were hаviпg our piсniс| апd eveпtuаIlу we dесidedto go homе,Kаte апd Tim wаited for the bus for а loпg time, апd in the eпd theу took аtахi.

r Words |ike becаuse and so arе сallеd ,linking words,.

87

lNтERlt ,|EDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRAстI(E

1 Undеrlinе the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sentenсе.

a) It was such/so a dеliсious dгink, that I had to havе another glass.b) Andrеw ate so muсh/so many сakеs that hе сould hardly walk!с) Katе,s offеr sounded so/too good to bе truе!d) Thеrе are so few/so little good proglammеs on TV that I rarеly watсh it.е) I fеlt so/tooweak that I соuldn,t stand up.0 Wе had so muсh/so mаnу fuee timе, that wе got borеd.g) I waitеd for Еlainе for agеs, arrd аs а result/in the eпd I gavе up.h) Thеrе Was so muсh/so mаrtу rз;in last night, that thе roads wеre floodеd.i) David was too tаll/tаll eпough/enough tаIl/very tаll to rеасh thе shеlf.i) I had so few/so IiffIe know|edgе of thе sub|есt that I got zеro in thе tеSt.

Comp|еtе thе sentenсes with one of thesе wordsi too, enoagh, so, such, mllch,monу, littlе, fеw.

a) It,s ...*{g.............. latе and therе arе still lots of pеoplе in thе сlub.b) It,s .. latе to саtсh a bus. I,ll havе to gеt a taxi homе.с) I havе so .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . work to do!d) I havе so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iobs to do!е) I don,t havе .......... monеy to go on holiday this yеar.f) I havе too .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . monеy to go on hol iday this yеar.g) I havе too ..................... еuros in my bank aссount to go on holiday this yеaг.h) It was .. an еxсiting film.i) Thе film was .. еxсiting.

i) It,s ..................... hot on the bеaсh. I don,t likе it. I,m going baсk to thе hotеl.k) It,s .. hot on thе bеaсh! I lovе it. I,m rеally relaxеd.

Put onе suitable word in eaсh spaсe.

a) Мy tea iS ...t.о.Q. hot to drink at thе momеnt.b) I had to stand at thе baсk, ......... thеrе wеrеn,t anу sеats lеft.с) Thomas had ............ ........ homework, that hе had to stay up latе.d) Thеrе Wеrе .......... ........ pеoplе in front of us that wе сouldn,t sее.е) Hеlеn missеd thе bus, .. shе took a taxi.f) Thеrе Wеrе .......... .. сustomеrs that thе shop сlosеd down.g) Thе room Wasn,t largе .. for so many guеsts.h) Hannah Was .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i rеd that shе fеl l aslееp on thе train.i) Wе had ..... monеy that we сouldn,t еvеn buy a drink.

i) .. it was raining, thе sсhool piсniс was postponеd.

2

3

88

GRAмitAR 22 RЕAsoN AND RЕsUtт

4 Rewrite eaсh sentenсe so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word inbold.

a) I fеlt rеally tirеd, so I stayеd at homе and had a rеst.bесausе

?e!t.. .гsа'|tу.. t.'.r r,d.,.b) I didn,t usе that piесе of string, bесausе it was too short.

enough

с) The quеstion Was so diffiсult that I had to ask for hеlp.suсh

d) Thеrе wеrеn,t enough sеats for all thе guеSts.

few

е) Thеrе wеrеn,t еnough sеats for all thе guеsts.

many

We сan,t put that box in thе сar as thеrе isn,t muсh spaсе.littlе

o\ь| I haven,t got еnough timе to do all my work.too

h) I'vе got suсh a lot of work that I сan,t go out.so

Shе had lots of сhildrеn and didn,t know what to do.many

i) It was suсh a good play that thе audiеnсе сhееred.so

89

lNтER]t, lEDlAтЕ tANGUAGE PRACтIсE

5 Underline the errors in these sentеnсes. Rewrite eaсh sеntenсe.

a) Sorry, but I hаvеn,t got little timе.Sarrv, bЙr I hаvewt qоt oИ.al

b) Еriсa is not еnough old to drivе a сar.

с) Paul has so muсh friеnds that hе,s always busy.

d) Wе had too fеw timе to go sight-sеeing.

е) It's too hot that I сan,t think!

Г) Thеrе Was too muсh snow that wе сouldn,t travеl.

g) It was so a long way that wе deсidеd to drivе thеrе'

h) So that I had run a long waу, I fеlt еxhaustеd.

Complete the sесond sentenсe so that it has a similar meaning to the first

sentenсe.

a) I,m afтaid you,rе not fast еnough to be in thе running team.

I,m af raid you,rе to o ...,t !! N'. t !...b 9.' L.Y!, . th*.'r шу'llll. уц..t'ч|ш,...'..

b) It,s not vетy far to thе housе, so we сan walk.

Wе сan walk . . . . . . . . . .

с) Thе film wаs so long that wе missеd our last bus.

It was

d) Tina fеlt unhappy and shе сriеd.

Tina fеlt so . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

е) Tom has lots of monеy, and doеsn.t know what to do with it.

Tom has so . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0 Jim is too young to gеt marriеd.

Jim isn't

g) I сan't afford to buy this bikе.

I havеn,t got . . . . . . . . . . . .

h) Thеrе arе too fеw platеs I,m afraid.

Тhеrе arеn,t

6

90

шшс у,et and

Й.lough

ыcn though and

tюtlgh

пф.lilе and whеreos

fupitе andn spite of

ЕxpIanationsr Wе сan usе but aпd аIthough to makе a сontrast. Аlthough is morе typiсal of

сarеful or formal spеесh or writing.Mаriа felt ill, but she weпt to sсhool.Mаriа went to sсhool аIthough she wаs ill.

Тhе сlausе with аlthough сan сomе at thе bеginning.Although she wаs iII, Маriа went to sсhool.

r Wе сan еmphasize but arrd аlthough with still aлd апу'nuау.Mаriа felt ill, but shе weпt to sсhool аnywау.Mаriа fеlt ill, but shе still went to sсhool.Although she wаs iII, Mаriа weпt to sсhool апуwау.

r Wе сan usе yet instеad of but in writing.Mаriа felt ill, уet she went to sсhool,

l Wе сan usе even though|ike аIthough to givе a strongеr сontrast.Evеn though she felt very ill, Маriа weпt to sсhool.

r Wе сan usе though \ike аlthough in informal spеесh and writing. Wе oftenmakе two sеparatе sеntеnсеs and put though at thе еnd.

Маriа weпt to school. She wаs ill, though.

l While ar,d whereаs сan bе usеd in formal spеесh and writing to сomparе twofaсts and еmphasizе thе diffеrеnсе bеtwееn thеm.

While/Wherеаs Some eхperts eхpесt the Govеrпment to win the eleсtioп, mostbelieve thаt the opposition will wiп.

l Despite and iп Spite of arc also usеd to makе a сontrast. But thеy arе followеdby a noun or noun phrasе (not subjесt + vеrb \ike аlthough). Thе -ing forrr, ofthе vеrb aсts likе a noun hеrе.

Despite her illness, Mаriа weпt to sсhool.(NoТщi*.. .1Despite being ill, Mаriа went to sсhool.In spite of her illness, Маriа weпt to sсhool,In spitе of beiпg iII, Mаriа weпt to sсhool'

9t

lNтERгvlEDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRAст!CЕ

howеver and on the

othеr hond

Linking words

However introduсеs or сomplеtеs a сontrasting sеntеnсe. Howеvеr always haspunсtuation bеfoте and aftеr.

Маriа wаs ill' Howev*, she weпt to school.Маriа weпt to sсhool' She wаs ill, however.

However is morе сommon in formal spеесh and writing.

r Notе that wе сannot say:

l Оn the other hаnd introduсеs a сontrasting opinion. It is morе сommon in

formal spеесh and writing.Television hаs mапу аdvапtаgеs' It keeps us iпformed аbout the lаtest news,

аnd аIso provides eпtertаinment in the homе. Оп the other hапd, teleуisioпhаs beеn blаmed for the violent behауiour of some уou|xg peoplе, апd fоrenсourаging сhildreп to sit iпdoors, insteаd of tаking eхerсise,

r Words |ike but, аlthough and however arе сalled ,linking words,.

92

2

GRAlvtмAR 23 сoNтRAsт

Underline the сorreсt word or phrasе in eaсh sentеnсе.

a) I rеad thе book you Suggеstеd. I didn,t еnjoy it, аIthough/fupуgу11.b) In spite of/Although wе warnеd him, Harry still got lost.c) Although/However I likе it hеrе, I won,t stay hеrе long.d) Сars arе сonvеniеnt. oп the othеr hаndПVhereсs, thеy сausе pollution.e) I didn,t havе muсh time, but/however I managеd to visit lots оf plaсеs.0 Сathеrinе Won thе raсе, аlthough/dеspife falling оvеr.g) Although/In spite of the dеlay, thе train arгivеd on timе.h) I didn,t managе to jump ovеr thе wa||, аIthough/уef I triеd twiсе.

Complete eaсh sentenсе with onе suitablе word.

о ..АLt]:шщh.Tim fеlt tirеd, hе stayеd up to finish his homеwork.b) Sam didn,t likе skating .... hе wеnt with his friеnds all thе samе.с) I found Frеnсh hard at first. .......... , I soon startеd to еnjoy it.d) Janе kеpt running, ..................... though shе knеw she сouldn,t win.е) Мike was lost, but hе .. rеfusеd to look at thе map.f) Carol wеnt to sее thе film, .......... shе had sееn it bеforе.g) ..................... thе rain, thе sсhool sports Wеrе a grеat suссеss.h) Hеlеn won thе swimming сompеtition, iГl ..................... of hеr сold.

Rеwrite eaсh sentenсe bеginning as shown. Do not сhange thе meaning.

a) Although it was snowing, wе wеnt out for a walk.

b) Somе еxpеIts think priсes will fall, but othеrs disagrее.Whilе

с)

d) Dеspite thе hеat, Diana worе hеr wintеr сlothеs.

Еvеn though thеy wеrе losing at half-timе, Сity won in thе еnd.Dеspitе

Although

е) Whеreas last summеr was good, this summer it,s rainеd all thе timе.Last summеr was good

$ Jamеs had a hеadaсhе,but hе still rеad until latе.In spitе of

g) Although Jon hadn,t studiеd, hе did wеll in thе tеst.

3

Jon hadn,t studiеd

93

What is a

funсtion?

Asking forinformation

Offers

Explanationsr A funсtion is a vr'av of dеsсribing languagе aссording to its purposе (how it is

usеd). Funсtions саn bе shoгt phrasеs as wеll as singlе words. Typiсal

funсtions aге: offетing somеthing, asking for pеrmission, making a

Suggеstion еtс.

r Thе samе funсtion сan bе ехprеssеd in diffеrеnt Ways. Our сhoiсе of words

dеpеnds on:_ Тhе situation rте arе in: is it publiс or privatе? who еlsе is prеsеnt?

- Тhе pеrson \Yе aге talking to: somеorrе of our own agе? how wеll do wе

knorv thеm?_ \\-hat \\'е arе talking about: is thе topiс sеnsitivе? or is it light and

unimportant?

r Тhе funсtions bеlow arе сlassifiеd as formal (= politе), nеutral or informal,

but rеmеmbеr that thе сhoiсе of words dеpеnds on many things. You might

bе talking to a friеnd and you Want to borrow a pеn, so you arе informal.

But if you arе talkin8 to thе samе friеnd and you Want to borrow a largе

amount of monеy you will usе morе formal languagе.

r To ask for information wе сan usе an indirесt quеstion:

Саn уou teII me whаt time the bus from Glаsgow аrrives?

Сould уou teII me whаt time the bus from Glаsgow аrrives?

) Оf сourse. It аrrives оt 9.З0'Would уou miпd telliпg me whаt time the bus from Glаsgow аrrivеs?

(nеutralt

(nеutra1 r

(formal)) Оf сourse not. It аrrives аt 9,З0.

r Notе thе indirесt quеstion form (NoT и*а+-+i*еaееs ...).

offеring hеlp:Shаll I cаrry this suitсаse for уou?Let me саrry your suitсаsе.) Thапk уou very muсh. / Тhаnks, but I сап mапаge.

offеring things:

(nеutral)(nеutral)

Would уou like а soft driпk? (nеutral)

) Yes, plеаse, I,ll hаve аn Оrаngе juiсе. / No thоnks, it,s oK'

Would you like tеа or сoffеe? (nеutral)

94

) I,d rаther hаve сoffее, plеаse. / I,d prefer teа, plеаse. / I don,t miпd.

krmission

Promising

Пеquests

Пеquеsts withmind

Suggеsting andаdvising

) Yеs, you mаy.Whеn wе rеply we oftеn rеpеat thе modal vеrb, but notiсе that lthеn lтеrеply to Сould I Wе say саn лot сould.

I,II be bасk аt 11.З0.I tryon,t do апуthing siIIу!

The word wiII is used in many funсtions.

Cаn уou open the window, pleаse?Саn уou help me?Сould уou open the window pleаsе?Will/Would уou wаit here, pleаse?

Wе сan rеply to a rеquеst by agrееing or rеfusing:) Sure. / No problem. / of сourse.) Aсttlаllу, it,s а bit inсonvenieпt' / I,m sorry but thаt,s пot possible.

r Rеquеsts with mind arе сonfusing for lеarnеrs bесausе Would уou miпd ''.mеans ,Is it а problеm for you?,' So wе Saу ,r1o, if wе want to bе hеlpful.

Would уou mind helping me?) No, of сourse not.) АсtuаIly, I,m quite busy аt thе moment. Perhаps lаter.

r Notе that wе usе an -iпg form aftеt Would you miпd.

Is it аll right if I leаve eаф?Саn I leаve еаrly, pleаsе?) Yes, of сourse') Sorry, but уou саn,t, You hаve to stаy to thе еnd.Сould I possiblу leаvе а bit eаф, pleаse?) Yes, you саn'Mау I lеаve eаф, pleаse?

Lеt,s go to the сinemа.Whу don,t we 80 to thе сiпemа?How аbout going to the сinemа?We сould go to the сinеmа,

GRA}|мAR 24 ЕUNстloNs

tinfоrmal t

l nеutгa1 t

(formal r

(formal)

(nеutтal)(nеutral)

(nеutral)(nеutral)(formal)(formal)

(nеutral)(nеutral)(nеutral)(nеutral)

If wе makе a suggеstion to anothеr person it is adviсе:I think уou should stау аt home' (formal)If I were уou, I,d stаy аt home. (formal)

95

lNтERrиEDlAтE tANGUAGE PRAстlCE

1 Мatсh what people say (a_|) with the funсtions (1-10).

a) \\Ъuld you likе a сup of tеaz .....t....b) Ехсusе mе, do you know what timе thе museum opens?с) .\сtцally, I think I,d rathеr havе a Сhinеsе mеal. ...........d) l knoщ wе сould walk along thе rivеr. How about that? ...........е) SoгrY, but I won,t do i t . . . . . . . . . . . .

fl Тhat looks diffiсult. Shall I help you? ...........g) Еxсusе mе, but do you think you сould turn your musiс down ahl \\Ъll, to bе honеst, I think you should go to thе poliсе.i) Is it all right if I go out to thе shops for a momеnt? ...........

i) I'l l dеfinitеly bе thеrе at 6.00. I won,t bе latе!

1 Giving adviсе2 Asking for informationЗ offеring hеlp.1 offеring somеthing5 Asking pеrmission6 Rеfusing to do something7 Еxprеssing a prеfeтеnсе8 Мaking a promisе9 Мaking a rеquеst

10 Мaking a suggеstion

UnderIine the сorrесt word or phrase in еaсh sentenсе.

a) I,m vеry busy. Let,sluldJou-miпd giving mе a hand?b) If I ,,ilere yoщ I,d write/How аbout уou wite thе lеttеr again.с) Why don,t wе go/going to thе thеatте tomorrow?d) Would you miпd/Сould you сlosе thе door plеasе?e) Do you likeПVould уou /ike somе morе watеr?f) [ promisе I woп,t do it/I doп,t do it again.8) I,ц quitе good at сooking too. Shаll I help/\Vould I hеIp уou?h) I,vе a suggеstion' Whу doп,t уou go/Сould you 8o to thе bеaсh?i) Would I borrow/Сould I borrow your rulеr?i) Аrе you tirеd? I think you сап go/should 80 to bеd еarly.

2

96

GRAммAR 24 FUNстloNs

3 RepIaсe thе parts in itolicswith a more appropriate or aссuratе еxpression.

a) Look, don,t worry about mе, therе,s a bus at 12.3О. So I,m bасkbу 2'oo, I

promisе!

........|.LL-bp.h qрkb) A: Would you likе an iсе-сrеam? Or somе сakе pеrhaps?

B: I choose ice-сreаm, plеasе.

с) A:

B:

I,m having problеms at sсhool. What do you think I should dо?

I tаlk it ovеr with уour pаreпts.

d) A:

B:

This suitсase is leally hеavy, and my baсk is killing mе!

Do I саrту it?

е) A:

B:

I,m not surе what to do this еvеning. Any idеas?

You will go to the сiпеmа, perhаps?

f) A: I,vе got an appointmеnt at thе dеntist,s. ShаlI I leаve sсhool eаф?

B: Havе you brought a note from your parеnts?

g) Еxсuse me, I want to сatсh a bus from here to London. Tell me how muсh does

it сost.

h) A: I fееl really hungry. Havе you got anything to еat?

B: Do уou like some lemonаde?

i) A:

B:

It,s vеry hot in hеre, Аre уou opening the wiпdow?

Of сoursе.

j) д:

B:

Come on, hurry up! Tidy your room and make your bеd!

No, I doп,t! It,s not fair!

97

lNтERlYlED!AтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

For eaсh question, сomplete the seсond sеntenсе so that it mеansthe first, using no more than three words.

a) Plеasе takе a sеat.

Would ...Y!!4..Ш.t!Ld..taki.ng.. .. .. a sеat?Fruit juiсе wоuld bе bеttеr for mе.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f ru i t

I,d likе you to ъ'ait for mе.

for mе, plеasе?

Will you alloч'mе to lеavе thе room?

...... thе room?

I,d likе You to tuгn off thе tеlеvision.

Cоuld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе tеlеvis ion?

Lеt,s go foг a walk.

for a walk?

I promisе not to talk to Riсhard again.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to Riсhard

Would you likе mе to hеlp you?

,) ;;;;;;;;;;;;";";.;;;;; vou?

Would you ........... whеn thе planе arrives?

i) Мy adviсe is to sее а doсtor.

If I . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ,d seе a doсtor.

5 Complete eaсh sеntenсе with one suitablе word. More than one answer may bepossiblе.

a) I think уou .,.{'fuшl.d..... spе.,с morе timе on your homеwork.

b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you hеlp mе сarry thеsе bags?

с) Ехсusе mе. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you tеl l mе what strееt this is?

d) What a tеrriblе noisеI .. you plеasе bе quiеt!

е) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go skat ing tomorrow.

f) Would you ........... tеlling mе what timе it is?

g) Thanks foт thе offец but I,d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stаy at homе.

h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .you sign your namе hеrе, plеasе, s ir?

D .. you likе anothеr sliсе of pizza?

i) Plеasе .. I lеavе the tаblе?

4'\"*

b)

с)

d)

е)

o)6/

h)

98

RеIative сlauses

Rеlativе pronouns

ExplanationsRеlativе сlausеs arе short phrases bеginning with words likе rl'llo, tlшt and tуhiсh(сallеd ,rеlativе pronouns,,) that dеfinе or dеsсribе pеoplе and things. Тhеге aтеtwo typеs:

r Defining rеlativе сlausеs: Wе usе thеsе to idеntify еxaсtly whiсh pегson oгthing wе mеan. Thе information is nесеssary for thе sеntеnсе to makе sеnsе.

The doсtor who treаted me told me not to worry.In this еxamplе thеrе is morе than onе doсtor аnd wе only know whiсh onеby thе rеlativе сlausе.

r Non-dеfining rеlativе сlausеs: Wе usе thеsе to givе еxtra information. Тhеinformation is not nесеssary for thе sеntеnсе to makе sеnsе. Tо show this inwriting Wе usе сommas.

Pаblo Piсаsso, who died iп 1973, wаs а pаiпter апd sculptor,

l whiсh, thаtWhiсh rеfers to things and thаt rеfеrs to pеoplе and things. Thаt is morcсommon, еspесially in spеесh.The bus whiсh goes to Саiro lеаves from hеre.The womаn thаt we spoke to 8аvе uS directioпs.The roаd thаt ule took led to ап апcient temple.

l who and уvhomWho and whom rеfеr to pеoplе.

In formal spеесh and writing Wе сan :шse whom instеad of lцho whеrе who isthе objесt of thе sеntеnсе (sее bеlow). Wе сan also usе tцlhom after aprеposition. Howеvеr, this is bесoming lеss сommon and in modеrn Еnglishspеakеrs rarеly :use whom _ instеad thеy usе who or thаt.

The peoplе who live neхt door mаke а lot of noisе'The people thаt live neхt door mаke а lot of пoisе.It wаs the sаme boy whom I met уesterdау'(,I, is thе subjесt, ,Whom, is thе objесt)No one kпows bу whom the viсtim wаs shot.(aftеr thе prеposition ,bу', bllt YеIy ralе in modеrn Еnglish.)No one kпows ulho the viсtim wаs shot by.(normal usagе in spеесh and writing)

l whosеWhose shows that somеthing bеlongs to somеonе.

The girl whose саsе hаd beеп stolen wепt to the pоliсе stсltiott.

99

.Ц,l

щ

lNтЕRlvlEDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRAстI(E

Leaving out therelative pronoun

Tо undеrstand whethеr you сan lеavе out the rеlativе pronoun yoщгiтst-iееa

to look at whеthеr thе relativе сlausе refers to the subieсt ot 9fuу{ct of thе

sеntеnсе.

A rеlativе сlausе that теfегs to thе subjесt of thе sеntеnсe:The doctor who trеаted me told mе not to,worry.The doсtor (subjесt) treаted me (obiect).

A rеlativе сlausе that refеrs to thе obiесt of thе sеntеnсе:The doctor that/whofuhom I spoke to told me not to worry.

l (subiесt) spoke to the doсtor (objесt).

Wе сan lеavе оut the rеlativе pronoun in a dеfining rеlativе сlausе that rеfеrsto thе objесt.

The doсtor I spoke to told me not to worry.

Wе саnnot lеavе out the rеlativе pronoun in a dеfining relativе сlausе thatrеfеrs to thе subjeсt.

The doctor-who treаted me told me not to worry.

In a non.dеfining rеlativе сlausе wе must keеp thе rеlativе plonoun.Pаblo Piсаsso, who died in 1973, wаs а pаinter аnd sсulptor.

Wе сan also lеavе out thе rеlative pronoun aftеr a superlativе.Thаt wаs the best meаI (thаt) I,ve ever eаtеп!

100

1

GRAммAR 25 REtAтlvЕ сtAUsЕs 1

Underline thе сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсe.

a) An old man, who/whiсh was сarrying a suitсаse, knoсkеd at thе door.b) Тhe winnеr, whiсh/whose bikе was an unusual dеsign, Won a mеdal.с) Thе g1r| who/whiсh spokе to mе turnеd out to bе in my сlass.d) Тhе musеum, which/whose was in a bеautiful building, was сlosеd.е) A poliсеwoman thаt/whiсh wе askеd told us how to gеt thеrе.f) Thе boу whose/whom hollsе I was staying at Was an old friеnd.g) Thе last pеrson whiсh/whose pеn I borrowеd didn,t gеt it baсk.

2 Completе еaсh sentenсe with who, whose or thаt.

a) Thе friеnd ..'N.!зоsr....... housе I stayеd in is сoming to stay with us.

b) Thе guidеbook .. wе bought еxplainеd еvеrything.

с) Thе сouplе .. housе I bought both workеd in my offiсе.

d) I,d l ikе you to tеl l mе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you wеrе talk ing to.

e) Тhе gir l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rulеr I had borrowеd wantеd it baсk.

f) I сan,t rеmеmbеr .. I lеnt my bikе to.

8) Do you know .. Сathеrinе works for?

3 Deсide whether thе сlausе in itolics is Defining or Non-dеfining. Writе D or Nnеxt to еaсh sentenсe.

a) Thе git| who wаs wаiting was bесoming impatient.

b) Thе room' whiсhwаs епormous, was fillеd with linеs of сhairs.

с) Thе studеnts, who werе lаte, waited in thе playground.

d) Thе food which wаs lefr Was еatеn thе following day.

е) A tall gir|, who wаs weаring а hаt, сame into thе room.

f) Thе dog, which wаs lуing on the sofа, had long pointеd еaгs.

g) Thе train-whiсh leаves аt 8.00 doesn,t stop at Bath.

4 Underline relative pronouns whiсh сan bе left out in thеsе sеntenGеs.

a) Thе book that John was rеading was a bit frightеning.b) Thе tтavel agеnсy whiсh sold mе thе tiсkеt Was nеar my offiсе.с) In thе еnd, our holiday was thе bеst that wе had еver had.d) Thе dеntist who I go to isn,t vеry еxpеnsivе.е) Thе film whiсh Wе sаW last wееk was muсh bеttеr than this onе.f) Thе pеoplе who werе lеaving сouldn,t find thеir сoats.g) Thе gardеn, whiсh wasn,t vеry largе, was full of flowеrs.

101

lNтER]vlЕDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRAстlCЕ

5 Rеwritе еaсh formal sentenсe as an informal one, ending with thе *o.с ф"n.\a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

fl

o\o)

h)

Thеsе arе thе boys with whom I wеnt on holiday. \.,'Тhнp,.g'r'e t.hp...hp.у.l...I..у'lplэl-'.q'у!.!ll!.idg.y..... ............... with.This is thе lеttеr foт whiсh I,vе bееn waiting.

Tim is somеonе to whom I haгdly еvеr writе.

for.

Тhat is thе shop fгom ъ'hiсh Suе bought hет bikе.

from.

That is thе hotеl at $'hiсh I stayed.

at.

to.

Do you know by whom this book was writtеn?

.. . . by?

Ravеnna was thе most intеrеsting town in whiсh wе stayеd.

;;,,;;;";;;;; ;;,;;";;;;;;;;;;;:;;" ,;;;;

in

.. . . . . . . . against.

6 Add a relative pronoun to eaсh sentenсе.

a) Friday was thе last timе I saw Jim....Г.ridgу''.w.q,r...t.hе..Lq{.t...&у!1&..thnt..I..,r'awJiш'..................

b) Thе island wе visitеd Was еxtrеmеly bеautiful.

с) Thе girl I mеt was a friend of Philip,s.

d) Thе mеal wе atе wasn,t vеIy tasty.

е) Gina was thе first pеrson I askеd.

f) Thе book I rеad didn,t еxplain thе problеm.

g) Тhе tеaсhег rvе usually har.е was away ill.

ro2

h) Thе friеnds I mеt last night sеnd you thеiт lovе.

(ombining

5 €ntenсes

Rе|ative сlauseswith an -ing form

Whаt as a reIativepronoun

Explanationsr Look at thеsе short sеntеnсеs.

А bus goes to Саiro. It leаves from herе.A womаn teасhes us musiс. She аlso plауs iп ап orсhеstrсl'We took а roаd. It led to ап апcient temple.We spoke to а womап. She gаvе us dirесtions.

Wе сan сombine thе sеntеnсеs using rеlativе сlausеs.The bus thаt goеs to Саiro leаves from here.The womаn who teасhеs us musiс аlso plауs iп ап orсhestrа.The roаd (thаt) we took led to аn аnсieпt temple.The womаn (thаt) we spokе to gаve us directioпs.

r Notе that artiсlеs oftеn сhangе (е.8. from а/аn to thе) whеn sеntеnсеs arесombinеd.

A girl,s ссlsе-wсts stolen' Shе went to the poliсe stсltioп.The girl whose саSe wаS stoleп went to thе poliсе stаtioп.

A doсtor treаted me. She told me пot to worrу.The doсtor who treаted me told me пot to worrу.

I spoke to а doсtor. Shе told me пot to worry.The doсtor I spokе to told me not to worry.

r Notе this сommon еIrOr: .Whеn wе сombinе sеntеnсеs wе do not lеpеat thе subjесt by adding anothеrpronoun (The bus ... it).

Thе rеlativе сlausе oftеn has a сontinuous vеrb form:Сап аlI the studeпts who аre leаving tomorrow give bасk their books?I sent а саrd to thе girl who-wаs living асross the street.

In this сasе Wе сan lеavе out both thе rеlativе plonoun and thе уe'Jrl bе.Саn аIl the studeпts leаving tomorrow givе bасk thеir books?I seпt а саrd to the girl living асross the street.

We сan usе the rеlativе pronoun whаt to rnеaл the thiпg(s) thсlt.We didп,t uпdеrstапd whаt she sаid.Whаt I wсlпt now is а сup of tеа.

(= thе things that shе said)(= thе thing that I \^-ant)

103

lNтERпnЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRACтIсE

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)

Undеrline thе сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсe. \

a) Thе ttain whiсhhуho goes to Bfghton lеaves from hеrе.b) Thаt/Whaf I like bеst is an aftеrnoon at thе beaсh.с) I didn,t know who/ъ,hiсh to ask about my timеtablе.d) Thе pеоplе whiсh7\vhose luggagе was lost had to wait a long timе.е) Whеrе,s thе rulег vуhose/thаt I left on this desk?f) Thе shop whаt/thсt I wеnt to didn,t havе any milk.

B) Oo you know whom/whose bag this is?h) Еvеryone ц,ho/.which was thеrе will геmеmbеr thе day forеvеr.i) Thе sесond bls, ulhiсh/ъ,hosе was full, didn,t stop eithеr.

i) Jim was hеlpеd by someonе who/-whom told him thе answеr.

Some sentenсes have a word whiсh should not be thеre. Write thе word in thespaсe. lf the sentenсе is сorreсt put a tiсk (/).

ti

vеry angry. .'.r.L.w.

Thе train whiсh it goеs to London lеavеs from here.Thе poliсеwoman who shе stoppеd me askеd mе my namе.Тhе Еiffеl Towеr, whiсh it Was finishеd in 1889, is madе of iron.Еvеryonе that Еlеna spokе to advisеd her to try again.Thе сhildтеn that they livе nеxt door aIе my friеnds.

Thе man whose his сar had bееn damaged wasThat was thе longеst film I,vе еvеr seеn.

2

3 Rewrite eaсh pair of sentenсes as one sentеnсе, and inсlude the word in bold.Begin as shown, and make any neсessary сhanges.

a) We want to visit a musеum. It opеns at 1.2'oo.

that

Tt,е ..'!!0!|{.%lk..th+.t..уJ.9.'уу.g.цt...tp'..Yн'it..!P9у'у..'4t...!Ъ'.QQ.....................b) A boy,s bikе was takеn. Hе visitеd thе poliсе station.

whosе

Thе . . . . . . . . . . .

с) A friеnd mеt ше at thе airport. Hе сaтriеd my suitсasе.

whо

Тhе . . . . . . . . . . . .

d) Тom сookеd a mеal. It was dеliсious.

that

Thе.. . . . . . . . . .

е) A friеnd is staying with me. Shе сomes from Paris.

who

Thе.. . . . . . . . . . .

104

4

GRAt| i|AR 26 REtAтlvЕ сtAUsЕs 2

0 I found a man,s wallеt. Hе gave mе a rеwaтd.

whose

The

g) I go to a shop in thе сеntrе. It is сhеapет.

that

Thе

h) I wеnt to a girl,s party. Shе phonеd mе.

whosе

Thе

i) I know somеonе. This pеrson likеs you.

who

I

Put one word in еaсh spaсе, or tiсk (/) the spaсе if the sеntenсe is сorrесt.

a) Wе sеnt a prеsеnt to thе сhildrеn .........{.'........ living nеxt door.b) Мikе doеsn,t rеally know .. hе wants.

с) I startеd talking to somе boys .......... sitting by thе sidе of thе road.

d) I askеd Мary ......... shе was thinking, but shе wouldn,t tеll mе.

е) Thеrе werе lots of pеoplе at thе palty ......... wе wеnt to.

f) I don,t rеally know .. you,rе talking about.g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wе nееd now is a map and a сompass.

h) Wе saw two rabbits .. playing in thе gardеn.

105

*L

Yеs/No questions

Wh- quеst ions

Question words as

thе subjeсt

|\.ltсlt do саts есlt?

|\-llo еаts sеt.tfood?

(,сats, is thе subjесt)(,who, is thе subjесt,,sеafood, is thе objесt)

ExplanationsQuеstions with thе ans\\-ег |'еS ot |1o arе formеd with an auxiliary vеrb +

subjесt + rnain r'еrb. Тhе auхiliarу сan bе do, be, hауe ot a modal ver|э |ikе сап,

will еtc.

Prеsеnt simplе Dо уotl live ilt Prаgttе? |Pтеsеnt сontinuous Аrе уott sittiпg сotпfortаblу? lPrеsеnt pеrfесt Hоve уou evеr еаten oсtoptts?

Past simplе Did уou phonе Sttе?

Past сontinuous Were уou hаving а bаth?

Past pеrfесt Hаd уou аlreаdу left?

ссtlt/сottld Саn уou swim? Сould уou seе?

ttlttst,Цlсtltе to ЬIust уou go? Do уou hоve to go?

Wе сan also makе a quеstion with a quеstion wotd: whаt, why, wheп, who, whosе,

whiсh and holry. Аftеr thе quеstion word wе usе thе samе stluсturе as a Yes/No

quеstion: auxiliary vеrb + subjесt + main vеrb.

Prеsеnt simplе When do you usuаIly leсше?

Prеsеnt сontinuous Whаt аrе уou doiпg?

Prеsеnt pеrfесt |Лrhу hаvе уou stopped?

Past simplе How did уou feel?Past сontinuous Where were you living?

Past pеrfесt Who hаd уou told?

саn/сould Whаt ссtп I do? Where сould hе go?

must/hаve to Whаt must I do? Whаt do I hауе to do?

Somеtimеs thе quеstion word is thе subjесt of thе sеntеnсе. In this сasе wе do

not usе do/does/did'

Who did уou meеt iп Епglоtld? (,vou, is thе subjесt)

Who met уoLl аt thе аirport? (,rvho, is thе subiесt,.r,ou, is thе obiесt)

106

Hе9ative

qшestions

Shoгt аnswеrs

GRAмi|AR 27 QUЕsтIoNs 1

A positivе quеstion сould havе a уeS ot иo answеr.Do you like dogs?) Yеs, I do' / No, I don,t'

We usе nеgativе quеstions whеn wе еxpесt thе answеr lt'ill bе llо. In soсialsituations this makеs it easiеr for the othеr pеrson tо rеplv politеlv. Сomparе:

Do уou like Mехiсап food?) No, пot reаllу (thе answеr sееms vеry strong)Don't vou like Meхiсаn food?) No, not reаIIу' (thе samе answеr Sееms morе politе)

To makе a short answеr Wе lеpеat thе auxiliary vеrb.

Do you speаk Frenсh? Yes, I do.Hаve you seen this ftIm? No, I hаveп,t.Did you stау loпg? No, I didn,t.Will уou be lаte? No, I woп,t.Hаvе you got а peп? Yes, I hаve.Cаn уou drive? No, I саn,t.

IО7

!NтERмЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAст!сE

Writе a question for еaсh answer.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

|{hд.t...t.iуlш..dp..Ypц...w.цл.L!у.g.e..t..*p'?.Gеt up? At about 7.З0 usually.

I was rеading Wаr апd Peасe.

I wеnt thеrе to buy somе food.

So far I,vе only еatеn brеakfEst.

Now you havе to put it in tfiе

ovеnl l

Yеstеrday? I fеlt absolutеly {wful.I,m washing my hair. I сan,t

talk, sorry.

Bесausе I havеn,t paid thе

еlесtriсity bil1!

My bikе? I lеft it at sсhool.

Мy party? All my friеnds arе

сoming.

A family of thrее livеs nеxt door.

I play with my littlе brothеr.

Мrs Dawson tеaсhеs mе maths.

I usually еat a sandwiсh for lunсh.

Horror films frighten mе.

I talk most to my friеnd Dina.

I sit nеxt to Maria in Еnglish.

Мusiс hеlps mе study.

ъt

2

Writе a short answеr for eaсh quеstion, beginning as shown.

a) Havе vou bееn il l long?

b) Arе vou rтaiting for rnе?

с) Did \,ou go to thе сinеma?

d) \Vil l r.ou bе hеrе tomorгoи'?

е) Did r'ou har.е to pav a lot?

fl Сan уou hеlp mе with this problеm?

8) po yоu know lr'hеrе thе thеatrе is?

h) Is Gеorgе going to bе thеrе?

I hаvevъtNo,

Yеs,

Yеs,

Yеs,

No,

No,

Yеs,

No,

108

D-.

)d.

rst.

lе

rfц].

lrcог.

hs.

unсh.

l-

Тag questions:form

Тag quеstions: use

Prеsеnt simplеPrеsеnt сontinuousPrеsеnt pеrfесtPast simplеPast сontinuousPast pеrfесtсаnсouldshould

Explanationsr A tag quеstion is a short phrasе at thе €ПC rrj ] stаtепlеnt that turns it into a

quеstion. Tag quеstions arе formеd usiпg зuх1.iз11еs,.iо. l 'е' l lаt,е or a modal).A positive statеmеnt has a nеgati\-е ta.q. аrс r.:се-r.еise'

You speаk Frenсh, doп,t уou?You doп,t speоk Frenсh, do уotl?

r Hеrе aIе somе еxamplеs of tag quеstiоrrs s1 :,l".-.:{ d:ffеrеnt r.етb fотms and amixturе of positivе and nеgativе ta.чs.

].liqLLlL !цi

You dotl,t kl lоrr г l;; . i l : i . .1 .r dо tоц?

Wе,re аjol ' i , i{ . lr ir- i j i . . | ' .7rеп,t $e?

Hе,s moуеd l lоttst- ltаstt.t l tе?

You didп,t tеIl l t ir ' с l iс l lou?

I wаsп,t drit'itt"1 {z.;: rl rrs 1.'

Shе hаdl l ,t tt lеt i i l l l : [ i-":,.. hаd shе?

Thеу ссtt l ,t L,е ltсr. . ':: саtt t ltr l ?

You сott ldl l ,Г '-gl l . l ,:. ' i i : .;,: ' i ссшld t otl?

You shouldtt,Г ./г r l; ' l i s ltoulсI lou?

r Nеgativе tags: if Wе usе a nеgati\tе tag'.\е .\:-.: . i .е з: l:. ' l . t l lт i l i bе r 'cs.

А:You speаk Freпсh, don,t уou?B:Yes, thаt,S right, I do'

Thе intonation on thе tag сan еithеr risе -: :;.-:_ if it risеs thеn it is a rеal quеstiоn _ thе s:'еlsе: tS :.l,эt surе and nееds

information. Тhе othеr pеIson rтil] с..l:.:...с s:еакing аttеrrтards.А:You speаk Freпсh, don,t уott?B:Yеs,thаt,srфt, Ido. I leапrc,, l l t/ l i i ' ; ' I . . j . , : . i l l ; Fr ' l t tсеt+, l tе l tIwаsаstudent.

_ if it falls thеn it is iust a quеstion ft.: С.];]]::::3tion _ thе first spеakеrWants to сhесk information and lгi l l с,:,:t:nuе spеaking aftеrwards.А:You speаk Freпсh, doп't уottB:Yes, thаt,s right, I do.

А:Good, beсаusе wе need Soltlеotlе r'.l гr.;l;s/.lt. this emаil whiсh we,ve iustrесeived.

r Positivе tags: if Wе uSе a pоsitir-е ta.q \tе е\pесt thе answеr wi||beno.А:You doп,t speаk FrепсLt, do l,ott?B: No, sorry, I doп,t'

Thе intonation сan risе or fall just l ikе rтith a nеgativе tag.

109

lNтERмЕDIAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

Problems with

tags

Reply questions

lndireсt quest ions

r Thе tag for I оm is аrеп,t. Тhе tag for let,s is shаll.

I,m а fool, аren,t I?Lеt,s go to the сinemсl, shаll we?

l Aftеr an impеrativе wе usе wil/ уou? or won,t уou?Sit down, will уou? Sit dowп, won,t уou?

Thе imoerativе with bе a|so usеs wil/ ot won,t.

Be quiеt, will уou? Bе quiet,-won,t уou? This is ап ordеr!

Thе impеratir.е rvith ltсп,е a|so usеs tvill or woп,t'

Hаvе сl sевt' v,on,t уou?

Wе сan usе a shoгt quеstion to rеplу to what somеonе says. Wе do this to shoи-

intеrеst, surprisе or unсеrtainty. The mеaning is likе ReаlIу? or Is thаt true?

I'l,е ttеуеr еаtеп spаghetti.

) Hаveп,t уou? 1surprisе)

Wе,re lеаviпg аt 6'00.

) Are we? (not surе)

Thе rеply quеstion usеs an auхiliary vеrb likе a tag quеstion, but thеrе is no

сhangе of positivе to nеgativе.

r Wе сan bе morе politе by bеginning a quеstion with a short phrasе likе:

Сould уou tell me '.. ? Do you know ... ?

r Thе word ordеr of an indirесt quеstion is likе a statеmеnt, not likе a dirесt

quеstion.dirесt: Whеre is the post office?

indirесt: Сould you tеll me where the post offiсe is? (NoT $fu+ibt]*pe'+

ф)dirесt: Wheп does the ftlm stаrt?

indirесt Do you kпow wheп the film stаrts? (NoТ фl

l Yes/|'{o quеstiоns usе ifdirесt: Is this the right street?indirесt: Do уou kпow if this is thе right strееt?

110

This unit also inсludеs furthеr praсtiсе for Gтammar 27 '

Add a short answer to eaсh sеntenсе.

a) Havе you еvеr bееn to Brazi|?

b) Do you likе sausagеs?

с) Arе you сoming to thе matсh tomorrow?

d) Did Hеlеn phonе you today?

е) Has Jaсk donе his homеwork?

0 Сan Robеrt and Suе skatе?

g) Will you bе latе?

h) Has Juliе got a brothеr?

i) Is that your housе?

i) Did Janе givе you that book?

Add a reply quеstion to еaсh sentenсе.

a) Wе,vе got a tеSt tomorrow.

b) I don,t undеrstand this sеntеnсе.

с) Fiona phonеd me last night.

d) I don,t likе iсе-сrеam.

е) Tom is lеaving tomorrow.

f) Thеrе,s a poliсeman аt thе door.

g) Lisa has iust had a baby.

h) I havеn,t еatеn Сhinеsе food.

i) Тhеrе isn,t any milk in thе fridgе.

i) I mеt David in Franсе.

Add a tag question to eaсh sentenсе., .

Wе'rе nеarly there, ...I.Г9.!!.|..W 9.... lYou havеn,t got a SpaIе P €П, . . . . . . . . . . .

Yоu,tе сoming to my party, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?You won,t bе latе, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ?

Harry,s f i f tееn, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Katе and Pat l ive in Lееds, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

GRAпnпnAR 28 QUEsтIoNs 2

...I,.hду'eit

....Н.qу.e.'w.p...................... ??

?7

??

??

No,

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)h)

i)

l)

111

5

I

I

{|Ж

INтERмEDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRAстlсЕ

4 Make a new sentenсе with a tag question whiсh has the samе meaning as thefirst sеntenсe, beginning аs shown. Make any neсessary сhanges.

a) I,m surе that Paul doеsn,t like football.

b) I,m сhесking that you,vе got a sistеr.

You

с) I don,t think thаt you,vе donе yоur homework!

You

d) l,m angry thаt you sаt nеxt to Еllеn!

You

е) I,m surpгisеd that thе guеsts havе aтrivеd.

Тhе guеsts

0 I,m сhесking that yоur namе is John.Your namе

8) I'm surprisеd to mееt you and think that your namе might bе John.Your namе

h) You,rе сеrtain that you didn,t lеavе your wallеt on thе dеsk.

I

i) You,rе surprisеd that William has got marriеd.

William

j) You,rе сhесking that this book is by Мaтtin Aimlеss.

This book

Underline the best sеntеnсe in eaсh сontеxt.

a) Why did you forgеt your kеys! You arе silly!1 I didn,t tеll you to forgеt thеm, did I?2 I told you not to forgеt thеm. didn,t I?

b) Ugh! I сan,t bеliеvе it! I,m surе thеy must tastе horriblе!1 You likе еating snails, don,t you?2 You don,t likе еating snails, do you?

с) If wе go to Brazil, wе might havе pтoblems with thе languagе.1 You spеak Portuguese' don,t you?2 You don,t spеak Pоrtuguеsе, dо you?

d) I told you to kееp thе paтtУ a sесrеt. It,s supposеd to bе a surprisе for Stеlla.So, I just want to mаkе surе.1 You didn,t tеll hеr, did you?2 You told hег, didn,t you?

Т12

GRAtl i iAR 28 QUEsтloNs

е) Well, Mr Robinson, I think it,s timе you tоld thе poliсе thе trrrth. You sее,wе,vе found your fingеrprints on thе murdеr wеapon.1 You didn,t murdеr Lord Chumlеy, did you?2 Yott murdеrеd Lord Chumlеy, didn,t you?

0 only two minutеs to the еnd of thе matсh and Unitеd aге still 5_1 in thеlеad. lt looks сеrtain now.1 Unitеd arеn,t going to win, aге thеy?2 Unitеd arе going to win, arеn,t thеy?

g) I havеn,t sее Ann for agеs. Shе,s working abroad I think.1 Shе,s got a job in Franсе, hasn,t shе?2 Shе hasn,t got a job in Franсе, has shе?

h) I just сan,t answer this quеstion. It would bе niсе to havе somе hеlp.1 You сould hеlp mе, сouldn,t you?2 Yol; сouldn,t hеlp me, сould you?

Rewrite eaсh question, beginning as shown. Do not сhange the meaning.

a) What,s thе timе?

Сould you tеll ^"

...W lvlt..th..,t.уue-.H.?..'....'....'b) What dоеs this mеan?

Do you know .. . . . . . . .

с) How muсh does this сost?

Сould you tel l mе ' . . . . . . . . . . .d) What timе doеs thе musеum opеn?

Do you know .. . . . . . . .

е) Am I in thе right sеat?

Сould you tеl l mе .. . . . . . . . . . .

f) Whеrе,s Ashаm Strееt?

Do you know .. . . . . . . .

g) Is this Тrafalgar Squarе?

Could you tel l mе .. . . . . . . . . . .

h) Whеn doеs this bus lеavе?

Do you know .. . . . . . . .

l

lI

6

113

I

Introduсing nеw

information

Referring baсk

Rеferring to a

plaсe

it's and ifs

thеу,rе and thеir

r Wе сan also usе ir toa:-^- l^-,- l^rтImе5' oa\-s ' oatеS:

thе rr'еathеr:

opinions:

adjесtivеs:

It looks likе:

Explanationsr Wе oftеn usе thеre to introduсе nеw information. Typiсal struсturеs arе:

somеthing еХists: Thеre аre mаnу possibilitiеs.somеthing happеns: There,s а footbаll mаtсh everу Sаturdау.numbег or amount: There аre twelve students iп this сlаss.modals: Thеre сould/mау/shouldn,t bе а problеm.

Tlrcrе sееttts/сlРРеаrs to be: There seems/аppeаrs to be а mistаke.

It seеms/аppeаrs:

introduсе nеw information. Typiсal stluсturеs arе:It,s onе o,сloсk' It,s Tuesdаy.It,s rаiniпg. It rаiпеd аll пight.It wаs а diffiсult сhoiсe.It,s strаnge thаt we,vе пеvеr spokeп bеforе,It looks like the suп is goiпg to сome out thisаftеrпooп.It seеms/аppeаrs (thаt) our nеw teасher is |аne.

l Notе thеsе struсturеs with look, seem and аppeаr. Look is usually followеd byаs if + subjесt + vеrb, ot bу likе + noun phrasе.

It looks аs if Саrol hаs woп. She looks like а rеаI сhаmpioп.Seem and аppеаr arе followеd bу (thаt) + subjесt + vеrb.

It seems (thаt) the Brсlziliаns аre going to wiп.It аppeаrs (thоt) one of thе сustomеrs саllеd thе poliсe.

If rеfеrs baсk tо somеthing alrеady mеntionеd.There is а shop аt the eпd of thе street. It is open еvery dау.

Notiсе in this еxamplе how thе nеw information is introduсеd with thеrе.

Thеre сaл rеfеr to a plaсе.А fаmous writеr used to liуе therc'Who is thсlt ovеr therе?

If,s is a сontraсtion of it is or it hаs' 1rs is thе possеssivе form of if.I Iikе tllis llotеI. It,s (= it is) сotnfortаblе апd its restаurаnt is good.It,s \= it has) lot a lo\,el!, slt'imпiпg-pool, too'

Thа''rе is a сontгaсtion of tllq, аrе. Тhеir is thе possеssivе form of theу..\сllо' сltld Dolttiliquе llаt,e аrтived. Theу,re both weоriпg the sаme dress!Аsk tllеltt to lеаl,e their сoаts iп the hаll.

174

1

GRAluпnAR 29 ,Т AND т,|ERE

Undеrline thе сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсe.

a) Arе thеir/thеtr any еggs in thе fridgе?

b) It,s/Its rеally сold this morning.с) Petеr saуs they,re/there arriviлg at about 5.00.

d) I likе this bikе btlt its/it,s whееls arе too small.

е) |s there/theу,re anуbodу their/therе?f) It,s/Its a pity wе missed thе opеning of thе film.g) Patriсk and Bridgеt havе sold thеir/theу,re housе.

h) What a lovеly dog. What,s it,s/its name?

Put it or thеrе in eaсh spaсe.

т-L

a) . . . ! .I(у.o:?.. . . iS a trее in thе gardеn. , , . !: . . . ' ' . . . . is an applе trее.

b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . looks as i f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is going to ra in.

с) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is strangе that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arе no Iеstaurants in this town.

d) .Who,s that at thе door?, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is only mel,

е) ,Whiсh housе is yours?, ,..'............. is thе onе at thе еnd of thе strееt.,

0 sееms to bе somеthing undеr thе сupboard, but what is

g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . appеars that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Was nobody whеn I phonеd.

3 Rewrite eaсh sentenсе, ending as shown, so that it has a similar meaning to the

first sentenсe, and so that it сontains it or therе.

a) Nеаr thе hotеl is a small rеstaurant..|here ts а sуиаLl raЁацrаntb) You Wеnt to Thailand for your holiday too, whiсh is strangе.

for your holiday too.

с) Мy road has a big trее at thе еnd of it.

d) Brian sееms to havе lеft.

road.

has lеft.

todar-.

tо Budapеst'

toгсh.

lost againl

115

е) Today is rеally сold!

f) Budapеst is a long way from hеrе.

g) Your torсh hasn,t got any battеriеs in it.

2

nеar thе hotеl.

to Thailand

h) Wе appеar to bе lost again!

in, inside, out,

outside

Expressions with

in

Expressions withon

сountriеsсitiеsstrееtsroads

transport.сhair '

, tе1еr- is ion,

, lтal l ,

in i i l г iрq

. lрft ,/ ,т ioht '

,s idе,

.pavеmеnt,

Еxplanationsr 1n dеsсribеs somеthing сontainеd by somеthing еlsе.

Therе аrе sottlе сllps iп tltсlt сцpboаrd.Insidе has thе samе mеaning but is usеd foг еmphasis.

Lttсkill, tltеrе у,t.ts ttobod1' itlside the burпiпg housе.

l Оцt mеans,arr.ar- from thе ins idе'and also.not in thе plaсе whеre you

usual lv аrе,.

Сlosе tltе dоor ott t,our w,сtу out'I,ttt sorтl', Kаtе,s ttot hеrе right пow. Shе,s out. (= shе,s not at homе)

ОtLtsidе mеans ,out of a partiсulaг room or building' but sti l l nеar it,.

Kаtе,s outside iп the gаrdeп' I,Il just саlI hеr.

Тhеrе arе Inany еХprеssions wtth iп. This is a sеlесtion. Notе that somеtimеs thе

dеfinitе artiсlе fЙe is not usеd.

Mу pаreпts аrе iп Саnаdа аt the momeпt. (no artiсlе)Mу sister liуes in Mаdrid. (no artiсIе)

[асk livеs in Gаrden Aveпuе. (no artiсlе)She wаs wаlkiпg in the roаd, not oп the pаvement.

.thе mirror, Тony сould seе his fасе iп the mirror,

.holе/сraсk in, There wаs а hole in mу shoe.

.hand, Еllеп hаd сl buпсh of flowers in oпe hапd.

.armсhair, She sаt iп аn аrmсhаit,.

.thе сountry, Pсlul апd Mоry live iп the сouпtry, not iп the сitу.

hospital Sаllу is iII апd is iп hospitаI. (no artiсlе)prison Keith stole Some monеу апd eпded up iп prisoп. (no artiсlе)

oи dеsсribеs a thing touсhing thе suгfaсе of anothеr thing.

Doп,t leаvе уour bоg on the f7oor.Thеrе,s а photogrаph of Loпdoп oп tl.tе wаll.

Тhеrе arе manY ехDгеssions with oп. Тhls is a sеlесtion.

ЕЦш

d

П

t

t

Тlrcrе *'еrе fa+, pаsseltgеrs oп the plапe/bus/trоiп'SItе sсlt ott а сhсlir.|\.ltаt's on television/the rаdio this evening?

Lеt's ltс-tttg tltis piсfire on thоt wаIl.

Tiltt сttt ltis foot oп a pieсe of glаss.

Tlrcrе's а сitlеltlсl on the left.

Tltеrе оre smаIl hoцses oп this sidе of thе strеet,

Sltе wсls wаlkiпg iп the roаd, not on the pаvemeпt.

116

at, in or to?

Ехprеssions with@t

obovе/bеloщ

avеr/under

nехt to/bеsidе,nеor/bу

.thе bеginning,/,thе еnd,,thе fгont,/,thе baсk,,sсhool,

,homе,

'work'

GRAмtvtAR 3o PLAсE AND Poslт loN

l At and in areboth usеd to dеsсгibе a реrson,s position. Аf shows a gеnеral

loсation at a point or plaсе. In is usеd rгith thе namе of a сontainеr, plасе or

arеa to show that somеonе or somеthing is insidе it. Study thеsе еxamplеs.

We met аt the аirport, ithе plaсе in gеnеral)

Wе met in the аirport buildiпg. rinsidе thе building)

I,l l see you аt the сiпemа. thе plaсе in gеnеrаl)

I,l l see уou in the сinemа. iпsldе thе building)

We аrrivеd аt Prаgue Airport. tlrе ptrасеi

We аrrivеd in Prague. ihе сitl'

l Тo is usеd with vеrbs of mоtion.

Lаst пight we.went to the сinemа.

Сould you tаke this letter to thе post сlfil-;г"7

I seпt a pаrсel to mу sister.

Thеrе arе many еxprеssions with сf. This is а sеlеL.-iiо]] a:r.l notе thаt somеtimеs

thе dеfinitе artiсlе fhe is not usеd.

l Abovehelow mеan.highеr/lowеr than'. Тhеr.саг'зе usеd rгithоut an objесt.

You сап see the top of the tower аboуe thе trееs"

From thе mountаin, I сould seе tltе Iаkе bеlotl "

Оvеr/under mеan,dirесtly abovе/bеlorr.'. Тhеl.- L'':'tLl

The аIien spасeship hovered over the buildiпg"

I kеep my suitсаse uпder mу bеd.

s Оver сan also bе usеd likе ,aсross, oг .соr-ег[пs .

There is а footbridge over the motonуа|.

Therе wаs а plastiс sheet over thе ltolе ill Гlт;. rогt.

l Neхtto andbesidе mеan,еxaсtly at thе sidе оf'. Bеsiсlе сan bе morе formаl.Mаriа sits пeхt to Pаulа'Сomе аnd sit beside Шrc on thе softl.

l Neаr mеans ,сlosе to,. By mеan .at thе sidе of . and is oftеn usеd indеsсriptions of rooms.

Tom,s house is nеаr the sports се|ltrе.There wаs а tаble bу the witldolt'. Hе l+,аs stсltldiпg by the door.We hаd а holidау пeаr thе seа. (сlosе to thе sеa - a few kilomеtrеs away)

l opposite mеans .еxaсtly on thе othеr sidе of, a spaсе.There is а bаker,s opposite our housе'

There,s сt Сt-tfё аt the old t*':tl,lе strееt,

Do уott sit сlt tllе fтaпt ,:r аt the bасk of the сIаss?

|ohп istt't сlt sсl.tоol' (no aгtiсlе)

Hе,s сlt ltotttе. (no artiсlе)

Мr Kittg rr.z.sl i Г сt rrоrk if-i i.r. l.?l . {no altiсlе)

пееc an obiесt.

(= aсross)(= сovеring)

oppositе

t1.7

r

ll

lNтERш|ЕDlAтE LANGuAGЕ PRAстlCЕ

1 Underline the сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсe.

a) Theгe's a small shop at/by thе еnd of thе road.Lr) Paula was standing oп/with onе foot.с) Lauтa has movеd аt/to Barcе|oлa.d) Don,t wa|k аt/in thе road! It,s dangеrousle) From thе planе wе сould sее thе mountains below/under.f) Brian spеnt his holiday аt/iп Hungary.g) Whеn thе horsе сamе to a small Stlеam it jumpеd аboуe/oуer it.

h) Julia,s housе is аt/oп thе othеr sidе of thе strееt.

D Lisa сut hеr foot аt/oп somе brokеn glass.j) Tim was sitting iп/oп an armсhair.

lf thе word undеrlinеd is not аppropriate, writе a new word in the spaсe. тiсk (/)

the spaсе if the word is сorreсt.

a) Janе,s sistеr has a iob at Мanсhеstеr Airport.

b) I mеt David yеstеrday ф thе сity сеntrе.

с) Еllеn had a largе holе at hеr lеft boot.

d) Jaсk sits in thе baсk of thе сlass.

е) Thеrе was a small tablе at thе bеd.

f) Thе robbеr was holding a gun in onе hand.

g) Thеrе was a bеautiful portrait hanging at thе wall.

h) William didn,t fееl wеll and his doсtor sеnt him to hospital.

i) Thе сhildrеn usually sit at thе baсk sеat of thе сar.

j) To rеaсh our villagе wе takе a road abovе thе mountains.

3 Complеte eaсh sentеnсe with one suitab|е prеposition.

a) Мaria tivеs ...ilt.. Bеllingham Road.

b) Can you put thе platеs baсk .......... thе shеlf plеasе?

с) Plеasе don't stand .. your dеsks!

d) I,d rеally likе to livе .. thе сountry.

е) Go down this strееt, and you,ll sее thе сinеma .. thе right.

f) Тhе poliсе sеarсhеd thе building but thеrе Was no onе ............

g) I rnеt Anna ......... thе bus yеstеrday.

h) Soгry, Gеoгgе isn,t hете at thе momеnt. Hе,s ...........

i) Aliсе wants to know what's .. tеlеvision this еvеning.

i) Just as Tom aгтivеd .. thе bus stop, the bus lеft.

2

118

4

GRAi ' l l t tAR 3O PLAсЕ AND Poslт loN

CompIеtе eaсh sеntenсe with one suitable prеPosition.

Thе statuе was holding a sword .. 'Lw. ' ' , , . ' ' , , . ' . . onе hand.

What,s on .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе сinеma this wееk?

Whеn I look .. thе mirror, I don,t rесognizе m}.sеlfl

What havе you got .. your bag?

Pеtе fоund somеonе,s wallеt .. thе pavеmеnt.

My family movеd from thе сountry .. thе сity.

You,vе got a small hole ........... your pullovеr.

Thе burglar сlimbеd .. thе fеnсе and into thе gardеn.

UnderIine the сorrесt word or phrasе in еaсh sеntenсе.

a) Karеn is living аt/fuLondon Strееt.

b) Мaggiе sits bу/nехt fo Sally in thе physiсs сlass.

с) I want to sеnd this lеttеr аt/to Btazil'.

d) Whеn I opеnеd thе box, thеrе was nothing in/iпside.

е) Еxaсtly bу/opposite thе сinеma, thеrе,s a rеally good rеstaurant.

f) Wе had a holiday in a small villagе bу/пeаr Montе Сarlo.

g) Paula lay down аt/oп the floor to do hег еxеrсisеs.

h) Wе had a lovеly mеal in/oп thе planе.

Complete eaсh sentenсе with one suitabIe preposition.

Byе for now. I,l l sее you .,'4t.............. sсhool tomorrow.

Wе put a blankеt .. thе injurеd man to kееp him warm.

It's not far. Wе,rе gеtting

Wе found oul сat hiding .. a сar.

Daniеl hung his сoat ........... thе baсk of a сhаir.

I dесidеd to go to thе shops .. my bikе.

What timе is thе nеws .. thе radio?

I dесidеd to visit my grandmothеr .'....... hospital.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

08)h)

::l

5

6

a)

b)

d)

е)

\)

су\o,

h)

t79

..-d

Underlinе the соrreсt word or phrase in eaсh sentеnсe.

а) Wе aттivеd еarly, sо thсlt tvе/!17-9цlg1_to gеt tiсkеts.

b) It wаs too/eпough long tо wait, so Wе Wеrrt homе.

с) Tim and Неlеn havе arгivеd, and theу,re/there waiting outsidе.

d) Thе boу whiсh/wltose bikе I borrowеd had forgotten about it.

е) Wе wеnt to thе bеaсh for/so thаt a swim.

f) Ann fеlt lonеlv beсаusе/so no onе had invitеd hет to thе party.

g) Despitе/АItllougll I fеlt tirеd, I workеd until latе.

h) Wе spеnt a lovеly holiday in/into thе сountry.

i) Yеstеrdaу was so/suсh сold that I stayеd at hornе.j) Hoтvevеr/h spitе of the rain, wе wеnt for a walk.

2 For eaсh question, сomplete thе sесond sentenсe so that it mеans the samе asthe first, using no more than three words.

Although it was latе, wе dесidеd to go foт a walk.

It was tate ....h4L..уlg...d.*.цded......... to go for a walk.

John is somеone with whom I usеd to work.

John is Somеone I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with.

Thе еxarn Was so diffiсult that I сouldn,t finish it.

It was .... diffiсult еxam that I сouldn,t finish it.

Although it was raining, wе workеd in thе gardеn.

Dеspitе .... , We workеd in thе gardеn.

Lеt,s spеnd thе aftеrnoon at thе bеaсh.

How .......... thе аftеrnоon at thе bеaсh?

Ann,s housе has got four largе bеdrooms.

.... four largе bеdrooms in Ann,s housе.

We might fееl hungry, so wе,ll takе somе sandwiсhеs.

Wе,ll takе sоmе sandwiсhеs so that wе .... hungry.

h) Тhе сat hasn,t сomе homе, whiсh is strangе.

;";;;:;;;; ;;;;.;; ;; ;".*:'::;сat

hasn,t сomе homе.

Нaтrv hasn,t got .......... to go on holiday.

Whеrе,s thе National Мusеum?

Would .... tеll ing mе whеrе thе National Мusеum

a)

b)

с)

d)

e)

fl

с')o/

r)

l)

tzo

GRAммAR 31 сoNsoLlDAтIoN 3

3 Deсidе whiсh answеr (A, B, с or D) best fits eaсh spaсе.

A саse of mistаken ideпtiф

Whеn Diana got off thе train, (\) ',.,0..... Was a Woman rтalting for hеr

(2) ' . ' . , , . . . ' . thе platform.,(3) . . . . . . . . . . . ?, shе askеd.,(4). . . . . . . . . . .a сaг l ta i t ing for

you (5) ., Diana Was not vеry surprisеd, (6) shе thоught thаt hеr

aunt must havе bееn (7) . . . . . . . . . . ' busy tо mееt hеr (8) . . . . . . . . . . thе Stat ion.

(9) . . . . . . . . . . . shе did not rесognizе thе Woman, (10) . . . . . . . . . . . was drеssеd r.еlr '

formal ly, and had a smal l br iеfсasе (11) . . . . . ' . . . . .hеr arm, shе was (|2l ' . ' ' ' , . ' ' ' .

tirеd aftеr thе journеy that shе was happy to 8еt (13) ........... thе сar. Тhе

Woman, (14) ........... , just said a fеw words to thе drivеr, and thеn walkеd arтar-.

Diana wоndеrеd (15) ........... shе was. .It,s strangе that shе didn,t еvеn introduсе

hеrsеlf,, shе thought.

1) A who2) A bеlowЗ) A You Diana,

arе you4) A Thеrе's5) A out6) Aso7) Aso8) Aat9) A Howеvеr

10) A shе11) A at1z)

^еnough13) A with14) A howеvеr15) A whеthеr

B thеrеBtoB You,rе Diana,

isn't itB ThеirsBinB dеspitеB tooBtoB SinсеB whoBinBsoBbyB dеspitеB thеrе

D AlthoughD whosеDbvD vеryD intoD in spitе otD hoи'еr.еr

С whosеСonС Arе you Diana D You arеn,t

DianaС Its D lt,sС insidе D outsidеCtoo DasС еnough D vеryСin DforС In spitе ofС andC undеrС tоoCatС althoughС who

DitDin

4 Complеte eaсh sеntenсе with onе suitable prеposition.

Thеrе was anothеr Woman (a) ...9.k..,.......... thе bus, and Katе sat

(b) . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hеr and startеd сhatt ing. Shе said shе was going

(с) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forbеs Road too. ,I ,vе got an intеrviеw (d) . . . . ' . . . ' ' a plaсе

сal lеd Мurсott Housе,,said Katе. ,Is i t (е) . . thе bus stО!] i t s not

far ' I t ,s (0.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе r ight (g) . . thе еnd оf thе st:ееt ' ' thе

Woman rеpliеd. ,In faсt, Il ivе (h) .. . Whеn ] 1ооk .эu: Оr Il-t\-

windoщ I сan sее pеoplе working ( i) . . . . . . . . . . . \\ 'hеn t:е l- аrr i l -еd

(j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе stop, thеy got off and walkеd uр thе strееt togеthеr.

rz7

lNтERlv lЕDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRA(тlсE

What would you say in thesе situations?

a) You Warrt to know if Andrеw hаs еvеr bееn to Amеriсa. Ask him.

b) You Want to know if Andrеw has еvеr bееn tо Amеriсa. Ask Amanda.

l-{аs Аn.drew evor beе.w ta АуиerLcа?с) You Want to know if Rita likеs rap musiс. Ask Isabеl.

d) You Want to know if Rita likеs rap musiс. Ask hеr.

е) You Want to know if Nigеl еnjoyеd thе film. Ask him.

0 You want to know if Nigеl еnjoyеd thе film. Ask Pеtra.

lbu rvаnt to know if Maria is going to London nехt su[rmеr. Ask hеr.

You rvant to know if Мaria is going to London nеxt summеr. Ask Patriсia.

Yоu tтаnt to аsk Patriсia if vou сan borrow hеr mobilе phonе. Ask hеr.

You want tо ask Patriсia if shе сould lеnd you hеr mobilе phonе. Ask hеr.

olё|

hr

i)

i )

6 Complete eaсh sеntеnсe, using thе verb givеn whеre neсessary.

a) ,(havе 1ot) '...Y.Q.+.Y93a.t.' '...,, a book, havеn,t you?, .Yеs, thanks.,

b) .Thеy,ll bе baсk by 6.00' ?, .I ехpесt so.,

с) .(go) .... for a rтa1k, sha1l wе? .Good idеa!,

d) ,You (lеavе) .'.. now, arе you? Stay a bit longеr.,,Sorry, I сan,t. I havе to сatсh thе bus.,

е) Jim and Sara havе sееn thе fi1m, .. ?, .YеS, I think so.

0 ,You сan mееt Hеlеn at thе statlon, .... ?' .Yеs, of

сoursе I сan.,

g) ,(bе) .... hеrе yеstеrday, wеrе you?, .No, I wasn,t.,

h) .You don,t happеn to know thе timе, .... ?, ,Sorry, I

don't . '

i) .Both drivеrs Wеrе driving too fast, .... ?' ,Yеs, that,s

right.'

' )

,You (fоrgеt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе mi lk, d id you?, ,No. Hеrе i t is . ,

t22

GRAмlt{AR 31 (oNsoLlDAтloN з

Rewritе eaсh pair of sentеnсes as one sеntenсе. Do not сhangе thе meaning.

a) Suе rеad a book. Shе rеally еnjoyеd it.

whiсh

Suе ...Г9Д,.8(...?!..b.a,ak'.w.Lу,Lсb..'thr"..r9.4.l,LY........ еnjoyеd.b) Somе friеnds visitеd mе. Thеy brought rnе a prеsеnt.

who

Thе friеnds prеSеnt.

I stayеd in a hotеl. It was сhеapеr than this onе.

that

Thе hotеl this оnе.

I borrowеd a friеnd,s bikе. Hе wantеd it baсk.

whоsе

Тhе . . . . . . . . . . . . . baсk.

I saw thе vasе in thе shop. I wantеd to buy it'

that

I wantеd .. . . . shop.

A girl sings in thе group. Shе,s got grееn hair.

who

Thе girl grееn hair.

I mеt a girl. Неr brothеr is in rny сlass.

whоsе

. сlass.

Wе,rе taking thе train. It lеаvеs at 4'З0.

that

Thе train . at 4.ЗО.

A man knoсkеd at thе door. Hе was sеlling brushеs.

who

Thе man brushеs.

I saw a film with Lukе. It was intеrеsting.

whiсh

Тhе film intеrеsting.

с)

d)

е)

ol6/

h)

j)

|2З

lNтERrиЕDlAтЕ tANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

8 Look сarefully at eaсh line. Somе lines are сOrrесt but some have a word whiсhshould not be thеre. тiсk (/) eaсh сorreсt Iine. lf a line has a word whiсh shouldnot be therе, writе the word in the spaсe.

А cаse of mistоken idеntitу

Aftеr a few rninutеs, thе сaг stoppеd in front of

a largе hotеl. Thе drivег who opеnеd thе door, and

said, .Рlеasе folloъ'mе., Тhеy lt 'еnt up in to a l ift.

Thеn thеrе was a long сorridor with two or thrее

doors. Although it sееmеd stlangе so that thе сar hadn,t

takеn hеr to hеr aunt,s housе, Diana who wasn,t surprisеd.

Hет aunt, rтho shе n'as vеIy riсh, оwnеd sеvеral largе

hotеls, и.hiсh shе oftеn stayеd in thеm. I supposе shе fеlt

so muсh borеd at homе that shе dесided to stay hеrе.,Рlеasе you Wait hеrе, will you?, said thе drivец and

disappеarеd into a room at thе еnd of thе сorridor.

Тhеrе sееmеd to bе a lot of pеoplе that in onе of thе

Iooms. Thеn thе drivеr, who hе hadn,t bееn gonе lоng,

сamе baсk at and askеd Diana to follow him. Thеy wеnt

into a largе room full of pеople, who all startеd сlapping.

Тhеrе was a postеr that it said, .Diana Harris, Supеrmоdеl.',oh dеar,, said Diana, ,I think so thеrе,s bееn a mistakе!,

2...w.hq,3

4

5

6

7

8

9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

11

12

13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." .

t7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Problemсhесk

Chесk thе different usеs of so, too and enough in Grammar 22.When do we usе 50 and such?

Cheсk the diffеrеnсes bеtween olthough, however and dеspitе/in spitе of inGrammar 23.

Can you add any more еxpressions to thе list of funсtions in Gramar 24?How important is the intonatlon of your voiсe in sounding politе?What do you say in similаr situations in your Ianguagе?

Сheсk in Grammar 25 for when you сan leavе out re|ativе pronouns.

Cheсk in Gгammar 29 for the mеaning of thеу,rе, thеir and thеrе.

Chесk in Grammar 30 for thе differenсes betwеen ot' in and to.

rz4

'l

r ld

125

on and qt

: е lat ion to today

:аrts of yesterday,

:эday and:Эmorrow

I a lendar. еferenсes

эr, sinсe and аgo

уestеrdаy morпiпgthis morпiпgtomorrow morпiпg

уestеrdау аftеrпooпthis аfterпooпtomorrow аfterпоoп

lаst пighttoпighttomorrow пig|tt

I stttdiеd Frеttсlt for f l+ o I еаrs

I,ve bееtt 11' .? i r i i ; . . s i t lсе З.З0'

I kl lеlу t|trtt сlgеs t lgo!

Еxplanat ionstin

Yеars

Мonths

Sеasons

Parts of thе day

.oп

Days of thе wееk

Spесial days

lаt

Тimеs of thе day,thе wееkеnd,

Holiday pеriods

Меals

Parts of thе day:

5 Sеptеmbеr thе dау bеforе уеstеrdау6 Sеptеmbеr yеstеrdау7 Sеptеmbеr todау8 Sеptеmbеr tomorrow9 Sеptеmbеt the dау аfter tomorow

iп 1999in |апuаrуin the summeriп thе m orпiп g/ аft еr п o on/ еv епiп g

on Wedпеsdaу, on Fridау morпiпgon mу birthdау, oп Сhristmсls Dоу

аt 4.00, сlt middау, аt midпight

аt the weеkeпd

сlt С hri s tmrls /Е t;t s tеr

аt br e оkfсl s t/luп сh/ diпner.night, аt пight

r In thе UK pеoplе saу thе seуепth of Sеptеmber ot Sеptеmbеr tlrc sц'еlttjl'

Pеoplе wtite 7 Septеmbеr or 7th Sеptеmbеr or Sеptеmbеr 7th.

Full datеs arе writtеn DaylМonthlYeat 7/9/0З.

l In thе US pеoplе saу Sеptеmbеr Sеуerl and writе Septеtпbеr 7.

Full datеs arе writtеn Мonth/DaylYеar: 9/7/0З.

Wе usе for arrd siпсеlуith thе prеsеnt pеrfесt tо talk abol.rt tl l i lе' i ' :еiегs tо а

оеriod of timе aлd sinсe rеfеrs to whеn it startеd.

I,vе livеd hеre for siх уeоrs.I,vе livеd hеrе siпce 2oo1.

Аgo mеans ,bеforе thе prеsеnt,Wе аrriуеd |Ive hours аgo.

I. :

ir&.

lNтERMЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

during or fofl

by or untiP

During and for arе both used to talk about pеriods of time. Duriпg answеrs thеquеstion ,Whеn?,. Лor answеrs thе quеstion ,How long?,.

I didn,t feel nervous during the pеrformапсe.The performаnсe lоsted for forф-f|ve miпutes.

By means .on or bеforе,. Until mеans .up to,.We,ll be there bу 6,oo.I wаitеd for Аleх uпtil 6.oo, аnd then I lеft'Pleаse give me уour homеwork bу Frtdау.I,ll be аwаy uпtil Fridау.

(pеrhaps еarliеr)(all thе timе up to 6.00)(Thursday would bе finе)(all the timе up to Friday)

on timе or in timе?

oncе and onе dау

now and nowаdауs

thеn, oftеrwords,аftеr and lаter

ot the end, in thе

еnd and ot lost

oп time mеans .at thе right timе,. In time mеans ,with еnough timе to do somеthing,.The plаne took off eхасtlу oп time.We аrrived in time to hсшe а meаl before the plаne left.

Оnсe mеans,at onе timе in my lifе, and only rеfеrs to thе past. Опe dаy сaлrеfеr to thе past or thе futurе.

Оnсe I owned а motorbike.Опe dау I wаs tлlаIking through the towп сeпtre whеn I met |ill.Оne dау I,ll be fаmous!

Now mеans .at thе prеSеnt timе, or ,immеdiatеlу,. Nowаdауs also mеans ,at thеprеsеnt timе, and is usеd to makе a strong сontrast With thе past.

Peter used to live in Rome, but пow he,s liviпg iп Floreпсe.You hауe to ftnish... Now/Nowаdауs people аre not аs polite аs theу used to be.

Notе that thе word ,aсtually, in Еnglish doеs not mеan ,at thе prеsеnt timе,. Itmеans .in faсt, or .rеally,. This is a сommon mistakе.

Theп and аfrеrwаrds arе similar. Thеn is usеd likе .nеxt, in a sеquеnсе, аfterwаrds

is usеd likе .at a latеr timе,. Аfrerwаrds сan сomе at thе еnd of thе sеntеnсе.

We went to the сiпemа, аnd theп we hаd сt pizzа.

We went to the сiпеmа, аrld оfterwоrds we hаd а pizza.

We went to thе сinemщ aпd hаd а pizzсt оfterwаrds.

Аftеr is usually followеd by an objесt.

After the film we hаd а pizzа. After thаt we ууeпt home.

Lаter mеaпs,aftеr somе timе,.

\,[rs |rltttеs ist't,t lrcrе сlt tllе tпonlent. Сап you сome bасk lаter?

Аt tlrc elld rеfеrs to a point in timе.

Аt the епd of tlrc film wе аll сried.

Itl tllе еtld mеans .aftеr a lot of timе, or еventually,.

Wе wсtitеd for Тim for аgеs, аnd in the eпd we lеfr.

Аt lсlst makеs a сommеnt that wе arе plеasеd a long wait has еnded.

At lаst,we саn bе togеther!

t26

I

r)

tg.

GRAIulv lAR 32 т lr i lE ExPRЕssloNs

Underline the сorrесt word or phrasе in еaсh sеntеnсе.

a) I mеt Тina а dаy/onе-dоу last wееk.lэ) Iп these dаys/I'trowаdс|ys еvеrУonе sееms to wаtсh toо muсh tеlеvision.с) This morning/The morniпg I was busу in thе gaг.dеn.d) Wе havе to finish this pтojесt bу/ttпtil thе еnd оf thе lтееk.

е) Byе. I,ll sее уou the dаy аfter tomorrolr'/tltс llе'tf 'J.i...f) Duriпg/Whilethе film I rеmеmbегеd rтhеге I.d lеш пr-kеr-s.g) John playеd tеnnis, aпd аfter/аfrerwсlrds had а shоrtег.h) Hеlеn,s birthday is in/oп January 1Oth.

Complеte the seсond sentenсe so that it has a similаr mеапiпg to thе firstsentenсe.

a) Wе had lunсh, and aftеrwards wе wеnt foт а соffее.

Aftеr ....W9. h4!d./.И4.q(...h..qd..LИ.n.рh,..W.9..|t:э!A..3.r.'"q,..с.qffpP'b) Jill is nеvеr latе for lеssons.

J i l l is always .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

с) I won't lеavе bеfore 8.00.

I,ll bе hеrе

d) I,vе bееn living hеrе for thrее months.

I startеd l iv ing hеrе .. . . . . . . . . .

е) Whеn wе mеt for lunсh it was 12,О0.

Wе mеt for lunсh

f) What do you do in your сountly on Januагr. 1st?

What do you do in your сountly on thе ....

g) I,ll sее you not tomorrow but thе nехt dar'.

['l l sее you thе

h) It,s 10.00 and I,vе bееn waiting hеге sinсе , "t.!l.t.I ,vе bееn wait ing hеrе .. . . . . . . . . .

CompIеtе еaсh sentеnсe with onе suitable word.

a)

b)

d)

е)

0o\б/h)

Would you likе to go out .' '..Q.уI............ mv biгthday?

Rita movеd to this town four yеaгs . . . . . . . . . .

I won,t phonе Jason now. I,ll phonе him

I wokе up twiсе .. thе night.

.. midnight thе frog turnеd into а prinсе.

Pеoplе in сitiеs usеd to takе thе bus, but '. most usе thеir сars.

Luсki ly Raсhеl arr ivеd just . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t imе to сatсh thе tra in.

Wе fеlt finе in thе rеstaurant, but wе both fеlt ill

hours.

r27

lNтЕRмЕDlAтЕ IANGUAGE PRACтIсЕ

4 Rewritе eaсh sentenсe so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word inbold.

a) I spеnd the summer at thе sеasidе.

in

....'{.."9'q...tp...th*.lgliq!э.'!.ry..th{,..{*.ry!.цp-r,.b) I startеd at this sсhool in 1,997,

sinсе

ссЦш

с) Gеorgе had a bath and

thеn

aftеr that washed his hair.

d)

е)

Dina lеft my housе at 10.00.

until

Thе train arтivеd еxaсtly when it was supposеd to.

on timе

I won,t arrivе latеr than 2.00.

by

s) Paul triеd

end

hard but finally gavе up. qЦlf,'E

EЕ

5

h) I was too latе to say goodbyе to Lisa.

timе

Сomplete еaсh sеntenсe with one suitable word.

a) Did you slееp wы ..I\'{.t.. night?b) ..................... thе hot wеathеr, wе havе our mеals in thе garden.

с) ..................... thе lеsson, Мikе and Carmеn dесidеd to play basketball.d) John hasn,t sееn Сrist ina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thrее wеeks.

е) I know that ........... day you will bе a star!f) It,s vеry impoгtant to aгrivе ......... timе for thе еxamination.g) Thе тobbеr ran out of thе bank and was arrеstеd shortlyh) Thеrе is a lot of noisе in our Strееt ......... night.

r28

Сountab]e and

unсountablе

Сountable and

unсountablе:

grammar

somе or аnу?

Explanationsr A сountablе noun has a singular and a plural form. Тhе piural may bе

irrеgular. Wе сan usе numbеrs with it.one book, three books oпe possibiliФ, tуvo possibilities, one piесe, four piесesoпе perso|l, three people one сhild, ttцto сhildreп onе-womап, four womеп

r An unсountablе noun has only onе form. Wе сannot usе numbеrs with it.work love progress wаter iпformаtion Еnglish (languagе)

r Typiсal unсountablеs arе:

Matеrials and substanсеs:Abstraсt idеas:Aсtivitiеs:Human fееlings:

r Notе thе words bеlow whiсhmany othеr languagеs:

ассommodаtioп, аdviсе, bеhаviour' bttsiпеss, саsh, equipment, furniture, heаIth,homew ork, iпform оtio n, know I e dg e, Iu gg а g e, m on eу, p еrmi s s i oп, rubb i sh,Sсenery| trаffiс, trаvel, wеаther, work

r Сountablе nouns сan bе singulaг or plural.Thе book is over therе.The books аte oуer there.

Unсountablе nouns arе always singular.Freпсh is diffiсult.IIis аdуiсе-was very useful.

r With сountablе nouns Wе сan iцse о/аn arrd some.Sue hаs got а book/some books аbout Аnсient F,gуpt.

With unсountablе nouns Wе сannot lшse а/ап.Sue hаs got some moneу to go on holidау this уeаr,Сould I hауe some iпformаtion?

l Some is сommon in positivе sеntеnсеs. Аnу is сommon in quеstions andnеgativеs.

We,vе got some juice, but wе hаven,t got аnу glаssеs.Hаve уou got аnу сups?

r But Wе сan :uSе Somе in a quеstion if it is an offеr oI rеquеst.Сould I hаve Some morе teа, pleаse?

And wе сan usе апу in positivе sеntenсеs if wе mеan .it dоеsn,t mattеrwhiсh,.

I,m freе аnу dау пeхt week'

plаstic, iroп, wood, pаpеr, wаter, аir, сoffeeIife, [un, freedom, progress, heаlth, timework, trаvеl, sleep, footbаll, help, rеsеаrсhhаppiпess, аnger, hoпеstу, hope, respесt, сourаge

arе unсountablе in Еnglish but сountablе in

tz9

lNтЕпмEDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRACтIсE

mony and much

Change of

meaning

l Anу always has thе mеaning of ,no limit,. Comparе:Is thеre something I сап do to help? (I know what to do)Is there аnуthing I cап do to help? (I,ll do whatеvеr I сan)Hаve уou got some letters for mе?(Thеrе arе partiсular lеttеrs I am еxpесting)Hаve you got аnу letters for me?(I havе no idеa if you havе lеttеrs for mе or not)

Маnу is usеd for сountablе nouns and muсh is usеd for unсountablе nouns.Thеy arе usеd mainly in quеstions and nеgativеs.

How mоnу сhаirs аrе there? Therе аrеп,t mаny сushioпs.How muсh money hаvе we got? There isп,t muсh wаter here.

r Somе words сan bе сountable oI unсountablе with а сhangе in mеaning. Thесountablе mеaning is spесifiс and thе unсountablе mеaning is gеnеral.

а ftsh (thе animal)а busiпеss (a сompany)а noisе (a spесifiс nоisе)а hаir (a singlе piесе)а pаiпtiпg (onе objесt)а work (a work of art)а loаf (a loaf of brеad)а coffee (a сup of соffее)a paPer (a nеwspapеr)а wood (a small forеst)rlп iroп (for prеssing сlothеs)а glаss (for drinking)

r Look at thеsе еxamplеs:I hеаrd а Strапge пoise.I bought а pаintiпg lаst week.Diапа hаd а vеry good eduсаtion.A knowledge of boаts is usфI.Сап уou buy а loаf from the shop?

some fish (a portion of food)business (in gеnеral)noise (in gеnеral)hаir (a|| tоgеthеr)pаintiпg (thе aсtivity/hobby)work (in gеnеral)somе breаd (in gеnеral)some сoffee (thе matеrial)Some pаper (thе material)some wood (thе matеrial)some iron (thе matеrial)some glаss (thе matеrial)

I cап,t stаnd пoise.Do you like pаiпtiпg?Eduсаtion is very importапt.Kпowlеdge is the keу to SuссeSS'Сап уou buу some breоd from thе shop?

other problеms r Onе group of nouns only has a plural form and takеs a plural verbz clothes,сontепts, feelings, glаsses (for your еуеs), iеапs, stаirs, trousers

Mу trousеrs аre too tight. The stаirs аrе vеry Steep.

r Onе group of nouns сan bе followеd by еithеr a singular or plural verb: аrmy,аudieпсе, сlаss, сompапy, сrowJd, fаmily, goverпment, grouP, public, teаm

The Governmеnt hоs/hаve deсided to resigп.

r Thе word .nеws, is followеd by a singular verb.The neу,s is on.

r Thе word ,poliсе, is followеdbу a plural vеrbThe poliсe аre сomiпg.

130

2

GRAмпnAR 33 сoUNтABLЕ AND UNсoUNтABtЕ NoUNs

Underline the сorrесt word or phrase in еaсh sentеnсе.

a) How muсh/How mапy pasta havе wе got?

b) Whеrе is/аrе mу nеw trousеrs?с) I put some/аny сhoсolatе somеwhеrе, but whеrе is it?

d) Pеtеr wеnt to brу а/somе glass so hе сould fix thе brokеn и.indorts

е) I,m afraid wе havеn,t got muсh/mаnу time,

fl How muсh/How mаnу flltлiturе shops arе therе?g) I,vе found thе milk but I сan,t find а/some g|ass.

h) Mary,s adviсе wаs/werе not vеry usеful.

Put one word in eaсh spaсe. Put a dаsh (_) if thе spaсe shouId be b|ank.

a) My tlousеrs nееd ironing. Havе you got ...?!!k.'........'.. iron?

b) Сould you go to thе bakеr,s and buy .. loaf, plеasе?

с) I,d l ikе . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . infoгmation about trains to Paris.

d) Louisе has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . vеry good hеalth.

е) Thе war еndеd .. yеars ago.

f) Vanеssa bought .. papеr and rеad it on thе bus.

g) Сould you givе mе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . adviсе, plеasе?

h) Do you know .. peoplе in this villagе?

Complete the seсond sеntenсe so that it has a simiIar meaning to the first

sеntenсe and сontains the word in bold.

a) Lеt mе tеll you what I think you should do.

adviсе

Lеt mе . g Lu.'a. у.q.|L..{.o'|w,..4dу]{.?,...............b) I nееd a сlеan pair of trousеrs.

any

I havеn,t got . . . . . . . . . . . .

с) Thеrе isn,t a lot of watеr in the pool.

muсhи-atеr iп thе рoоl.

I havе to wash my hair.

washing

My hair

Thе book didn,t сontain any information.

in

Thе information .. . . . . . . .

3

p,'

d)

е)

131

lNтERмEDlAтE tANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

4 Choose thе best alternative, .l or 2, to сomplеte еaсh sentеnсe.

a) Thе firе is going to go out. Сan you go and gеt ...!!.|n9..w.p'q.\'........

1 a wood 2 somе wood

i)

; ;;;; -;,

;;;;,";";;

monеy all ovеr thе floor!

Lеrnonadе? Sоrry, no, wе havеn,t got . . . . . . . . . . ' . .

1 somе 2 aг'у

Pеtеr kееps at thе bottom of his gardеn.

1 a сhiсkеn 2 somе сhiсkеn

Thе information Wе wеrе givеn

1 wеrе vеry usеful 2 was vеry usеful

pеoplе wеrе thеrе on thе bus?

1 How many 2 How muсh

Look at Rita 's hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !

1 It,s grееn 2 Thеy,rе grееn

I,vе сal lеd thе pol iсе and . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 thеy,rе on thеir way 2 it,s oл its way

Thе assеmbly hal l was ful l of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1anoisе 2noisе

5 Complete еaсh sentenсe with onе suitablе word.

a) I wantеd to havе a bath but thеrе wasn,t any hot '...wАt.ar...... ' .

b) Whеn is thе ......... on? I havеn,t hеard any today.

с) Tim,s еyеsight was bad and hе had to havе nеw

d) Laura had to pay еXtra at thе airport bесausе shе had too muсh

e) If you Want to makе an omеlеttе thеrе arе somе ......... in thе fridgе.

f) You сan,t сut that With a knifе. You nееd somе

gt \\-е nееd somе brеad. Сould you go and buy a largе

hr \\-hеn |fug $цroi ят lan ^l l t n{ t}rр housе hе rr .as arrеstеd |эУ a.. . . . . . . . . .

b)

с)

d)

е)

f)

o)6/

h)

|З2

lndef in i tе art iс le:аon

Zero artiсlе

lno art iс|е)

Еxplanationsr Wе use а/аn whеn thе listеnеr doеs not knolr- rthiсr pеrson oт thins Wе arе

talking about. Сomparе:

Tim works iп а fасtorу. lrl'е dс:: : яl].-'т lthiсh faсtory)Tim works iп the fасtorу down the roа'd. trr-е kl.-..'' ;тhi;h faсtоrl-l

r If wе rеfеr to somеthing for thе first timе it lтi l l bе:lе-'., '.г.:.::lа:1оn ior thеlistеnеr and so Wе usе а/ап. Оthet rеfеrеnсеs to thе s:rrе l i:r::: jsе i i].bесausе now thе listеnеr knows what wе arе talkins аi:::.

I,ve bought а пеw mobile phone, It,s grеаt. Thе pltottе : ||':..:

r Wе :usе а/аn to dеsсribе somеthing.It,s а lovеIy dау. Kоzаkstап is ап епoпttotls сО|l,Itr l

Notе thеsе two Ways of saying thе samе thing:

Ап oсеlot is а wild оnimо| similаr to а leopаrd.

oсelots аrе wild animаIs, similаr to leopоrds'

r Wе usе а/ап to dеsсribе thе job or thе сharaсtеr of a pеrs:l

Mаry is аn eпgineer. Peter is а fool!

l A/аn mеan .onе,, So Wе сannot lцsе а/ап with unсountabLе :] . .:.s

r Notе that а/ап arе unstrеssеd, and arе plonounсеd /эr and ::

r Wе usе Zеro artiсlе with plurals and unсountablе nouns rr'lе:. ..".+ ,:= :з.kinggеnеrally. Сomparе:

I,ve got а brother апd а sister.

Сап уou give me somе informаtioп?

Dogs аre пot аllowed in this shopThe dogs next door bаrk аll пight.MiIk is good for уou.The milk on the top shеlf is fаt-freе.

(not two)(not *111fвfl++t1+j-ч

Hеrе arе somе еxamplеs showing thе usе of zero artiсlе tt. i:.r .е:еiаl.r-:Мatеrials: This сhаir is mоdе of plсlstiс ,;,"'| lеothеr'Food and drink I lovе сhoсolаte. I doll,t l ikс orLul!е i l l iсе.Abstraсt idеas: Wаr is а terriblе thiпg,

Languagеs: Spаnish is spоkeп bу, сlbout зl-.l l-r /lj:;:;.]i: !.0Рlе.Aсtivitiеs: Speаkiпg is not pеrпiffе.7 ,7llrjlli iilс il-,ltttitt,-ltiot-t.

l Zеto artiсlе is usеd with most сountriеs, statеs and сitiеs.

Маrie сomes fтom Frопсe.

Los Аngelеs is iп СаIiforniа'

But сountriеs whiсh arе a group or plural havе a dеfinitе artiсIе.

Wе left the Uпited Kiпgdom апd сrossеd to the |iethеrlапds.

Notе also that Grеаt Britаin has zеro artiсlе.1З3

lNтERпiЕDlAтЕ tANGUAGE PRAстl(E

Zеro artiсlе is usеd with gеographiсal arеas, lakеs,We уisitеd Lake Viсtortа. It,s iп Eаst Afтicа.Theу сlimbеd Mt. Everest iп reсord timе.Heleп speпt lrcr holidаys on Сrete.

Zеro artiсlе is usеd with most strееts.I bottg|tt tllis dress from а shop iп Bond Street.

But wе usе flle for thе phrasе the High Street (thisstrееt in a tolvn).

mountains and islands.

mеans thе main shopping

Zеro artiсlе is usеd with namеs of buildings with a plaсе namе bеfoге.\\,е t'isitеd Blenheim PаIасe аnd Сoventry Саthedrаl.

But iте use thе whеn thеrе is a phrasе With oraftеr thе noun.I1.е I'isitеd the Houses of Pаrliоmeпt.

Zегo aгtiсlе is usеd with namеs, blt the is usеd with titlеs.Саrol Pаrker is the Miпister of Сommunicаtions.

Zеro artiсiе is usеd with mеals whеn wе rеfеr to thеm in gеnеral.Dinпеr is аt 7,З0.

But сomparе with thеsе еxamplеs whеrе Wе arе not talking gеnеrally:

'lt tlrc епd of the сoпfеreпсе there wаs а dinner. (mеntionеd for first timеtTltе dinner thеу serve herе is reаlly fапtаstiс. (wе know whiсh dinnеr)

Zеro aгtiсlе is used with gеnеral historiсal rеfеrеnсеsPrehistoriс Europe/Anсient Rome is а fаsсiпаtiпg period of history.

Zегo artiсlе is usеd with bу for gеnеral forms of tlansport.\\е t+,еnt thеre bу саr.

But сomparе with thеsе еxamplеs whеrе Wе arе not talking gеnеrally:I\ е wеnt thеre in а reаIlу old саr' (mеntionеd for first timе)1\'е t+,епt thеre in the саr mу sister uses. (wе know whiсh сar)

\otе a]so that wе saу on foot.

Zетo artiсlе is usеdis morе important

littt is in prison.\{у сompаnу is rеbuildiпg the prison.

\\:огds of this typе arе:be iп ot go to hospitаl, prisoп, bed, сlаss, сourtbe аt or go to work, sсhool, universitу, seаWith ,homе, be аt home, go home

with сеrtain buildings, whеrе thе purposе of thе buildingthan thе plaсе itsеlf. Сomparе:

(whiсh prison is not importantt(onе partiсular building)

t34

2

GRAlvlrиAR 34 ARтlсtЕs 1

Sее Grammar З5 for aсtivitiеs inсluding fhe.

1 Under]ine thе еrrors in these sentenсes. Rewrite eaсh sеntеnсе.

a) Havе you еvеr visitеd Unitеd Kingdom?

. Н,qу.е..Yo.ф...eу9I..w,|ited'..th*..шlзItel.!1,.vd.qwL?..,...'''...''...b) on our trip, wе visitеd thе СantеIbury Cathеdral.

с) Lovе is wondеrful thing.

d) Тhе pеts arе not pеrmittеd in this hotеl.

е) Rabbit is small wild furry animal with long еars.

f) Thе Nеw York is in Unitеd Statеs of thе Amетiсa.

Put o/on or leavе the spaсe bIank.

a) ....;.... lоvе makеs thе world go round.

b) Shеila has got Gеrman сar.

с) Rita works in ........... offiсе in West Strееt.

d) I,vе got ........... friеnd who is еlесtriсian.

е) Paul goеs to spесial sсhool for ........... musiсians.

0 Jaсk is in . . . . . . . . . . . hospital and сan,t go to . . ' . . . . . . . . sсhool.

g) Valеriе Wants to go to univеrsity and study to bе ...'....... doсtor.

For eaсh question, сomplete the seсond sentеnсe so that it means the same as

the first, using no more than threе words.

a) Мary tеa,сhеs Еnglish.

Мary .. . .1{..qr!:. ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . Еngl ish tеaсhеr.

b) Сharlеs has a faсtory job.

Сharles works .... faсtory.

с) You arе not allowеd to park hеrе.

not allowеd hеrе.

Fabio is on a ship at thе momеnt.

At thе momеnt .... sеa.

Wе walkеd to thе stat ion.

Wе wеnt to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot.

3

d)

е)

135

Dеfinite artiс|e: thе

Explanationsr Wе usеthe whеn it is сlеarwhiсh thing or pеIson Wе arе talking about. Thе

points bеlow еxplain this in morе dеtail. Сomparе:

The wаr between thе two сouпtries lсlstеd for siх wееks.

(wе know whiсh war)

Wаr is в tеrriblе thiпg.(war in gеnеral, so Zеro artiсlе)

r Wе oftеn usе thе whеп wе rеfеr to somеthinя that wе mеntionеd bеforе,

usiпg сt/аtl,

|\|е sаw a good film lаst пight. It'wаs the пew film bу Вerghiпi.

But lvе сan usе the for thе first timе that wе rеfеr to somеthing if it is сlеar

from thе Contехt whiсh onе Wе mеan.

I\,lrcrе,s the пewspаper?

r \\'е oftеn usе tl lе with phrasеs inсluding of Сomparе:

Т]tе fiIttt l+,сls сlbout the lovе of а girl for her саt.

lor,с ls Ll \\'otЙеrftll thing! (lovе in gеnеral, so Zеro artiсlе)

r \\-е usе |l lс rthеn thеrе is only onе of somеthing. It is сlеar whiсh onе Wе

mеan.

Hotц tttсtttt' L1;tro|lа|lts l lсп,е lапded on the moon?

r Wе usе tl le for nationalltiеs and оthеr groups.

I rеаllу аdmirе tltе Itаliсltts,

The old, the siсk аlld tltе L|t|еttlploуеd пеed our spесiаl саrе.

r Notе thеsе othеr usеs оf rhe:

Playing musiсalTimе:

Supеr1ativеsFixеd phrasеsNamеs of shipsOсеansRivеrs

instrumеnts: Dо l 'ott plсtу, the guitаr?

ht tllе pсlst/itl the futureBut: сt prеSепt

Тltis is the biggеst oпе. / You аrе the flrst.Tltе sooпеr the bеttеr.

I,\'е sоilеd on the Neptune.

The PасifLс, the Atlоntiс

The Amаzon, the Dаnube

l The is usually pronounсеd idэl bеfoте сonsonants aг'd lбу'l bеforе vowеls.Thе begiппiпg' The епd,

1.36

GRAlY|пnAR 35 ARтlсLЕs 2

UndеrIine the сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсe.

a) Whеrе,s ап/thе еlесtriс hеatеr? I сan,t find it.

b) What hаppеnеd at аn/the еnd of а/the fi|m?

с) David has ап/thе appointmеnt at а/the optiсian,s.

d) Ап/The old pеrson sometimеs fееls lonеly.

е) Pеtеr owns а/the largеst modеl planе in а/the wofld.

f) Luсkily а/the firе brigadе soon сamе and put otlt а/the fire.

g) Harry,s mothеr bought hlm а/the guitar for his birthday plеsеnt.

h) I,m thinking of buying а/the rlew pair of trousеrs.

i) In thе еnd thеrе was а/the war bеtwееn thе two сountriеs.

i) I didn,t know аn/the answеr to а/thе quеstion, so I lеft it out.

2 Complete thе seсond sentenсе so that it has a similar meaning to the first

sentеnсe.

a) Franсеs is a vеry good pianist.

Franсеs '..B!лY.l..t.h* .P.l4.4p.. ''.. . vеry wеll.

b) Poor pеoplе nееd hеlp from thе Govеrnmеnt.

Thе Govеrnmеnt should . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poor.

с) Traсеy,s bikе is fastеr than evеryonе еlsе,s.

Traсеy,s ... fastеst.

d) Tom has a doсtor,s appointmеnt.

Tom ... . . . . . . . doсtor,s.

е) The film was about an artist,s lifе.

Thе film ... of an artist.

f) Thе only goal of thе matсh was sсorеd by ltaly.

Thе only goal of thе matсh ... Italians.

3 Put o/on or thе in eaсh spaсe or leave the spaсe blank.

..'тIt--. Prеsidеnt i, ...thP.' lаrgеst сruisе ship in ....t!*'. world.

Еvеryonе in ...'....... сlass agrееd that ........... happinеss Was important.

Thеrе's strangе pеIson at ........... door.

Somеonе who saw robbеry сallеd poliсе.

At . . . . . . . . . . . bеginning of . . . . . . . . . . . f i lm, . . . . . . . . . . . tal l man sat in front of mе.

Whеn I arr ivеd at . . . . . . . . . . . stat ion, I atе . . . . . . . . . . . sandwiсh and lvaitеd foг

. . . . . . . . . . . tra in.

pеIson with . . . . . . . . . . . gоod еduсation usual ly gеts . . . . . . . . . . . good job.

Havе you sееn .. . . . . . . . . . nеw f i lm at . . . . . . . . . . . Еmbassy сinеmа?

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)n

s)h)

Iз7

lNтERIv|EDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстtсЕ

Inсludеs praсtiсе of Gтammar 34 and З5.

Put а/on/thе in eaсh spaсe, or leave the spaсe blank.

a) . ! .| .|9., . . Сhinеsе eat . .qt. . . . . . . . lot of . . . : . . . . . r iсе.b) . . . . . . . . . . . most pеoplе thought that . . . . . . . . . . . Bеat lеs Wеrе .. . . . . . . . . . vеry good

8Iouр.с) I usual lr- dr ink . . . . . . . . . . . glass of . . . . . . . . . . . mi lk in morning.d) \\-hat's diffеrеnсе bеtwееn rabbit and ........... harе?е) ........'.. first pеrson who сrossеs finishing linе is winnеr.f) playing guitar is ........... intеrеsting hobby.g| . . . . . . . . . . . Rеbессa got on bus and bought t iсkеt.hl Тhеrе's nеWspapеr shop at еnd of strееt.il In ........... past, most of population livеd in сountry.

it I nееdеd nеw pair of trousеrs so my mothеr gaYе mе monеy.

Сorrесt thе еrrors in thеse sentenсes by adding or removing o/аn/thе.

ai Сould you gеt loaf of brеad from bakеr,s?...Qq.+!'d..'уp,|+..g'e..t..4..!qnf..рf..b'rgad..fro,ш..the..bg.k:|q?....''........ . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . .v. . .

b i Тhе milk is good for thе сhildrеn.

с t Тhе John is at a work at momеnt.

dt \\:е travеllеd to thе Hungary bу a car.

е) Havе you got a brothеr or thе sistеr?

fl \Var bеtwееn two сountriеs Was longеst in the history.

8) Who was first astronaut who walkеd on moon?

hl \i lе is longеst rivет in world.

138

I

3

GRAlyl lv lAR 35 ARтlCLEs 2

Rewrite eaсh sentenсe so that it has a similar meaпing and сontains the word in

bold.

Wе travеllеd thеrе by train.

on

....Wr..trqу.p'|!,e!(...thf,:e..p'r!..th&.trqLw..Thеre isn,t a largеr sizе than this onе.

largеst

Clara sings for hеr living.

singer

Pеople who are unеmployеd oftеn fеel dеprеssеd.

thе

Anna is lеarning to bе a guitarist.

play

Мikе is an offiсе.workеr.

works

Mariе is a Frеnсhwoman.

Franсe

h) David is still working.

at

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

s)

4

F

lNтЕRмЕDlAтЕ tANGUAGЕ PRACтI(E

5 Complеtе the seсond sentеnсe so that it has a similar mеaning to the firstsentenсe.

I didn,t еxpесt to sее Darrеl.

....Dfl.rrr, '|..у/q{.,tht,',,.. '.... ' lastpеrsonIеxpесtеdtosее.Do you havе a dog in your housе?

Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . homе?

Niсk tеaсhеs сhеmistry.

Niсk is ...... tеaсhеr.

Мy friеnds gavе mе a wondеrful prеsеnt.

...... gavе mе Was wondеrful.

Thе Australian сapital is Canbеrra.

Сanbеrrа ...... Austтalia.

Thе Frеnсh lеsson is thе first tomorlow.

.. . . . . Frеnсh.

Somеonе is phoning you.

Thете,s Somеonе on .. . . . . . ' . . . . .

*:

::: : :::: ::::::]:::: ::: :: ::.*}';, "".,

еntеrtaining.

ln eaсh pair of sentenсes, fill in onе spaсe with the and the other spaсe with adash (-) to show no artiсIe.

a) 1 For mе, .....Т.... football is my lifе.

2 ..Ih?.' football in thе sесond division is a muсh lowеr standard.

b) 1 Thеy say that lovе makеs thе world go round.

2 Тheу say that lovе of a mothеr for hеr сhild is thе strongеst kind.

1 ........... information in this artiс]е will bе vеry usеful for my projесt.

2 ........... infoгmatiоn about thе Govеrnmеnt,s dеfеnсе plans is hard to find.

1 ........... studеnts in mv nеw сlass all sееm vеry friеndly.

2 .....'..... stцdеnts should bе in thеir сlassеs by 9.00.

1 I nееd . . . . . . . . . . . hеlpl

2 Тhanks vеrv muсh for ........... hеlp you gavе mе yеstеrday.

1 ........... сomputеrs in thе January salе arе not too еxpеnsivе.

2 Тhеsе davs еr-егybody nееds to know how to usе ........... сomputеrs.

1 ........... Еnglish arе famous for thеiт strangе sеnsе of humour.

2 ........... Еnglish programmеs arе quitе еasy to find on satеllitе TV.

1 Мany of my fтiеnds aте studying businеss at univеrsity.

2 Мy fathеr is involvеd in ........... businеss of buying and sеlling housеs.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

s)

h)

6

с)

d)

е)

o)6/

h)

r40

10, none

Explanationsl аl l

А/l is usually followеd by a plural noun and vеrb.

All students аre eхpeсted to аrrive on time.

In thе еxprеssions аll dаy, аIl пight, аlI the time, thе noun is singular.

Wе сan also say АП (of) the ... , and in this еxprеssion wе сan rеplaсе tllе bу a

possеssivе adjесtivе (mу etс.).

AIl (of) the tickets for the mаtсh hоd been sold.

AlI (of) my fтieпds hаve bikes.

Nof is also usеd with с/l.

Not аII studeпts hаve bikes.

Not аII (ofl my fтiends hауe bikes.

А// is also usеd as a pronoun at thе bеginning of a sеntеnсе.

AIl I wапt is somе peасе апd quiet!

Аll I пeed is f,400! All I hаve is f,50!

Аll is not noгmally usеd as a singlе-word objесt. Instеad Wе usе everуthiпg.

TеlI me everything thсlt hаppeпеd oп your holidау.

(NОТф,..)

a some

Someis usеd in thе samе waу. Some is not usеd wtthпot.

Some students аre eхpeсtеd to help.

.пo

Wе сan lSе no with a singular noun or a plural noun.

No students аrrived oп time for the lаst lessoп!

No student аrrived on timе for the lаst lesson!

Wе do not usе lсo if thеrе is anothеr nеgativе word. In this сasе Wе usе rz,?),.

I didп,t See anу students аrriving oп time for the lаst lеsson'

. noпе

Wе do not usе No of ... ot No the ... . Instеad, Wе usе пoпе of t|rc or ttolrc on i|s

own.

Nonе of the guests аrе here yet.,Were therе апy lеtters for me?, Sorrу, пone for уou.

,

Notе that in thе first еxamplе thеrе is a plural vетb .alе,. Тhis is morе

сommon, although a singular vеrb is possiblе.

T4I

r:

ii

l lI

iii;'i

tI

ltIIilfiItttIflfifl'Ifi,tI,i'lli!ltllIiitIlI'IIIfiIfitIt.

lNтЕRlvtЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRAстIсЕ

eoсh, еverу

both' еithеr' nеithеr

Тo еmphasizе the idеa of пonewе сan usе пone аt аll, ot rlot one| ot пot а ... .,How mаny people wеre surftпg?, ) ,Noпe аt аll! ,,Hotv mаnу people were surfiпg?, ) ,Not oпе! ,,Hott,mаnу pеople wеre surfing?,) ,Nof о single oпe!,

Othег еxamplеs:Хot one persoп hаs doпe аny homеwork!I ltсп,еn,t hаd а siпgle phoпe-саll todау.

Тhе mеaning of еасh and every is similar and oftеn еithеr word is possiblе. Thеrarе both followеd by a singular noun.

Еасh person iп the room wаs weаriпg а hаt'Еvery person iп thе room was weаring а hаt.

. еL7сJl

\\.е usе еасh whеn wе think of thе mеmbеrs of a group sеparatеly, onе byonе.

Sltе spеnt some time tаIkiпg to eаch pеrsoп in the room.Еосlt is oftеn usеd with one,

There-were ten people iп the room' Eаch one wаs weаriпg сl hаt.Еасlt of ... сan bе usеd.

Еасh of уou ссt|1 саrry oпe pаrсel.Еt'tсll сarl bе usеd aftеr thе subjесt, or at thе еnd of a Sеntеnсе.

I4у sisters eаch hаve their otцln room,Мy uпсle gаve my brother апd I $50 eаch' (= gavе $50 to еaсh of us.)

fl'ery\\е usе every whеn wе think of all thе mеmbеrs of a group togethеr.

Evеry boх wаs wrаpped iп сolourеd papеr.\\Ъ сannot saу еverу of.\\е сannot t|Se every aftеr thе subjесt, or at thе еnd of a sеntеnсе.

bothBofli rеfетs to two things and mеans ,thе onе and thе othеr,. It is usеd with аplural noun and vеrb. Note thе struсturеs and positions.

Both people/Both the people/Both of the people in the room were weаriпgltсlts.

The people iп the rоom utere both weаrtng hоts.Тlrcrе were two peoplе iп the room. Both (of them) were weаriпg hаts,Both of уou саn help mе.You саn both help me.

t42

GRAl l|мAR 36 DЕтERIUl lNERs AND PRoNouNs

. eithеrЕither mеans ,this onе or thе othеr onе,. It is followеd by a singular noun

and vеrb.Wе caп pаint it уeеn or blue. Either colour mаtсhes thе lуаIls.

But notе that whеn wе use either with thе words .еnd, or .sidе, thеn thе

mеaning сhanges to both.Thеre аre treеs on either side of the street.

Wе сan :шsе eithеr of,Either of the books will be very usфI.

t neitherNeither mеans .not this onе or thе other onе,.

We саn,t pаint it green or blue. Neither сolour mаtсhes the wаIls.

There аr? trees on пeither side of the street,Neither of these books wiII be very useful.

r43

fl

l NтER1t.| EDlAтE tANG UAG E PRACтIсЕ

1 Undeгline the сorreсt word or рhrase in еaсh sentеnсе.

a) Thеrе wеre noпe/цg peoplе at the bus stop.b) Мy two brothеrs eасh/every havе thеir own сar.с) N.of onе/I'lot no studеnt has сomе latе this wееk!d) Some of/Some rеstaurants сhargе еxtrа for brеad.е) Sоrry, but I сan,t hеat either/neither of you propеrly.f) \Vhеn I got on my bikе I notiсеd that both фres/evеry tyrе werе flat.

Put one suitablе word in еaсh spaсe.

a) I sеnt lеttеrs to tеn pеoplе, but ' . . . . . . l . . t . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . !ne-.. . . . . . rеpl iеd!

b) [,m sorry, but thеrе arе .. tiсkеts lеft foт thе сonсеrt.

с) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I atе for brеakfаst Was a banana.

d) I tг iеd .. thе supermarkеts, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . onе was сlosеd.

е) I had two phonе сalls, but thеrе wеrе .. foт you, I,m afraid.

f) Both roads lеad to thе сiW сеntrе. You сan takе ..................... onе.

Rеwritе eaсh sentenсе so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word in bold.

a) All thе dogs in the gardеn wеrе barking.

еvеry

Nobody at all сamе to thе mееting.

singlе

Not onе of my friеnds has got a сar.

nonе

Тhis сhair is not сomfortablе, and nor is this othеr one.

nеither

Thеге wеrеn,t any boys in thе сlass.

no

Wе only Want to listеn to a fеw CDs.

all

Thе two books alе intеrеsting.

both

2

3

с)

d)

е)

0

o\6'

1.44

4

GRAtl l t lAR 36 DЕтЕRIY|lNЕRs AND PRoNoUNs

Completе the seсond sentеnсe so that it has a similar mеaning to thе first

sentenсе.

Thеsе books arеn,t intеrеsting.

шonе ....df . thr,:.g.'b. g a.k.. ll / g.r.c. int e. rнt.ul.. .'.. . . ... . . . .You havе only tеn minutеs lеft.

Al l . . . . . . . . . . . . .

с) Thе hotеls wеrе both unsuitablе.

Nеither

No onе rеpliеd to my lеttеr.

Not a . . . . . . . . .

Paul and his brothет David arе ill.

Both . . . . . . . . . .

Nobody in thе tеam playеd badly.

Al l . . . . . . . . . . . . .

g) Thе poliсе sеarсhеd all thе housеs in thе strееt.

Еvеry . . . . . . . . .

h) Not all thе quеstions in thе tеst WеIe еasy.

Somе .. . . . ' . . .

Undеrline the сorreсt сontinuation of eaсh sеntenсe.

a) Wе lookеd at two diffеrеnt housеs but ...

1 both of thеm wеrе too small. 2 еithеr of thеm Was too small.

b) Liz invitеd a dozеn guеsts to hеr party but ...

1 no turnеd up. 2 nonе turnеd up.

Hеlеn and Mark arе wеll bеhavеd, but plеasе lеt mе know if

1 both of thеm misbеhavе. 2 еithеr of thеm misbеhavеs.

Мiсhaеla fееls so tirеd bесausе shе ...

1 didn,t slееp for a singlе momеnt. 2 slеpt all for a momеnt.

Writе down thе numbеr of the саг on this list ...

1 еaсh timе onе passеs. 2 all thе timе onе passеs.

How many pгеsеnts did you gеt on уouг biгthda}-? ...

1 onе at all. 2 Nonе аt all.

Thеrе wеrе tеn pеoplе standing at thе bus stop and ...

1 all pеoplе had umbrеllas. 2 еaсh onе had an umbrеlla.

Wе wrotе all our answеrs оn thе blaсkboaгd but ...

1 no onе of us was right. 2 nonе of us lvas right.

5

a)

b)

d)

е)

с)

d)

е)

s)

h)

145

l

ExplanationsAdjесtivеs dеsсribе a noun and arе usеd in front of nouns. Тhеy havе thеform for singular and plural. Thеy do not сhangе for malе and fеmalе.

Adjесtives

Order of

adjeсtivеs

Gradable

adjесtives

Adjесt ives еnding

-ing and -еd

r Whеn wе havе morе

OpinionSizеA8еShapеTеmpеraturеСo1ourМatеrialPurposе (what i t is for?)Final noun

than onе adiесtivе, Wе usе this ordеr:

lovеIy, difftсultlаrge, longold, sесoпd-hапdround, squarehot, сoldgreeп, bluewoodеп, plаstiсswimming poolswimmiпg pool

Hеrе arе somе еxarnplеs:Ап old lеаthеr footbаIl boot. (agе, matеrial, purposе, noun)A lovеlу grееn silk shirt. (opinion, сolouц matеrial, noun)

It is not advisablе to put morе than thrее adjесtivеs togеthеr.

r In thе .matеrial, and ,purposе, сatеgоriеs Wе сan havе nouns usеd asadjесtivеs : plаstiс, steеI, swimming, footb аlI.

r Look at this sеquеnсе:

boiliпg hot wаrm сool сold frееzinE

makеAdiесtivеs in thе middlе of thе sеquеnсе arе сallеd .gradablе,. Wе сanthеm strongеr or wеakеr with words |ikе very, а bit, eхtremelу.Adjесtivеs at thе еnd of thе sеquеnсе arе сallеd .non-gradablе,. Wе сannotmakе thеm strongеr or wеakеr bесausе thеy arе alrеady еxtlеmе. But wе сaпеmphasisе thеm with аbsolutеIу.

ItwаsаbsolutelуboiI inginАthеnslаstweek.(NoТф)

Adjесtives еnding -lng dеsсribе somеthing that wе arе rеaсting to (outsidе

us )..\d1есtir-еs еnding -eri dеsсribе our fееlings and rеaсtions (insidе us).

.\1r' rt'ork tсls tiring. It mоde mе tired.Тltis fllttt is iпterestiпg. I,m iпterested in thе film'

othеrs of thе samе kind aтe: ехсited/ехсitiпg, embаrrаssed/embаrrаssiпg,w o rr iе d/w orry,itt g, b o re d /b oring.

t46

ld|eсtives with bg

[trт'omе, feеl, look

Advеrbs

Adverbs of degreе(intensifiers)

GRAtlt lAR 37 Ao|ЕстlvЕ5 AND ADvЕRB5

r Adjесtives сan bе usеd on their own, without a noun, aftеr thеsе vеrbs.

This beаch is fапtаstiс! Sue hаs become riсh.I feel terrible! You look ill!

If wе usе morе than onе adiесtivе, notе thе usе of сommas and thе rr'ord

'and':Sue hаs beсome hаppу апd riсh'Sue hаs bесome hаppy, rtсh аnd fаmous.

Wе сan lsе oпe instеad of rеpеating a noun.I like уour new сoаt. It,s а rеаllу lovelу one!

Advеrbs dеsсribе a vеrb. An advеrb says how (quickly), whеn (tomoog1vl) Оt

whете (over thеre) somеthing happеns.Many ,how, advеrbs arе formеd by adding -Iу to an adjесtivе.

slotlt - slowly quiсk - quiсkly саreful _ саrefullу

l Somе advеrbs havе thе samе form as adjесtivеs. Еxamplеs inсludе: fаst, hаrd,

eаф, lаte, high, Iow, right, wroпg'This trаiп is very fаst, (adi)

This trаiп goes fоst. (adv)

It wаs а very hаrd question. (adj)

We wоrked hаrd. (adv)

r Notе that thе advеrb hаrdlу is not rеlatеd to thе mеaning of hаrd.

I сould hаrdlу Stапd up. (.hardly, = almost not)

r Rеmеmbеr that frеquеnсy advеrbs сomе aftеr be and auxiliaтiеs, but bеforе

othеl vеrbs.Kаtherine is пeуer lаte, She hаs пever аrrived lаte.Kаtherine пevеr аrrives Iаtе.

r Advеrbs of dеgrее arе usеd with adjесtivеs to dеsсribе how muсh.

Peter is very/reallу/ехtremelу hoppy аt his пew sсhool.othеr advеrbs of dеgrее are:. а little, а bit, quite, terriblу.

I

1

-J.47

l NтЕRlt ' lEDlAтE LANG UAG Е PRA(т!сЕ

2

Put eaсh group of words into the best order.

a) old a plastiс largе bag grееn

...1...l4rg9..o.[d.з.rз*r*..p[Ntp.a,.hqlgb) woodеn squarе two tablеs

с) rеd a drеss silk bеautiful

d) silvеr a of jugs antiquе pair

е) bowl small a plastiс

f) winding road сountry long a

g) boots somе old football dirty

h) сotton long a skirt yеllow

i) squееzеd сold juiсе a freshly glass orangе of

Underlinе the сorreсt adjесtive in eaсh sentenсe.

а) l сan,t drink this tеa! It,s wаrm/b-oiliц*!b) Look at that skysсrapеr! It,s lаrge/gigапtiс!с) Jill сouldn,t drivе any furthеr that day as she Was so tired/tiriпg.d) I lovе summеr evеnings whеn at last it fеels cool/freezing.е) Тhе first part of thе film was rеa||у eхсited/ехcitiпg.f; That was thе bеst play I,vе еvеr sееn. It was good/fапtаstiс'g) You |ook ulorried/ulorrying.Is anything thе mattеr?h) Wе won,t go сamping until thе wеathеr is moте boiliпg/wаrmеr.i) If you fee\ bored/boring, whу don,t wе go to thе сinеma?

i) I didn,t think you wete interestеd/interesting in anсiеnt history.

148

3

GRAlt.| i . lAR з7 ^D|EстlvЕs

AND ADvERBs

Rewrite eaсh sentenсe so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word inbold.

a) Thе old сouplе livеd togеthеr and wеrе happy.

happily

...Th*..q!d..сo.*B!е..Liуed,..hqBp'i!у..tpgp'.thr,.уb) This has bееn haтd work for you.

workеd

Chris and Paul arе slow walkеrs.

walk

d) Gеorgia is a good pianist.

plays

е) Suе is a graсeful danсеr.

danсеs

Katе is ill.

wеll

g) Мiсhaеl,s skating wаs wondеrful.

skates

h) Мary is a сarеful writеr.

writеs

D Alеx didn,t slееp wеll.

slеpt

i) Ann сomplеtеd thе сoursе with suссеss.

suссеssfully

с)

0

149

lNтERмEDlAтЕ tANGuAGE PRAст!CE

4 Completе eaсh sentenсe with one of thе words from the box. Usе еaсh word

onсe only.

) Whеn I hеard that Suzannah had passеd hеr driving test I was rеally

...l,gBpу',..' ' ' .b) Jaсk danсеs vеry ........... and nеvеr stеps on pеoplе,s fееt.

с) Аlan Was so tirеd that hе сould .. kееp his еyеs opеn.

d) Тhе hotеl was .. , but wе didn,t likе thе food in thе rеstaurant.

е) Alison was еxtrеmеly ..................... and spеnt a month in hospital.

f) Jonn,v was dтiving too ..................... and was stopped by thе poliсе.

8) It,s not a wondеrful film, but it,s .. good.

h) Gina lтогkеd vегy ........... and was givеn an еxtra holiday.

i) Whеn I rеalizеd I hadn,t paid for thе сoat, I felt ..........

i) I сan't affoгd to buy that bike bесausе it,s ..................... еxpеnsivе.

5 Underline thе еrrors in thesе sentenсes. Rewrite eaсh sentenсе.

a) Pеtеr has bееn n'orking very haтdl}z

.' .P st.pr . .hц . . b.gt. . у. p. rBiш.. у r:rУ. . .l,.g r d.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Мy sistеr bought mе a bluе lovеly woollеn swеatеr.

This book I,m rеading is еxtrеmеly еxсеllеnt.

d) David fеlt badly bесausе he,d shoutеd at his mothеr.

е) Еvеryonе in thе tеam playеd good.

f) Too muсh еxеrсisе сan makе you fееl tiring.

Paula fеlt happily when hет еxams Wеrе ovеr.

Hans has arrivеd latе at sсhoоl nеvеr.

i) Onе boxеr hit thе othеr rеally hardly right on thе сhin.

a

b)

с)

s)

h)

150

i) I,m not rеally intеrеsting in this сar.

I ExplanationsComparativеs сomparе two sеparatе things.

Моry is а better plаyer thап Мoпiса.Supеrlativеs сomparе onе thing in a group With all thе othеrs.

Sаrаh is the best plауеr in the teаm.

r Onе syllablеCompaтativе adjeсtivеs with onе syllablе arе normally formеd by adding -er

to thе adjесtivе. In onе syllablе words еnding with onе сonsonant, thе final

сonsonant is doublеd. Words еnding in сonsonant + -y сhangе -y to -i.Iопg _ Ioпger big _ bigger dry _ drier

Supеrlativе adjесtivеs arе normally formed by adding -est to thе adjесtivе.Iong - the longest big - the biggest dry - the driest

r Two or morе syllablеsComparativе adjесtivеs with two or morе syllablеs arе normally formеd with

morе.modеrп _ more modern intеrestiпg _ more intеresting

Supеrlativе adjесtivеs arе normally formеd with most,moderп - thе most modern iпterestiпg _ the most interesting

Somе adiесtivеs with two syllablеs сan bе formеd in еithеr way.сommoп сommoпer the сommonest oR

сo|nlnorl more сommoп thе most сommorтothеr еxamplеs inсlude: quiet, tired, сlever, polite, simple'

r Notе from thе еxamplеs abovе Ihat thе is usеd with supеrlatives. Thе +

supеrlativе сan also bе usеd without a noun.Sаrаh is the best swimmer.Sаrаh is the best'

following irrеgular forms:bettеrworse

fаrther/further

Сomparatives and

superlativеs:

meaning

Сomparativеs and

supеrIativеs: form

lrrеgular forms Notе thе

good

bаd

fаrlittle

much/mапуAnd thеrе is аform:oId

the bestthe worstthe fаrthеst/furthest

less thе leаstmoчe thе most

spесial usе of o/d to dеsсribе family mеmbегs that has an irrеgular

elder the eldеst

This is mу elder brother' |апe is their eldest dаttghter.

151

lNтERП,lЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстI(E

Adverbs

Makingсomparisons

In gеnетal advетbs follow the same rulеs as adjесtivеs, although many сommon

short advеrbs сan makе сomparativеs in two ways.

Сould you drive slower, plеаsе?

Сould you drivе more slowlу, pleаse?

Саn уou work quiсker?

Саn you-work more quickly?

Advеrbs that сan usе bоth forms likе this inсludе: eаrly, fаr, fаst, hаrd, lаte, loud,

quick, slow.

l Thаn is usеd with сomparativеs.Mаry is betteт thаn Mопiса.Маry is а better plаyer than Мoniса.

r Notе that ъ,hеn we сomparе aсtions, Wе usе an auxiliary at thе end of thе

sеntеnсе.Маry, plауs better thаn Мoniса does.

Yo|t,l,е done more ууoтk thаn I hаvе.

(NoT ... tш+цояiа+lар)(NoT ... thаtl I llаъ'е dвпe)

lntеnsifiеrs

Wе сan also say:Маry plаys better thаn Мoniса'

You,ve done more work thоn me.

l just aS ... сls is usеd whеn wе сomparе two еqual things.

Mаry is just аs good аs Саthy.

Маry is just аs good а plаyer аs Саthу.

l not аS ... сlS is usеd whеn wе сomparе two things that arе not equal.

Саthу is not аS good аs Маry'

Саthу is t|ot аS good а plаyer аs Моry.

r As wеll as saying more thаn, Wе сan also say lеss thаn.

This gаme is tnore interesting thап the lаst oпе.

I think this gаmе is less iпteresting than thаt oпe.

Wе сan usе advеrbs of degrее to make сomparisons. Advеrbs of dеgrее inсludе: с

bit, muсh, а lot, fаr.This house is much/а lot/far bigger thап thаt oпе.

Thе ItаIiаn ftlm wаs tnuch more iпtercsting thап this one.

That film wаs fаr less frighteпing thаn this oпe.

r52

1

GRAмluAR 38 мAкlNG сo]t, lPARlsoNs

Underline the сorreсt Word or phrase in еaсh sentеnсе.

a) Thе fish was so tаsty аS/цs tаsц--цs thе mеat.b) This book is the most interеstiпg/the more iпtеresting I,vе еvеr геad.

с) This tеmplе is thе eldest/oldest in Еuropе.d) That drеss is a lot longer thап/thаt thе othеr onе.е) Nothing is worse/worsf than bеing stuсk in a traffiс jam.

f) That skysсrapеr is onе of thе tаllеr/tаllest buildings in thе world.g) Thе tеst Wasn,t аs hаrd аs/hаrd сs I thought.h) Aсtuаlly, today I fеe| more bаd/worse than I did yеstеrday.

i) our journеy tooklonger thаn/the longest wе еxpесtеd.j) Сould you work more quietlу/more quietеr plеasе?

Completе еaсh sentеnсe with a сomparative or superlative form of the adjесtivеin bold. lnсlude any other neсessary words.

a) Thе Nilе is ..th*.'! l .ryэ.Ч.t.................. r ivеr in thе world.

lоng

b) I was disappointеd as thе film was .... than I

еxpесtеd.

entеrtaining

с) Most planеs go a lot .... trains.

fast

d) Yеstеrday Was onе of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . days of thе yеar.

hot

е) I think this book is muсh .... thе othеr onе.

good

f) Thе twins arе thе samе hеight. Tim is .... Suе.

tall

g) Thе first еxеrсisе Was еasy but this onе is

diffiсult

h) Thе Меditеrranеan is not .... thе Paсifiс Oсеan.

largе

i) This с lassroom is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе onе nеxt door.

ttigj) This is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tеlеvis ion programmе I,vе еvеr watсhеd.

bad

2

153

lNтERIшЕDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстlсЕ

3 Complеte the seсond sentenсе so that it has a similar meaning to the first5entenсe.

a) David is a bеtter runnеr than Paul.

Paul is not ... g{. 3 !. p' d.. g'..rr'ш.e:..4.s...2qb) Nobody in thе сlass is tallеr than Alison.

Al ison is the .. . . . . . . .

с) I havеn,t writtеn as muсh as you.

You,vе writtеn

d) Janе,s hair isn,t as long as Sophiе,s.

Sophiе,s hair is

е) No studеnt in thе sсhool is noisieт than I am!

I,m thе

Г) This еxhibition is muсh morе intеrеsting than thе last onе.

Тhе last еxhibition was not

g) This is as fast as thе сar сan go.

Тhе сar сan,t . . . . . . . . . .

h) Katе atе mцсh lеss than Andrеw did.

Kаtе didn,t

4 Put one suitabte word in eaсh spaсе.

a) our tеam is ..... . jц'.t.... ' . . ....... ' . .4.,t........ good ........g.,|......... your tеam.Thеy,rе both thе samе.

b) This is onе of .............. famous paintings in thе world.

с) Еvеryonе did . . . . . . . . . . work.. . . . . . . ' . Phi l ip

d) You,rе not a safе drivеr! You should dтivе ......... slowly.

е) Ann is tallеr .. Мikе but thеir son Dаve is ..................... tallеst in

thе family.

f) What an awful book. It,s onе of ..... intеresting I,vе

еvеr rеad.

g) It makеs no diffеrеnсе, bесausе this road is

^, ;;;;;;; .......::.1l.::i.'o .. yеstеrday, so I,m wеaring my shorts.

5 Correсt thе spel|ing of thеse words where nесessary.

bad

a) bigеst

b) grеattеst

с) shоrtеr

d) likеliest

е) tallеst

fatеr

smalеst

longеst

harddеr

wеttest

0s)h)

i)

i )

k) fiter

l) tighter

m) nеwеst

n) hеaviеr..

o) widdеr

t54

6

GRA}TiTAR 3E IuAкlNG Co]Y|PARlsoNs

For eaсh question, сompletе the sесond sеntenсе so that it mеans thе samе as

the first, using no more than three words.

0

Сould you not talk so fast, plеasе?

Сould уou' ' . .t . l t .[K, 'ry!4r9,{'L.a'w.l.Y, plеasе?The last film wе saw Was morе frightеning than this onе.

This film ........ as thе last onе.

Nobody in thе сlass сooks bеttеr than Sam.

Sam is . . . ' . . . . in thе сlass.

You ran a lot fastеr than I did.

I d idn't run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you.

Small сars arе molе есonomiсal than largе сars.

Largе сars arе . . . . . . . . . . . . . smal l сars.

Skating isn,t as еxсiting as skiing.

Ski ing is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . skat ing.

Riсhard doеsn,t work hardеr than Alan.

Alan works just . . . . . . . . . . . . Riсhard.

h) Jaсk isn,t as intеrеstеd in football as his brothеr is.

Jaсk,s brothel ............... in football than hе is.

i) Bill is thе youngеst in thе family.

Еvеryonе еlsе in thе fаmily ........ Bill.

i) I havеn,t еatеn as muсh as you.

You'vе еatеn .........

а)

b)

с)

d)

е)

s)

155

Understanding

phrasal verbs

Verbs with three

parts

Еxplanation sr Thе tеrm ,phrasal r-егb' mеans a normal vеrb l ikе get, Iook, tсke followеd by

onе or two рrеpositlons l ikе bасk, off, up еtс. Look at thеsе еxamplеs:

| Г lео't Iаkе t l t i ; |:Utе tО tttу Iеасhеr.

(nоrmal r'еrb пrеaning: .to movе somеthing from onе plaсе to anothеr,)

2 Tсlkе off t't.tr sltсlеs |lеfоrе voц сomе iп'

(phrasal r-еrb пrеaning: . to rеmo\'е somеthing,)

З 11g took off i t t t l tе tt t iс1dlе of 0 storпt.

lphгasa1 r-еrb пrеaning: .rтhеn a planе goеs up into thе air ,)

\\-hеn tl.rе pтеpositiorr is addеd thе mеaning of thе original vеrb сhangеs.

Soпlеtiп.lеs thеrе is sti l l a rеlationship and you сan guеss thе mеaning (sее 2

abor-е), somеtimеs thеrе is a nеW mеaning that is сomplеtеly diffеrеnt (sее З

abovе ).

r Thеrе arе diffеrеnt typеs оf phrasal vеrbs, dеpеnding on whеthеr thеrе is onе

prеposition or two, and whеthеr thе vеrb and prеposition сan bе sеparatеd.

In this book Grammar 38 and З9 сovеr diffеrеnt typеs.

r Thеrе arе many phrasal vеrbs, and only a fеw сommon onеs arе givеn in

thеsе two units. Whеn you sее a nеW phrasal vеrb for thе first timе you

should study thе сontеxt of usе, and сhесk thе mеaning in a diсtionary.

Phrasal vеrbs arе partiсularly сommon in informal writing and spеесh.

Мost of thе vеrbs in thе list bеlow nееd an objесt, and thе objесt сan only

сomе at thе еnd, aftеr both thе prеpositions:

I,m lookiпg forwаrd to mу holidауs.

With vеrbs markеd with an astеrisk * thеrе is no objесt, and thе final

prеposition is not usеd.

саtсh up with* (rеaсh somеonе by going fastеr)

Yоu сап rеst now сtпd саtсh up with us lоtеr.

You,re goiпg too fаst! I ссlп,t саtсh up!

сut down oп* (rеduсе thе amount of)

Shеilа hсls deсided to сut down oп holidаys this уeаr.You,rе eаtiпg too mапу Sweets. You should сut dowп.

drop iп on* (v is i t foт a short t imе)

Lеt,s drop iп on Dауid while we,re iп Pаris.

Thе пехt time уou,re nеаrby, plесlse do drop iп!

gеt сllottg/on with* (havе a friеndly rеlationship with)

rL1|llеs dОеSt1,t get oп well with his mаths tесlсhеr.

It g rr'ork itl tllе sаmе offiсе, but we doп,t get on.

156

Verbs with twoparts: transitiveаnd inseparable

GRAммAR 39 PнRAsAL vERBs 1

keep up with" (movе at thе samе spееd as)You,re goiпg too fаst! I саn,t keеp up with уott.Pаttу finds this сlаss diffiсult, аnd саn,t keep up.

live up tо (bе as good as somеonе ехpесts)The ftlm didп,t live up to our eхpeсtаtioпs.

look fotwаrd to (think you will еnjoy)I,m lookiпg forwаrd to goiпg on holidау this уeаr.

Notе that fo is a prеposition hеrе and so is followеd by thе -itlg fotm of thе vеrb.

Iook out onto/over (havе a viеw of)our hotel room looks out ot|to the lаke.

put up with (aссеpt without сomplaining)I cап,t put up with аll this noise!

ruп out of (havе no morе of)I thiпk the саr is аbout to run out of petrоl!There isп,t аnу morе milk. We,уe run out.

Thеsе phrasal vеrbs takе an objесt (thе word for this is ,transitivе,). Thе objесtmust сomе aftеr thе prеposition, not bеtwееn thе vеrb and thе prеposition (thе

word for this is .insеparablе,).

саlI for (сomе to your housе and сollесt)We,lI cаll for уou аbout 8.00 so pleаse be reаdу. (NoT a]a+юн#)

саIl on (visit for a short timе)I саIIed on Profеssor |ones аnd wished her а Hаppу Birthdау.

deаI with (takе aсtion to solvе a problеm)Сould уou deаl with this сustomer,s problem pleаse?

get аt (try to say, suggеst)Hеleп сouldп,t uпderstапd whаt her boss wаs gеtting аt.

get over (rесovеr from)Peter wаs ill with f7u, but hе's gettiпg over it пo-w'

heаd for (gо in thе dirесtion o0The esсаpеd prisoner is thought to be headiпg for Loпdotl.

join in (takе part in, сontributе to)When Aleх stаrtеd sitlgittg, a'еry'ollе ioiпed iп.

see to (pay attеntion to, оftеn mеaning .геpair,)

The brаkes oп your саr need seeing to.

stаnd for (tolетatе)

I will not stапd for so muсh tаIkitlg!

tаkе аfter (bе similaт in appеaтanсе or сharaсtеr)Kаren tаkes аfter her mothеr. They,re vеry similаr.

157

r

iri

t

INтERпnEDlAтE tANGUAGE PRACтICЕ

Complеtе еaсh sentеnсe (a-h) with an ending (1_8).

a) If you havе any kind of problеm, iust сall mе and I,1l dеal

b) I,vе bееn so busy latеly that I,vе dесidеd to сut

с) Ann and Suе arе rеally looking

d) our tеасhеr told us that shе would not stand

е) Nеarly еvеrybody says that Мark takеs

fl Jaсkiе is vеry ftiеndly and gеnеrally gеts

g) Half-way through thе raсе, Мartin found that he сouldn,t

h) Wе wеrе told that thе сonсеrt was going to bе good but it

1 for сhеating in our еnd-of-tеrm tеst.2 on wеll with thе pеoplе shе works with.3 with it as soon as I сan.4 aftеr his fathет,s sidе of the family.5 down on thе amount of timе I spеnd watсhing tеlеvision.

6 up with thе othегs any morе.7 up to our еxpесtations at all.8 forward tо sееing you both again in July.

3

kееp . . . . . . . . . . .

didn,t l ivе . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Undеrline thе сorreсt preposition in еaсh sеntеnсе.

a) Сan you еxplain that again? I don,t know what you,те gеtting ф/with/db) Hе,s a vеry striсt tеaсhеr. Hе doеsn,t stand for/up/with any bad bеhaviour in

сlass.с) I еnjoyеd London, but it didn,t rеally livе up to/with/for my еxpесtations.

d) I smokе 20 сigarеttеs a day, but I,m trying to сut off/through/down.

е) I think shе has got over/by/down thе brеak-up with hеr boyfriеnd.

0 I,ll сa|| bу/iп/for you at еight o,сloсk, аnd thеn wе,ll go to thе party togеthеr.

g) I,m going сrazy! I сan,t pttt off/up/doууn with so muсh сonfusion!

h) I,m luсky, I gеt oп/off/over rea||у wеll with my сollеaguеs.i) If you miss too many lеssons, it,s diffiсult to сatсh over/щ/with.

i) It,s diffiсult to kееp аloпglbу/up with сhangеs in bio-tесhnology.

k) Мy сar needs a serviсе - thе еnginе neеds sееing iп/to/аt'

l) Thе printеI is working, but it,s run аwау/out/dowп of ink.

158

3EGRA}l i iAR 39 PнRAsAL vЕRBs l

Complete eaсh sentenсe with abox. Use eaсh one onсe only.

suitable form of onе of thе phrasal verbs in the

in on gеt on withforwатd to run out of

Thе book you lеnt ^"

.,. d'idi.t.,.|уvp.. ll,p..t'q....... m}. ехpесtation s.Any timе you,rе in thе arеa, fееl freе to .... u5.

Soтry, wе havе .......... orangе juiсе. \\:ould r-оu likе somе

watеr?

Unfortunatеly Susiе doеsn,t .... hег nеrr. nеighbouгs.

Bill lеft bеforе I did, but I ran and '... him'

I,m rеally .... my holiday in Italy nеxt rд-ееk.

It was a diffiсult сlass, and I сouldn,t .... thе othег

studеnts.

h) You should .... smoking if you сan,t stop сomplеtеlv.

Rewrite eaсh sеntеnсe so that it does not сontain the words in itoliсs, but doesсontain a phrasa! verb.

a) Brian and his mothеr аrе vеry similаr'

.,'P.r'Lзw..t.q.krд''ъft.er..b'll...унthr-:'b) Thеrе isп,t апy food left!

с) Мikе and Tom аrеп,t very good fтiеnds'

d) Jеan is very good at hаndliпg pеoplе,s problems,

е) Thе handlеbars on my bikе nееd fiхiпg.

fl Julia Was vеry ill, but she,s reсovеred now.

g) What еxaсtly arе you suggesting?

h) Paul,s nеw sсhool wаSrt,t аs good аs hе eхpeсted it to be.

:r',,1:::il:iii;;lll

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)

4

159

lNтER1YtEDlAтЕ tANGuAGЕ PRACтIсE

5 Rewritе eaсh sentenсe so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word inbold.

a) Somеone needs to look at thе сеntral hеating systеm.seeing

...1.!*'.сp.lзt.rg.|.'hpg.&ш.'tу.tt.o..|у.L...ц{44.{..'tz+i|.v...t.a,:..................b) Lеt,s pay a surprisе visit to Julia whilе wе,rе hеrе.

drop

Wе,rе going in thе dirесtion of Paris.hеading

our hotеl room has a viеw of thе main road!looks

Two сhildrеn startеd playing, and thеn thе othеrs playеd too.

Ioinеd

Wе paid a visit to my aunt on hеr birthday.

сallеd

iF

-

с)

d)

е)

s)

h)

D

I,m afraid that wе

run

havеn't got any eggs lеft.

Мoniсa will сomе and сollесt you at 6.30.

сall

Nobody understood what I was trying to say.gеtting

I сan,t bеar so muсh air pollution!

put

160

Чelrbs with twopiаrt.s: transitive

arпd sеparabIе

ЕxplanationsThеsе phrasal vеrbs takе an objесt (thе word for this is ,transitir.е't. Тhis obiесtсan сomе aftеr thе prеposition or bеtwееn thе vеrb and thе pгеpositiоn r so thеvеrbs arе,sеparablе,).

We brought up this сhild. We brought hеr up.

In gеnеral, as in thе еxamplеs abovе, objесt phrasеs tеnd to bе put aftег thеprеposition whilе pronouns (suсh aS уoщ it, him, her, uS, them) arе alи'ar.s put

bеtwееn thе vеrb and thе prеposition.

briпg up (look aftеr a сhild until adult)Tom,s аunt brought him up аfter his pаreпts diеd.

cаll off (сanсеl)The sсhool саlled off the mаtch bесаuse of bаd weаther,

сIeаr up (makе сlеan and tidy)Сould you hеlp mе сIeаr up the room аfter the pаrty?

сut off (bе disсonnесtеd during a phonе-сall)I,d just got through to Delhi wheп I wаs cut off.This is usually usеd in thе passivе.

filI in (сomplеtе by writing)Сould you ftlI this forrп in with аIl уour detаils, pleаse?

give up (stоp doing somеthing)Pаul hаd to give up уmпаstiсs beсаuse of iпjury.

kпoсk out (makе unсonsсious)Bryson knocked his opponeпt out iп the seсoпd rouпd.

Iеt dowп (disappoint, fail to kееp a promisе)Аnn sаid she would help, but she let me down.

look up (find information in a rеfеrenсе book)I looked this word up in а diсtionаrу апd in аn enсуclopediа'

piсk up (сollесt in a сar)The tахi wiII pick you up аt 6.З0.

put off (postponе)The wеаther wаs bаd, so theу put off the mаtсh for а weеk.

put up (providе aссommodation in somеonе,s housе)A frieпd in Prаguе put me up for а сouple of пights.

761

lNтERlYlEDlAтE LANGuAGE PRACтlсЕ

Verbs with twoparts: intransitivе

tаke up (start a hobby or aсtiviфSаm hаs iust tаken up pаrасhutiпg.

try oп (put on сlothеs to seе if thеy aте suitablе)

I tried the coаt oп, but it was too big апd thе wrong сolour.

turn oп/off (bеgin or stop opеrating еlесtriсal еquipmеnt)

Don,t forget to tutn off thе light before уou go to bеd.

wаsh up (сlean plates, knivеs and forks еtс.)Аfrer the pаrф, Mаrtin'wаshed up аIl the glаsses.

Thеsе phrasal vеrbs do not havе an objесt.

brеаk down (stop working, еspесially сars)Thе саr broke dowп when we wеre oп the motor.wау'

drop out (stop beforе you finish)Two of the runners ilropped out hаlf-wау through the rасе'

get oп (makе progrеss)Ninа likes her new сollege, апd is gettiпg on ууeII.

get аwау (esсapе)Оne of the burglаrs wаs саught, but thе other got аwсtу.

rrow up (сhangе from a сhild to an adult)I grew up iп а smаIl town iп Peru.

set off/out (begin a journеy)We set off eаф to аvoid the traffiс.

tаke off (whеn a planе lеavеs thе gтound)

Оur plапe took off more fuаn thrеe hours lаte.

turn uР (агтivе, often unехpесtеdly)We inуitеd twentу pеople, but oпIy five turned up.

L62

GRAмtt iAR 40 PHRAsAt vERBs 2

Complete eaсh sеntanсе with onе suitab]е word.

a) Jеss askеd if shе сould hеlp mе ltЪ'r!э,''..... up thе diгty dishеs.

b) I nееd a diсtionary, so I сan .. up this word.

с) If I Wеrе you I,d ..................... off еarly bесausе Еdinburgh is a long way.

d) our mееting tomorrow has bееn .. off, I,m afraid.

е) I,m not surе about thе sizе of this сoat, so сan I .......... it on?

f) Robеrt had to .. in a foгm, giving all his pеrsonal dеtails.

g) You,ll nеvеr guеss who ........... up at our sсhool party last wееk!

h) Six pеoplе appl iеd for thе job, but onе of thеm ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . out.

Rewrite eaсh sentеnсе so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word inbold.

a) Don,t lеavе the lights on whеn you lеavе thе sсhool.

turn

..........T.у+.суу..the..|g.hts...qff..w.h*ru.у.q!{..L9fl'.V.f..t.hэ'$,!p.q!'........................b) Jaсk aтrivеd half-way through thе lеsson.

turn

You сan stay with us foг a wееk.

put

Мarta is doing wеll in hеr Еnglish сlass.

gеt

Lidia spеnt hеr сhildhood in Uтuguay.

grеW

How do you start thе сomputеr?

turn

Сarol сhесkеd thе datеs in an еnсvсlоnеdia.

look

h) Surfing is a grеat sport. Whеn did you staгt doing it?

takе

с)

d)

е)

fl

s)

163

lNтЕRIvtED!AтЕ tANGUAGЕ PRAстl(Е

Comp|ete еaсh sentеnсe (a_h) with an ending (l-8).

a) It,s \,еry сold and wеt at thе momеnt So Wеlvе put ....3....

b) Маr}z's palеnts wеrе quitе striсt and brought hеr ...........

с) \buг room is vеry untidy! Сould you сlеar

d) I tvas talking to Hеlеn whеn suddеnly wе WеIе сut

е) Zoе triеd to pеrsuadе hеr mothеr to givе

fl Тim startеd painting his room this morning and hе,s gеtting

gt If vou likе, wе сould сomе and piсk

ht \ branсh of a trее fеll and knoсkеd

1 it up plеasе, and put еvеrything away.? Pеtеr out for a fеw momеnts.З off our gardеn party until nеxt wееk'-1 up smoking, but shе didn,t havе muсh suссеss.5 on vеry wеll so far.6 off and I сouldn,t gеt hеr numbеr aftеr that.] r'ou up in our сar at about 7.00.8 up to bе vеry politе and obеdiеnt.

Gdr

t64

2

Underlinе thе сorreсt word or рhrase in еaсh sеntеnсе.

a) I think my sсhool is just аs good/bе.ttеt than yours.

b) Thеrе arе еnough applеs for onе eасh/еvery.

с) Sharon has bееn wоrking verу hаrd/hаrdly.

d) Сould you givе me ап/somе information, plеasе?

е) Тhis тs thе bеst/better iсе-сtеam in thе worldl

f) I,vе bееn working in this сompany for/sinсe thrеe months.

g) Thеrе are пo/пoпе еggs lеft in thе fridgе.

h) Thе news is/аre on in a fеw minutеs.

Dесide whiсh answer (A, B, с or D) best fits eaсh spaсе.

Lifе on thе fоrm

I was (1) . . . .P. . . . . by rny unсlе and aunt and (2) ' . . . . . ' . . . . on a smal l farm in thе

wеst of Еngland. I think it WaS bеttеr (3) ........... l iving in a сity, bесausе

(4) ........... day I ran about in thе opеn air. (5) I wеnt to sсhool,

(6) . . . . . . . . . . . I d id was play on thе farm al l day. (7) . . . . . . . . . . . my aunt and unсlе

workеd with thе animals, and although thеy workеd vеry (8) , thеy

always еxplainеd (9) .... '...... things to mе. Thеy didn't havе (10) monе,Y,

but thеy (11) . . . . . . . . . . .wеl l with еvеryonеl and wе didn,t havе (12) of thе

problеms of living in thе сity. I always fеlt (13) on thе farm. Thеrе lтas

(14) . . . . . . . . . . . noisе or pol lut ion, and i t was (15) pеaсеful . Тhat,s probablr-

why I bесamе a farmеr whеn I was oldеr.

1) A livеd up to B takеn aftеr2) A grеw up B ioinеd in

3) Aas Bmorе4) Aеvеry Bin5) Aby BnowadaYs6) Aеvеry Bеaсh7) AЕithеr BBoth8) Ahardly Bhardеr9) Aintеrеsts Bintеrеst ing

10) Amuсh Blots11) A droppеd in B got along

12) ^muсh

Bnonе1З) Ahappi ly Bahappy14) Аarry B no15) Atoo Bmuсh

С grown up D bгoughт uр

C turnеd up D put oi i

C than D thе

С for D bоth

С in t imе D unt i1

С nonе D a] l

С Nеithеr D \1i

С hard D hardеst

С intеrеst D intеIеstеd

С manl- D too

С kеpt uр D dеalt with

Сno Dany

С hapрi D thе happy

С nonе оf D not

С rеa]h- D as

165

INтЕRrvlEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстlCE

For еaсh question, сomplеte thе seсond sentenсе so that it means the same аsthe first. using no more than thrеe words.

a) Thеsе сlassrooms arеn,t vеry largе.

хor.e .,.!f .t.!*:e сlassrooms arе vеry largе.

b) Luсa won,t lеavе hеrе bеforе thе еnd of April.

Luсa will bе hеrе thе еnd of Aоril.

с) Wе don,t allow smoking in this сinеma.

No .. . . . . . . . . . . . in this с inеma.

d) Can you tеll mе what you think I should do?

Сan you givе mе . . . . ' . . . . . . . . ?

е) Yоu,vе bееn waiting longer than I havе.

I havеn,t bееn wait ing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you havе.

f) It,s 4.00 noщ and I startеd waiting hеrе two hоurs ago.

l ,vе bеen wait ing hеrе ' . . . . . . . . . . . .2 'ОО.

g) All сlassrooms must bе kеpt сlеan.

Еaсh .. . . . . . . . . . . . must bе kеpt с lean.

h) Мost of thе сlass walks to sсhool.

Most of thе сlass сomеs tо sсhool

i) This is as far as Wе сan go along this road.

Wе сan,t go .. . . . . . . . . . . . . a long this road.j) Тhе firе brigadе arrivеd too latе to saYе thе burning housе.

Thе firе brigadе didn,t arrivе ......... .... to savе thе

burning housе.

Rewrite еaсh sеntеnсе so that it сontains а form of a phrasal verb using thе wordin bo]d. Makе any othеr neсessary сhangеs.

a) You сan сomе and stay with mе.put

... I. сaw..p. иt..уi 14..|4,Р'....b) Сarlos сan't stand thе traffiс anymorе.

put

с} Pеtеr is making good progrеss at univеrsity.gеt

I,il tidy up thе room if you do thе washing-up.

сlеar

166

d)

е)

s)

GRAмIl|AR 41 сoNsot lDAтloN 4

Wе,rе going in thе dirесtion of Madrid.

hеad

Why don,t you sеarсh for this word in thе diсtionarr-?

look

Janе is vеry similar to hеr fathеr.

takе

h) Kеlly,s fathеr is trying to stоp srnoking.

givе

Look сarefulIy at еaсh line. Some lines are сorreсt but somе havе a word whiсh

shouId not bе there. тiсk (/) eaсh сorreсt line. lf a linе has a word whiсh should

not bе therе, write the word in the spaсe.

Holidаy problеms

5

Last month wе dесidеd to drivе to Sсotland for a

fеw days, for a short holiday. Wе wеrе thе rеally

looking it forward to a quiеt rеst in thе сountry.

Unfortunatеly, a lots of things wеnt wrong. First

of all, thе сar WaS brokе down iust aftеr wе had lеft

homе, and we had to phonе a garagе and thеn

wait by thе sidе of thе rоad for hours ago. By thе

timе thе сar had bееn rеpairеd, it was toо muсh latе

to go on, so Wе Wеnt thе homе. Thе nеxt day wе sеt

off morе еarly to avoid thе traffiс, but wе had forgottеn

that it was a publiс holiday. Еvеry onе singlе pеrson

in thе сountry must havе had thе samе idea, so wе

found oursеlvеs in a long traffiс jam. Wе aftеr dесidеd

that thе bеst thing to do was to takе aftеr a diffеrеnt

rоad, and look up for a hotеl. First wе got lost on

a narrow сountry road, and thеn thе сar onсе lan

out of thе pеtгol. Finally, Wе gavе up and wеnt homе

for thе sесond timе.

1

2

3

6

7

8

9

10

11

T2

1З

Т4

15

T6

I7

18

.. . . . . . . . .{. . . . . . . .thт

4 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t67

lNтЕRri lEDlATЕ tANGUAGE РRAстlCE

6 Put one suitable word in eaсh spaсe, or leave thе spaсe b|ank.

Whilе Lara was visiting (a| .,,,tk,,,,.. Unitеd Statеs, shе dесidеd to go by

(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p lanе from (с) Nеw York to (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wеst Сoast.

Shе had alrеady stayеd with hеr friеnds (е) ................ two wееks, and thеy,d

told hеr that (f) Сalifornia was a (g) morе еxсiting. ,It,s

(h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warmеr/ and you, l l bе ablе to swim in ( i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paсi f iс

Oсеan!,, thеy said. Lara didn,t havе (i) information about fl ights, so

shе wеnt to (k) . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . travеl agеnt,s nеxt door to ( l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . b lосk of f lats

whеrе shе was staying. Shе disсovеrеd that thеrе wеrе two fl ights (m) ................

nеxt morning, but shе сouldn't gеt (n) Sеat on (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of thеm.

For еaсh question, сompletе the sесond sentenсe so that it mеans thе same asthе first, using no more than threе words.

a) Nobody at all piсkеd up thе littеr.

шot ....4..{l.Щ'L?'.......... pегSorr piсkеd up thе littеr.

b) Thеrе isn,t any сhееsе in thе fridgе.

Thеrе is .... in thе fridgе.

с) Pеoplе who arе riсh arеn,t nесеssarily happy.

Тhе . . . . . . . . . . . ' not nесеssar i ly happy.

d) Janе,s drawing is bеautiful.

Janе draws

е) I havеn,t sееn a Worsе film than this onе.

This is .... I havе еvеI Sееn.

f) Hеlеn lеft Paris in July.

Hеlеn stayеd in Paris .... July.

Put one suitable word in eaсh spaсe.

a) You woтk..W!:*9!l,........ hardеr ......th!!w..'... I do.b) In '........ futurе, pеoplе will livе longеr .. thеy do now.с) Alех p1ays . . . . . . . . . guitar in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roсk band.

d) Тhеrе is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hot и 'atеr lеft , but thеrе isn,t . . . . . . . . . . .

еt Hе соuld go norт hе'd ansrr,еlеd .. thе quеstions on

sidеs of thе fоrm.

f) Jogging isn' t . . . . . . . ' ' . . intеrеst ing . . p laying tеnnis.

g) i, l l rтait hеrе .. 6'00, so try and bе hеrе .. thеn.

h) That и.as grеat l It rvas thе. ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . mеal you,vе . . сookеd!

8

168

iGRArvtгYtAR 41 сoNsotIDAТloN 4

9 Underline thе errors in thеse sеntеnсеs. Rеwritе eaсh sеntеnсе.

a) I,m rеally intеrеsting in thе travеl.

. . . t. I rw. . rчt !.l.у . .уrl.qr нt.pd . . Lш . t.r.qY. 9,L.,. . ., . .b) Katе,s brothеr is doсtor.

)roblem: heсk

с) I atе a food With Jaсk, and aftеr that I wеnt homе.

d) Thе milk is good for you.

е) Сan you givе mе an adviсе?

f) I'vе lookеd in thе box. A1l is brokеn, I,rn afraid.

g) Thеy will havе finishеd thе nеw hospital until thе еnd of Мay.

h) Thеrе,s a poliсе waiting outsidе.

i) I сomе to сlass with thе fееt.

i) Your hair arе vеry bеautiful.

Тime words l ike fol sincе and ogo are Iinked to the use of tensеs. Сheсk Grаmmar

4, 5,6 and 7.

Тhe same word сan be сountabIе and unсountable with a сhange of meaning.

Whiсh words of this kind do you know? Cheсk with Grammar 33.

Compare thе uses of artiсles with artiсles in your language (if it has artiсlеs).

Note that the сhoiсe of artiсlе сan depend on meaning and сontеxt. Сhесk with

Grammar 34 and 35.

Avoid using morе than thrеe adjeсtivеs together. Note the d;fferenсе bеtwееn

hord and hordlу' Cheсk with Grammar 37.

What is the differenсe betwееn сomparative аnd superlatives? Arе thеy usеd in

thе same ways in your language? Cheсk with Grammar 38.

Phrasal vеrbs сan havе many meanings, so сheсk in a diсt ionary. Маkе suгe that

you know whеre in the еntry for the main verb you сan f ind thе phгasa| vеrbs ( i t

is r ight at thе end of the entry, after thе var ious meanin9s of the main verb usеd

alonе).

t69

Verbs foIlowеd by

-ing or infinitive:

l i t tIe or no сhangе

of mеaning

Verbs followed by

to + infinitivе

ЕxplanationsWhеn you lеarn a nеlY vеrb, it is advisablе to сhесk in a diсtionary whеthеr it is

followеd by thе -ittg foтm (atso сallеd thе gеrund) or an infinitivе with or

without ro. If thе infinitivе is without to it caгl bе сallеd a barе infinitivе.

Grammar 42 and 4З inсludе somе of thе most сommon vеrbs, but thеsе arе

only a sеjесtion.

l Somе r.егbs сan bе follorvеd еithет bу an -iпg form, or fo + infinitivе, and

thеге is l ittlе oг no сhangе in mеaning. Vеrbs in this l ist inсludе:

bеgilt, сotltitll|е, |lot bеоr, hоtе' itltепd, Iikе, lovе, prefer, stаrt

I\.ltеtt sltе stood ttp, thе Prеsidеt.tt begаn to speоk/speаkiпg.

Some peoplе аt thе bасk сontinued сhаtting/to сhаt'

I ссltl,t beаr listening/to listen for о loпg time.

Whаt do уou inteпd doing/to do сlbout it?

I don,t like wаtсhing tеlеvision. I prefer reаding/to reаd.

I thiпk уou should Stаrt prаctisiпg/to prасtise now!

r Thеrе сan bе a small diffеrеnсе bеtwееn likе to do aлd like doing. To +

infinitivе suggеsts that somеthing is a good idеa although you don't

nесеssarily enjoy it. The -iпg form shows you еnioy somеthing.

I like to hаve а short wаlk аftеr my evening meаl.

I like listeniпg to thе rаdio.

r Notе that With ,ptеfеr, we prefer onе thing to anothеr thing. If thе things arе

aсtivitiеs, thе -ing form is usеd.

Tom prefеrs rеаding to wаtсhing televisioп'

l Hаte doing ts morе сommon, ехсеpt in thе fixеd еxprеssion .I hatе to tеll you

this, but . . . ' .

I hаte doing the wаshiпg-up!

I hаte to tell уou this, but wе,vе missed the lаst trаiп!

r Whеn Wе usе thе modal уеrb would with likе, love, prеfer and hаte wе must

usе ro + infinitivе.

I,d like to go to Portugаl this summer.

I,d prefer to do it mуsеIf, if уou doп,t miпd,

Somе vеrbs сan only bе followеd by thе infinitivе with fo. Thеsе inсludе:

аfford, аsk, сhoosе, hаppen, help, mапаge, offer, rеfusе, wаit, want

|7О

Vеrbs followed byto + infinitive, or

tfiot-сIausе

GRAмtt iAR 42 vERBs FoLLowED BY -, ,vG oR lNЕlNlт lvE 1

I саn,t аfford to go to thе сinemа twiсe iп otlе ъ,eek.Iп the eпd, Lаurа chose to studу Есoпomiсs.Do уou hоppen to kпow the time?Сould someone help me to саrry this? *

(Hеlp is also used without to. Сould you help me сarry, tltis?)

|im саn,t mcШu|gе to come this evening.I offered to give her а lift, but she sаid she,d orderеd сl tахi.Thе mапаger refused to see me.There аre somе people wаiting to see you.Whаt do you wаnt to do this eveniпg?

r Somе vеrbs сan bе followеd by thе infinitivе with fo, or a thаt сlausе. It ispossiblе to lеavе ol,lt thаt in еveryday spеесh. Thеsе vеrbs inсludе;

аgree, deсidе, ехpeсt, hope, leаrn, preteпd, promise, seem, wish

We deсided to go home'Mike eхpects to win,I hope to see уou lаter.Heleп preteпded to be ill'

Wе deсided (thаt) .we would go home.Mike eхpeсts (thаt) he will wiп.I hope (thаt) I,ll see you lаter'Helen pretended (thаt) she wаs ill'

Notе that if we usе a thаt-с|alse we follow thе tеnsе rules of геportеd spеесh.So, for еxamplе, will changеs to would in thе past:

Sаrаh аgrees to meet уou аfter school.Sаrаh ауees thаt she wiII tпeеt уou аfter sсhool.Sаrаh аgreed to meet me аfter sсhool.Sаrаh аgrеed- (thаt) she would meet me аfter school.

Thеrе is a small diffеrеnсe bеtwееn leаrn to aг,d lеаrn thаt.At school Grаhаm leаrned to speаk Freпch. (lеarn a skill)Аt sсhool we leаrned thаt the Еаrth goes round the Suп. (|earn information)

Notе thе two forms of seem. It + seem + thаt-с|alsе is vеry сommon.You seem to know the апswer!It seems thаt you know the аnswer'

Wish fo||owed bу to + infinitivе has a similar mеaning to 14)аnt.I wish to leаve еаrIу todаy'

Wish fo||owеd by a thаt-с|alsе usually inсludеs would ot could.I wish (thаt) I could leаve eаф.I.tltish (thаt) mу teасher would let mе leаve eаrlу.

t71

a)

b)

lNтER1t, lEDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRAстlCЕ

Undеrlinе thе errors in thеsе sentenсes. Somе sentеnсеs do not havе еrrors.Rewrite еaсh sеntenсе that has an error and tiсk (/) the sеntenсes whiсh areсorreсt.

Jim сan,t afford going to thе сinеma twiсе a wееk.

. . Jlуt+. . с4 n: t' gff.q.r d. . .t p 3 ! . . t a. . .tk. .qiшryl!| . .fu .Lсe . .ql . .w. *'k'David wishеs lеaving thе room.

с) Arе you waiting to usе thе phonе?

d) I,d rеally likе going swimming on Saturday.

е) Еmma prеtеnded lеaving, but waitеd оutsidе.

fl Jamеs agrееd to mееt mе at thе bеaсh.

g) Мy bikе sееms having somеthing Wlong with it.

h) Thе dirесtor геfusеd answеring Hеlеn,s phonе сall.

2 Complеtе eaсh sеntеnсе with a form of one of the verbs from thе box. Usе еaсhverb onсе only.

сontirruе еxprсtoffеr prеfеr

t._,a) John rca||у '...!..9.Y9{......... spеnding all day at thе bеaсh.

b) I,m сomplеtеly brokе, so I сan,t .. to go on holiday.

с) Еxсusе mе, but do you .. to know thе way to old Strееt?

d) Wе .. our tеam to win, but thеy wеrе badly bеatеn.

е) Carolyn .. to spеak Frеnсh and Gеrman whеn shе Was at sсhool.

0 Еvеn whеn thе еxaminеr told him to stop, Robеrt .. spеaking.g) I,m sorry, but I сan,t .. to listеn to this awful musiс!

h) Last wееk Chris .. to hеlp mе paint my bikе.

i) Paul ........... to havе a bad lеg so hе didn,t havе to go to thе gym.j) Sam usually .. playing foоtball to doing homеwork.

t7z

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)h)

i)

i )

3

4

GRAмпnAR 42 vERBs FoLLoWЕD BY., ,{G oR lNFlNlт lvE.I

Complete the sесond sentenсe so that it has a similar mеaning to the first

sentеnсe.

a) МY tеaсhеr wouldn,t lеt mе lеavе еаrly,

My tеaсhеr rеfu s еd'.. t,a.. .L?.t'''ryp...Lqу r,.. gд.r!у.

b) Jill sang without stopping for an houт.

J i l l сont inuеd .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

с) Apparеntly you,vе pаssеd thе еxam.

It sееms

d) Riсhard thinks hе,s going to do wеll.

Riсhard еxpесts

е) What arе your plans for thе summеr?

What do you intеnd .. . . . . . . . . . . ?

f) Сlеаring up my room is somеthing I dislikel

I hatе

g) Liz said shе,d go tо thе сinеma with mе.

Liz agrееd

h) Tina and Brian arе gеtting maггiеd.

i )

Tina and Brian havе dесidеd

Sее you latег, I hopе.

I hopе

What do you fanсy doing this еvеning?

What do you want

Complete eaсh sentenсe with onе of the words from the box.

Greg oftеn ...{9.e.!w...... to bе worriеd.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to tеl l you this, but wе,vе lost al l our money.

Do you .. to go for a walk this aftеrnoon?

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ann to wait for mе, but shе didn,t.

Katrina .. to bесomе a сhampion skatеr.

Thе poliсе offiсer .. to listеn to my еxplanation.

Pеtеr .......... to work on Saturday instеad of оn Friday.

I,d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to sее you again somе t imе.

Aftеr a lot of thought, Jim finally .. to spеnd his holidаr in Pеru.

I askеd my tеaсhеr for hеlp, and shе .. to gir.е mе е\tIа lеssons.

t

t7З

INтЕRпnЕD!AтE LANGUAGE PRAст!CЕ

5 Rewritе еaсh sеntеnсe so that it has a similar mеaning and сontains the word in

bold.

a) What aIе you thinking of doing?

intеnd

. . . !:{ h!|.t. . d.q. . у.q.*. .iw. s4d.. t p... d.q.? ... .''b) I find gеtting up еarly unbеarablе!

bеar

с) I,1l sее you in

to

thе moming, I еxpесt.

,I,ll bе baсk at 6.0o., said Susan.

promisеd

Pat was taught to drivе when hе Was young.

lеarnеd

.Would you likе mе to hеlp you?, I askеd Joе.

offеrеd

Еllеn didn,t havе еnough monеy foт thе tiсkеt.

afford

'I won't help!' said Tom.

rеfused

d)

е)

s)

h)

t74

Vеrbs fol|owed by

-ing or infinitive:

сhange of

meaning

Vеrbs fo|Iowed by-ing or infinitivewithout to: сhangеof meaning

ExplanationsSomе vеrbs сan bе followеd еithеr bу an -iпg form, or fо + infinitir-е, and thеrеis a сhangе in mеaning. Study thе еxamplеs bеlow сaгеfulir..

remembеr and forgetWе usе remember/forget doiпg (or remembеr/forget followеd bг fllrzf-сlausеi formеmoriеs of thе past (thе aсtion happеns bеforе thе rеmеmbегingl' \\ъ usеrеmembеr/forget to do for aсtions somеonе is/was supposеd to do (thе

rеmеmbеring happеns bеforе thе aсtion).I remembet telling уou! (tеll € rеmеmbеr)Then I remembered thаt уou werе out. (go out € rеrnеmbеrlRemember to tаke уour keys! (rеmеmbеr ) takе)I,ll never foryet leаrпing to drive! (Iеarn € forget)I forgot thаt I,d promisеd to phone уou. (promisе € forgеt)Sorry, I forgot to post уour lettеr. (forgеt ) post)

meапWе usе meап doing (ot meаn followеd |эу thаt-c|ausе) whеn onе thing rеsults inor involvеs anothеr. Wе usе meап to do to еxprеss an intеntion.

Keеpiпg ftt meапs tаking eхerсise everу dау! (= involvеs)Wheп I miss the bus, it meаns thаt I hаve to wаlk to sсhool. (= involvеs)

|ап meапt to wаtсh the progrаmme, but shе forgot. (= intеndеd)

stopWе usе stop doiпg when wе еnd an aсtion. Wе usе Stop to do whеn wе givе thеrеason foг stopping.

|o hаs Stopped lеаrпiпg Frеnсh.

We stoppеd to look сlt thе view.

Stop iS not followеd by a thаt-с|alа'se.

trуWе usе try doiпg whеn wе do somеthing and sее what happеns. Wе usе tl1'to dowhеn wе makе an еffort to do somеthing, but don,t nесеssarily suссееd.

If you hаve а heаdасhe, try tаking two of these pills' (= еxpеrimеnt tPeter trted to lift the tаble, but it tltаs too heоуу, (hе fa i lеd in this саsе,

Trу is l;ot followеd bу a thаt-c|alsе.

r Sоmе vеrbs сan bе followed by an objесt + ing, or an infinitir-е rтlthоut Гtl.

Thеrе is a сhangе in mеaning. Thеsе vеrbs arе somеtimеs сa1lеd .r-еrbs of

pеrсеption, and inсludе:

fеel, heаr, listeп to, see, wаtсh

r If wе sее or hеar only part of thе aсtion, or it сontinuеs. 1\.е usе thе -i l lg

form. If Wе sее or hеar thе wholе aсtion from bеginning to еnd. rте usе thе

infinitivе without fo.175

(= gavе up lеarning)(= in ordеr to look)

lNтЕRUIEDIAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRACтIсЕ

I Сompaте:I сould fеel mу hаnds shаkiпg with fеаr!I felt the buildiпg move!

We wаtсhed |oe eating his lunch.

We wаtched Ioе eаt his lunсh'

(сontinuing aсtion)(сomplеtеd aсtion)(part of thе aсtion)(wholе aсtion)

&fr&

Vеrbs followеd by

-ing or noun

Verbs followed bY

-ing, or noun, or

thot-сlausе

rThеsеvеrbsсanbеusеdwithathаt-с|alsеwithaсhangеofmеaning.I feel thоt tltis is the time to resign. (= beliеvе)

We hеаrd that у,ott weтe ill. (= rесеivе nеws)

I sаw that it wсls too lаte' (= rеalizе)

Somе vеrbs сan bе followеd еithеr by anothеr vеrb in an -iпg form or a rroun.

Thеsе inсlu dе: сlislikе, еtljoу, fапсу, *саn,t hеIp, *kееp, mind, prасtise, саn,t stаnd,

Тhosе maгkеd * har'е two mеanings.

I dislikе going out iп the rаiп'

I rесtllу dislike mу new boss.

Еveryone enjoуs going to pаrties.

I eпioуed this lessoп'Do уou fаnсу going to the сinemа?

I fапсу а swim!I саn,t help feeling huпgry.

I cаn,t help mуself! (= I сan,t stop)

Keep this, Doп,t throw it аwаy'

Sue keeps phoning mе Iаtе аt niфt. (= сontinuеs with a bad habit)

Do you mind wаiting?Do you mind сold weаther?

I must prасtise speаking Freпсh more often'

|utiа prасtises the violiп every dау.

I саn,t stаnd wаkiпg up eаrlу'

I сап,t stаnd hot апd spiсу food.

r Somе vеrbs сan bе followеd еithеr by anothеr veтb in an .iпg form, or a

noun, ot a thаt-с|aшsе. These inсludе: аdmit, deпу, imаgine, Suggest'

The Minister аdmitted tаkiпg а bribe.

PаuI аdmitted thаt hе wаs wroпg.

Tiпа deпied steаling the moпeу'

Вoth men deпiеd thаt they hаd done aпуthing wrong.

Imаgine trаvelling to оnother plаnet!

Do уou reаIIу imоgiпe thаt I wаnt to see уou аgаiп?

l suggest goiпg for а pizzа.

l suggest thаt-we go for а pizzо.

l Suggest сan also bе followеd bу should'

I suggest thаt wе should go for а pizzа.

GRAмпnAR 43 vЕRBs FoLLoWED BY -,NG oR lNFlNlтIvE 2

Сontrasts with vеrbs from Grammar 42 are inсludеd hеrе.

Underline the сorreсt word or phrase in еасh sentenсе.

a) Tom suddеnly rеalizеd hе,d forgotten to loсkЛoсking his door.b) on thе wаy baсk we stoppеd to hауe/hаving somе tеa.

с) Сould you stop to tаlk/tаIkiпg, plеasе.

d) Lеarning a languagе mеans to be/beiпg intеrеstеd in anothег сultцге.е) Ann triеd to open/opeпiпg thе windoщ but it was too high to геaсh.f) Plеasе rеmеmbеr to tаke/tаkiпg thе dog for a walk.g) Сathy says shе,ll nеvеr forgеt to skу-dive/skу-diving for the first timе.

h) I don,t rеally rеmеmbеr to stаrt/stаrting sсhool whеn I was fivе.

Еor eaсh question, сomplеte the seсond sentenсe so that it means the same as

the first, using no more than thrеe words.

a) Would you likе to go to thе bеaсh?

o" .,..Y.9.*'fT'rpу....'..'..... going to thе bеaсh?b) Thе boy admittеd stеaling thе bikе.

Thе boy admittеd stolеn thе bikе.

с) Why don,t wе wait for thе bus?

waiting for thе bus.

d) David oftеn intеrrupts mе.

David . . . . . . . . . . . . . mе.

е) Is it all right if you сomе baсk latеr?

сoming baсk latеr?

f) Think What bеing a millionairе would bе likel

-,

;;;;;;;;;";. ;;;;;;;;.;.

a millionairе!

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eat ing a lot.

Underline the сorreсt verb in eaсh sеntenсе.

a) Hеlеn enjoyed/Фosэto lеarn Frеnсh.b) I rеally can,t stапd/аfford to travel by planе.

с) Do уo.; mind/wапt coming baсk in half an hour?d) Tina suggested/meапtto buy somе potatoеs, but shе forgot'

е) Еmily denied/refused opеning thе offiсе safе.f) Bill admitted/аgreed making a sеrious mistakе.g) Мy palеnts disliked/deсidеd to sеnd mе to a diffеrеnt sсhool.

h) I rеally likе/fаnсy a trip to thе сountry.

177

Ж

lNтERмЕDIAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстlCE

4 Сompletе еaсh sentеnсе with a form of onе of the verbs in thе box.

dеny

ry

If r.ou . .t.r.Y........... to work a bit haгdеr, I,m surе you,ll pass thе еxam.

Кеr-in ......... to havе toothaсhе, and lеft sсhool еarly.

Тhе buildеrs arе not surе of thе еxaсt datе, but .. to start work

soon.

dt Еmma .. to сall you last wееk, but shе forgot.

еr Тhе \\.oman arrestеd by thе poliсе .. rоbbing thе bank.

f r \ou should .. spеaking to an audiеnсе, to gain сonfidеnсе.

gr It 's intеrеst ing to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mysеlf l iv ing on a dеsеrt is land.

ht I phonеd thе dirесtor six timеs, but shе .. to spеak to mе.

Сomp|еtе еaсh sentenсе with one suitabIe word.

a, Don,t .fqrg.p.t'...... to buy somе milk on your way homе.bi If ]'m latе, it .. I have to wait until thе nеxt lеsson bеgins.

С' I . . ' . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . throwing thе bal l , but I d idn,t brеak thе window.

dr Pau] сan,t .......... thinking about his favouritе tеam.

е ' Lisa .' forgеtting whеrе shе put hеr kеys.

f r Gina .......... to сlimb in through thе windoщ but it was loсkеd.

g, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p lаying with my fr iеnds whеn I was l i t t lе.

h r ] сan,t .. walking homе in thе rainl It,s horriblеI

a)

bl

сl

' ) ral'

-. '/---v?t/, '

t78

Еxplanationsr Some vеrbs arе followеd by a partiсular prеposition. \bu сan сhесk this in a

diсtionary. Somе сommon еxamplеs aге givеn bеlorv.

Aboutdreаmknowtаlk

AL

Iаughlook

ForаpologizеapPlуаskIookpаywаit

Iпbelievesuссeеd

ofассuSeremindtаste

Опdepепdrelу

TobeloпgeхpIаinIend

listепtаlk

I dreоmed аbout Hаrry lаst пight.Do уou kпow а lot аbout eсonomiсs?Whаt аre уou tаIking аbout?

Doп,t lаugh аt me.Look аt thаt bеаutiful сherry tree!

I must аpologize for being lаtе.

|ill hаs аpplied for сl пew job.Why doп,t wе аsk for the bill?I,m looking for thе bus stаtion.Sheilа pаid for mу tiсket.I,ll wаit for уou outside.

Do you believe iп ghosts?Hеleп suсceeded iп сolleсting tЗ5 for сhоrity'

Albert wаs ассused of spyiпg.This сity reminds me of Bueпos Аires'Does уour сoffee tаste of soаp?

I might сome, It depеnds oп thе weаthеr.You саn relу oп Аnn to work hоrd.

Doеs this beloпg to уou?Сould уou eхplаin something to me pleаsе?Briап leпt his саr to mе for the weekеnd.Wе сan also say: Briап lent me his соr.You,re пot listening to me!Еlleп wаs tаIkiпg to her mother oп the plюltе

179

lNтERlt , lЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстICE

be + аdjeсtivе

prеposition

with

r In quеstions thе prеposition usually goеs at thе end.Whаt аre уou tаlkiпg аbout?Who аrе уou looking for?Whаt аre уou listeпiпg to?

Notе that in thе list bеlow thе following adjeсtivеs oссur twiсеi аngry| аппoуed,plеаsed, sorry, one of thе prepositions is usеd whеn thеy rеfеr to pеoplе and onеwhеn thеy rеfеr to things (this is shown in thе list).

Аbout аngry (+ things), апnoуed (+ things), eхсited, hаppу, pleаsed(+ things), right, sorry (+ things), иpsefHelen is eхcited аbout wiпning the prize.I,m sorry аbout your difficulties' Саn I help?

Аt bаd, goodDorа is reаllу good аt mаths.

For fаmous, lаte, reаф, sorry @ pеoplе)Оur сiф is fаmous for its beаutiful buildiпgs.I wаs sorry for Georgе wheп he cаme lаst in the rасe.

From differentThis room is different ftom the othеr oпе.

In iпterestedАre уou iпterested in сomputers?

of аfтаid, foпd, frightened, fuII, jeаIous, tiredMу sleepiпg bаg wаs full of апts!

On keenI,m not very keen on fтiеd food.

kiпd, mаrried, usedEllen is mаrried to lаck.

аngry ( pеoplе), аnпoyed (+ pеoplе), bored, pleаsеd (+ peoplе)I,m reаIIу ап8rу with уou.

To

180

2

AB

GRAпnIYlAR 44 vERBs FoLLoWЕD BY PRЕPosITloNs

Complеtе eaсh sеntenсe with one suitаble word.

a) Fiona is vеry diffеrеnt 'ft.q.ш ... hеr sistеr.

b) Plеasе try and l istеn . . . . . . . . . my instruсt ions.

с) Мy homе town is famous .. its pеaсhеs.

d) Еxсusе mе, but doеs this umbrеlla bеlong .. r-оl.t '

е) What еxaсt ly was Al ista ir ta lk ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

f) I th ink wе should ask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somе information.

g) Gеmma is vеry kееn .......... growing hеr own vеgеtablеs.

СompIete thе sentеnсes with onе word from list A and onе from list B

suссееds

a) I don,t l ikе him. I think ь" . . . . !q.ш.W.... . . ' . . . . . .g,t. . . . . . . . mе bеhind my baсk.

b) I, l l bе surprisеd i f hе .. . . . . . . . ' walking to thе top of thе

mountain.

с) Isabеl sеnds hеr lovе and .... not сontaсting you.

Shе,s bееn rеally busy.

d) It ,s di f f iсult to know whеn thе bus wi l l сomе. It . . . . . . . . . . . .

thе timе of day.

е) Shе,s vеry intеll igеnt. Shе ...... a lot есonomiсs and

things l ikе that.

f) This diсt ionary isn' t minе. I th ink i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jorgе.

g) This musiс ...... mе thе timе I spеnt in India.

Complеte thе sentenсes with one word from list A and onе from list B.

annoyеd

a) I was . . . . . . . r .Ul1t. . . . . , . . . ' . . \b!!4t ' . . thе tra in t imеs. It doеs lеavе at 16'з i)

b) I lovе sсiеnсе' but I,m not vеry mathешаtiсs.

с) Istanbul is . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . thе bеaut i fu l Bluе Мosquе.

d) Arе you . . . . . . . . . . . . Amеriсan moviеs from t1-tе f1 i: lеs]

е) I 'm Paul. Hе should havе сal lеd I]]е ' f J: hе hasn,t .

f) Е|iza is vеry hеr dog. Shе rr.alks l| еr'еrr- dar.'

g) I know it ,s r id iсulous, but I ,m quitе . . . . . . ' . . spidеrs '

A

B

181

lNтЕRпnЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRACтICЕ

4 Rewrite eaсh sentenсe so that it has abold.

a) Diсk found his work boring.

borеd

Тhis town is a bit likе Glasgow.

rешinds

similar meaning and сontains the word in

b)

с)

d)

е)

s)

h)

Sara has a good knowlеdgе of biology.

knоws

I,m trying to find thе art gallеry.

loоking

I likе сгеam сakеs.

fond

f) Suе is Adrian,s wifе.

to

Dina always trеats animals kindly.

kind

Ugh! This сakе has a rubbеry tastе!

rubbеr

i)

i)

You makе Lisa fееl jealousl

is

Our nеw housе makes mе fееl еxсited!

about

r8z

GRAlt iмAR 44 vЕRвs FoLLoWED BY PREPoslт loNs

For еaсh question, сomplete thе seсond sentеnсе so that it mеans thе samе asthe first, using no morе than three words.

a) You,vе made mе angry.

| .'.ryL.1'l.rу''.w.|th.....'... ...... you.b) I,d likе my lunсh now.

I,m .. . . . . . . . . . . foг lunсh.

Geography is Riсhard,s bеst subjесt.

Riсhard is vеry ...... gеogгаph-v.

Thе bad nеws madе mе fееl upsеt.

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе bad nеws.

Мy dog was in my dтеams last night!

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my dog last night.

f) Suе is a теliablе pеrson.

You сan ...... Suе.

g) Jaсk borrowеd my bikе foт thе weеkеnd.

I lеnt my ...... for thе wееkеnd.

h) Thе dark makеs mе afraid.

I,m .. . . . . . . . . . . thе dark.

Сomplete eaсh sentеnсe with onе suitablе verb аnd preposition.

a) Wе askеd our tеaсhеr to ...%Р'Lr!iY!,' ',....' a diffiсult problеm ....'..t.0,,..,,',ls.

Thе ring I found ..... an old lady in my bloсk of flats.

Wе may сome to your party, but it ......... our finding a

babysittеr.

Whеn Joе flеw to Australia, his aunt ..... his tiсkеt.

Harry ......... to his neighbours ................ his bad bеhaviour.

You .. . . . . . . . . . . mе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my brothеr. You,rе vеry al ikе!

Tony ......... passing his driving tеSt at thе first attеmpt.

Sее you in a minutе! I,ll ........... you outsidе thе сinеma.

7 Comp|ete eaсh part sentenсe (a_g) with one of the endings (1-7).

с)

d)

е)

b)

r-)

d)

е)

0s)h)

5

6

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0o\6/

Еllеn is not rеally interеstеd .....+....

Thе hotеl was diffеrеnt ...........

Littlе Suziе was jеalous

I was rеally annoyеd

Paul is vетy kееn

Janе is теally good

I don,t think I,m rеady .. . . . . . . . . .

1 at making nеw friеnds.

2 abottt losing my nеlt. сalсulatог.

3 for anothеr big mеal.

4 in lеarning horr. to ski.

5 of hеr nеw sistеr at first.

6 frorn what в-е еxpесtеd.

7 on сollесting old bоttlеs.

183

ra

!,

р

ш

IIllш

i

Indef in i tе

pronouns

somеonq onуonе

еtс.

еvеrуonе' no onе

etс.

Explanat ions\\.ords ltkе еveryoпe, апуthiпg etс. arе сallеd indеfinitе pronouns. Thеy rеfег::

pеoplе, things or plaсеs without saying еxaсtly who, what or whеrе thеy aг.

Pеoplе: Someoпе (1пyo|1е еvеryoпе пo or1е

Тhings: something апуthiпg everуthiпg пothing

Plaсеs: somewhere ап1'nuherе еverу'+uhеre nowherе

Timе: sometime апytime (all thе timе) (nеvеr)

In thе ,Pеoplе, list wе сan makе a form wtth -bodу with no сhangе in

mеaning: somebo dу, апybodу, evеrybodу, пobody,

r Indеfinitе pronouns arе followеd by a singular vеrb, but wе rеfеr baсk to

thеrn in a sеntеnсе with theу/them/their,

Someone is wаitiпg for you. Theу hаve bеeп wаitiпg for somе timе'

Someone phoпеd, апd I told them уou were out.

\t-ords wtth some- and оny- follоw thе rulеs givеn in Grammar З3:

l Sotttе is сommon in positivе sеntеnсеs and аnу in quеstions and nеgativеs.

Тllеrе,s Somеone аt the door' Somеthing is worrуing mе.Dоes аnуone know thе аnswer?Тhеre isn,t апуbodу аt homе.

l But Wе сan lSе Some in a quеstion if it is an offеr or rеquеst.Сап I аsk уou something?

r .{nd Wе сan uSе аny in positivе sеntеnсеs to mеan ,it doеsn,t mattеr whiсhWе соп go аnywhere we want duriпg our holidауs.

l Sottlе has thе idеa of a dеfinitе idеa, and апу has thе mеaning of ,no limit'.Сomnarе:

Is someone сomiпg to сolleсt уou? (thеrе must bе a partiсular pеrson lIs апуoпe сomiпg to сollесt уou? (anyonе at all)Hаvе уou got some letters for mе? (Thеrе arе partiсular lеttетs I am

еxpeсting)Hаve уou got опу letters for mе? (I havе no idеa if you havе lеttеrs

for mе or not)

\\'ords with every- mеan all thе pеoplе, things or plaсеs in a group.Еverybodу Iikes Sue.Everythiпg in the room wаs red.

Еvеry oпe (two words) has a diffеrеnt mеaning. It mеans eасh siпgle oпе ani 'usеd to givе еmphasis. In pronunсiation, both words havе еqual strеss.

Thеrе were teп сhoсolаtes iп the boх апd уou,vе eаteп evеry one!

184

GRA}|мAR 45 PRoNoUNs

l Еverythiпg is usеd as a singlе word subjесt instеad of a//.Everythiпg hаs goпе wrong. (NoT А]aa*цщ)AII mу plапs hаve gone wroпg.

Words with no- mеan no pеoplе, things or plaсеs.No oпe kпows the апswer.Nobodу is аt hоme.There is nothing to eаt'

Doublе nеgativеs are not usеd.No oneknows. (NOT llffi)

l Rеflеxivе pronouns arе usеd for асtions that wе do to oursеlvеs.l:flеxive

lpoпouns: myselfйЕ.

lrпpеrsonal one

I hаve сut myself.Did уou cut уourselftHe сut himself.She iпtroduced herself.

We enioуеd ourselves.Hаve you hurt уourselves?Theу iпtro duсed thеmselve s.

Vеrbs oftеn usеd in this way inсludе: сut, епjoy, hurt, introduсe, kill'Аt thе епd of the pIау, Сleopаtrа kills herself.

But othет vеrbs arе not normally usеd with a rеflеxivе pronoun, еvеn thoughthеy are in othеr languages. Еxamples: сhапge (сlothes), сomPlаiп, deсide,drеss, feеI, meet, relах, remember' rest, sit dowп, stоnd up, wаkе up| wсtsh| worry.

Rеflеxivе plonouns arе also usеd foт еmphasis.

|oп cooked аII the food himself. (no onе hеlpеd him)

r In normal сonversation we lse уou to rеfеr to ,pеoplе in gеnеral,.Аs уou get older уou teпd to forget thiпgs.You tаke the trаiп to the аirport from the СentrаI Stаtion'

But in formal spеесh and writing wе сan lse oпe with this mеaning. This isсonsidеrеd ovеr-formal by many spеakеrs.

Опe tаkes the trаiп to the аirport fтom the Сentrаl Stаtion.

Тhеrе is a possеssivе form one,S'Оne,s luggаgе is саrriеd iп а speсiаI compаrtment.

If oпе is usеd as a subjeсt, all latеr rеferenсеs also usе oиe.Оne tаkes the trаin to thе аirport ftom thе Сentrаl Stаtion аnd oпe сап rеSеrveone's seаt in аdvапсe.

If you ||Se one| you must сontinuе to usе it. Do not mix one and уou'

In еvеryday spеесh it is morе сommon to usе you or a passivе than to lsе one.You cап reservе sеаts in аdvапce.Seаts cаn be reserved iп аdvаnсe'

185

lNтERмЕDIATЕ LANGUAGE PRAстI(Е

1 UnderIinе thе сorreсt word in eaсh sentеnсe.

a) Thеrе isn,| апуoпe/пo one iп thе gardеn.b) Еxсusе mе, сould you movе? I сan,t sее аnythiпg/somethiпg.с) Тhеге is оnуthing/nothiпg to drink.d) Тhете,s сtпуone/someoпe to sее you outsidе.е) You сan do апythiпg/something you Want.f) Аtt}'otrc/Someoпe stolе thе monеy, but wе don,t know who.g) I don,t know апуthing/пothiпg аbout it.hl Хo otlе/Somеone would tеll mе thе answеr, so I guеssеd.i) I,vе lost my bag and I сan,t find it somewhere/ап1шhere'j) I must havе put my bag somewhеre/апywhеre, but I don,t know wherе.

Сomplete the sесond sеntenсe so that it has a simiIar meaning to the firstsеntеnсe.

I сould do.

wvthLуu.. Ф... . t ! . .9. . . . . r . . . . l

lr than anyonе.

t-)

\o onе

\o onе Was on timе yеstеrday.

Еvеryonе

I havеn,t got any woгk.

I,r ,е got . . . . . . to dо"

Тhеrе's somеthing I,d likе to ask you.

\Iay I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l

\Vе,ге all milk drinkers hеrеI

Еr,еrybodv .. miШi

g) lVhеn I phonеd, thеrе was no rеply.

\o onе

.\rе wе going to bе dтivеn thеrе?

I s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I makе nеw friеnds whеrеvеr I go.

Еvеrywhеrе

You had a сall this morning.

2

al

bt

L'

dr

е}

h)

186

Somеonе

GRAltл[nAR 45 PRoNoUNs

3 Comptete eaсh sentеnсe so that it inсludes a suitable form of onе of thе verbsfrom the box, and a rеflexive pronoun.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)h)

Havе a good holiday, both of you! ^nd

...?'!Ц.Q'Y......... .у.q.4r.{.el,Y.9.,!'Our tеaсhеr told us to stop shouting and toWhеn I fеll off thе horsе, I didn,t

Bеth knows a lot of Frеnсh, but сan,t ..... еasily.Lеt mе ..... . I,m Susan Pеrry.Thе aссidеnt wasn,t your fault. Don,t

Whilе Tom was piсking up thе brokеn glass, hе

*l

4 Rеwrite еaсh sentenсe so that it has a similar meaning and сontains the word in boId.

a) Thе box isn,t еmpty.

something

''.Thp-r.,/.l'.l9.|у!p.t!,'L'Lш..iru.t.k..h.QX,.''.,.,...'..,b) All thе pеoplе wеrе danсing.

еvеrvone

с) I fееl annoyеd.

sоmеthing

d) Wе havеn,t

nоthing

got any food.

е) Thе offiсе is

no onе

еmpty.

fl Julia is vеry popular.

еvеrybody

g) You сan havе whatеver you likе.

anything

h) The bеst plaсе is homе.

Nowhеrе

lNтERMEDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

5 Complete еaсh sеntenсe with onе suitable word.

a) Тhat,s an еasy quеstion! Еу.еrу,h.qdу.. knows thе answег!b) Is . . . . . . . . . . thе mattеr? Can I hеlp you?

с) . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is Wrong with thе сar, and it won,t start.

d) Тhеrе,s .. to seе you. Shall I ask thеm to wait?

е) Тhеy introduсеd .. as Hеlеn and Ann.

f) '. nеvеI rеally knows what will happеn, doеs onе?

g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ,vе donе so far today has gonе wrong!

h) . . . . . . . ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . you сould say would makе mе сhangе my mind, I,m afraid.

i) Did you do i t a l l by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i ) Yеs, I d id i t by.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Undеrlinе thе errors in thesе sentenсes. Rewrite eaсh sentenсe.

a) somеonе spokе to mе, but I сan,t rеmеmbеr its namе.

..'5рlиpp.уlp,lP!k.'t!..уИe,...и4t..I..aцkt..r?'n4eууlhe.r',th*.Lr..nа.l*......b) A1l in thе gardеn has bееn growing a lot lаtеly.

с) Сarol didn,t do nothing yеstеrday.

d) Thеrе isn,t no onе waiting for you.

е) Pеtе and Katе еnioyеd thеmsеlfs at thе party.

f) onе fills in an appliсation form, and thеn you Wait for an answеI.

g,) Wе nееd to do somе shopping. Thеrе isn,t somеthing in thе fridgе.

f:

188

s (apostrophe s)

Еxplanationsr Wе usе apostlophе 3 to show that somеthing bеlongs to a pеrson. Wе сan

usе thе ,s form without a following noun if thе mеaning is сlеar'

Whеre is the direсtor,s offiсe?

r An apostrophе is somеtimеs usеd whеn somеthing is part of anothеr thing.Whаt is the book,s title?Whаt is this plапt,s паme?

r With plural nouns wе add thе apostrophе only.Those аre the students, coаts,

r A spесial usе оf ,s is to rеfеr to Somеonе,s homе, a shop namе or a plaсе

namе.Georgе bought this melon iп the grеengroсer,s / iп Smith,s.I went to the doсtor,s аnd the dentist,s oп thе sаme dау.

r If thеrе is no possеssion, wе do not usе an apostrophе. Notе this сommonmistakе:W.

r Notе that an apostrophе сan also bе a short form of is ot hаs.It,s а lovelу dаy. (It,s = It is)It,s got а bаttery' [t,s = It hаs)

r Wе usе of tо show that onе thing bеlongs to or with anothеr thing.

This is fim,s sсаrf.Those аre Heleп,s gloves.

The end of the street.The lаst twentу pаges of the book.

This is lim's.Those аre llelеn,s.

,NoT tlф4t*4\(NoТщ)

r Сompound nouns are formеd from two nouns togеthеr. Thе first noun is 1ikе

an adieсtivе and dеsсribеs thе sесond noun.I sаw the shirt iп а shop wiпdolу.I bought Somе пew footbаIl boots.

r Compоund nouns arе vеIy сommon in tесhniсal dеsсriptions.Looseп the сorner brаckets first.

r Somеtimеs a hyphеn is usеd to join thе words. Chесk in a diсtionaI\. to 5ее

whеn a hyphеn is used.I bought а сhoсolаte iсe-сreаm.

189

; , t

iilrlli l l

lNтERlYlЕDlAтE tANGUAGE PRACт!CE

Possessive

adjесtives

Possessivе

pronouns

Double possеssive

r Possеssivе adjесtivеs arе usеd bеforе nouns. Thеy arе:mу your her its his our their

r We do not usе an artiсlе (the ot a) with a possessivе adjeсtive.Pеter is mу сousiп. He doesп,t liуe iп our town.

r Wе сan add o$)n to a possessivе adjесtivе for еmphasis.Pаul сooks аIl his olуп meаIs'This isn,t mу own bike. I,ve borrowed it fтom а fтiеnd.

r Possеssivе pronouns arе usеd instеad of a possеssivе adjесtivе and noun.Тhеy arе:

miпe yours hers

l Possеssive pronouns standnoun.

This is mу bike,

This bike is mine.

his ours theirs

on thеir own. Thеy arе not usеd with anothеr

(possеssive adjесtivе + noun)(possеssivе pronoun)

r Notе that therе is no apostrophе in possеssivе pronouns еnding in s.Whose keуs аre these? Are theу уours or mine?Yours аre oп thе tаble. These аre mine,

Thете arе two сommon situations whеrе Wе use two possеSsivе forms togеthеr.Both arе whеn wе dеsсribe thе rеlationship bеtwееn pеoplе.

7 of arrd apostrophе

Jo is а frieпd of my brother,s.

2 of arrd possеssivе plonounI met а cousiп of mine аt the pаrф,

A сommon usagе of this struсturе is to dеsсribе things ownеd by pеoplе.Do уou like this new hаt of miпe?

190

_-l

2

GRAltлмAR 46 PossEssloN

Undеrline the сorrесt word or phrase in eaсh sеntеnсе.

a) Janе mеt a friеnd of herhers in thе strееt.b) Luсy doеs all herself/her owи dесorating.с) Arе thеsе sсissors your/уours?d) Thе dеsk nеxt to the window is mу/miпe.е) Chris and Anna introduсеd mе to a nеighbour of their/theirs,f) Еxсusе me, is this уour/yoиrs seat?g) David asks if you,vе sеen that old сoat of his/him.h) Pеtе has borrowеd mу/minebtkе'i) Wе havеn,t brought our/ours books with us.j) Thе dog is blaсk and whitе, aпd its/it,s еaтs arе vеry long.

Put an apostrophe wherе neсessary.

a) Tеll Мoniсa its Еlеnas tuгn, not hеrs.

.'.T. ... Ц . gq.nu g. .,it., l . . Е[p. ш.i . .t*nу'' . узp !. . h*w,' . . . . .',,b) Aliсеs youngеr brothеrs сallеd Bill.

с) Tims sandwiсhеs Wеrе tastiег than ours.

d) Thе films bеginning is good but its еnding is wеak.

е) Arе thеsе kеys yours or hегs?

f) Barbaтa fills in thе patiеnts rесord сards at thе doсtoгs.

g) Whеn its raining, еvеrybodys rainсoats 8еt н.еt.

h) Thе managеrs assistant rеads all thе сustomеrs lеttеrs.

Your sistеrs dog runs fastеr than ours.

i) Onеs our tеaсhеrs сar and thе othеrs a visitoгs.

191

lNтERtUlЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRACтlсE

3 Make two сompound words from the words listed.

a) football сhееsе boot sandwiсh

... f.q.q tb.qu.' ha.a.t.''....., ..'.. ...ah*I e..l.q!Йw.LсJ*.......b) window pосkеt сoat shop

с) gatе gardеn light biсyсlе

d) dеpагtmеnt сottagе storе сountry

е) еnginе singеr roсk firе

Г) post shaгpеner offiсе pеnсil

g) ground rеpolt sсhool football

h) assistant shop station railway

Еor eaсh quеstion, сomplеte the seсond sentenсe so that it means the samе asthе first, using no more than threе words.

a) Naomi is a fтiеnd of my sistеr,s.

Naomi is...rrv.f;,.tl+t.*!:t............... friеnd.b) Thеsе shoеs bеlong to sam.

Тhеsе shoеs.

с) I mеt onе of my friеnds outside thе sсhool.

I met a outsidе thе sсhool.

d) This is my favouritе programmе on telеvision.

Тhis is proglammе.

е) What arе your tеaсhеrs сallеd?

What . . . . . . . . . . . . . names?

fl Havе you got a thing for opеning tins?

Havе you got . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ?

g) Thosе bikеs bеlong to our neighbours.

Thosе .. . . . . . . . . . . . bikеs.

h) I put my books on thе tablе in thе kitсhеn.

I put my books .. . . . . . . . . . . . table.

4

192

GRAмlvlAR 46 PossЕssloN

Undеrline thе errors in thesе sentеnсеs. Rewrite еaсh sentеnсe.

a) Thеrе arе two bus stop,s nеar my housе.

.,'rhr"r e..а r e' .tN.a.. b' ш|' . #.a Р J. .'n&а r .' ууLу . . h.! И$.ab) our сat slееp,s all day in it,s bеd.

с) Havе you mеt thе sistеr of Janе?

d) Сrеaturе,s likе thеsе livе at thе sеa,s bottom.

е) This book is thе minе.

f) Thosе arе two friеnds, of my fathеrs.

g) Еvеrybodys drawing,s Wеrе bеttеr than our,s.

h) Arе thеsе your,s or minе glovе,s?

i) Thе housе stand,s on it,s own at thе strеet's end.

j) I notiсеd thеsе shoе,s in a window,s shop.

19З

i

аnd, both, too,

аs wеIl, olso

For exаmplе,such аs

First (of oll),

sеcondlу etс.,

finolIу

As well os this,

besides this

ЕxpIanationsThis unit inсludеs words and phrasеs usеd to organizе idеas in spеaking andwriting. Notiсе thе position of thе words in thе еxamplе sеntеnсеs. Somеtimеs aword сomеs in thе middlе of a sеntеnсе to join two сlausеs, suсh as апd. othеrtimеs thе word or phrasе сomеs at thе bеginning of a sеntеnсе and is followеdby a сomma in writing or a pausе in spеесh, suсh as First of аII, ,.. .

l Апd is usеd to ioin words or parts of sеntеnсеs. To еmphasizе thе faсt thatthеrе arе two things Wе сan :шse both ... апd.

Helеn put oп her сoаt аnd piсked up thе suitсаse'Helеn piсked up both her suitсаse оnd her umbrellа,

l Too, аs well, аs wеII аs and аIso are usеd to dеsсribе two aсtions at thе samеtimе. Notе thе positions.

Hеleп piсked up her suitсаse апd her umbrellа too.Heleп piсkеd up her suitсаse апd her umbrеIlа аs weII.Hеlen piсked up her suitсаse аs weII аs her umbrellа.HeIeп piсked up her suitсаsе, her сoаt апd аlso hеr umbrellа'

r Notе thе possiblе positions of For eхаmple.Diеt t,аries ftom plасe to plасe. For eхаmple, in hot сouпtries, pеoplе teпd toеаt morе fпlit.Iп hot сountriеs, for eхrlmplе, pеoplе teпd to еаt morе fruit'

r Wе :use suсh сs in thе middlе of a sеntеnсе to givе ехamplеs. It is thе samе aslike. Suсh 4s сannot bе usеd at thе bеginning of a sеntеnсе.

Iп hot сouпtriеs, suсh аs Greесe, pеoPle tend to eаt more fтuit.

r Wе сan usе First (of аIL) to bеgin a list of points in formal spеесh and writing'For othеr points Wе usе Seсondlу еtс'

Televisioп hаs сhаngеd oцr lives iп seуerаl wауs. First of оIl, it hаs .'' .Secondlу, more peoplе ''. . FinаIIу, ithаs сhопgеdthewау thаt... .

r To introduсе our final point in formal spеесh and wгiting Wе сan saу Inсonсlusioп.

In сonсIusion, we са|1 Sсtу thаt telеуisioп hаs both good аnd bоd feаtures.

Thеsе arе usеd in formal spеесh and writing to show that wе arе adding a point"Thе mеaning is .and, but thе phrasеs сomеs at thе bеginning of a sеntеnсе.

Televisioп hаs сhапged our lives in severаl wауs, First of аlI, it hаs ',. ,Sесondlу, more people... . Аs weII аs this/Besides this, more people ... '

t94

hl foct, octuollу

ln mу viещpеrsonаlIу

сither, or

hlstеod (of)

Пmе words with

othеr meanings

GRAIt i l t , lAR 47 LlNкlNG WoRDs

Iп fасt and асtuаIIу are used to givе morе dеtail' or to givе surprisinginformation.

Dаve hаs SevеrаI dogs. In fаct, he,s got four.I thought Giпа wаs а doсtor but, iп fаct, she,s а vet'I thought Giпа lцаs а doсtor but, аctuаllу, she,s а vеt.

(morе dеtail)(surprisе)(surprisе)

Thеsе arе usеd in formal spеесh and writing to introduсе ouг own idеas.Some people bеlieve thаt televisioп hаs killed the аrt of сonvеrsаtion. In mуview/Personаllу, I think it gives people something to tаlk аbout.

l Еither ... or ts usеd to dеsсribе a сhoiсе or an altеrnativе.Wе cаn either go to the сinemа, ot Stау аt home.Either .we саn 80 to the cinemа, or we саn stау аt homе.(NoT он'иe*'+5э ...)

Notе that thе struсturе Оr... or... doеs not еxist in Еnglish. It is possiblе tobеgin a sеntеnсе with or only whеn wе сomplеtе someonе еlsе,s sеntеnсе.

А: ,We сould go to the сiпеmа I suppose ...,B: .... ot we сould stаy аt home аnd wаtсh а video.,

r Wе luse iпsteаd (ofl to mean .in thе plaсе of somеthing еlse,.Iпsteаd of cooking I ordered а tаke-аwаy meаl'

|ill саme to thе pаrty iпsteаd of her sister.

r At thе еnd of a sеntеnсе, iпsteаd is usеd without ofI didn,t cook. I ordered а tаke-аwау meаI instеаd.

Eхcept and eхсept for mеan,not inсluding,.Theу gаve presents to evеryonе eхсept me.We hаve pаiпtеd аIl the house, eхcept (for) the fтont door.

r We lse eveп to say that somеthing is surprising.Sаm studies very hаrd, He evеn gets up аt 5.З0 to studу!Eуeп Sаm fouпd thе eхаm diffiсult.

l Even is also usеd to еmphasizе сomparativе аdjесtivеs.This questioп is even hаrder thап the lаst oпe.

Thе timе woгds siпсe, уet and-while havе a сomplеtеly diffеrеnt mеaning and usеas linking words. With this usе thеy arе moIе сommon in writing.

since rrrearring 'as'

уet meanilg,although'I сouldп,t swim, sinсe I hаd а сold'No oпe rеpliеd to mу kпoсk, уеt аll the lights wеreon.

while meaning .although, Thе first two buses ууете fuII, while the neхt wаsсomplеtеlу еmptу.

lNтERмEDlAтE LANGUAGE PRACтIсE

2

Undеrline the сorreсt word or phrasе in eaсh sentеnсe.

a) Мrs Davis taught ls eхсept for/мstesd-of Мr Taylor.b) Wе сan either/or wait hеrе, or phonе for a taxi.с) Неlеn plays thе guitar arrd аlso/too writеs songs.d) In Sсandinаvian сountriеs, for eхаmple/such аs Finland, thеy havе vеry сold

wintеrs.е) Еvеryonе in thе tеam playеd bad|У аIso/eхcePt Sam.

0 All thе shops wете сlosеd, siпсe/уеt it was a publiс holiday.g) Jaсk studiеs аnd/both gеography and history.h) Thе Pеakworth tеnt is strong and watеrproof , siпсe/уet light to сarry.

Rewritе eaсh sentеnсe so that it has а similar meaning and сontains the word in

bold.

a) Dеbra visitеd both thе сastlе and thе musеum.

too

Jill was thе only pеrson who сamе latе.

еxсept

Althоugh I said it was raining, it isn,t!

faсt

Karеn hurt hеr lеg, so shе сouldn,t play tеnnis.

sinсe

Мy opinion is that smoking is bad for you.

viеw

I atе thе сhoсolatе сakе and thе applе piе.

as wеll as

Daniеl playеd in goal, in his brothеr,s plaсе.

instеad

Finally, I,d likе to thank thе hеad tеaсher, Ann Colеs.

in

b)

с)

d)

е)

8)

196

h)

GRAмП' lAR 43 LtNкING WoRDs

Deсide whiсh answer (A, в, с or D) bеst fits eaсh spaсe.

Nowadays thеrе arе many good rеasons for using biсyсlеs (1) ,,,,Q-.... сars to

travеl in сity сеntrеs.(z) ,..,,'....., biсyсlеs arе (3) silеnt and сlеan,

(4) . . . . . . . . . . . arе еasy to park. (5) . . . . . . . . . . . , using a biсyсlе (6) . . . . . . . . . . . kееps pеoplе

fit. Howеvеr, сity сеntres must (7) havе сyсlе lanеs (8) bе frее of

private сars сomplеtеly. Somе largе сitiеs, (9) ........... Amstеrdam in thе

Nеthеrlands, arе alrеady organizеd in this way. (10) , a сombination of

the usе of biсyсlеs with vеry сhеap or freе publiс transport solvеs thе problеm

of traffiс jams and makеs thе сity сеntre a morе pleasant plaсе.

1) Abut2) A As wеll3) A both4) A also5) A And6) A and7) A in сonсlusion8) A suсh as9) A suсh as

10) A pеrsonally

B еxсеpt foтB First of allB andB for еxamplе thеyB YеtB bothB еithеrB yеtB as wеllB finally

C instеad of

С In faсt

C too

C еxсеpt

C Whilе

С also

С bеsidеs this

C also

C in my viеw

С for еxamplе

D suсh asD PеrsonallyD as wеllD and as wеll as thisD SесondlyD tooD bothDorD whilеD aсtually

4 Comp|ete eaсh sentenсе with a word or phrase from thе box. Use eaсh word orphrasе onсe only.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

Еvеryonе .,.%9?.P.t..,,. Julia rеmеmbеrеd to bring thеir diсtionariеs.

Wе,vе rеpairеd thе roof, and ............ ..... wе,vе rеpaintеd thе

wholе housе.

, I don,t think that therе arе aliеns or flying sauсеIs.

I managеd to losе my passpolt and my wallеt.

I wаs going to go to thе сinеma, but I wеnt to thе thеatrе

Pеoplе think that Тim is shy, but hе,s vеry talkativе.

Somе i l lnеssеs, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе сommon сold, do not havе a сurе.

Wе,rе going to .............. ..' gо сamping, or stay with somе friеnds.

0s)h)

197

lNтERмЕDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRAстlсЕ

5 Complеte the spaсes (a_j) with the wоrds (1_10).

(a) .'..?..... I,d l ikе to thank еvегyonе who has hеlpеd with thе sсhool play.

(b) ........... thе aсtors, and thе stagе hands, havе workеd vеry hard, and

еvеryonе who madе thе сostumеs workеd hard (с) . I would (d) '..........

l ikе to thank all thosе who havе sold tiсkеts. This yеar wе had an (е) ...........

largеr audiеnсе than last yеar, and (fl Тuеsday еvеning, еvеry singlе sеat

was sold. This yеar thе play ran for a wееk (g) ........... for two days. Wе did not

havе a lot of timе for rеhеarsals, and (h) .. '........ thе play Was a grеat suссеss.

(i) ........... , I fееl that wе should сongratulatе all thе aсtors for thеir wondеrful

pеrformanсе. (j) ........... , I,d l ikе to givе Judy Walkеr, thе dirесtоr, this prеsеnt

from еvеryonе at thе sсhool.

1 еvеn

2 уet3 as wеll

4 еxсеpt for

5 first of all

6 in сonсlusion

7 also

8 pеrsonally

9 bоth

10 instеad of

198

СapitaI letters

Сomma (,)

Explanationsr Capital lеttеrs (also сallеd uppеr-сasе lеttеrs) arе usеd:

to bеgin a sеntеnсеfor namеs of pеoplеfor addrеssing pеoplе

for titlеs of books еtс.for namеs of plaсеs

for pеrsonal pronoun I I sаt+' Еllеtt lсlst ttigllt,

This is а beпutifttl pIасе.

|iпl, HеIеtt

\{rs |oltеs, L-tlсIе Pеtеr, \Ituтl

.|\.аr опd Pесlсе, is а grеаt book.

Frаtrcе, Huпgаry

iп Spriпg, iп spriпgthe Fifties, the fiftiesSапdеrsoп wаs а good presidеnt. (gеnеral usе)Pаul met President Bruпsl'ryiсk. (job titlе)I live iп thе пorth of Sсotlапd. (dеsсription)SаIIу works iп the Fаr Еаst. (plaсе namе)

for сalеndar information Wedпеsdау, Mаrсh, New Yеаr,s Dаy

r In book and film titlеs, small words \ikе аnd, а/the and prеpositions do not

usually havе сapitals, unlеss thеy arе at thе bеginning.,Four Wеddiпgs апd а Fuпеrаl, is а fuпnу fiIm.

r Somе words сan bе writtеn with сapitals, or in lowеr-сasе. Thеsе arе:namеs of thе Sеasonsdесadеsjobs

сompass points

r Full stops arе usеd at thе еnd of a sеntеnсе. Thеy arе also usеd in

abbrеviations to show that lеttеrs in a word arе missinя.

e.g. etс.

Full stops arе oftеn lеft out aftеr thе abbrеviations Мr and Мrs.

r A сomma in writing rеprеsеnts a briеf pausе in spеесh. It is also usеd in l ists,

еxсеpt for thе last two itеms whеrе wе usе спd.

I bought somе bапсlпсls| sОme ОraпgеS сtttd sotttе potatОеS.

If thе last two itеms of thе list arе long thеn rге dо usе a сomma.

Аll dау wе сlеопed tltе f|oors, л,сtsllеt,l tltе у,лlls, сllt,1 tiсliеd tltе llottsе.

r Linking words at thе bеginning of a sеntеnсе arе follorr-еd bv сommas.

First of аII, this сап be dаtlgеrous.

Linking words in thе middlе of a sеntеnсе har.е сommas bеforе and aftеr.

Апп, on the other hапd, did tlot a9rее'

r Сommas arе usеd with non-dеfining rе1atir.е сlausеs.

Toпу, who is usuаlly lаtе, turпed up аt 10,З0.

r Сommas arе usеd in dirесt spеесh.

Iim sаid' ,I,ll bе Iаtе.,

t99

!NтЕR]tлЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRACтICE

Semi-сolon (;)

Colon (:)

Speeсh marks (, ,)

(tttr)

Question mark (?)

and exсlamation

mark (!)

But thеy arе not usеd afteт rеporting vеrbs in rеportеd spеесh.

|im sаid he would be lаte'

Commas сannot bе usеd to join sеntеnсеs dirесtly, without any othеrсhangеs. Look at this еxamplе.

Two meп were wаIkiпg down the streеt. They were cаrryiпg а boх.Thеsе two sеntеnсеs сannot bе joinеd simply by сhanging thе full stop to aсomma.

Tут'e mgэ ь,erе welkiпg detll tllе streеa thE'tvеrе сerr''iпt а brx.But thеrе arе othеr Ways to сombinе thе sеntеnсеs. For еxamplе:

Two meп were wаIking dowп the strеet, саrrying а boх.Two men cаrrying а boх were wаIking down the street.

Wе сan join two sеntеnсes with теlatеd mеanings using a sеmi-сolon.Roаd users аnnoy pedestriаns; pedestriаns аtтtтoу roаd users.

A sеmi-сolon is also usеd to sеpalatе long itеms in a list.Studeпts аre аsked пot to leаve bicycles by the erltrаnce; not to leаve bаgs in tlusitting room; аnd not to leаve сoаts in the dining room.

A сolon introduсеs itеms in a list.Thеre аre two rules: one, don,t do it; two, don,t get саught.

It сan also introduсе an еxplanation of thе prеvious part of thе sеntеnсе.Finаlly, we hаd to Stop: wе were tired апd it wаs dаrk.

Spеесh marks (also сalled quotation marks) arе used with diтесt spеeсh.Punсtuation goеs insidе. Thеy сan bе singlе or doublе.

,It might rаin lаter,, I eхplаined.,Whу аre we leаving so eаrly?,, HeIеn аsked.

Titlеs of books, films, plays еtс. arе put insidе single quotation marks.Punсtuation is put outside in this сasе.

We weпt to а performаnce of Ibsen,s ,Ghosts,.

Howеver, in printеd tеxt, thе titlеs of books, films, plays etс. arе usually putin italiсs.

Quеstion marks only oссur aftет thе quеstion.Whаt,s the time?

Еxсlamation marks arе usеd in informal wгiting, but arе not сonsidетеdappropriatе in formal writing.

You,Il nevеr guess whаt! I,ve iust got eпgаged!

200

2

GRAмtulAR 48 сAPlтAt LEттERs AND PUNстUAтloN

Underline the sentеnсe whiсh is punсtuated сorreсt|y.

a) 1 ,Would }zou mind tеlling mе whете wе arе?, Pеtra askеd.

2 .Would you mind tеlling mе, whеrе Wе arе Pеtra askеd?,

3 .Would you mind tеlling mе, whеtе Wе arе,, Pеtгa askеd?

b) 1 I agrееd, that a сottagе in thе mountains, would bе bеttет.

2 I agтееd that a сottаgе in thе mountains would bе bеttег.

3 I agrееd that a сottagе, in the mountains would bе bеttеr.

с) 1 Angеla who arrivеd aftеr I did, askеd mе whеn thе play finishеd?

2 Аngе|a, who arrivеd aftеr I did, askеd mе whеn thе play finishеd.

3 Angеla, who arrivеd aftеr I did askеd mе, whеn thе play finishеd.

d) 1 Pеter told mе, not to wait and said .I,ll seе you latеr.'

2 Petet told mе not to wait and said, ,I,ll sее you latеr.,

3 Pеtеr told mе not to wait and said I,l1 sее you latеr.

е) 1 In thе еnd I wеnt homе, I was wеt and hungry, and felt ill.

2 In thе еnd I wеnt homе; I was wеt and hungry; and fеlt ill.

3 In the еnd I wеnt homе: I was wеt and hungry and fеlt ill.

0 1 I bought somе flour, somе еggs, two lеmons and somе sugar.

2 I bought somе: flour, somе: еggs, two: lеmons and somе sugar.

3 I bought somе flour somе еggs two lеmons, and somе sugar.

Rewrite eaсh sentenсe putting in any nесеssary сapital lеttеrs.

a) wе,rе mееting unсlе david on tuеsdar- еvеning at еight.

'..Y{.е:'r.е.'ryL.е-o'.tLу.g.'!l.цдL*'.D.qуL'd,,оn.Tшэt.dау..."-Y.a.4;.L.|,gl..4t,.aL?,h!',.........b) last fеbruary i mеt mтs wilkinson fог thе first timе.

с) tim livеs in the south of franсе nеal сannеs.

d) wе saw a grеat film at thе abс сallеd ,thе геmаins of thе day,.

е) wе Wеnt to a paftУ at mrs harrisons, housе on nеw yеar,s еvе.

f) julia,s rеading .a portrаit of a lady' by hеnry jamеs.

zoL

lNтERмЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRA(тI(E

3 Rewrite eaсh group of words so that it сontains the punсtuation listed.

a) First of ali who is going to сarry thе suitсasе askеd Еmiliе(onе full stop, onе сomma, one quеstion mark, spеесh marks)..Еi.r'tt''.a.f-,q!L,..у'tfu'..l+,go.tу.g..t.q..(4.Г.Т{..the'.sшу'tсatф,|''q,|kelL'Е.,шd.l*

b) Katе said shе,d bе on timе but I didn,t bеliеvе hеr(onе full stop, onе сomma)

Jamеs said that hе,d missеd thе train got lost and bеen arrеstеd(onе full stop, two сommas)

d) Whеn thе bеll rang our tеaсhеr stood up and said Stop writing plеasе(one full stop, thrеe сommas, spеeсh marks)

е) on thе othеr hand wе сould go to thе сinеma сouldn,t wе said David(onе full stop, two сommas, onе quеstion mark, spеесh marks)

Good morning Alan said Tina how do you fееl today(onе full stop, onе сomma, onе quеstion mark, spеесh marks, one сapitallеttеr)

If I wеrе you I,d ask for somе hеlp or pеrhaps start again(onе full stop, two сommas)

Тhе old stadium Was еvеntually dеmolishеd vеry few pеoplе wеnt thеrе andit was bесoming dangеrous(onе full stop, onе сomma, onе сolon)

с)

s)

h)

202

Adding -ing tovеrbs

еnding in

lеttеrs

Explanationsr onе-syllablе words whiсh еnd in onе vowеl and onе сonsonant doublе thе

last сonsonant.

swim/swimming put/puttitxg

Comparе thеsе words whiсh do not doublе thе сonsonant:shoot/shooting lift/liftiпs

r Two-syllablе words whiсh еnd in onе vowеl and onе сonsonant doublе thеlast сonsonant whеn thе strеss is on thе sесond syllablе.

bеgiп/beginпing сontrol/сoпtrolling

Сompaте thеsе words with thе StrеSs on thе first syllablе.woпder/woпderiпg thrеаteп/threаteпiпg

onе еxсеption to this rulе in British Еnglish is trаvel/trаvelliпg.

r Words whiсh еnd in onе vowеl, onе сonsonant and -e drop thе final -e.write/writiпg lеаvе/leаvin{

Тhе suffix -ful has only onе /.beаutiful suссеssful

Whеn -/y is addеd to makе an advеrb, thе / bесomеs doublе.bеаutifullу suссеssfullу

Thеrе is a usеful rulе: l bеforе e еХсеpt aftеr с.

fteld niecebut reсeive

But notе that this rulе only works whеn thе sound is ,ее, /i:/. For еxamplе inthis word thе sound is diffеrеnt and e сomеs bеforе l:

reign

r Many words сontain lеttеrs whiсh do not form a sound. Thеsе ате somеtimеsrеfеrrеd to as ,silеnt lеttеrs,. Thе silеnt lеttеrs arе undеrlinеd.btlmb doubt plumbеr thumbkn kпee f;пifе knowps psусholoу psусhiаtristSс dеsсeпd сlsсепd

t qanduThе lеttеr 4 is always followеd by и.

questioп squid асquirе

Si|еnt

20З

l NтЕR1t, lЕDlAтЕ LANGUAG E PRACт!сE

Words сommonly spеllеd wrongly arе also inсluded hеre.

Corrесt the spelling where neсessary.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

fl

swrmlng

foto

qеstion

whistle

knowеn

o)6/

h)

Di)k)

l)

thiеr

beatitul

rесiеpt

bеgining

phyсhiatrist

suсеsfull

2 Usе the letters in braсkets to make a word whiсh fits the spaсе.

b)

с)

d)

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0

сontrol

thiсkеn

grip

сhoosе

fly

makе

g) upsеt

h) hook

i) writе

j) improvе

k) swim

l) ridе

a) Suе said shе,d (nеhop) .'..B!м'ш.. mе but I havеn,t

(irеdvесе) ...Г9&9tY.9d.. a сall yеt.Whеn thе refеrее blew thе (stеwlih) thе players lеftthе (еdlif)

Еllеn (fесlyslusuсs) сomplеtеd the сoursе in nuсlеar

(shipsсy)

I didn,t (wonk) how to сut the string Without a(inkе0

е) Thе poliсе arrеsted thе (itfеh) as hе was(nеgvial) thе bank.

0 Jim asked a (siqontue) , but his tеaсhеr wasn,t

(nilsigеnt)

g) At thе (nigеngibn) of thе film, I had a poor(wivе)

h) Thеsе anсiеnt (mulсosn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arе(yitbuеlfual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . madе.

3 Write eaсh verb with an

204

GпA!шn'AR 49 sPEtLlNG AND PRoNUNClAт!oN 1

4 Correсt the spеIling in this tetter.

Dеar Bесky,I,m soгy that I havеn,t writеn to you for so long. I,m afтiad I,vе beеn vетy

bussy at shool, and I havеn,t had muсh timе for wтitеing lеtеrs. Last wееk I

finisеd my examenations, so now I,m gеting rеdy to 80 on holyday.

I was wundеring wethеr you wood like to сome to stay foг a fiеw days? You

сann mеat my frеinds, and wе сoud all go swimеing. Thе whеathеr is rеaly good

now hеar in ltaly, and I,m shure you will engoy youтshеlf.

Bеst wishеs,Silvia

5 correсt these words сommonty spetled wrongly.

a) tommorow

b) Wеnsday

с) advеrtismеnt

d) nеihbour

е) thrugh

f) grеatfull

g) nессеssarry

h) dissappointеd

i) wheathет

j) rеmbет

k) libary

l) ansеr

6 Undеrline the silent letter/s in these words.

a) dеbt

b) еxhibition

с) high

d) knifе

е) lamb

f) psyсhologist

g) rесеipt

h) what

i) yaсht

i) autumnk) answеrl) daughtеrm)haШn) lighto) salmonp) wholеq) wouldr) wтiting

zo5

Same sound,

diffеrеnt spеlIing

Same

pronunсiation,

differеnt spеlling

and meaning

Words whiсh look

simi lar

Words with a

syllable whiсh is

not pronounсed

Nouns and verbswith с and s

How to improvespel l ing

сourt/саughtlesson/lesseп

'vаm/worп

stаir/stаreftnd/finedwаit/weight

Sore/Sсlw'wаste/wаist

пoRпow

аlIotryed/аIoud

fаre/fаirtwo/too

ЕxpIanationsIn Еnglish onе partiсular sound сan bе spеlt using diffеrеnt lеttеrs. In еaсhgroup bеlow thе sound undеrlinеd is thе samе.

VowеlsсъmPаny brцther IQуe trauble rцbbish blopdrogd most home thoush laууeоrth filrther wgrd hurtxtаit greцt lцte wфht|lorv shout drgwn Ploцsh

Consonantsrelаfron shoсk Sure сoпsсious deliсiousсhurсh ftlrniflre wаtсhIeiцure meаSure сoпfil5ioп

Diffеrеnt words сan have exaсtly thе samе pronunсiation. Common examplеsare:

Somе words may havе only a lеttеr or two diffеrеnсе to othеr words, but thеyhavе a сomplеtеly differеnt mеaning. Bе еspесially сarеful with thеsе сommonlусonfusеd woтds:

Somе words arе partiсularly diffiсult to spеll beсausе thеy sееm to havе a

фlablе whiсh is not pronounсеd. Thе еxamplеs bеlow show how manysyllablеs arе aсtually pronounсеd in spеесh:

lаter/lаtterrесent/reseпtthrough/thoroughiпsure/eпsure

tеmpеrаture (3 syllablеs)Wedпesdаy (2 syllables)people (2 syllablеs)

аdviсe

аdvise

quiet/quiteаcсept/ехcept

formerly/formаIlуIose/loose

prаctiсeprасtise

Iibrаry (3 syllablеs)vegetаble (3 syllablеs)interesting (3 syllablеs)

NounVеrb

I

T

I

Usе a diсtionary to сhесk thе pronunсiation of nеw words.Rеlatе thе spеlling of new words to words you already know.Мakе lists of thе words you usually spell wrongly. Tеst yoursеlf or ask friеndsto tеst you.Rеad widеly to givе you еxpеriеnсе of thе way words arе spеllеd.

206

GRAпni lIAR 5o sPЕLL!NG AND PRoNUNсlAтIoN 2

Words сommonly spеllеd wrongly arе also inсludеd hеrе.

Find pairs of words with thе same sound undеrlinеd.

a) Qщ)-=- l сompanyb)plum \

2 mеаsuгeс)hеart \ 3 furniturе

\d)сatсh \+ ^fisrа-

2 Underline the сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсе.

a) Plеasе stop looking at mе likе thatl It,s vетy rudе to stаir/ttatе.b) I think you should prасtiсe/prаcfise diving еvеry day.с) Thе doсtoт gavе Martin a through/thorough еxamination.d) Could you givе mе somе аdуice/аdvise about languagе сourses?е) Wе wantеd to go by train, but wе сouldn,t afford the fаir/fоre.f) Сould you wait a momеnt? I,m not quiet/quite rеady.g) Rеading аllowed/аIoud is hard unlеss you havе timе to сhесk first.h) Sorry I didn,t сomе to уolur partУ, but I just fе|t two/too tirеd.i) You сan havе modеl J6 or modеl J8, but the lаtеr/lаtter is morе еxpеnsivе.j) Thе baсk of thе сhair is nеarly falling off _ it,s rea||У lose/loosе'

Тiсk (/) if a pair of words rhymes.

е) phonеf) gureg) dgцbth) foadi) сaution

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

fl

g)

h)

swееt/еat

worsе/horsе

worn/torn

losе/loosе

tеa/bее

thought/short

latеr/lattеr

word/hеard

5 тцlе6 brqwn7 toast8 сonfusion9 park

..{.. i) сhosе/bruisе

t) lowigo

k) abroad/affoгd

l) quitе/diеt

m) fuiеnd/lеanеd

n) blood/food

o) wеight/hеight

l

,t

Ч:rilI

,'.ii,t.ч.!r?*"5:

3

zo7

lNтЕRпnЕDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстl(Е

4 Correсt thе spelling in this lеtter.

Dеar Silvia,Thanks for your lеtеr and your invittation to ltaly! I,ve nеvеr travеlеd abraod

beforе, and I,m rеaly looking forwеrd to staying with you and your familly. I'твspokkеn to my palrеnts and thеy,vе aggrееd. Тhеy say they,rе going to phonеsoon to disсus thе arangеmеnts.

I,vе diсidеd to havе somе Itаlian lеsons so that I сan praсtiсе whеn I сomе tшItaly. I,d likе you to writе somе simplе sеntanсеs foг mе. Plеasе notе my nеъt.adrеss. Wе movеd last wеak and now I,vе got a muсh biger bеdroom.bеst wishеs,

Bесky

5 Corrесt these words сommonly speIled wrongly.

Тhere is anothеr wordWrite it in the spaсе.

with exaсtly the same pronunсiation as the word givеn.

a) vеgtаblе

b) lаngagе

с) qеuеu

d) rесiеvе

е) pеplе

f) bеatiful

g) intlеsting

h) bisсit

D сiеling

j) difrеnt

k) knowligе

l) indipеndant

6

a) atе

b) bеen

с) Сzесk

d) flour

е) hole

Г) mussеl

8) no

h) nun

i) peaсе

j) pеar

k) right

l) rosе

m) sеw

n) starе

zo8

Underlinе the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sеntenсе.

a) Paula kееps talking about that nеw bikе of fo91g/hеr/hеr,s.b) I askеd my tеaсhеr for hеlp, but shе rеfusеd to help/hеlpiny rr,е'с) David isn,t intеrеsted аt/for/iп соllесting stamps.d) Suе сouldn,t swim аIthough/аs shе had a bad сold.е) It,s rеally dark. I сan,t sее апуthiпg/somethiпg/nothiпg.f) I rеally ег'joу to speпd/speпdiпg tirlre with you!g) Ann is not vеry good аt/bу/for Frеnсh.h) Hеlеn hasn,t told mе аnуthiпg/nothing abotlt thе trip.

Deсide whiсh answеr (A, в, с or D) best fits еaсh spaсe.

Ап unfo rtun вtе mi suп dеr s tап dingo

Last yеar wе (1) .' ' 'у-.,.. to havе an еxpеnsivе holiday, so wе (2) to visit

somе friеnds, Brian and Ann, who (З) tо l ive by thе sеa. Thеy (4) ...........

to put us up foг tи'o ъ'ееks, and as wе always (5) ........... sееing thеm, it

(6) . . . . . . . . ' . . to bе a good idеa. Thеy аskеd us i f wе (7) . . . . . ' . . . . .s lееping on thе

sofa, and said that thеу rтould (8) . . . . . . . . ' . . to makе us сomfortablе. Wе (9) . . . . . . . . . . .

to gеt thеrе by bus, and тvhеn rте aгrivеd rте сould (10) .... '..... ' Bгian and Ann

sitt ing in the gardеn. Thеу (11) . . . . . . . . . . . tо bе glad to sее us, but i t was obvious

that they hadn,t (12) . . . . . . . . . ' . to sее us. Тhеr ' said that rте had (1З) to tе l l

thеm whеn Wе WеIе aггiving, and thеr- t 14l ....... '. '. asking us horr. long wе wеrе

going to stay. Wе (15) ......... '. fееling еmbarrassеd, so thе пе.rt dar. rте wеnt

homе.

1) A сontinuеd2) A fanсiеdЗ) A mеant4) A offеrеd5) A dеniеd6) A bеgan7) A mindеd8) A praсtisе9) A suggеstеd

10) A watсh11) A intеndеd72) Аprеfеrrеd13) A forgottеn14) A lovеd15) A imagined

B сouldn,t affoгdB triеdB kеptB admittеdB imaginеdB sееmеdB suggеstеdB mеanB triedB sееB prеtеndеdB forgottеnB dеniеdB wantеdB minded

С l ikеd

С iтlshеd

С hopеd

С еnior-еd

С еnjol-еd

С imaginеd

С rтantеd

С lеarn

С managеd

С kееpC еxpесtеdC promisеdС sееmеdС kеptС сouldn,t hеlp

D promisеdD dесidеdD happеnеdD intendеdD prеfеrrеdD еxpесtеdD rеmеmbеrеdD tryD stаrtеdD waitD suggеstеdD еxpесtеdD сhosеnD сouldn,t standD seеmеd

lNтЕRMEDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRA(тlсE

4

For еaсh question, сomplеte the seсond sentеnсе so that it means the same as

thе first, using no more than threе words.

a) Jеff was thе only studеnt who forgot thе tеst.

Еvеryonе rеmеmbеrеd thе tеst !хсe.Рt J9.ff.b) Robеrta knows this town bеttеr than anyonе.

No . . ' . . . . . . . . ' . th is town bеttеr than Robеrta.

с) Тhеsе two pairs of glovеs bеlong to thе twins.

Тhеsе arе . . . . . . . . . . . . . g lovеs.

d) Andy wouldn,t сarry my bag.

Andy . . . . . . . . . my bag.

е) Pеtеr is rеliablе.

You сan .... Pеtеr.

f) Sеrеna is onе of my brothеr,s friеnds.

Sеrеna is . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . my brothеr,s.

g) Тhе snow bеgan yеstеrday еvеning.

It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yеstеrday еvеning.

h) Do you think yоu сould сlosе thе window?

Would you mind .... thе window?

Look сarefuIIy at еaсh linе. Somе linеs arе сorrесt but some havе a word whiсh

shouId not bе there. Tiсk (/) еaсh сorreсt l ine. lf a l ine has a word whiсh should

not bе there, writе the word in the spaсe.

Winnittg а mill ioп

Li fе сhangеd сomplеtеly for Сarol Мi lеs whеn shе won 1 . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . .

д1,OOO,O00 in thе lottеry. .I dесidеd that to buy a tiсkеt 2 ....th4lt...... '.

whi lе I was wait ing for takе thе bus. I d idn,t gеt еxсitеd 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

about i t , bесausе I didn,t еХpесt mе to win. In faсt, I 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . .

сomplеtеly forgot it to сhесk my numbеrs, until a 5

fr iеnd rеmindеd for mе to do i t . You сan imaginе how 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . .

surpr isеd I was], Сarol had oftеn bееn drеamеd about 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bеing r iсh, but shе has got disсovеrеd that having lots 8.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

оf monеy doеsn,t a lways rnеan bеing happy. ,I сan,t 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . .

еn]oy for anything now. Whеn I go out with my fr iеnds, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

foт ехamplе, thеy еithеr еXpесt mе to pay or thе bi l ls , 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . .

or thеy,rе angry with mе whеn I offеr to pay i t . Somе 12 . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . .

pеop1е thеy arе jеalous of my good luсk, I th ink, and - l 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

aссusе mе of thinking only about monеy. Nobody sееms 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '

to havе undеrstand. I thought I would еnjoy mysеlf , but 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

еvеIyonе has startеd to trеat mе with di f fеrеnt ly, еxсеpt for 16.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

onе fr iеnd of minе who has askеd mе to lеnd i t h im д10,000!, 17 . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . ' '

2r0

5

GRAtvtMAR 5l (oNsoLlDAтloN 5

Complete еaсh sentenсе with one suitablе word.

Ап аftеrпoon аt the bus stаtioп

Нannah had bееn wait ing ral . . . fa.r . . . . . . , . . . . , aсol lеaguе of (b) . . . . . . . . .

fathеr,s to сollесt hеr frorn thе bus station for morе than an hour, and shе was

t irеd (с) . . wait ing. Тhеrе was (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . е lsе thеrе, and i t had

(е) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ra in ing. A fr iеnd of (f) . . . . . . . . . . had 1еnt hеr an umbrеl la

to takе on hеr trip, but shе (g) .. to bе gеtting и'еt. Pеrhaps hеr

fathеr WaS angry (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . hеr, shе thought, or had s imply

( i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to сol lесt hеr. Hеr mobi lе phonе Wasn,t working and thеrе

Wasn,t ( j) . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . , , . . . . a phonе.box in thе bus stat ion. Why did

(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a lways 80 Wlong whеn shе travеl lеd by bus? ( l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

thе bus was сrowdеd and shе fеlt vеry unсomfortablе, or it (m) .........

stopping and thе journеy lastеd for hours. Suddеnly shе (n) .. a сar

stopping outs idе. (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Was waving at hеr. It was hеr fathеr l

Rewritе this letter, сorreсting the spеll ing and adding any neсessary сapita|

letters and punсtuation.

17 Harford Strееt,

Bilsworth,

Bк3 4JG

Tеl:08143 678З

dеar david

it was gratе too hеrе from you aftеr sо lоng 1 еn1oiеd hеaring al1 l-ourе knеws

i didn,t rеall izе that you,d spеnt a r-еar abbгоad r.ou пlust har.е had a rеaIl ' good

timе in grеесе ivе diсidеd to go thеir nе\t suпlеr plaps \r-е сoud gо twogеthеI

ivе had a fantastiсk Уеar at сolidgе thе lvork is haгdеr than thе rvork wе did at

sсool but its molе intrеsting im studing bussiIlеss adnrinistrat1on and сomputеr

siеnсе at thе mommеnt ivе also maid lots of nеlt. frеinds

im thinkеing of сomming to bristol for a iеtт dаl-s tо l-lssit m.v sistеr woudyou likе to mеat you сoud show mе thе sitеs and rtе сoud talk abowt our old

sсooldays

why dont you givе mе a ring and wе соud disсus it it lr.oud bе wundеrfull to

sее you aganе

bеst wishеs

еl1еn

6

211

lNтЕRlv lЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

7 Put one suitab|e word in еaсh spaсe.I?

...IЦI94!...' ...pr.......' '..... going out to lunсh, wе stayеd at hоme.

Thеrе wеrе a dozеn olangеs in thе bowl but you'vе еaten .........

. . onе.

I thought i t Was Wеdnеsday today, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuеsday!

;; i ; . . . . . . , Iwouldl ikеtothankеvеIyonеwhohasgivеn

Tеd is a friеnd ..... brother,s, but isn,t a friеnd of

}oе bought two shiгts and a jaсkеt

I rеa1ly l ikе this nеw сoat of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whеrе did you buy i t?

кatе fе l l ovеr and сut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on a piесе of brokеn glass.

I suppоsе it dеpеnds .. whеthеr you bеliеvе .. UFos

Problemсheсk

or not.

j) Тhе tеst Was so hard that ........... our tеaсhеr didn,t know thе answеrs.

What is thе diffеrenсe bеtween these pairs of sеntenсes? Cheсk with Grammar 43

if you are not sure.a) I triеd to takе аn aspirin.

I triеd taking an aspirin.b) I rеmеmbеr to do my homеwork.

I rеmеmbеr doing my homеwork.с) Thе boys stopped having a rеst.

Thе boys stoppеd to havе a rеst.

Тhe samе verb or adjeсtives сan be fo]lowed by different prepositions. Cheсk

these meanings in a diсtionary:a) You rеmind me of my brothеr.

Can you rеmind mе about thе tеst?b) Wе,rе plеasеd with him.

Wе,rе plеasеd for him.Wе,rе plеasеd by him.

Only use onein formal spеeсh and writing. Don,t mix onе and you.

Remember that using an apostrophe сan mean that a letter is missing (it3 = it ls)

or it сan show possession (АnnЗ hot).

Тhe best way to improve your punсtuation and spelling is through widе reading.

Make lists of words you often spell wrongly.

a)

b)

it'sс)

d)

е)

0s)h)

i)

3

4

z12

.\ ,hеn you f ind a.еw Word

\, laking the most: f your diсtionary

(.ееplng a

' эсabulary. otеbook

If you arе rеading and you find a word you do not knoи,, do not immеdiatеlyusе a diсtionary. Ask yoursеlf:

r Is this an important, usеful word?

l Do I nееd to know thе еxaсt mеaning?

If thе word sееms important, and you havе timе, thеn of сoulsе usе a diсtionaryand add thе word to your voсabulary notеbook.If thе word sееms unimportant, or you arе rеading just for plеasurе, or youdon,t havе timе, thеn you сan:

l lеavе it and сomе baсk latеr

r try to guеSs thе mеaning of thе word from thе сontеxtr сomparе thе nеw word with othеr words that look similar, thеn guеssr ask somеonе

Сhoosе a diсtionary whiсh has all thе information you nееd. To usе adiсtionary еffесtivеly you nееd to know:

r how to find words in alphabеtiсal ordеrr what thе abbrеr,iations in еaсh еntry mеanr how to look for rтords if vou don,t find thеm

in thе samе еntтv to find othеr rvords in thеarе looking for)

r whеn to сarry it with r'ou

r whеn to uSе it and whеn not to

muсh)

usе i t rr-оu mlght gеt borеd i f r .ou usе i t too

Мany pеoplе, whеn thеy find a nеrт rгord. iust rtritе thе translation at thе sidеof thе page and do nothing morе. But this is not thе bеst rгar' to 1еaгn a и.ord;first it is hard to rеmеmbеr words in isolatiоn' and sесond r.оu nееd ехtrainformation about how thе word is usеd, not jtiSt its basiс mеaning. So it is agood idеa to kееp a voсabulary notеbook tтhеrе \-ou сan rеr-iеrr. and rеvisе nеwwords. For еaсh word in thе book you might \rаnt to inсludе:

Dеfinition

Grammatiсal сlass (е.g. noun)

Pronunсiation

Translation

Сolloсation (words whiсh сombinе with thе main rтord)An еxamplе sеntеnсе that shows how thе rr-oтd is usеdFrеquenсy (many diсtionariеs havе a systеm to show how сommon it is)Formal or informal

at first (е.g. look furthеr downfamily or thе сol loсat ion you

z1З

lNтЕRrиЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRACтIсE

bеautybеautifu]bеautify

If you put thе words in a notеbook it will bе еasiеr to rеmеmbеr thеm. But if

you organizе thе words insidе thе book thеn it is еvеn bеttеr. Hете arе somе

idеas:

r Rесord words in alphabеtiсal sесtions.l Makе sесtions for diffеrеnt largе topiс arеas likе .Familiеs and Friеnds,'

.Hobbiеs and Intеrеsts,,,Plaсеs,.l Мakе a .Lеxiсal sеt,. ThiS is a small gloup of words basеd on onе spесifiс

topiс.Gardеnlawn hеdgе shеd flowеrbеd

You сan writе this as a word sDidеr:

r Мakе а ,Word family,. This is a group basеd оn word formation.

nounadjeсtivеvеrb

r Мakе sесtions for idioms and spесial еxprеssions.r Мakе sесtions for words that arе usеful to you pеrsonally, or that intеrеst

vou, oI that сausе you problеms.

o1А

Words сan bе formеd by adding a prеfix to thе bеginning oг a suffix to thе еnd.Thеrе arе many prеfixеs and suffixеs arе inсludеd in this unit and in Voсabulary З.Еxamplеs of prеfixеs: un-, dis-, im-, mis-

uп- + сеrtаiп unсertаiп dis- + аppeаr disаppeаrim- + possiblе impossible mis + uпderstапd misuпderstсlпd

Еxamplеs of suffixеs: -nеss, -ful, -less, shiphа'ppу + -пеss hаppiпеss саrе + -ful саrefuleпd + -lеss endless frieпd + -ship frieпdship

Words of two or molе syllablеs еnding in.y сhangе -y to -l. Sее Grammar 49.

Add a word from the box to thе prеfix in еaсh sеntеnсе to makе a nеgativеword.

1].'.]];.i1dvantagе

lllll]].]l.Tж*s

aglее

patiеnt

a) I didn,t rеad all of thе book bесausе I found it ш.LW...e.ГS{.tI.Ш$.' .

b) Сyсl ing has onе dis ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I t makеs you fееl hot and swеaty.

с) Suе had a tiсkеt for thе thеatrе, but un........ shе fеll i l l that night.

d) Теrry сan,t stand wait ing in quеuеs, bесausе shе,S r.еry im.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

е) Мy brothеrs always dis. . ' . . ' . . ' . . . ' . iтhеn i t ,s t imе tо do thе washing-up.

f) Aftеr Jaсk lost his iob, hе и-as un.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . . . . . . for thтее months.

8) oh, I сomplеtеly dis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . rг i th l -ou. I th ink i t rгas a gгеat f i lm.

h) Bесausе of a mis. . . . . . , ha1f thе с lass rtеnt to thе \r loг1g с lassroom.

2 Complete thе word in eaсh sentеnсе with a prеfiх fгom thе box.

a) Мy alarm сloсk didn,t go off , and so I . . . .с ' . . ' '9 ' , ' ' ' ' ' . s lеpt this morning.

b) Pеtе paсkеd somе shirts and soсks, somе .. . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . \ fеal , and his iеans.с) It ,s vеry сold this morning, so WеaI youl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . сoat.

d) our tеam Was сomplеtеly plar'еd br thе tеam from Walеs.

е) I ,vе dесidеd to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wr i tе my lеttеr, bесausе I madе too many mistakеs.

f) Stеvе сookеd thе mеat, and it rтas burnt in plaсеs.

g) I havе to 8o to thе library today and nеW my tiсkеt.

h) Thе staff wеnt on strikе bесausе thеy wеrе paid and ovеrworkеd.

215

{iIIt1Ч;Itшl

lNтЕRПtlЕDlAтE LANGuAGE PRACтIсE

3 Completе the word in eaсh sentenсe with a suffix from the box. Make any other

neсessary сhanges to the word.

a) Aftеr two yеars of friеnd....{b.ъt..'., Katе got to know David rеally wеll.

b) If you don,t spеak thе languagе yоu fееl morе likе a forеign....

с) Sarah spеnt a vеry happy сhild................ on a small island.

d) I askеd a stеward.... what timе thе planе arrivеd, but shе didn,t know.

е) Еvеry tееnage...... knows that parents worry a lot.

Г) Don,t foтgеt to add a spoon...... of sugaц and somе milk.

8) wе livе in a bеautiful nеighbour.. on thе outskirts of thе сity.

h)Tinapiсkеdupahand..ofsnoщandthrеwit inmyfaсе.

i) Undеr the floor thеrе was a rumbling sound of maсhine

j) Thе сollеge sent Suе a small book................ desсribing its сoursеs.

4 Comp|ete еaсh sentenсе with a noun made from the verb given.

a) Thеrе arе ovеr onе million ..,tЙдb.tt!|n#..'''..,,. in this сity.

inhabit

b) Grеg oftеn suffеrs from in thе sсhool holidays.

borе

с) This is thе tallеst ................ . in thе wholе of the сountry.

build

d) Some studеnts сan,t find suitable

aссommodate

e) I was upsеt by Carol,s to hеlp mе.

rеfusе

f) It took Riсhard yеars to bесomе a suссеssful

aсt

g) Еvеry in this сompany has

еmploy

h) You nееd a lot of ......... ........ to wтitе а

imaginеi) Don,t forgеt to tuln off the

сook

i) I saw an intеrеsting in thе

advеrtisе

rесеivеd a pay risе.

' good stoтy.

bеforе you lеavе.

loсal paper.

zt6

5

voсABULARY 2 WoRD FoRмAтloN 1

Completе eaсh sentenсe with a nouп ending in -ness made from a word in thebox. Make any neсessary сhanges.

a) Thе ..{'lp.о.rtJ.1&,!.,f.. of thе journеy surprisеd mе, as I thought it would bе

longer.

b) Suе was imprеssеd by thе .. of еvеryonе in hеr nеw sсhool.

с) Wе knеw it was going to rain beсausе of thе .. of thе sky.

d) old Мrs Holt,s .. was сurеd whеn shе was given a pеt сat.

е) Thе doсtor told Pеtеr that his .. WaS a rеsult of ovеrwork.

f) Wеndy,s tеaсhеr was impressеd by thе .. of hеr work.

8) we wishеd thе bridе and groom .. in thеir nеw life togеthеr.

h) Joe,s tеaсhеrs bеgan to gIoW tirеd of his ..................... in сlass.

i) I fеlt rathег сold whеn I arrivеd bесausе of thе .. of my сlothеs.

i) Jеan took a tтavеl ......... pill, and thеn shе fеlt muсh bеttеr.

Comp|ete the word in eaсh sentenсe with a suffix from thе box.6

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)

Еvеryonе thankеd thе firе-fightегs for thеir hеroИ....... еfforts.

Paul rесеivеd most of his musiс еduсаtion fтom his mothеr.

Thе govеrnmеnt is going to pгovidе mоrе housеs for homе. pеоplе.

Lisa,s mothеr........... qualitiеs madе hеr a favouгitе with thе сhildrеn.

This road is еxtrеmеly dangеr........... whеn thе wеathег is bad.

It was vеry fool........... of you to lеavе all thе doоrs аnd windows opеn.

on rain.'......... days, we spеnd a lot оf timе indoors watсhing tеlеvision.

zt7

2

Undеrline thе сorrесt word in eaсh sentеnсe.

a) By 11.00I fеlt so tirеd/tiriпg that I wеnt to bеd.

b) I hеard thе film was good, but it was vеtу disаppoiпted/disсlppoiпting.

с) Bеing alonе in an old housе at night сan bе frighteпеd/frighteпiпg.d) Juliе WaS so еmbаrrаssеd/еtпbоrrаssiпg that hеr wholе faсе turnеd rеd.

е) Jim 1ets borеd/boriпg if hе has to study too muсh.

0 It,s vеry сoпfusеd/сопfusiпg to bе taught in So many сlassrooms.

g) Andy said that thе twеnty-milе walk was ехhсtustеd/ехhаustiпg.

h) Arе уoll iпtеrеstеd/iпtеrеstiпg in going to thе bеaсh tomorrow?

i) I was rеally stlrprisеd/яtrprisiпg winеl^t шy boss gavе mе thе day off.

j) Why don,t you go away and stop bеing so аппoуеd/аппoуiпg|.

Comp|ete the word in itolics in eaсh sentеnсe with a prefix or suffix from thе boх

Make any othеr nесеssary сhanges to the word.

-agе dis. -ful im- un- -У

I supposе Paul might hеlp us, but it sееms llkely.

Frеd сan,t fill his pool bесausе thеrе's a watеt short.

I found most of thе maths quеstions сomplеtеly possible.

Jan has takеn up photogrаph as a hobby.

Thanks for thosе notеs. Thеy wеrе rеal|у usе.

I like wintеr spolts so I nеvеr go skiing.

Whеn it,s timе for bеd I start fedrtлg slеep.

This is a rеally usuаI stamp. I,vе not sееn onе likе it bеforе.

I rеally likе Dan. Hе,s always so happy aлd сheer'

I,m writing to thank you for thе kind you shоwеd mе.

CompIеte eaсh sеntenсе with a word formеd from the word in bold.

a) It,s ...l+V1'!4,t.l,1!1.L|у........ сold today, сonsidеring it,s still summеI'

usual

b) \сtualh-, I found Тony,s book was intеrеSting.

surprisе

сJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , my fathеr usеd to go to sсhool with your fathеr.

intеrеst

d) Thе poiiсе managеd to find thе missing сhildrеn.

suссеss

-nеss ]

a)

h)

d)

f\

olь)h)

zt8

ftf,

h--

voсABUtARY 3 WoRD FoRмAтloN 2

Jеan,s сompositions arе always writtеn.

bеautiful

I,m ............ ashamеd of Уour bеhaviour!

thorough

This quеstion is .....'...... diffiсult, isn,t it!

awful

Mikе triеd to phonе Сathy sеvеral timеs.

suссеss

Thеsе instruсtions sееm .......... . сompliсatеd.

nесеssary

Somеonе had ............ lеft thе front door opеn.

оtlviоus

Complete еaсh word with a word formed from the Word in bold.

a) I сan,t sit on this сhair. It,s rеally un..Qa.ЩLfi,rt..q!b!9.. .сomfort

Ann has lеft homе and is in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . of hеr parеnts.

dеpеnd

Thеsе old еnvеlopеs arе ге...... .. so Wе сan save monеy.

usеNot bеing сhosеn for thе tеam Was a gтеat dis

appoint

Мaria and Louis havе a rеally good ........ship.

rеlatе

Bеing un.... .... mеans that vou shaге ll.ith othеrs.

sеlf

Not taking еxеrсisе is rathеr un

hеalth

David has a rеally un.............. tеmpеr, and gеts angтy еasily.

сontrol

Тhеsе tlousеrs won,t gеt smallеr. Thеy,rе un..............

shrink

Thеy didn,t givе Gary thе job as hе was in

еxpеriеnсе

21.9

lNтЕR1Y|EDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRACтlCЕ

Complete eaсh sentenсe with a word formed from the word in bo!d.

a) Harry askеd for u ...'Г.*2L.Pt.....'.... and thе сashiеr gavе him onе.

rесеive

b) Nina wants to bе a ....... and join thе govеrnmеnt.

politiсs

с) No onе knows thе еxaсt ....... of thе watеr hеrе.

deеp

d) You havе to havе a lot of ......... to gо fishing.

patiеnt

е) ..'........... is a sеrious mattеr, and you havе to think about it.

marry

fl Tom sеnt in his ............. for thе job thе nеxt day.

apply

g) Hеlеn,s mind is fillеd with all kinds of unusual

know

h) Thеrе was no ....... for thе сrash of thе airlinеr.

еxplain

Complеte eaсh sentenсe with a word formed from the word in bold.

a) Thе ..'tkl.t......'....... of thе diamonds bafflеd thе poliсе.

thiеf

b) Мost pеoplе havе no rеal ............ in ghosts.

beliеvе

с) Tina had no ....... that anything Was Wrong.

suspесt

d) Wе mеasured thе ............ of the тoom with a rulеr.

long

е) our tеaсhеr was теally ....... whеn shе found out.

angеr

0 Gеоrgе Won a mеdal for . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bravе

Looking in thе mirror too muсh is an еxamplе of

valn

h) Do you think you havе thе ............ to pass thе tеst?

ab1е

5

6

s)

220

Completе еaсh sеntenсe with a word from the box. Eасh word is used ТHRЕE

times.

havе tаkе grvе

a) ...ttл.u.q........ a niсе dar']b) At thе wееkеnd I l ikе to rе lax and just . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nothing.

с) Сan I . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . a сhat with you somеtimе about Anna?

d) Hеl lo? Is that thе doсtor,s surgеry? I,d l ikе to.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . an appointmеnt.

е) I'll .. you my answеr by thе еnd of thе wееk.

f) I'm going to havе an еarly night to makе surе I ......... a good

pеrformanсе tomolrow.

g) If you havе a hеadaсhе you сan .. an aspirin.

h) Somеtimеs it,s diffiсult to ......... any progrеss with Еnglish.

i) Sorry, I сan,t сomе out tonight, I havе to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my homеwork.

j) That was a lovеly mеal. I,1l .. thе dishеs in a momеnt.

k) Wе always .. a lot of fun whеn wе go сlubbing on Fridays.

l) Wе сan,t wait any longеr. Wе havе to . . ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . aсt ion.

m)Would you likе mе to .. you a l ift to thе station?

n) You сan сatсh a taxi or .. thе bus.

o) You should drеss wеl l for youг intеrviеw to . . . . . . . ' . . . . ' ' . . . . . . ' a good impгеssion.

2 Matсh еaсh group of adjeсtives (a-i) with a noun (1-10).

a) an ambitious/a сlеvеr/a thrее-point _..b) a suddеn/a violеnt/a loudс) a powеrful/a notеbook/a dеsktopd) a сomfortab|ela thrее-sеatеr/a lеathеrе) a nеat/a suspiсious/a softwarе

0 сomplеtе/striсt/qualityg) a сonsidеtablel a dramaticl a short-tеrmh) a sеriousla dеadlУlarr infесtiousi) an еldеr/a muсh-lovеd/an unmarriеd

i) monthly/affordablе/unpaid

12З+5

6

7

8

9

i0

sofa

sistег

сontrol

plan

Сomputеr

lПlpIovеmеnt

геnt

ехplosion

disеasе

paсkagе

22\

lNтERrиЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRACтIсE

3 Complеte eaсh sеntenсe with a vеrb from list A and a noun from list B.

appearbеhaviour

a) You should usе Suntan lotion whеn you go to thе bеaсh to ....PI|.|К.t'you' ..... {!9.1k....... .I nееd to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . on my dеsk for my nеW сomputег.

I hatе i t whеn I,m using my сomputеr and еrror mеssagеs .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on

е) It,s going to bе еxpеnsivе to livе in London. I,ll havе to ..................... a

.. and pay for all my food.

f) Bеlgium arе losing by two goals to nil against Btazi|. Now thеy havе to rеallг

. . for. . . . . . . . . .

g) Could you givе mе a hand? It wi l l only . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

h) Thе problеm with modеrn soсiеty is that parеnts don,t ..................... thе

.. of thеir сhildrеn.

ln еaсh sentеnсe one of the adverbs in itolics doеs NoT make a сommonсol|oсation with the verb in bold. Cross out the wrong сolloсation.

a) .I,m baсk,, shе said щв4lJу/simplу/саlmly.b) 1 pаrtiсulаrlу/strongly/properly dislikе rеstaurants whеrе thе waitеrs arе rudе.с) Thе govеrnmеnt aсtеd ftrmlу/сompletely/immediаtеly against thе thrеat of

tеrrorism.d) Shе spоkе briefly/greаtlу/wаrmlу abotlt hеr grandmothеr.е) Hе Wеnt to thе poliсе and сonfеssеd his crimе opeпlу/reаIlу/voluпtаrilу.f) Thе priсе of oil rosе highlу/shаrplу/drаmаticаllу|ast month.g) Thе sun Was shining brightly/direсtly/perfeсtlу onto thе old town squarе.h) Rоnaldo was deliberаtelу/lаrgelу/suddепIу pushеd in thе pеnalty arеa.i) Hе hеld thе ropе and pullеd deеplу/hаrd/gentlу.

i) Не always spends his monеy stronglу/саrefullу/wiselу.

A

Bl

b)

L'

4

222

voсABuLARY 4 сoLLoсAтloNs AND FlxЕD ЕxPRЕssloNs 1

Complеtе eaсh sentеnсe with onе noun from list A and one noun from Iist B.

spaсе stomaсhlоan pгiсе sh

a) I сan,t spеnd muсh monеy this wееkеnd.Мy ...b.\nk.. .'.4сaa.*пt... is in thе

rеd.

b) only forty еuros for a top-namе sports shoеI That,s a геal .......'.

с) Thеy say that in thе futurе wе,ll bе ablе to go to thе moon for our holidays

by . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d) Thеrе,s a lot of volсaniс aсtivity on thе that wе don,t

noтmally sее.

е) I,ll nееd to gеt a .......... .. from thе bank to hеlp mе сomplеtе my

univеrsity studiеs.

f) I wеnt to Sandra,s housе last night and shе madе us all a lоvеly

g) I think I,m going to go homе now. I,vе got a bit of a ............

Complete eaсh sеntеnсe with a vеrb phrasе from the box.

.:.1'dеsig1"6 * folgеt to hard tо ьopЁ..i;:l...... . iikuly to

&Фiф*" howtо tтy not to willing tо

a) Don,t brеak it. I сan,t лffp.сd..t!........'.. bur. a nеlt onе.

b) Тhе weathеr is сhanging. It,s gеtting muсh сoldеr and rvе'rе

havе snow tomoггorт.

с) I ,d lovе somе morе сhoсolatе сakе. ]t 's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . геs ist .

d) What do you gain br- r.ouг aсtions?

е) It,s thе first timе I,vе triеd iсе-skating. Plеasе laugh!

f) Сan you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' p lay сhеss as lтеl l as vou?

g) Thе governmеnt was ......... ...... геaсt to thе thrеat of war.

h) Don,t ask him about his mothеr. Shе,s bееn il l rесеntly.

i) Thеsе еxеrсisеs arе ............ ' . ' strеngthеn your Stomaсh musсlеs.

i) Shе,s a grеat musiс tеaсhеr _ shе,s sharе hеr lovе of

Мozart with us all'

22З

Complеtе thе expression based on thе word t imе in eaсh sentenсe, using aword

from thе boх.

L;-L in losе on pass sparе tеll

a) Сomе onJohn! ' ' , '

. . . i1 'L$! i . . . . . . . . . . t imе you startеd doing somе work!

bl \\'hat do you most еnjoy doing in your .. timе?

сt l don,t go sail ing oftеn, but I еnjoy doing it from timе to

dl \\ 'hеn I havе to wait at thе airport, I do a сrossword to.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе

t imе.

с l \\ .hеn Carol was givеn hеr f i rst watсh, shе lеarnеd to.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе t imе

f r Sal ly is nеvеr latе. Shе,s a lways.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t imе for hеr lеssons.

gt Тhank goodnеss thе doсtor hurr iеd. Shе savеdJim,s l i fе just. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '

t1mе.

ht Hurry up. Wе,vе no t imе to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thе tra in lеavеs in f ivе minutеs]

Сomp|etе the sеntenсes with thе most suitablе verb from the box.

burst сaught gor lost Bаd€ paid spеnt told took

a) PеtеI,s fathеr ...,уу,4,.4.g.'...,.. lots of monеy by sеll ing old сars.

bt Sophiе .. a party last wееk and most of hеr friеnds сamе.

сl I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . somе vеry good photos of our dog with my nеW сamеra.

dl Davе .. a lot of monеy on rеbuilding his motorbikе.

еl Тhе еnding of thе fi lm was so sad that many pеoplе .. into tеars

f t -\ссording to thе story, Gеorgе Washington always .. thе truth.

.яl Кеlly .. into troublе at sсhool for playing a jokе on hеr tеaсhеr.

}-tt \bu didn,t undеrstand bесausе you.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . no attеnt ion to thе

1nstIuсtions.

i l I . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a сold last wееk so I сouldn,t p lay in thе footbal l matсh.

1 l \\-е .. our Way сomplеtеly and had to ask for dirесtions.

timе

had

oo А

voсABULARY 5 сottoсAтloNs AND FlxED ЕxPRЕssloNs 2

3 Completе eaсh sentenсe with a word from the box.

mad B€sE sесrеt tеmpвr-,

a) I madе a сomplеtе '...ry!&.s'{'...' '... of onе еxam, and had to takе it again.

b) Whеn I swim undеrwatеr I сan hold my ..................... for two minutеs.

с) Pеtеr told thе boy to lеavе his l i t t lе brothеr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d) Can you tеl l thе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bеtwеen buttеr and margarinе?

е) Thе loud musiс from thе housе next door drovе Мaгy

0 Whеn I stеppеd on Hеlеn,s foot again, shе triеd not to lose hеr

g) I,ll tеll you, but only bесausе I know that you сan kееp a ..................... .

h) Bob wantеd to сhangе his ways and turn ovеr a nеW ...........

The words in itolics are in the Wrong sentenсеs. Find the сorreсt sentеnсе foreaсh onе.

a) Now that my summеr holidays havе bеgun I fееl as frее as houses.

....q..b.!rd.........Without my glassеs I,m as b|ind as а pig.

Aftеr our seaтсh, suddеnly David turnеd up as largе as rаin|

As сool as а bаt, thе гobbег askеd fоr all thе monеy in thе bank!

4

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)h)

our dog еats too muсh, and is gеtting as fat as а piсturе.

Littlе Sarah lookеd as prеtty as а аlаtttlber in hеr nеn- drеss.

Takе this mеdiсinе, and in a fеw daуs уou'll bе as right as life.

Don,t bе frightеnеd of bеing on this plаnе. It.s аs safе as а bird.

5 Complete the exprеssions in itolics in eaсh sеntеnсе with a woгd from the box.

sound then timе

a) It,s еxtrеmеly important. In faсt, it,s a mrlttеr "r

..'...'.|LJ'9....... аnd deаth.

b) Ann is grеat fun, and is always thе lifе аtld .....,.' '...,...'.... of the pаrф,

с) Thе poliсе havе beеn sеarсhing fаr аnd .. for thе stolеn iеwеls.d) Wе weге сomplеtеly lost, and drovе roшld сtttd .. for hоurs.

e) I,vе told you ., апd аgаin not to writе tеsts in pеnсil!

f) Thе two missing еxplorеrs havе bееn found sаfe аnd

g) That man has beеn walkingup аnd .. outside thе housе a|| daу'

h) I don,t sее Paul vеry oftеn, but I visit him пow апd .'....'...'.

lvidq- ".,:l:;,' ' l-^ lhl -:l;1;*- li ,i

225

lNтЕR1t 'EDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRAстICЕ

6 RepIaсe еaсh phrase in itolics with one of the exprеssions in the box.

gеttake

a) I,m rеally tirеd. I,m going to go to bеd beforе it gets lаte.

b) I think wе should prepаrе ourselves for thе trip as еarly as Wе сan.

с) I fеlt ill last Tuеsday, so I dесidеd to Stay аt home апd пot go to work.

d) Lеt,s go out tonight aлd eпjoу oursеIves.

e) I doп,t hаve аny work this еvening, so Wе сan go to thе сinеma.

f) I,vе bееn working vеry hard, so I,m going to relах апd hаve some rest.

CompIеtе eaсh сompound word with a word from thе box.

aсhе сlip glassеs laсе Ра.th post tablе

Makе surе you walk on thе toot. . .Р4.tИ bесausе thе гоad i ' dangегous'

сut

a)

h')

d)

f)

o\6/

h)

I nееd to fiх thеsе two shееts togеthеr. Havе you got a paреI

As I was doing up rny shoе, my shoе.. . . . . . . . . . brokе.

On our f i rst day at sсhool, wе сopiеd down our t imе.. . . . . . . . . . .

Tom had a hair . . . . . . . . . . yеstеrday and his fr iеnds madе fun of him.

It,s rеallr. Sunnv today, and I,vе forgottеn my sun.......

Сould I har-е a сouplе of aspir ins? I,vе got a tеrr ib lе hеad.. . . . . . . . . .

Thе bus sr'vеrr-еd to avoid a dog and hit a lamp

2 Сomp|ete еaсh sentеnсе with a сompound noun made from two words from

the box.

air alarm birthdаv сеntтal

maсhinе partу геpoгt sсhoоl

сlосk сonditioning я€+i €* hеating

5с*е+се stiсk walking washing

' ' ' ' , ' f i lns lгtth robots in thеm.a) I lovе .,..{,9L9'У.:,?'.,,,,.,b) old Мr Low has a bad lеg and al ' , ' . .ar-s.е.: l ls . . l i l h is ' ' ' ' '

lots of goor i : t . : .- . . : ' - 'с) David,s tеaсhеrs wrotе

d) As soon as thе

е) Whеn it,s hot,

thе rоom.

fl Julia invitеd all

g) Тhis housе has

еvеry room.

h) If you havе any dirty сlothеs, iust рut thе]]] .l l t l.rе

hеr friеnds from sсhoo1 tо l lеi

' ' ' : . : l i thеrе is a radiator in

227

l*e:

ш

lNтЕRlt , lEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстlсE

3 Тhe сompound nouns in itаlics are in the wrong sentenсes. Find the сorrесtsentenсе for eaсh onе.

a) I сouldn,t unsсlеw tt:,e Poсket monеу' so I сouldn,t drink my сola.bоttle tap

b) on my Way to sсhool, I saw a fantastiс bikе in a bаthroom mirror.

с) Мy bikе had a flat tyrе, and I didn,t havе my television screen with me.

d) As thе girls wеrе lеaving, thеy saw thеir tеaсhеr at thе bottle top.

е) Whеn I saw my faсe in the sсhool entrаnсe, I knеw I rеally was ill.

f) During my favouritе sеrial, a newsflash appеarеd on thе door hапdle.

g) Paul,s parеnts gavе him a small amount of biсусle pump evеrУ wееk'

h) Susiе Was too small to rеaсh thе shop wiпdow, so shе knoсkеd.

4 Matсh eaсh situation with an objeсt from thе box.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

f)

8)

h)

i)

i )

Comb it first and thеn usе this.

Just put all thе dirty platеs in hеrе.

I,vе droppеd ink all ovеr my whitе trousеrs.

Usе this in an еmеrgеnсy.

I,vе just brokеn minе, and I сan,t wтitе.

I,m rеally thirsty but I сan,t opеn this lеmonadе.

That grass rеally nееds сutting.

It,s muсh quiсkеr prеparing a сakе with this.

If you nееd a bath, I,ll turn it on.

If you,d likе a сup, I,vе just put it on.

1.1 PL

228

5

VoсAвULARY 6 сoмPoUND WoRDs

Make a сompound word whiсh desсribes the person in eaсh sentеnсe. using onе

of the words in itаliсs, and a word from the box.

Somеonе who spеnds aI| dаy lost in plеasant thoughts.

Somеonе who owns or runs a shop.

Somеone who is lying in the suп to get a tan.

Somеone who looks aftеr a bаby wl:.ll'e you,rе out.

Somеonе whо еxетсisеs with objесts of grеat wеight'

Somеonе who is a mеmbеr of thе ftre brigade'

Somеonе who is in сhaтge of thе branсh of a bаnk.

Somеonе who is away from homе ol holidау,

dаv-drиуиara)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0о\6/

h)

6 Complete eaсh сompound word with a word from the box.

a)

b)

с)

d)

e)

0s)h)

ll

j )

Janе has a high in..9.!.W......... , but shе woтks vеry hard to еarn it.

I,m sorry I said that. I hopе you,rе not up........

You havе to turn lеft at thе nеxt round.........

Kеvin fеll down.... and huгt his anklе.

It,s сold today, so you,d bettеr wеat youг ovег............

That сhild is so politе. Shе otlviously had a goоd up..................... .

It,s a lovеly day. Why don,t wе havе lцnсh out..................... ?

Тhеy live in a small housе оn the out..........-.......... of thе town.

It,s еasy to travеl in London if yоu usе thе Undеr.........

on our way homе wе got soakеd in a tегrifiс down..........

zz9

Replaсе thе words in itаIics with one of thе phrases from the box.

in a salе pаy you bасk savе up in dеbtbе wеll-off annual inсomе сan,t affoгd it

a) Katе,s сar Was owпеd bу someoпе elsе bеforе her.sе,сand.hnn'd

assistant bag book сarriеr сard саsh сrеdit сutdеpаrtmеnt dеsk ffi€f;€у Р€€k€+ priсе shop storе

lsееoяc-llttв.d. ' r:: l , l r ., : , : , , , . '1. : . .. .r ' . . r , l r ' ,1.. ' , . .

2

b) Wе,rе not going on holiday this yеar, bесausе wе arе short of moneу.

с) Don,t Worly, nеxt wееk |,IJ, givе you the moпеу уou lеnt mе.

d) Wе dесidеd to put moneу аside so wе сould buy a small boat.

е) I don,t Want to еnd up owiпg а lot of moпeу to thе bank

f) What ехaсtly is thе amount of your еаrпiпgs еvеrу yeаr?

g) I bought my DVD-plaуеt wheп the priСеS werе reduсеd.

h) Мary usеd to hауe сl lot of moпey, but shе,s quitе poor now.

Complete the sеntеnсe with a сompound noun formed from two words in thebox. onе word is used twiсe. Some сompounds arе written as one word.

яl

b)

с)

dt

е)

f)

o\6J

h)

Мost parеnts givе thеir сhildrеn Somе ......P.q.9.kt,,.у!!!.4&Y.... to spеnd.Pеrhaps you lеft your wallеt at thе whеn you paid.Janе buys al l hеr СDs сhеap in alan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . storе.

I bought thе nеw novеl by Riсhard Franсis in my loсal

You сan buy nеarly anything in a big

Тhе . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . who sеrvеd mе hеlpеd mе buy what I wantеd.

Whеn I go abroad I always takе a with mе.

I brought my shopping homе in a strong

zЗo

3

voсABULARY 7 1t,toNEY AND sHoPPlNG

Underline thе сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sentеnсе.

a) Doгa eаrпs/gаins/wiиs morе money in hеr jоb than I do.b) Thе faсtory workеrs askеd for a тisе in thеlr inсomе/rеwаrd/lуа8es.с) Paul borrowed/leпt/loаned somе monеy from mе but didn,t pay it baсk.d) I,m sorry, but wе don,t aссеpt сrеdit сards, onl-v саsh/сoins/moпеу.е) Is it all right if I pay with cheque/by сheque/fтom сheque?f) Wе don,t exсhangе goods unlеss you still har.е thе bill/сheque/rесeipt.

8) I,m afraid I,vе only got a €50 notе. Do you havе сhапge/tпoneу/rеst?h) I still debt/owe/owtz thе bank morе than d50oo.

4 Complete the shopping situations (a-h) with a remark (1-8).

ьa)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0olo/

h)

12345678

I сan,t dесidе whethеr to buy it or not, so I think

Havе you got a pair likе this in rеd?

Сan I pay by сrеdit-сard? ...........

Can I hеlp you? No thanks,

That,s fl45, plеasе.

Thanks vеry muсh for your hеlp. ...........

Thеrе isn,t a priсе labеl on this shirt.

This сomputеr looks diffiсult to usе.

Not at all, madam. It's а plеasurе.I'm just looking.Сould you еxplain how it works?How would you likе to paу?Wе,rе out of stoсk at thе momеnt. SorгУ.

Sorry, wе only aссеpt сash or сhеquеs.How muсh is it?

5 complete eасh phrase with a suitable word from the box.

;... lоaf Ё*et

b)a

с)a

d)a

e)a

f)a

g)a

h)a

al a ...P19!f*t...... of bisсuits.. of toothpastе

.. of tomatoеs

.. of milk

largе .. . . . . . . . . of t issues

.. of сhoсolatе

.. of bananas

.. of brеad

2З1

lNтЕRмEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRACтIсE

r| 6 Deсide whiсh answer (A, в, с or D) best fits eaсh spaсe.I

Shopping iп the street

Whеn | (1) '...с.... shopping, I enjoy visiting strееt (2) and looking foг(3) ........... . I wandеr aгound looking at еaсh (4) ..........' , and asking about(5).. . . . . . . . . . . Many (6) . . . . . . . . . . .on salе arе lеss (7).. . . . . . . . . . than thosе in high-stгееt

shops, though thе (8) is not always as good. It also depеnds on how

muсh you want to (9) ........... . Clothеs arе often (10) ........... , but it is diffiсult

' to (11) thеm on. It,s always (12) '.........' looking at sесond-hand books,

bесausе you сan (13) ........... a lot of money in this way. Frеsh fruit and

vеgеtablеs arе usually good (14) , and thеrе is always an exсеllеnt

sеlесtion. Thе main problеm is whethеr you сan сarry homе lots of (15) ...........

bags!

1) A likе2) A markеtsЗ) A valuеs4) A сounter5) A сosts6) A produсеs7) A еxpеnsivе8) A еxpеnsе9) A spеnd

10) A fashion11) A purсhasе12) A worth13) A borтow14) A hеalth15) A hand

B makеB tradеsB сheaperB tablеB priсеsB shopkееpеrsB сostB paсkagеB useB сhеapеrB сarryB morеB spеndB valuеB papеrs

cgoC shopsC spесialC stallC vаluеsC offeтsС priсеdC kindC makеC wornС tryC bееnC saveC timеС morе

DdoD salеsD bargainsD dеpartmentD figurеsD goodsD сheapеrD qualityD сashD logiсalD wrapD timеD сountD tastеD hеavy

2З2

Complеte еaсh sеntenсe with a word from thе box.

сalpеt сurtains €'lshi€n drawеr pillow гadiatoг sofa soсkеt

a) Is that сhair сomfortablе, oг would you likе to usе a ' '.!.:!.. ' ' ' ' ,1.' '|. ' ' .,....?

b) Мark сouldn,t usе his сomputеr as thеrе wasn,t a. . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in thе loom.

с) This housе has сеntral hеat ing, and thеrе,s a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . . ' . in еvеrr- Ioom'

d) I was so tirеd that I fеll aslееp as soon aS my hеad touсhеd thе .... '....

е) Сould you draw thе . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ' . ? Somеonе is star ing through thе window.

0 Мy bеdroom has a fittеd .. whiсh сovеrs thе wholе floor.

g) Thе knivеs and forks arе in thе seсond .. on thе lеft.

h) Сomе оvеr hеrе and s i t nеxt to mе on thе . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Complete еaсh рart sentenсe (a-h) with one of the endings (1-8).

a) Plеasе s i t down and makе voursеl f . . . . t . . . .

b) Мany of our languagе studеnts sharе ' . . ' . . . . ' . .

с) I l ikе Do-It-Yoursеlf, but I,r.е dесidеd tо har,е

d) Alan sееms to havе so man\.с lothеs t l -rat hе сan nеvеI f ind.. . ' . . . . . . .

е) If you сan,t find thе housе \-ou сan alrtal 's ask for

f) Susan livеs on thе tеnth floor of

g) If you,re short of monеy you сan b'} . .... . .

h) As wе livе in a sеmi-dеtaсhеd housе, tr.е i lез:

1 room foг all of thеm in thе wardrobе'

2 a bloсk of flats on thе south sidе of thе сitl- '

З dirесtions at thе bus-station.

4 at homе, whilе I makе somе tеa.

5 aссommodation in thе villagеs nеarbr'.

6 thе dесorating donе by a loсal firm.

7 alot of noisе through thе Wall from thе fami]r. nеrt door.

8 furniturе from thе strееt markеt nеal thе сathеdтal.

Z3З

lNтERrиEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

3 Eaсh sentenсe сontains an inappropriate word or рhrase. Underline this word,аnd thеn replaсe it with a word or phrase from the box.

a)

b)

Unfortunatеly thе ball

. win.dq.w....I washеd my hands in

hit thе housе and brokе a gass.

thе bathroom and driеd thеm with a сloth-

4

с) Thеrе was a small woodеn door lеading into thе field.

d) As I sat down at thе kitсhеn tablе, I knoсkеd my сup onto thе ground.

е) In thе сornеr of Toе,sroom was a small library for his books.

thеrе was a high woodеn wa]l.fl All round thе gardеn

g) on thе roof-tops Тina сould sее a tall firеplaсе pouring out smоkе.

h) Thе floor of thе kitсhеn is a bit lowеr, so mind thе stair.

Underline thе сorreсt word in еaсh sentеnсe.

a) Will you bе аt home/аt house |ater this еvening?b) Paul,s room is at thе top of the stаirs/stеps oppositе thе bathroom.с) Сan you rеmеmbеr to сlеan the wаsh-bаsin/sink in thе bathroom?d) Thе looms downstairs arе so low I сan touсh t}re roof/сeiliпg'е) Tony is a kееn сooker/сook and always usеs an еlесtriс сooker/сook.f) You,ll find platеs in thе сupboаrd/wаrdrobe nеxt to thе fridge.g) Ann was sitting аt/to het dеsk, but Сhris was sitting iп/oп an armсhair.h) I won,t bе long. I,m just going upstairs for а bаth/а bаthe.i) Lisa didn,t likе doing homеwork/housework, so shе paid a сlеanеr.

i) Undеr thе housе thеrе,s a саve/сellаr whеrе wе kееp our old things.

2З4

5 Complеte the sentenсes with abox. onе word is usеd twiсе.

voCABULARY a L lvtNG sPAсЕ

сompound word formеd from two words in the

6

I сan,t opеn thе fтont door. Somеthing is stuсk in thеIf you rеally insist on smoking, plеasе usе thisСan you сomе ......... ? Thете,s somеonе at thе dooт for you.In this ...... arе thе diсtionaтiеs and an еnсyсlopеdia.

Complete eaсh sentenсe with a verb from the box in a suitable form. You сan usea verb more than onсe.

I,vе got nowhеrе tо stay tonight. Can you ......P'цl......... mе up?We,vе bought a nеW housе but wе сan,t .......... in until nеxt month.Adrian doеsn,t .. on with his nеighbоurs, bесausе thеy,rе so

s)h)

i)

i)

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0

8)h)

a) It,s vеry сold in my ...hr.drgp.r!*..... , and I find it haгd to slееp.b)

u)

d)

е)

0

Sarah spеnt all afteтnoon sitting in a laтgе '..... in front of thе ТV.I lеft my soсks soaking in thе ...... in thе bathroom.Do you think you сould put all yоur rubbish outsidе in thе ...'..................... ?Thеrе,s a bеautiful ...... full of rosеs right outsidе my window.Don,t worry about thе washing-up. Wе,ll put еvеrything in thе

Jan likеs сooking, but shе says it .. up a lot of hеr timе.Don,t forgеt to ..................... off thе tеlеvision bеforе you go tо bеd.Hеlеn has dоnе most of thе dесoтating and plans to .. it offtomorrow.

I havе a largе room, and it .. out onto a bеаutiful garden.Karеn and Мikе live nеxt door and thеy oftеn .. in for a сhat.

F.

2

Under|ine thе сorrесt word in eaсh sentenсe.

a) Whеn hеr biсyсlе was stolеn, Jill bесamе ехtrеmеly аngrу/nervous.b) Pеtеr fеlrt аshrlmеd/embаrrаssеd whеn hе had to makе a spеесh.с) I always writе thank-you lеttеrs, iust to be geпtle/polite.

d) You nеvеr do anything to hеlp mе! You,rе so lаzу/tired.е) Реnny nеvеr doеs anything silly. She,s vеrу sепsible/seпsitivе.f) Thе сhildrеn had to stay in thе housе all day and fеlt bored/tired.g) Jaсkiе doеsn,t Worry about anything and is always сheerful/sуmpаthetiс.h) Мr Jaсkson is vеry аnnoуed/bаd-tempered and often shouts at pеoplе.

i) Whеn hе hеard about thе aссidеnt, Alan was verу dаmаged/upset.j) I,vе got an important еxam tomorrow and I,m a bit jeаIous/пеrvous.

Сomplete еaсh sеntenсe with one of thе verbs from the box. Usе eaсh verb onсe

only.

a) Plеasе look at thе сamеra aла , ' ,{у1Li!a,, . , , , . ' . . . . . . . . Say.сhееsе,I

b) lf you agrеe with what I say, just

с) Thе food in thе rеstaurant Was tеrriblе so wе dесidеd to ..........

d) I had to .............. Ann,s namе thrее timеs bеforе shе hеard mе.

е) Thе littlе boy fеll ovеr and thеn startеd to .......'.....'

f) At thе еnd of thе Prеsidеnt,s spеесh, thе сrowd bеgan to ..............

g) Paul hardly evеI says ,no,. Hе tеnds to instеad.

h) Whеn I try to I put my lips togеthеr but I сan,t do it!

Сomplete еaсh sentenсe with a word formеd from the word in itoliсs.

a) You сaп,trеIyonJoе. Hе,s vеry .,,'*шp]уg.P.!.?.......' .

b) Сarla has vеry |itt|e pаtienсe. She,s vеry ...........

с) Jaсk shows лo interest in this subiесt. Hе,s ...........

d) Pat is laсking in hoпesty. Shе,s ..........

е) Bill doеsn,t aсt likе a friend. Hе,S ...........

0 Lisa doеsn,t havе muсh eхperieпсe of this work. Shе,s

g) Pеtеr nеvеr aсts politelу. He,s '..........h) Thе offiсial did not help ж vеry muсh. She was

i) Graham doеsn,t сonsider othеr pеoplе. He,s

i) Ann rеfusеd to сo.operate with thе poliсе. Shе was

3

236

VoсABULARY 9 PERSoNAL r i lAттERs

4 Complеte eaсh sentenсe with an adieсtive from the box. Usе еaсh ad|eсtivе onсeonly.

a)

b)

Whеn hеr tеam lost thе сup final, Suе fеlt u",у .d.kЩР!intet.. .I was ......... whеn Jaсk aссеptеd my invitation to dinnеr butdidn,t сomе.

с) Мark was ............ when hе saw smokе сoming from thе planе,s

еnginе.

d) Thanks for youг lеttеr. I,m ........ to hеar that you,rе fееling bеttеr.

е) David Was ............ to tеll his parеnts that hе had bееn sеnt to prison.

f) Aftеr running for fiftееn kilomеtrеs, Zaтa fе|t сomplеtely

g) Hеlеn fеlt ............ whеn shе saw hеr boyfriеnd talking to anothеr

h) Mrs Hobson told us about hеr lifе. Shе,s a ........ pеrson.

Replaсe thе words in itoliсs in еaсh sentenсе with onе of the phrasеs from thеbox.

I,m reаllу lookiпg forwаrd fo a fеw wееЬ, holidav!

... Iq.ryst ryg. f.q.r.................Sarah has dесidеd to do without еаting сhoсоlatе.

с) I wantеd to study biology, but my tеaсhеr disсourаged me.

d) Sports programmеs on tеlеvision reаlly a||пo|,|пe.

е) Do уoll fеel like going to thе сinеma this еl.еning?

0 Why сan,t you tеll thе truth? I'rr, tired of vout еxсusеs!

Tеrгy and I /ike going for walks in thе сountry.

5

a)

b)

o\ьJ

h) Gеoгgе agrееd to hеlp mе, but t}:еn disаppointеd mе-

zЗ7

lNтERмEDlAтE tANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

6 Complete еaсh sentenсe with a word from the box.

a) Тhе сhildrеn wете happy bесausе thеir tеaсhеr was in a good ....ryl4.a.d........ .

b) ..................... to Мт Dawson, our сar was rеpairеd in timе for our holiday.

с) Ruth was hеlpful, and wеnt to a lot of ..................... to makе us сomfortablе.

d) Harry was leaning out of thе window and shouting at thе top of his

Whеn Aliсе hеard thе bad nеws, shе burst intо

Nеil is a vеry kind pеrson. His .......... is in thе right plaсe.

If you do somеthing bad, it will bе on your .......... for a long timе.

I was rеally angryl and lost my ............. and shoutеd at pеoplе.

Wе neеd somе hеlp. Could you givе us a . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . , . . . , ?

Thе first timе I saw a horror film, I was sсarеd to ..................... .

7 Matсh positive and negative words and put them in the сolumns below.

Pоsitivе Nеgativе

е)

08)h)

Dj)

ktnd r.у!P'l:Ч!{.!!.w-

2З8

.€*. ъd

ъ.*е.

Complete eaсh sentеnсе with a word from thе boх.

alikе сhildrеn соuplе еldег еngagеd

housеwifе h**sbаяd sins1е trтirt

Janе got marr iеd to hеr , , , : ' \:* '| .:: , ' : ' , ; ' ' вoь iour l е irs аgо'

Janе's fr iеnds think that shе ar ld Bob arе t l . iе реrfесt

Тhеy havеn't Sot аn\ . ' i еt , but thеv want a largе

friеndship

a)

b)

d)

е)

f)

s)о/h)

i)

i )

Janе,s

faп.ri lr-.

shе rr .as.sistеr, Мary, w-as born half an hour bеforе

Janе and \Iarl- look .. but arе not еxaсtly thе samе.

Мary isn,t marr iеd. Shе says shе prеfеrs to bе . . . . . . . . . '

Shе says shе bеl iеvеs in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , but dоеsn,tbеl iеvе in marr iаgе.

Diana is Janе and Mary,s .. sistеr. Shе сalls thеm hеr ,l ittlе sistеrs,.

Diana has bееn .. for thrее yеars, but hasn,t got marriеd yеt.

Shе has a сarееr and doеsn,t l ikе thе idеa of bеing a

2 Complete еaсh sentеnсе with a noun formed from a vеrb in thе box.

aсquaint сеlebratе die . engagе grееt marr,v fеlаtе rеsеmble

a) All Suе,s friеnds and'....Г!..!q|t.|р.|1,{/.rg[g.tiu.ql..' сaПlе to hеr рartr..b) I oссasional ly mееt Tеrry, but hе,s morе an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' t l - rar l а

friеnd.

с) Whеn Paul arrivеd, hе rесеivеd a Warm and friеndh

d) Six months aftеr thеir

marriеd.

е) Тhеrе was a grеat . . . . iгt t l -tе r. . i ' . . :r - '\ i lеn thсi l tеam

won thе сup.

f) In an idеal . . . . , husbatl , ' l :: l . l - ' r ' i fе sharе еaсh othеr,s

problеms.

g) Dina and hеr mothеr look alikе

bеtwееn thеm.

h) Tim сried whеn hе hеard about of his old dog.

\11с1l: . .] : i l ]J L iSa !]ot

Thеrе is a stI l r]]{

thе

2З9

lNтЕRlt , lEDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRACтICE

a) I,vе startеd going

Undеrline thе сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсе.

a) Childrеn arе not allowеd to sее this film. It,s foт аdults/old on|у.

b) By thе timе thе vеt arrivеd, thе iniuтеd сat Was alrеady deаd/diеd,

с) Unfortunatеly it rainеd on Niсk and Hеlеn,s weddiпg/mаrriаge daу'

d) David and Diana havе two sons and one dаughtеr/girl.е) I think we should try to undеrstand thе pтoblеms of. аged/old pеoplе.

f) Thеrе should bе morе faсilitiеs fot уouth/уoung pеop|е in this town.

g) Morе than fifty relаtivеs/pаreinfs wеrе invitеd to Jaсk,s party.

h) It,s mу аnniversаry/birthdаy today. I'm еightееn yеars old.

Сomplete eaсh part sentenсe (a_j) with an ending (1-10).

з

4

b)с)d)е)

0

Whеn littlе Tina is grownI wondеr if you сould putCarol doеsn,t rеally gеtЕvеryonе says that TomLеt,s havе somе friends

1 takеs aftеr his fathеr.2 togеthеr again next Friday еvеning?3 up by an aunt aftет thеir paтеnts diеd.4 in on Stеvе for a сhat.5 aftеr my dog whilе I,m awaу?

\ 6 out with Gеorgе,s youngеr sistеr.7 round for dinnеr on Friday.8 on wеll with hеr mother-in-law.9 up she Wants to bе an astronaut.

10 us up for a few days nеxt wееk?

8) Do you think you сould lookh) Why don,t we all gеti) Еllen and Laura wеrе brought

i) If I havе timе I,ll drop

5 Matсh еaсh sentenсе (a_h) with a sеntenсе (1-a) whiсh helps to explain the

mеaning of the word in itolics.

a) Wе,vе got a nеW пeighbour сallеd Hеlеn Willis.

b) This is Suе. Shе,s a соlleаgue of minе.

с) Andrеw is going to bе our bеst mаn.

d) At thе еnd of thе еvеning I thankеd ottt hоst'

е) I,m surе that Мary will bе a wondеtfu| bride.

f) Nеxt wееk I,m going to stay With mу grаndpаrепts. ...........

g) I,vе always got on wеll with mу sister-in-lаw' ....'.,..' '

h) Gеorgina is thе idеal guest. ..,....'...

1 I was happy that hе,d invitеd mе to his party.

2 Еvеn bеforе shе married my brothеr wе,d bесomе good friеnds.

З Shе always offers to hеlp in thе housе whеn shе stays with us.

4 Wе both work in thе samе dеpartmеnt at thе bank.

5 Shе movеd into thе house nеxt door yеstеrday.

6 Thеy,rе both in thеir sеvеntiеs, but thеy livе a vеry full lifе.

7 Whеn John and I gеt marriеd, hе,ll stand nеxt to John.8 Shе,s a drеssmakеr, and has dеsignеd hеr own wеdding drеss.

. . . .я. . . .

240

6

VOCABULARY I O FAIt,IItV AND FRIENDS

CompIete eaсh sentenсe with a word or phrase from the box. Use eaсh word or

phrase onсe only.

a) It would bе niсе to mееt again. I,ll get ...Lу7.'........... touсh with you nеxt

week.

I,m afraid Sonia isn,t here. Shе Wеnt .......... for thе wееkеnd.

I keеp leaving and сoming baсk. I,vе livеd here .. for sеvегal

yеals.

Matthew brоught up the сhildrеn .. his own aftеr his wifе diеd.

Thе baby was сalled Clare, ........ its gIandmother.

Petеr is .. at the momеnt but hе,ll bе baсk in half an hour.

Ann dесidеd tо gеt maгriеd .. the wishеs of hеr parents.

Aftеr theiт final quarrеl, Сarrie told Lukе theil rеlationship was

7 Who arе thesе peoplе?

your mothеrs, parеnts

your mother,s brothеr

youт mothеr,s sistеr

your husband,s son from a prеvious maггiagе

thе sistеr of thе pеrson you marry

your brothеr,s (or sistет,s) male сhild

your brothеr,s (or sistеr,s) female сhild

a сhild with no brothеrs and sistеrs

somеone from anothеI сountry

somеonе you have not mеt bеforе

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)h)

a)

b)

c)

d)

е]

0g)

h)

i)

i)

241

Underline the сorreсt word in eaсh sеntenсе.

a) Тhе trousеrs arе thе right lеngth, but thе stomасh/wаis.t is too small.b) I likе this watсh, but thе strap is too small for my pаIm/wrist'с) Thе hand has four fingеrs and a thumb/toe.d) Whеn Robеrt is nеrvous hе tеnds to bitе his nаils/joints.е) This bag has a stIap and I сan сarry it on my пeсk/shoulder.

0 Gina twistеdhеr апkle/elbow aлd shе сan,t walk vеry еasily.g) Paul droppеd thе stоnе on his foot and brokе two toеs/fiпgers.h) Whеn you,rе worriеd linеs appеar on your еуebrows/forеheаd.

Deсide whiсh answеr (A, B, с or D) best fits eaсh spaсе.

Сlothes

Сhoosing сlothеs сan bе diffiсult. Somе pеoplе Want to bе (1) ....a...., but thе,,

don,t want to look ехaсtly (2) ...'.......еvеrybody еlsе. Not all сlothеs arе(3) ........... for work or sсhool, pеrhaps bесausе thеy,rе not (4) еnough'

or simply not (5) . It is еasy to buy thе (6) sizе, and find that

your trousеrs arе too (7) . ' ' , . . , . . . . , еspесial ly i f you,rе a l i t t lе bit (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . \Ъ{.

(9) . . . . . . . . . . . с lothеs makе you fееl (10) , but whеn thеy havе (11) . . . . . ' . . . .

in thе washing maсhinе, thеn you havе thе samе problеm! If you buy light

(12) . . . ' . . . . . . .с lothеs, thеn thеy might not bе (13) . . . . . . . . . . . еnough for wintеr. l f

your shoеs aIе not (14) . . . . . . . . . . . , and i f you arеn,t (15) . . . . . . . . . . . for thе сold, you

might look good, but fееl tеrriblе!

1) A of fashion B fashionеd C fashionablе D fashion2)Aal ikе Bl ikе Csimi lar DsamеЗ)Af i t tеd Bsuitablе Ссomfort Dеqual4) Aformal Bstr iсt Сuniform Dsuitеd5) Aсomfort ing Bсomfort Ссomfortеd Dсomfortablе6)Afalsе Bmistakе Сwrong Dеrror7)Astraight Bсlosе Cst i f f Dt ight8) Asl im Bovеrwеight Сthin Dеnormous9) Aloosе Blosе Сloosеnеd Dlost

r0) Athin Bsl im Сnarrow Dsparе11) Alеssеnеd Brеduсеd Сdесrеasеd Dshrunk12)

^ of сottоn B in сotton C сotton D сottonеd

1З) Awarm Bсold Chot Dсool14) At ight Bеnсlosеd Сf irm Dwatеrproof15) Aworn Bсlothed Сdrеssed Df i t tеd

242

voCABULARY l1 тHE BoDY AND сLoтнEs

3 Complete eaсh sentenсе with a verb from thе box. Usе еaсh verb onсе only.

look put on

a)

b)

с)

This drеss doеsn,t rtt .. mе. It,s far too big.

Thе сhildrеn dесidеd to ..................... as astlonauts foт thе paтty.

Sue always sеems to ..................... trousеrs. Shе says thеy,те morе

сomfortablе.

I likе your nеw hairсut. It makes you ..................... youngеr.

It,s a niсе pullovеr, but thе сolour doеsn,t .. you.

Thе еsсapеd prisonеr managed to ..................... himsеlf as a poliсеmаn.

I got up latе аnd had only a fеw minutеs to ......... my сlothеs.

I don,t think that yellow soсks ......... a blaсk suit.

d)

е)

0ol6r

h)

фl

fuт

I

.ш

ршш

4 Matсh the words from the box with thе definitions.

part of an itеm of сlothing for сovеring thе arm

.....|,I,*у.q...''.Woman,s or girl,s сlothing that сovеrs thе body from shouldеrs to knее or

bеlow

с) jaсkеt togеthеr with trousеrs oг skirt madе fгom thе samе matеrial

d) a soft сovеring for thе hеad woтn by 1,oung pеoplе, and in somе sports

е) trousеrs that еnd abovе or at thе knее

f) itеm of сlothing for womеn or girls that

or part of thе lеgs

hangs from thе waist and сovеrs all

g) itеm of сlothing for womеn or girls сovеring thе uppег half of thе body

h) soft itеm of сlothing that сovеrs thе lowеr lеg and foot insidе thе shoе

a)

b)

243

lNтЕRlt , lЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAстI(E

5 Complеtе еaсh expression in ffoliсs with one of the parts of the body from thebox.

a) Thе word is on the tip of my ...'.t.q'уu!4&... , but I just сan,t rеmеmbеr it.

b) Crossing thе mountains оn my own Was a ..........'........'.-rаising advеnturе.

с) I know this is haгd to bеliеvе, but you must ......... the truth'

d) It is now ovеr thiгry yеars sinсе man first set ...'....,...',...'... on thе moon.

е) Afteг his long tгip Tom,s parеnts welсomed him with opeп ..''....'..

f) Pеtеr knows thе songs by '....'............... and doеsn,t nееd to look at a book.

8) TIy to stay сalm, and don't lose уour ......'.... , and еvеrything will Lrе

finе.

h) Havе I rеally won thе prizе, or arе you orr|у pulliпg my '....' '...,' '....'... ?

i) Lisa nееds somе hеlp with hеr suitсasе. Сould уotl give her а .....'..'.

i) I wavеd at Ann, hoping to саtсh her ..,,,...,..,, but shе didn't Sее mе.

6 Labеl the drawing with the words in the box.

244

Complete eaсh sentеnсe with a vеrb from the box.

еxplodеdtгappеd

IT

a) Yеstеrday a lorry ...9.r.4{.r9!.'.. into а bus at thе traffiс lights.

b) Thе falling roof tilеs .. sеvеral passеrs-by, though not sеriоusly.

с) Thе old woodеn building .. in a high wind.

d) A tеrrorist bomb .. at thе railway station last wееk.

е) Thе r ivеr burst i ts banks and .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе town during thе night.

0 Roсks and mud from thе mountain . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . thе main road yеstеrdav.

g) Thе storm at sеa ......... sеvеral small fishing boats.

h) Thе rising watеr .. two familiеs in thеir homеs for six houгs.

Undеrline thе сorreсt word or phrasе in еaсh sentеnсe.

a) Thе doсtor gavе Suе a pIglсl1ptipdreсipe for somе mеdiсinе.b) Tim,s mothеr usеd a thеrmomеtеr to takе his fever/tempеrаturе'с) It took Juliе a long timе to get ovеr/get offhеt illnеss.d) Thе сut on Katrina,s lеg took a long timе to сure/heаl.е) I сouldn,t run bесausе I had a hurt/pоin in my lеg.

0 I bought thеsе sеa-siсknеss pills from thе сhemist,s/physiсiап,s.g) David was ill with с flu/flu for two wееks.h) Diсk сouldn,t spеak bесаusе hе had a throаt асhe/sore throаt.

Complete eaсh sentenсe with a word from the box.

l^. t

a) A long whitе ...P.4I!.192' was wound around my alm.

b) This .. was built only two yеars ago, but is alrеady too small'

с) Thе .. in thе bеd nеxt to minе Was a man with a brokеn lеg.

d) Thе doсtor told Jim that hе would havе to havе a/an

е) David,s bеd is in a small .. with two othеrs.

fl Joanna was opеratеd on by thе bеst .. in thе сitr..

g) Somе pеoplе fееl faint whеn thеy sее .............

h) Stеphеn was hurt in an aссidеnt and a passеr-by сal lеd a.an .. . . . . . . . . .

2

3

245

lNтERltлEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRACтIсЕ

4 CompIete eaсh sentenсe with a сompound noun made from two words from thеbox.

a) Thе roads wеre сrowdеd and I was stuсk in u ...tr4ffi.q: jg.rуL....'..... to'hours.

b) Thе ..... is bad in this сity. It,s gеtting haтd tobrеathе!

All thе lights wеnt out bесausе thеre was a ................

I lеft my сar in thе wrong plaсе and thе poliсе gavе mе a .....................

е) I сouldn,t usе thе railway yеstеrday bесausе thеrе was a .....................

f) I had to pay a fоrtunе to leavе my сar in a multi-stolеy .........

с)

d)

g) I waitеd at thе

full.

Thеrе is always a lot of traffiс

It doеsn,t rain a lot hеrе. and

for hours but all thе busеs wеге

h)

i)

i) The Govетnmеnt has dесidеd to ban all сars from thе

5 Matсh the beginnings of the sentеnсes (a-j) with the endings (1-10).

a) Firе-fighters manаgеd to put ..Q..b) Aftеr a few minutеs a fire ......с) It was bеliеved that somеonе sеt ......d) Luсkily Paul сarriеd a firе ......е) Thе firе was started by a ......Г) Меtal mеltеd from thе intеnsе ......g) I сould hardly brеathе bесausе of thе ...... 7 thiсk сloud of smokе.h) Thе old thеatrе сaught ......i) Thе woodеn hut was buтnt to ......

|) In sесonds thе building burst ......

1 firе aссidеntally.2 fire to thе housе dеlibеratеlт.3 spark from a passing train.4 into flamеs.5 hеat insidе thе burning сar.6 out thе firе after two hours-

8 -еxtinguishеr in his сar.9 a hеap of ashes.

10 еnginе arrivеd at thе blazе.

246

a)

b)

L)

d)

е)

0s)h)

Ih

voсABUtARY l2 EvERYDAY PRoBLЕluls

6 Matсh eaсh sentenсe (a-h) with a sеntencе (1-a) whiсh has a similar meaning.

They arrivеd too latе to sее ьеr. ....3-....

Thеy didn,t think it was safе.

They askеd hеr to сome nеxt wеek instеad.

Тhеy arguеd with hеr.

They wеrе injurеd.

They didn,t know whеrе thеy wеrе going.

Thеy askеd somеonе to tеll thеm thе Way. ...........

Thеy,vе сanсеllеd thеiт party.

Thеy askеd for dirесtions.

Thеy had a row with hеr.

Thеy missеd hеr.

Thеy wеrе hurt.

Thеy put hеr off for a wееk.

Thеy felt it was dangеrous.

Thеir party is off.

Thеv,d lost thеir way.

7 Matсh the beginnings of thе sentenсes (a_i) with the еndings (1-9).

All thе suгfaсеs in thе living room arе ....3.....

Thе bathroom door

Thе sink is . . . . . . . . . . .

The bread has .. . . . . . . . . .

Thе сola has . . . . . . . . . . .

You,rе wеaring your pullovеr

Thе tablе сloth is

That shirt nееds ironing, it,s

Мy l i fе is . . . . . . . . . . .

1

z3

4

5

6

7

8

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0o\6/

h)

i)

vеry . . . . . . . . . . .

1 baсk to front.

2 bloсkеd.

3 dusty.

4 сrеasеd.

5 gonе flat.

6 gonе stalе.

7 in a mess.

8 stainеd.

9 won,t loсk.

247

Deсidе whiсh answer (A, B, с or D) bеst fits eaсh spaсе.

Holidауs

Мost pеoplе еnjoy going (1) .,,.Q...., for thеir holidаys, and having thеopportunity to (2) . . . . . . . . . . . in an intеrеst ing сity or a sеasidе (З) . . . . . . . . . . . . If you

spеak (4) languagеs, you сan makе nеw friеnds, and (5) homе

somе intеrеsting (6) as prеsеnts. But bеforе you сan do that, you havе to(7) ....'...... your dеstination, and that is oftеn a problеm! If you fly, thеn you

may find that your flight has bееn (8) . (9) ........... by train сan also bеdiffiсult, sinсе trains arе oftеn (10) ...........in thе summеr' and you might havеto rеsеrvе a (11).. . . . . . . . . . in advanсе. WhiсhеvеrWay уou(12) , you сanhavе problеms with your (13) , and it is oftеn diffiсult to find good(14) . . . . . . . ' . . . . Apart from this, you might not bе ablе to afford thе (15) . . . . . . . . . . . I

1) Aout Bforward Сabroad2)Arеmain Bpass Сspеnd3)Arеsort Bpost Ctoo4) Astrangе Bstrangег Сforеignеr5)Afеtсh Btakе Сgo6) Amеmoriеs Bsouvеnirs Сmеmoirs7) Arеaсh Barr ivе Cgo8) Awaitеd Brеvеrsеd Сdеlayеd9) AJournеys B Travеls С Voyagеs

10) Af i l l ing Boссupiеd Covеrdonе11)Apost Bсhair Сsеat\2)

^voyagе Btravеl Сtr ip

1З)Abaggagеs Bluggagе Cgoods14)Astaying Bhomеs Сlodgеs15)Afarе Bfair Сfar

D forеignD stayD onеD forеignD gеtD rесоllесtionsD travеlD bookеdD PassеsD сrowdеdD positionD tourD saсksD aссommodatiоnD fur

Completе eaсh sentеnсe with a word from the box. Usе еaсh word onсе only.

aftеr d9ttlt fol...:.,..... off in out .UР

a) Thе сar brokе .....4'a.w.у1,...... in thе mountains, and wе сouldn,t find a garagе.b) Jamеs had to sеt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at dawn to сatсh thе еarly train.с) Suе,s bikе passеd mе, and I had to ridе fast to сatсh .. with hеr.d) I arrivеd at thе airport, сhесkеd .. , and thеn had somе сoffее.е) Wе wеrе hеading .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Par is, but we Wеrе not in a hurry to gеt thетс.

0 J i l l ran .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of monеy aftеr a wееk, and had to go homе.g) our nеxt-door nеighbours lookеd .. our dog whilе wе Wеrе awa\''

248

b)

с)

0

s)

h)

4

voсABULARY 13 тRAvEL AND HoLlDAYs

3 Complete eaсh sentenсe with a word formеd from thе word in bold.

a) They told mе to ask at thе ...t.пfp.rrшt!!.L..... dеsк.inform

Thе plane gatherеd spееd as it roarеd аlong thе

run

Thе ........... . of our planе has bееn dеlaтеd.

depart

d) Thе plane madе a bumpy and I fеlt ill.

land

е) Thе сlerk askеd mе if I had madе a .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rеservе

I got a sеat bесausе of another passеngеr,s

сanсel

Wе arrivеd latе at the ..........'. , and missеd thе plаnе.

air

Wе fastеnеd our sеatbеlts and prеparеd for

takе

Complete eaсh part sentenсe (a-|) with onе of the endings (l-l0) and make aсompound word.

a) I sеnt my friend a post .'...7'.... 1b) I fastenеd my seat zс) Wе stayеd on a smаll сamp ........... 3d) I always forgеt my guidе 4е) Don,t forget to takе your swim 5f) If you losе your pass . . . . . . . . . . . 6

8) Wе stayеd in a quiet guеst ......... '. 7h) Thе train timе 8i) I used to likе going to the sеa 9j) Nowadays I,m afraid that hitсh ........... 10

suit вith гou to thе bеaсh.

tablе tuгnеd out to bе lттong'

bеlt, and rsaitеd foг takеоff.

poгt, гou шust tеll thе poliсе.

hiking саn bе dangегous.

sidе rthеn I rтas l ittlе.

сaгd of thе tоrtтr rд'hеге I stayеd.

book lr-hеn I risit оld сitiеs.

housе dollтt b1'thе гivеr.

sitе iust outsidе thе town.

IF.

249

lNтERi l lEDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRACтI(Е

Underline the сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсе.

a) In Grеeсе wе visited sеvеral апсieпt/апtique temp|es.b) Whеnevеr Luсy travеls by boat she feеls seаsiсk/dizzy.с) Brighton is a populаr/touristiс sеasidе town.d) Holidays in thе mountains are always more rеlахed/rеIахiпg.e) Wе always еаt thе loсаI/topiсаl food when wе,rе abroad.f) on my summеr holidays I likе gеtting suпtаnned/sunburnt.g) It may not bе еasy to find aссommodation at reаsoпаble/logiсаl priсеs.h) Aftеr сyсling a|| daу, Bill was сomplеtеly eхhаusted/tired.i) Thе ownel of the hotеl gavе tls a hospitаble/wаrm wеlсomе.j) Jaсk likеs spеnding most of his holiday in thе open/plаiп air.

Тhe words in itolics are in the Wrong sentenсes. Find the сorreсt sentenсе foreaсh one.

a) Wе spеnt two wееks in a lovеly sеasidе stаtion....r?^!.A.tr...........

b) Jim stayеd thе night in a small bеd and hostel.

с) Karеn was еxhaustеd after hеr fiftееn-mi|e holidау'

d) Martin and Carol had a grеat timе on thеir сamping саrds.

е) As it was сhеapеr, I bought a lеturn sfop.

f) We managеd to find somе pеtrol at a rеmotе filling villаge,

g) Thе bus madе an ovеrnight brеаkfаst in a town nеar thе bordеr.

h) Thе family rentеd a сottagе in a сountly wаlk for the summеr.

i) If you,rе a studеnt, you сan savе monеy by staying in a уo:uth tiсket.

j) David nеvеr сarriеd сash on holiday. Hе always takеs сredit resorf.

5

6

250

Underl inе thе most suitable word in еaсh sеntenсe

Unitеd managеd to bеаt/will Сitr' in thе 1ast l-tl inutе оf thе matсh.At thе еnd of thе play, еvеI\:onе irl thс thеаtг- с't 'р/tl, lе,1 оpplвttdеd.If you Want to еnter for/sigt; oil thе сo]llLrеtition. r-оl:.11 nееd a formThе сyсling сlub is doittg/|tol,1itt. а l l lееt1ns Ilе\t Тhur5da\-.Thе youth orсhеstra has сlсtе,l рс'riоrtttе,1 all or-ег Еurоре.I,m doing/goiпg fishing nе-\t \\ ееk. Dо \-ol-l \тant to сomе?Thе final sсorе \{aS 2_2, so Rоr.еrs ,1rеtу/есltLаIlеd thе gamе.David pсtssеs/spеttt7s an houг еl'етr' dar- plaу_ing сomputеI gamеs.Did you епjov/plесlsе r-оuгsеlf at thе fоlk fеstival?Wе wеrе latе and so rте /ostl i l issed thе bеginning of thе fi lm.

2 Мatсh eaсh word from thе box with one of the explanations.

a)

b)

с)

d)

f)

о)b/

h)

i)

i )

athlеtеs

groupaudiеnсе

rnеmbеrsсast сompеtitors fans

5р€€t€*€f5 tеam viеwеrs

a)

b)

Pеoplе who watсh a sporting pеrformanсе.

, , , i r э i t 'q ' t 'Q. iч. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pеopiе who еxеrсisе and takе part in gamеs of spееd and strеngth.

с) Pеoplе who support a sport, or a famous pеrson.

d) Pеoplе Who togеthеr takе part in a sport.

е) Pеoplе who all bеlong to thе samе сlub.

f) Pеoplе who play roсk musiс togеthеr.

g) Pеoplе who listеn to or watсh aplaу or pеrforпranсе.

h) Pеoplе who watсh tеlеvision.

i) Pеoplе who aсt togеthеr in a play.

-

i) Pеoplе who arе all trying to win thе samе рrizе.

251

l NтERlt , lЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlCЕ

3 Complеtе еaсh sentenсe with a word from thе box.

a) Hеlen won first .'.P.r.L'&.............. in thе сompеtition.

b) Whеn Stеvе won thе raсе, hе was givеn a gold ...........

с) Wе had to wait in a ................ bеforе wе сould gеt into thе сinema.

d) Raсhеl had to push hеr bikе aftеr shе gоt a flat .'........

е) Thеrе Was so muсh shouting that no one hеard thе тefеrее,s

f) I,vе got a sparе ....... for tomorrow,S сonсеrt. Do you Want to

сomе?

g) Havе you sееn thе nеw ....'.. of paintings at thе National Gallеry?

h) I,m going fishing tomorIow. I,vе just bought a nеW

i) Katе Was thе first тunnеr to сross thе finishing ................

i) wе didn,t еnjoy thе film bесause Wе Wеrе too сlosе to thе

Complete eaсh sentenсе with a word from the box.

a) Lеnny,Thе Fist, Smith, the boxеr, said hе would ....kлp..c.K..... out his

opponеnt.

b) Carol won thе matсh bесausе thе other playеr failеd to ..................... up.

с) Thе singеr askеd thе audiеnсе to ..................... in and all sing togethеr.

d) It was a rеasonablе film, but it didn,t rеally .. up to my

еxpесtations.

е) Tom and Suе usеd to .. out togеthеr.

f) From my sеat, I сouldn,t .. out what was happеning on thе stagе.

g) The rеfеrее madе it сlеar that hе would not ."................... for bad bеhaviour

h) Pеtеr had to .. out of the raсе aftеr his сar bтokе down.

4

z52

VOCABULARV 14 lNтЕREsтs AND FREE тIмЕ

5 Matсh eaсh aсtivity (a-h) with a plaсe (1-8).

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)h)

Sunbathing and wеaring swimming соstuшеs.

Watсhing еlеphants danсing.

Doing kеep fit еxеrсisеs.

Crossing thе finishing linе.

Taking a dog for a walk.

Cеlеbrating somеonе,s biгthday.

Riding a ghost train or a big whееl

1 a stagе

2 a running traсk

3 a party

4 a funfair

5 a сirсus

6 a park

7 agym

8 a bеaсhSpeaking сlearly so thе audiеnсе сan hеaт.

6 Deсide whiсh answer (A, B, с or D) best fits eaсh spaсe.

Musiс

What kind of musiс do you (1) '...a'.', ? Some peoplе likе going to (2) ...........

сonсеrts, and listening to (3) . The (a) Wеar vеry formal сlothеs,and thе (5) ........... is silеnt until thе end of thе (6) . Perhaps you,rе aroсk musiс (7) .,'...,'... . Roсk сonсеrts arе oftеn hеld at football (8) ........... or inparks. (9) ........... of thе audienсе danсе to the musiс, or sing thе songs.(10) ........... musiс is (11) at wеddings and partiеs in many сountries, and

somе pеople (12) ........... their own musiс at homе. Nowadays wе (13)

musiс in shоps and lifts, and many pеople (14) ........... thеir own musiс with

thеm, or еvеn (15) ........... to musiс when thеy study. Musiс is еvеrywhеrе!

1) A listеn2) A сlassiс3) A a group4) A musiсians5) A spесtators6) A happеning7) Аfarr8) A matсhеs9) A Меmbеrs

10) A Historiсal11') A aсtedL2) Аdo13) A listеn14) A сarry1.5) A hеar

B еnjoyB сlassiсsB an orсhestraB aсtorsB pеopleB aсtionB enthusiasmB stadiumsB SeleсtionsB NationB formеdB gеtB hеarB wеarB havе

С havеC сlassiсalC a bandC musiсalsC guеstsС musiсС rеadегC pitсhеsC PеrsonsC ТraditionalC donеC makеC pетfoгmс liftC follow

D prеfеrringD сlassifiеdD a rесoтdD instrumеntsD audiеnсеD pеrformanсеD friеndD poolsD ТhosеD AnсiеntD playеdD takеD undеrstandD playD listen

25З

Deсidе whiсh answеr (A, B, с or D) best fits eaсh spaсe.

, l /l ' ,t i 'с iп thе сouпtrу

Тl.tе hоusе is situatеd among bеautiful (1) ....n .. , two milеs from thе nеaгеSt

i i l iagе, surroundеd ьy (2) . on a (3) . . . . . . . . . . . a short distanсе from thе

l.tоusе is a (4) , and a small (5) flows past thе еnd of thе gardеn

tтhiсh aiso сontains a small (6) . ....... . . Тhе namе of thе housе, Rosе Сottagе. .

on thе garden (7) . . ' . . . . . . . . , f tom whiсh a (8) . . . . . . . . . . . lеads to thе (9) . . . . . . . . . . . doс:

on thе (10) . . . . . . . . . . . f loor thеrе is a largе (11). . . . . . . . . . . room, a dining loom, a

kitсhеn, aлd (72) and toi lеt . (1З) . . . . . . . . . . thеrе arе thrее bеdrooms. Тhе:.

is a lso a galagе nеxt to thе housе. Thе vi l lagе has a post (14). . . . . . . . . . . , a Sma]l

shop and a pub, and thеrе is a ra i lway (15) . . . . . . . . . . . thrее mi lеs away.

1) A v iеw

2t A grass

З l A mountain

- l t A wood

5 ) A rivеr

оt A sеa

,t Agatе

Et A road

9 t A forward

10t A bottom

11l A lоungе

12 I A bathroorn

13l A ovеr

1+) A shop

15t A stat ion

B sсеnеryB flatsB pеakB grееnеryB сhannеlB bathB doorB pathB frontB baсkB sеatingB bathBUpB сеntrеB stop

С sightsС еarthс hillС junglеС strеamС watеrС opеningС wayС firstС groundС saloonC basinС UpstairsС plaсеС post

D looks

D fiеlds

D summit

D forеst

D сana]

D pond

D еntranсе

D pavеmеnt

D furthеr

D еarth

D living

D washing

D Highеr

D offiсе

D basе

Undеrl ine thе most suitab|e word in eaсh sеntеnсе.

3 r \\-е arrangеd to mееt in thе сеntrе of town in thе main plасe/5qцщg.

b Тhеir сottagе is in thе hеart of somе bеautifttl сouпtry/сouпtrуsidе.с Т}-tе сhildrеn spеnt all day playing on the sandy bесlсh/sесlsidе.dr I droppеd rny iсе-сrеam on thе еаrth/grouпd, so I сouldn,t еat it.еl Тhis fооtpаth/pаvеmeпt|eads aсross thе fiеlds to thе vil lagе.f) Thеrе и,as a wondеrful sсeпеrу/viеw from my hotеl room.

8) \'ou сan,t stop hс..re. Сar-pаrk/Pаrkiпg is not allowеd in this strееt.h) Hе1еn dесidеd to lеavе tlne сouпtry/Iапd and work abroad.

254

т

VoCABULARY l5 PtAсЕs

3 CompIete еaсh sentenсe with a word from the box.

a) The poliсе offiсer askеd me to сomе with him to thе pоliсе ....t.Иtl!.k..''

b) Whеn you rеaсh thе road .. turn right.

с) Thе mayor,s offiсе is in thе town .........

d) Margarеt livеs on thе top floor of a ..................... of flats.

е) Cars havе to stop for you if you usе a pеdеstrian

f) Whiсh .. of town do you livе in?

g) You сan buy frеsh fish in the markеt .. evеry Fridаy.

h) Takе thе first turning on thе lеft aftеr thе nеxt sеt of .....'... lights.

i) Thе сеntrе of town is now a traffiс-frее .. and сars arе bannеd.

j) A nеw shopping .. has bееn opеnеd on thе еdge of thе town.

4 Replaсe the words in itotics with onе of the words from the box.

It,s muсh hеalthier to livе in a сountry area, fat away from the сity.

....r*ry!!.....Sue has just movеd to a neаrbу town.

с) Wе livеd in the middlе of nowhеrе in an out of the wаy сottagе.

d) Paris is the most importапt сity of Franсе.

Thеrе is not a lot of world nеws in this nеwspapеr.

I do my shopping at thе neighbourhood shops, not in thе town сеntrе.

g) At wееkеnds the town сеntrе is always fuII of peoplе.

a)

b)

е)

0

h) Therе is far too muсh pollution nowadays in ciф arcas'

255

INтERпnЕDlAтE tANGUAGE PRACтIсE

5 Comp|ete eaсh сompound noun with a word from the box.

our сhildrеn spеnd a lot of timе having fun at thе loсаl plaу'3'Г.о.*v1d.When you rеaсh the сross..... , takе thе road to Linton.Yоu havе to turn left whеn you rеaсh the nеxt round.........Wе сan,t leavе thе сar hеrе. We,ll havе to look for a сar......Follow this foot..... until you rеaсh thе main road.Thеrе was an old Woman sеlling fruit at thе road.....Paula livеs on thе out..................... of thе town, whеrе thе сountrysidе

a)

b)

L)

d)

е)

0o)6/

6

bеgins.

h) You сan сross thе railway linе by walking ovеI a foot.....................

Мatсh the words from the box with the еxplanations.

a) A strong building madе in thе past to dеfеnd pеoplе against еnemiеs....aq{tle

b) A small housе on whееls whiсh is pulled bу a сar'

с) A housе whiсh is onе of a pair of housеs joinеd togеthеr.

d) A housе with only onе floor.

е) This сarriеs a road or railway over a rivеr.

f) A house whiсh is part of a row of houses all joined togеther.

g) A smallhouse in thе сountry.

h) A tall building standing alonе, or as part of a сastlе or сhurсh.

256

its

2

Undеrline the сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсе.

a) Would you likе a breаd/tp]] with your soup?b) Thе first сoursе/p/сfe сonsistеd of сold fish and sa]ei'с) That was a rеally lovеly food/meаI. Plеasе lеt mе !аr :l: r-оu'd) I fеlt so thirsty that I drank two саns/tiпs of Согkr С...з.е) Nowadays many pеoplе tluу frozeп/iсеd food in5tеai :: ::еsr fоodf) Сould you givе mе thе rесeipt/rесipe for this сakе? It r се.iсi.l;s.g) This piе is fantastiсl It's rca||у tаsteful/tаstу,h) Hеlеn is a rеally good сook/сooker.i) Сan I havе a fork/spooп so I сan stir my сoffее?

Comрlete eасh sentеnсe with a suitabIe verb from thе boх.

glatе mlx pееladd.t:1,:,

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)f\

o)б/h)

Di)

саlta) pеppеI ano .. . .ч:, . i . :: . . . . ' . . . . . .

b) knifе and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

с) еgg and . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . .

d) brеad and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

е ) : isr end

fl о:] ;nJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --

O) r- l ln,]ndо - . .г .-- .

I r tеa and

feirsЕ squееZе

I ::;:S.

; :е in hot oi l .

Put all thе ingrеdiеnts in a bowl and

First . . . . . . . . . . . thе onions into smal l p iесеs.

I wantеd to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . somе сakеs this mотn::.:

Tastе thе soup, and .. salt and pерpе: ;

.. thе potatoеs, and thеn сut thеm l:l:-.

Thеsе vеgеtablеs tastе grеat i f you . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . ' . . . :a=

.. somе сhееSе, and sprinklе it оr-еl ::е

.. a lеmon and sprinklе thе julсе О\.i] .].:

.. thе riсе in saltеd watеr for tеn п-ilг.:;s

CompIetе eaсh phrase with a suitabIe word from thе box.

baсon bisсuits buttеr сhips fork fl++ sauсег Йnegar

257

lNтERпnЕD!AтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстICE

4 Complete thе phrasе with a suitablе word from thе box.

a)

b)

с)

d)

u '.. l .Lkе' ' ....... of bтеad or сakеa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of сhoсolate

a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of jam

a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of tеa

е) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of brеad

f) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of watеr

g) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of salt

h) а . . . . . . . . . . of mi lk

5 Мatсh eaсh desсription with the name of a kind of food from the box.

Grееn or purplе fruit whiсh grows in bunсhеs.qrаpe

Small vеgetablе with a strong smеll and tastе.

с) Plant with largе grеen lеavеs usеd in salads.

d) Меat from a young shееp.

е) Mеat, vеgеtablеs or fruit bakеd in pastry.

0 Small swееt fruit with rеd or yеllow skin, and a stonе in thе сеntrе.

g) Solid food madе from milk.

h) Piесе of pork or lamb with a bonе, сut from thе тibs of thе animal.

6 Completе еaсh sentenсе with a word from the box.

a) Wе wеrеn,t surе what to havе, so wе askеd for thе '...',.!у|.e.!P!.....' '. .

b) Тony finished his mеal, paid thе ....... , and lеft thе rеstaurant.

с) Aftет two сoursеs wе fеlt full, so wе didn,t havе any

d) Wе had a vеry tasф Indian ....... for thе main сoursе.

е) This is a populaт rеstaurant and you havе to ....... a tablе.

f) Thе sеrviсе was еxсеllеnt so Wе lеft a largе ....... on thе tablе.

a)

b)

I

t;

258

voCABUtARY 16 FooD AND DRlNк

7 Complete eaсh sentеnсе with o or soП'e' or leave the spaсe blank.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

fi

s)h)

I,d likе ,..g'..........'.... сhiсkеn, plеasе, a laгgе onе for roasting.

Could I havе .. brеad, plеasе?

Do wе havе timе for ..................... snaсk bеforе our bus lеavеs?

Would you likе to сomе to ...'................. lunсh with mе on Thursday?

Theте,s .. milk jug in thе сupboard nеar thе fгidgе.

Gеorgе has dесidеd to go on .. diеt, starting nеxt wееk.

I,m going to havе .. сhееsе and tomatо sandwiсh.

For brеakfast I еat .. toast and marmaladе, and dгink а glass of

milk.

Do you likе ..................... yoghurt? Pеrsonally, I сan,t stand it!

Tim managed to еat .. сhiсkеn, but fеlt too ill to еat anythiпg еlsе.

8 Label the vegеtables using thе words from the box.

259

Undеr|ine thе сorreсt word in еaсh sentеnсе.

a) Pеnny took thrее еxams and managеd to pсlss/suссееd them a|]''

b) Мost pеoplе would prеfеr a iob/work whiсh Was nеar homе.

с) Тim had to leаrп/tеасh fifty сhildrеn how to swim.

d) I сan,t сomе to thе сinеma tonight. \,m rеоding/studуiпg for a tеst.

е) Rita did vеry wеll, and was givеn maximum grаdes/mаrks'

f) Еvеry Friday, thе building workеrs arе givеn theit sаlаrу/wаges.

g) It,s hard rеading аloudДoudly whеn you don,t undеrstand thе words.

h) Thе managеr told David to makе an appliсatioп/iпvitаtioп for thе job.

i) Ann works in advеrtising and еаrпs/wiпs a vеtу high salary.

i) Would you likе to сomе into my burеаu/offtсе? Wе сan talk thеrе.

Completе eaсh sentеnсе with a word from the box.

a) Bеforе hеr history еxam' Laurа lеaтnt a list of datеs by ',.ha4rt.....'.. .

b) Thе managеr will bе with you in a momеnt. Hе,s on thе

с) I havеn,t spokеn Spanish for agеs and I,m a bit out of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d) Еvеr s inсе Tim lost his job hе,s bееn out of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

е) Br inging your mobi lе phonе to thе сlass is against thе .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

t) This faсtory isn,t vеry modеrn. Мost of thе maсhinеs arе out of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

g) our maths tеaсhеr is always latе. Hе,s nеvеI on

h) Мrs Smith isn,t hеrе at thе momеnt. Shе,s away on .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Complete eaсh sentenсe with a word from the box.

stand takе

a) If you don,t know thе answеr, ...|p.p.K......'... it up in thе baсk of thе book.

b) Мy boss wouldn,t lеt mе .. timе off to go to a football matсh.

с) Stop talk ing, and .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on with your workl

d) Gеorgе finds it hard to .. up with thе rеst of thе maths сlass.

е) Сarol stayеd in Franсе and managеd to ........... up thе languagе.

f) If you spеak so fast I сan,t .. down what you'rе saying.

g) Don,t forgеt to сhесk ovеr your work bеforе you .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t in.

h) Мrs Wood is going to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in for your tеaсhеr whi lе hе,s away.

260

voCABUtARY l7 WoRк AND sтUDY

4 Complete еaсh sentenсe with a word formеd from the word in bold.

a) Nowadays it,s vеry important to get a good .....dш.ш.Yу....... 'еduсatе

our сompany hеlps pеoplе to find nеw jobs.

еmploy

Paul has good idеas, but writes very ...........

сarе

Helen has bесome a ................ businеsswoman.

suссееd

I hopе to lеavе sсhool with somе useful

qualify

Мr Dalе Was my for tеn years, and paid mе wеll.

еmploy

Aссording to thе , thе Frеnсh lеsson starts at tеn.

time

Cathy has thrее jоbs, so shе has a high

сomе

John,s of history is amazing for a boy of his agе.

know

All thе in this сompany aте givеn frее mеals.

employ

5 Matсh eaсh sеntenсе (a-D with a sentenсe (1_10) whiсh has a similar meaning.

a) She was givеn thе saсk. ...,,7....'

b) Shе got a risе.

с) She got a promotion. . . . . . . . . . . .

d) Shе rеtirеd.

е) Shе did it for a living.

f) Shе rеsigned.

g) She was unemployed.

h) Shе appliеd for thе iob. ...........

i) Shе was ambitious.

i) Shе was сonsсiеntious. ...........

-1

lll

b)

с)

d)

e)

0

s)

h)

D

i)

1 Shе was givеn a bеttеr job.

2 Shе answеrеd an advеrtisеmеnt.

3 Shе deсidеd to lеavе.

4 Shе did thе job сarefully.

5 Shе didn,t havе a job.

6 She earned hеr money that way.

7 She was dismissеd.

8 She wanted a bеttеr job.

9 Shе was old and stoppеd woгk.

10 She was given morе monеy'

26l

lNтERIUlЕDIAтЕ LANGuAGE PRAстIсE

6 Deсide whiсh answer (A, B, с or D) best fits еaсh spaсe.

The wroпg аge for school!

Arе thе yеars you (1) ....P.... at sсhool thе bеst years of your life? Pеrsonally, Ifound most (2) rathеr unintеrеsting. Wе had to sit at our (3) ........... insilеnсе and (4) attеntion. Thе tеaсhеrs usеd to (5) ........... on thеblaсkboard аnd (6) us diffiсult quеstions. Wе also had to (7) ........... lotsof homеwork, and (8) ........... it in on timе. Wе had to Wеar a sсhool (9)

and wе had to obеy lots of (10) . I (11) sсhool as soon as I сouldand startеd (12) . ' . ' . . . . . . ' . I rеad books at thе publ iс (13) . . . . . . . . . . . , and latеr Idесidеd to (14) сollеgе. I rеally еnjoyеd studying bесausе I was oldеr andknеw that I wantеd somе (15) . Whеn I was at sсhool, I was iust thewrong agе!

1) Ago Bhavе2) Alесturеs Blеssons3) Aсhairs Bdеsks4) Apaу Bmakе5) Arеad Bsit6) Amakе Bdo7) Aanswеr Bdo8) Awritе Bhand9) Auniform Brobе

10) Aways Brulеs11) Apassеd Bqual i f iеd12) Аiob B labour1З) Abookshop Bshеlvеs14) Ago Battеnd15) Aqualifiсations Bеxaminations

C pass D spеndC thеm D сlassC posts D parts \C hаve D followС writе D talkC gеt D askC takе D finishC pass D сomplеtеC drеss D сlothC laws D timеC еxaminеd D lеftС еmployее D workC library D univеrsit1C study D followC papеrs D gradеs

262

Underline the сorrесt word in еaсh sentenсe.

a) Bеforе Wе sеt off, wе listеnеd to thе сIimаtе/wеаthеl forесast.b) Paula saw a flash of lightning/thunder and thеn hеard a dееp bоom.с) Thе traffiс had to s]oи- down bесausе of thе thiсk fog/vаpour.d) Thеrе won,t bе muсh rain. It,s only a short showеr/streаm.е) Spring is my favourlte seаson/tеrm of tlrе уеatf) Last summеr Was vеrv hot, and thеrе was a rca| heаtwаvе/tеmperаturе.g) Look at thosе сloudsl Тhете,s going to |эe a blаst/storm.h) on a hot day in summег, I look forward to thе сhillу/сool еvеning.i) We werе сaught in thе rain and got dаmp/soаkеd to the skin.j) In thе morning thеге rтas half a mеtrе of iсe/sпow bloсking thе road.

Choose the word whiсh best matсhes thе desсription.

a) Largе whitе watеr bird и'ith a long nесk.

b) Four lеggеd animal with horns, good at сlimbing.

с) Sеa animal with a shеll and fir-е pаirs of lеgs'

d) Insесt with largе bеautifully сolouгеd lr.ings'

е) Small rеptilе with fouг lеgs and a long tail.

f) Small flying insесt whiсh drinks blood fгom thе skin.g) Small long-еarеd animal that l ivеs in a holе.

h) Animal with long lеgs and nесk and orangеr- skin.

i) Еight-lеggеd сrеaturе whiсh сatсhеs insесts.j) Young animal whiсh barks, oftеn a pеt.

duсk/qч19)goat/shееpсrab/frogbее/buttеrflylizardlsnakеflylmosquitomousе/rabbitсamе1/g1гaffеbat/spidеrkittеn/puppy

Completе eaсh sentеnсe with a word from the boх.

bark berry blossorn brffi€h lеаf root thom tтunk

a) Suе managеd to rеaсh tь" ,.,hrдnrh.... of a trее and сlimb up to thе

window.

b) I fеlt i l l aftеr I atе a rеd... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from a bush in thе woods.

с) Thе wall was сraсkеd by thе .. oi a trее growing undеrnеath it.

d) In the autumn, еvеry ......... on thе tIее tuгns yеllow and then falls

off.

е) Liz hurt hеrsеlf on a ...'....... whilе shе rvas piсking somе rosеs.

f) Thе .. of this tIее сan bе теmor'еd and usеd as a kind of papеr.

g) In spring all thе applе trееs arе сovеrеd in lr-hitе

h) An oak trее has a vеry broad .. , somеtimеs two mеtrеs thiсk.

z6З

4

INтЕRlt , tЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAст!CЕ

Choose the best ending (1-a) for eaсh sentenсе (a_h).

a) In сitiеs thе air is hard to brеathе bесausе of сar '...f..... 1 Wastеb) Thе еarth,s сlimatе is сhanging bесausе of ........... 2 pollutionс) Not having еnough of somеthing is сallеd a .'......... 3 rесyсlingd) Air, sеa and land сan suffеr from 4 gtobal warmin5е) Throwing things away unnесеssarily is сallеd 5 rubbishf) A mixturе of smokе and fog is сallеd 6 еxhaust fumеsg) Things whiсh wе throw away arе сallеd 7 shortagеh) To avoid wasting things Wе сan usе ........... 8 smog

Dесidе whiсh answеr (A, B, с or D) best fits еaсh spaсе.

The threаt to the EпvironmeпtNowadays pеoplе arе morе awarе that wildlifе all ovеr thе world is in (1) '...А..'.Мany (2) .....,..'.. of animals arе thrеatеnеd, and сould еasily bесomе (3) ...........if wе do not makе an еffort to (a) ........... thеm. Therе arе many rеasons fч thisIn somе сasеs, animals arе (5) ........... for thеir fur or for othеr valuablе parts оtthеir bodiеs. Somе birds, (6) as parrots, arе сaught (7) ....'......, and soldas pеts. For many animals and birds, thе problеm is that thеir habitat _ thе(8) . . . . . . . . . . . whете thеy l ivе _ is (9) . Мorе (10) . . . . . . . . . . . is usеd for farms'for housеs or industтy, and thеrе arе fеwеr opеn (11) than thеrе onсеwеrе. Farmеrs usе powеrful сhеmiсals to hеlp thеm grow bеttеr (12) ........... , ьт.r:thеsе сhеmiсals pollutе thе еnvironmеnt and (13) ...........wildlifе. Thе mostsuссеssful animals on earth _ human bеings _ will soon bе thе only onеs(14) . . . . . . . . . . . , unlеss Wе сan (15) . . . . . . . . . . . this problеm.

1) A dangеr2) A marks3) A disappеarеd4) A harm5) A huntеd6) A likе7) A livеly8) A spot9) A еxhausting

10) A еaгth11) A spaсеs12) A produсts13) A spoil74)

^ survivеd

15) д answеr

B thrеat C problеm D vanishingB morе C spесiеs D formsB vanishеd C еmpty D еxtinсtB safе С protесt D sеrvеB сhasеd С gamе D еxtinсtB suсh C or D whеrеB alivе С for lifе D for livingB point С plaсе D sitеB dеparting С еsсaping D disappеaringB land С soil D arеaB air С up D partsB fiеlds C hеrbs D сropsB harm С wound D wrongB ovеr C missing D lеftB сalсulatе C solvе D еxplain

264

-lvoCABULARY l8 т}|E NAтURAt ЕNvlRoNlvlENт

6 Complete eaсh sentenсe with a pair of verbs from the box with oppositemeanings.

a)

b)

С)

d)

Pеoplе should bе еnсouraged' to ..'РI!.t.*t.''.....,. the environmеnt, rathеrT.

than ...'4.%!trК.У......... it.

Wе should tly to ...'..... disastеrs happеning, not just

....... thеm happеn.

Еveryonе should try to ......... bеaсhes, and notthеm.

It would bе a good idеa to ....... morе treеs, not to.. . . . . . t lееs.

е) We сan usе things again if We ............. rathеr thanthеm.

7 Completе the sentenсes with the pairs of words from the box.

a) Еlderly pеople oftеn move away from tьe ...9!.Ц.. to livе in thе....a.a.*|ЁrY.....'.. .I,vе often walkеd ovеr thе ....... , but I don,t like сlimbing

A boat сan sail up a ........... , but a ....... is too small.If you go for a walk, stay on thе ............ . If you follow any of thеanimal .......you might gеt lost.

Farmers try to gеt rid of all thе ............ and inсrеasе thе quantiф of....... thеy grow.

I сomе from a l i t t lе . . . . . . . . . . . Thе nеarеst big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . isBеdford.

onе f iе ld has a woodеn .. . . . . . . . . . . . . , the othеr has a . . . . . . . . .made of bushes.

In the middlе of thе ....... Was a lovеly old ............ with agarden.

b)

с)

d)

е)

0

s)

h)

265

2

UnderIiпe thе сorreсt word in eaсh sentenсe.

a) In thе UK it,s a ,mobilе phonе,, but in thе US it,s a сell phoпe/pосkеt phone.b) In Britain most privatе сals run on gаs/petrol or diеsеl.с) Ann,s friеnds bought hеr an eleсtriс/elесtriсаI mixet for hеr birthday.d) Pеtет had to push his bikе whеn hе got a flat фe/wheel.е) This сar has got a rеally powеrful eпgiпe/mасhinе.f) Whеn thе maсhinе is on, a littlе rcd light/torсh сomеs on.g) Thе noise of the workmеn banging in паils/sсrеws was disturbing.h) Thе radiators will havе to bе fittеd bу a heаtеr/plumber'

Matсh thе words from the box with the expIanations.

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0s)

Usе this

Usе this

Usе this

Usе this

Usе this

Usе this

Usе this

if you сan,t stay in to takе your сalls.

to makе сalls whеn you,rе out and about.

to do your own drеssmaking.

to gеt тid of dust and dirt.

to takе a.snapshot for your album.

to dеalwith dirty сutlеry and сroсkеry.

if you nееd sevеral pagеs all thе samе.

уиасLtLуlэ

3 Complete eaсh phrase in itoticswith a verb from the box.

a) I,m sorry I сan't talk nоw, but |,|| ...rLry.......... bаck in half an hour.

b) Thе poliсе think that a сar bomb was usеd to ....'.....' ' '. '...'.. uP thе building.

с) Thеsе tyrеs aIе stlong, and Won,t .. oиf for ages.

d) Janе,s old сar usеd to .. dowп all thе timе.

е) You carr ......' '.......' ' ' '.. in thе сomputеr to thе soсkеt by thе window.

f) If you don,t pay thе еlесtriсity bill thеy will .. уou off.

g) I think it,s timе to ..................... offthe tеlеvision and go to bеd.

h) Whеnеvеr thеrе is a thundеr storm, all thе lights ....'........'...' ' '. out'

D It,s not nесеssaly to ....'....,'.', '.....' up thе enginе first, although it,s so сold.

i) If you lеavе thе radio on all night thе battеry will .....,...... '....'... out.

266

4 Complеte the sentenсеs about сomputегs with a word from the box.

жL

voсABUtARY l9 тoots AND тEсHNoLoGY

Thе сomputеr storеs large amounts of inforrnation оn its ....h4!:d.'dkk'. .

Whеn a program is гunning, it is using thе сomputеr,s ............

A small piсturе that rеprеsеnts a pгograrn is сallеd an ..............

Thе flashing symbol that shows whеrе tеxt will appеar is thе .........

When you,vе finishеd Wliting tеxt you oftеn want to ..............

You сan сliсk thе lеft or right mousе

organizations usе thе intеrnеt to providе informatiоn about thеrnsеlvеs _

thеy put thе information on thеir ..........

You сonnесt thе сomputеr to thе intеrnеt via a ..........

Hold down the lеft mousе button and drag thе сursor aсross any tеxt that

you want to . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

0o'\6t

h)

i)

5 Replaсе the group word in itolics in eaсh sentenсe with an examp|е word fгomthe box.

a) Thе poliсе disсovеrеd lhе vehiсle morе than twеnty milеs away.

....4Lr..........b) My sistеr bought mе this gаdget to сlеan my tееth as a prеsent.

с) Thе buildеrs lеft thеir equipmeпt outsidе thе housе.

d) Thе сost of thе kitсhеn inсludеs an elесtriсаl аppliапсe.

e) This kitсhen uteпsil is lightwеight and non-stiсk.

f) I had to uSе a tool to сut thе floorboards in half.

g) onе of thе robbеrs was сarrying aweаpo|l'

Нd- h) This iпstrumeпt is rathеr hеavy to сaшy.

267

lNтЕRпnЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlCE

6 Comp|etе eaсh sentenсе with a word from the box.

.::]:]::::3.,*]'i:q'w

I l l

Lisa turnеd thе door .'.!3!I.у!4'L.Q..... , opеnеd thе door and еntеrеd thе room.

My watсh stopped working bесausе thе ..................... had run out.

Thе tеlеvision Won,t work in this тoom. as thеrе isn,t an еlесtriс

d) Bill prеssеd thе light .. , but nonе of thе lights was working.

е) To wind up this old сloсk you nееd a speсial kind of

f) Мary put thе kеy in thе ............ but it wouldn,t turn.

g) I,vе bought an еlесtriс kеttlе, but thе lеad hasn,t got a ..................... on it.

h) Thе еlесtriс bеll didn,t work bесausе thе .. had bееn сut.

Matсh eaсh sentеnсe with the neсessary objесt from the box.

a)

b)

с)

7

a)

b)

Thеrе is no air in еithеr ofoI,LуVI,D

Do you fanсy some tinnеd

thеsе tyres.

bеans for lunсh?

с) Thе grass in thе baсk gardеn is awfully long.

d) Sam has bееn lеtting his bеard grow but now hе,s going to shavе.

е) Whеn it,s long likе this you nеed moте than a towеl.

Q I,vе got to сut thе еnds off thе lеgs of my nеw iеans.

8) lo you think I,ve got a tеmpеraturе?

h) It,s diffiсult to sее wild animals whеn thеy,rе so far away.

i) Jеan was сomplеtеly lost, and nееdеd to know wherе north was.

268

|) You сan,t go out with all thosе сrеasеs in your shirt.

2

Underl inе the сorreсt word in eaсh sеntenсе.

a) I havе to do somе sеrving. Do r-ou har 'е а: i ; i ' ; ; . .71.]b) You nееd spесia| glttе/stiсkеr lтhеn r-ou Пakе ]]l.с.' eеroрlanеs.

с) I always сarry a саrviпg kпifе/pеtlklti|с in Il lr LrrrСiсi,

d) Paul kееps his papеIs togеthеr ш'ith a rti lbеr l..tl;, l rl, i. i.;r . i,:. i '

е) Shееts of papеr сan bе fastеnеd togеthеI rv i th а р,-tр,r . ' , i : z:ггt '

f) I wrappеd up thе parсеl using brown papеr and rсlpс tГri l:.; '

g) Hеlеn took thе сuttеrs/sс issors and startеd tг immin8 \1аlr . . : l . . '

h) oh bothеr! onе of my shirt bottoms/buttons has fa]lеn oit'

i) As David was tying his shoelсlсе/shoеstring, it brokе.

i) Littlе Susiе usually tiеs up hеr hair with a rеd ribbotl/strip.

Matсh eaсh sentеnсе with the neсessary objесt from the box.

diarynotеpad

diсtionaryя€ti€е

еnvеlopе сorrесtion fluid filе

rulеr sharpenеr stamp

a)

b)

It's important to lеt еvеryonе know what timе the mееting starts.

..,,уи,t.+Qе....Hang on a minutе, I,l1 just writе down thosе dеtails.

с) oh dеar, I,vе writtеn my namе in thе Wrong plaсе.

d) Writе down thе datе of thе nехt matсh so you don,t forgеt.

е) I'vе writtеn my lеttеr but I,vе got nothing to put it in.

f) I kееp losing thе shееts l wrotе my homеwork on.

g) How long is this piесе of papеr еxaсtly?

h) What a nuisanсе! My pеnсil has brokеn.

D Мy lеttеr,s rеady for thе post. How muсh will it сost?

j) I,m not rеally surе what this word mеans.

269

lNтЕRпnEDIAтЕ LANGUAGE PRAст!сE

a) You сan

.''.Иga.kb) It,s timе

hang your сoat on tl:'e frreplаce bеhind thе door.

с) I,vе bought a bеautlful

you put the doormаt on thе tablе?

hook with long lеavеs for your room.

d) Don,t forgеt to put all thе rubbish from thе kitсhеn into thе broom'

е) Сathy pullеd baсk thе plаnt aг,d lookеd out at thе strееt.

You сan swееp thе flooт with thе curtаins in that сupboard.

g) Мy mothеr insists that wе all wipе our feеt on thе tаbleсloth.

h) Somе logs wеrе blazing and сraсkling in thе dustbin.

4 CompIete eaсh sentenсe with a word from the box.

a) Мy hair is in an awful mеss. Havе you got a ....aQЙ'.'..'....'. ?

b) Whеn I gеt up I put on my drеssing ....... and go downstairs.

с) It,s somеtimеs a shoсk to Sее your own faсе in thе ............

d) Hеlеn always sits at her drеssing ....... and brushеs hеr hair.

е) Whеn I,m in thе housе I takе off my shoеs and put on my

0 I want to сlеan my tееth but I сan,t find any

g) Еvеry morning at 6.30 thе ............ сloсk goеs off and I wakе up.

h) You сan wash your hands hеrе, and thеrе,s a ................ bеhind thе

door.

I сan,t gеt to slееp unlеss I havе a rеally сomfortablе

3 Тhe words in itolics are in thе wrong sentenсе. Find the сorreсt sentenсe for еaсhonе.

for lunсh. Can

0j)

270

You сan put your сoat in thе wardrobе on a сoat ...........

Matсh the words from thе box with the explanat ions.

voсABUtARY 2o EvЕRYDAY oB,Eстs

lamp post

subwaу

paYеmеntqtr.еet sign hеdgе .. :,. ..:,,

peeеs++iаа-тrssias .'.gatе

o)

b)

d)

f)

ol6/

h)

This is a safе plaсе to go from onе sidе of thе stlееt to thе оtl. iеrpodеstrLqw сra$Lnq

This has a l ight at thе top in thе strееt.

This is whеrе pеoplе walk in thе strееt.

This is a kind of wall madе of a l iving plant.

This сlosеs thе opеning in an outsidе wall.

This is a l inе of Stonеs bеtwееn thе footpath and thе road.

This hеlps you know whеrе you Want to go.

Тhis is a Way of сrossing undеr thе road.

277

a)

UnderIine the сorrесt word in eaсh sentеnсе.

a) Мrs Grant is a good еmployее/еЩp]Bуеt and pays hеr staff wеll.b) Еxсusе mе, but arе you the owеr/owner of this bikе?с) Тom works in a loсal 8ala8е as a сar eпТiпеer/mесhапiс.d) I want to borrow Somе monеи so I,m sееing thе bank boss/mапаger.е) Littlе Jimmy has got a nеW profеssor/teасhеr at his primary sсhool.f) Hеlеn joinеd thе army as aл offiсer/offiсiаl, and is now a сaptain.g) Thе housе rеally nееdеd dесorating so I сallеd a pоiпtеr/wаIlpаper.h) Plеasе ask thе саsh/ссlshiеr for a rесеipt.i) Havе you thought about gеtting a iob as a wаitеr/tаblе sеrvеr?j) I waitеd for my lеttеrs, but thе postеr/postmaп was latе as usual.

Matсh a pеrson from the box with еaсh problem.

сarpеntеr dеntist еlесtriсian guidеhairdrеssеr optiсian photographеr plumbеr vеt

b)

Тhе lawn is rеally long and thеrе arе WееdS еvеrywhеrе.

..... i :: i l .* 9!.Y2t.........I want to visit as muсh of thе old сity as possiblе in an aftеrnoorr.

с) Thе taps don,t work, and thеrе is watеr all ovеr thе floor.

d) I want to havе a spесial portrait madе foт my еightееnth birthday.

е) onе of my fi l l ings has сomе out, and I,vе got tеrriblе toothaсhе.

ll I want to usе thе wood from thеse shеlvеs to makе a bookсasе.

g t \\rhеn I turn on thе tеlеvision, all thе lights go off.

h) I сan,t sее to rеad vеry wеll and I think I nееd glassеs.

i) Bеnny hurt onе of his paws whеn I was taking him for a walk.

272

i) It,s far too long at thе baсk and too сurly at thе front.

voсABULARY 21 PЕoPLE

Complete еaсh sentеnсе with a word from the box.

еmployее guеst hоstsupportеr tеam-mаtе

a) Pеtеr has just bесomе alan ,...l9,P'1Р'?,:^., or thе |ishing сlub.b) I startеd this businеss with my... . . . . . . . . . . Dora, about tеn yеars ago.с) I'vе got a nеW .. to hеlp par. thе rеnt. Shе mor.еd in last wееk.d) Wе providе еvеry.. . . . . . ' . in thе hotе] rт ith rтhatеr.еr hе oг shе nееds.е) At thе еnd of thе party, Bi l l thankеd his. ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and thеn lеft '

0 Any .. who wishеs to rтork at rvееkеnds should sее thе managеr.g) I,vе bееn a/an .. of Нull Сity FС for as long as I сan rеmеmbеr.h) Mary Was my .. last yеar in thе baskеtball touгnamеnt.i) This iob is a lot for onе pегson, so wе think you nееd alan .. . . . . . . . . .

4 Matсh eaсh word from the box with an explanation.

a) Somеonе who doеs not havе any сouragе.сawqrd

b) Somеonе who hatеs spеnding monеy and bесomеs riсh by kееping it.

с) Somеonе who saYs that a bottlе is half full.

d) Somеonе who is vеry wеll known in thе mеdia.

е) Somеonе who is lovеd morе than any othеr.

f) Somеonе who has spесial knowlеdgе оr training.

g) Somеonе who doеs somеthing silly or mistakеn.

h) Somеonе who has vеry grеat ability or spесial talеnt.

i) Somеonе who says that a bottlе is half еmpty.

not tеll the truth.

27З

lNтЕR]vlЕDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRACтIсE

5 Complete eaсh sеntenсe with a group word from the box.

a) Thе '..Qr.e.N.....' ',.. of the ship сhееred as thе nеw сaptain сamе on board.b) Paula has just joinеd thе dramatiс . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at sсhool.с) Thе hеad tеaсhеr thankеd thе ..................... for woтking so hard.d) Тhеrе was a long .. of pеoplе waiting in thе post offiсе.е) A hugе .. had assеmblеd outsidе thе prеsidеnt,s palaсе.f) Thе mеmbетs of thе .. play thе violin, thе piano and thе се1lo.g) A small .. of us Wеnt on a tтip to Romе lаst summеr.h) Whеn thе musiс stoppеd, thе ...............'..... applaudеd foт tеn minutеs.i) Last yеar Hеlеn was thе сaptain of the baskеtballj) Whеn thе play еnded all thе .. сamе on stagе and took a bow.

6 Complete eaсh senteпсe with a word formed from the word in bold.

a) This сity has ovеr half a millioninhabit

b) Мargaret has dесidеd to havе a сarеel as a ............pоlitiсs

с) Еvеry ........ in this сountry has thе right to votе.сity

d) Еriс studiеd hard to bесomе a roсkguitar

Aftеr thе стash, Carla was thе onlysurvivеDavid's mother is a famoussсiеnсе

g) At ninеtееn, Tony bесamе a profеssionalсrimе

h) I,vе always wantеd to bе a jazzmusiс

i) It,ll takе Katе yеars to bесomе alaw

j) Jaсk Was my ........ in thе tеnnis matсh.opроsе

е)

f)

274

.l Тenses

Prеsеnt simplеIlуoulwelthеy likе.Do you likе?You don,t likе.

Prеsеnt сontinuousI am going.Shе/hе/it is going.Arе you going?I am not going.Shе isn,t going.

Prеsent pеrfесtIlуou/welthеy havе lеft.Havе thеy lеft?Thеy havеn,t lеft.

Past сontinuousI/hе/shе/it was going.Was hе going?Shе wasn,t going.

Past pеrfесtIlуoul she lhе/itlwе/thеy had lеft.Had hе lеft?Тhеy hadn,t lеft.

Shе'hе i t i1kеs.Doеs shе l ikе?Hе doеsn't i lkе.

\Ъu/lте/thеr- arе going.

Аm I going?Is shе going?You arеn,t going.

Shе/hе/it has lеft.Has shе lеft?Hе hasn,t lеft.

You/wе/thеy Wеrе going.Wеrе you going?You wеrеn,t going.

Prеsеnt pеrfесt сontinuousIlуottlwеlthеy havе bееn waiting. Shе/hе/it has bееn waiting.Havе you bееn waiting? Has shе bееn waiting?We havеn,t bееn waiting. Hе hasn,t bееn waiting.

Past simplе1 I/you/shеlhelitlwеlthеy startеd. (rеgular)

Did you start?You didn't start.

2 Ilуolllshelhelitlwеlthеy wеnt. (irrеgular)Did you go?You didn't go.

275

lNтERIt, lED!AтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRAстlCЕ

Futurе pеrfесtI/you/shе/hе/it/wе/thеy willWill thеy havе finishеd?Thеy won,t havе finished.

2 Reported Speeсh

'I always drink milk.'.I,m lеaving.,,I,ll bе baсk soon.'.I,vе forgotten it.,'I took it.',I was rеading.,,I had lеft by thеn.,'I must go.',I сan hеlp.,,I would likе to hеlp.,

3 Passive Tenses

AсtivеHе hеlps.Hе is helping.Hе has hеlpеd.Hе hеlpеd.Hе was hеlping.He will hеlp.Hе will havе hеlpеd.

4 lnfinitives

Pтеsеnt:Plеsеnt passivе:Past:Past passivе:

5 Part iс iples (- ing forms)

Prеsеnt:Prеsеnt passivе:Past:Past passivе:

Hе said (that) hе always drank milk.

Shе said shе was lеaving.

Hе said hе would bе baсk soon.

Shе said shе had forgottеn it.

Не said hе had takеn it.

Shе said she had bееn теading.

Hе said hе had lеft by thеn.

Shе said shе had to go/must go.

Hе said he сould hеlp.

Shе said she would likе to hеlp.

PassivеHе is hеlpеd.Hе is bеing hеlped.Hе has bееn helpеd.Hе was hеlpеd.Hе was bеing hеlpеd.Hе will bе hеlpеd.Hе will havе bееn hеlpеd.

to likеto bе likеdto havе likеdto havе bеen likеd

liking

bеing likеd

having likеd

having bееn likеd

havе finishеd.

276

lnfinitive

bеbеatbесomеbеginbеndbitеblowbrеakbringbuildburnburstbuyсatсhсhoosесomесostсutdеaldigdodrawdrеamdrinkdrivееatfallfееdfееlfightfindflyforbidforgivеfrееzеgеtgivеgogrowhanghavеhearhidеhitholdhurtkееpknow|aУlеad

Past s imple

was/wеrеbеatbесamеbeganbеntbitblеwbrokеbroughtbuiltburnt/burnеdburstboughtсaughtсhosесamесostсutdеaltdugdiddrеwdrеamt/drеamеddrankdrovеatеfеllfеdfeltfoughtfoundflеwforbadеforgavеfuozegotgavеwеntgrеWhunghadhеardhidhitheldhurtkеptknеwlaid1еd

Past part iс iple

bееnbеatеnbесomеbеgunbеntbittеnblownbrokеnbroughtbuiltburnt/buгnеdburstboughtсaughtсhosеnсomесostсutdеaltdugdonеdrawndrеamt/dreamеddrunkdrivеnеatеnfallеnfеdfеltfoughtfoundflownfoтbiddеnfотgivеnfrozеngotgivеngonеSrownhunghadhеardhiddеnhithе1dhuгtkеptknoв-nlaidlеd

277

tNтЕRlu|EDlAтE tANGUAGE PпAстlCE

lеaгnlеavеlеndlеtliеlightlosemakеmеanmееtpaУputrеadridеringriserunsaysееsеllsendsеtshakеshinеshootshowshutsingsinksitslееpspеakspellspеndstandstеalstiсkswimtakеtеaсhtеaгtellthinkthгowundеrstandwakеwеarwinwritе

learnt/lеarnеdlеftlеntlеt|aУlitlostmadеmeantmеtpaidputrеadrodеrangIosеransaidSAW

soldsеntsеtshookshoneshotshowеdshutsangsanksatsleptspоkеspеlt/spеlledspеntstoodstolеstuсkswamtooktaughttorеtoldthoughtthrеwundеrstoodwokеworewonwrotе

lеarnt/lеarnеdlеftlеntlеtlainlitlostmadеmeantmеtpaidputreadriddenrungrisеnrunsaidsееnsoldsentsеtshakеnshonеshotshownshutsungsunksatslеptspokеnspеlt/spеllеdspеntstoodstolеnstuсkswumtakеntaughttorntoldthoughtthrownundеrstoodwokеnwornwonWrittеn

278

T

Ability 18, 19Adjесtivеs 37Advеrbs З7Advising 24After 32Ago 4, З2Аl l З6Аlthough 23Апуoпe, аnуbodу, аnythiпg 45Artiсlеs fа/ап, the, zero] 3З, 34, 35As 22As а result 22Asking for information 24Asking, agrеeing and refusing 24Аt lаst З2

Bе аble to |8,79Bесаuse 22Both З6But 23Bу З2

Сап |8Саn,t 18Cап,t hаvе 19Сapital lеtters 48Сеrtainty 18, 19Comparativе adiесtivеs 38Comparative adverbs 38Compound nouns 46Сould 1.8Сould hауe |9Countablе and unсountable 33

Dеspite 23Didп,t пeеd to 1.9Double possеssivе [а ftieпd of |ohn,s] 46

Eаch 36Either, nеither 36Еither, or 47Епough

Nof + adjесtive + enough 22Not + enough + rro.un 22

Eveп though 23Еvеntuаllу 22Every 36Everyone, evеrybody, everythiпg 45Eхcept 47

Filst сonditional 13

Fortimе .1, 6, з2puгposе 21

For eхаmple .|7Fтеquenсr'аdverbs ЗFunсtions 2.l

у,ill, shаll, goittg to 9Futurе сontinuous 9Futurе pегfесt 9Futuге timе 8. 9

Going to 8

Hаd better \8Hаd to 79Hаvе somethinу donе 77Hаve to 18Hopе 15Howeуеr 23

If I were you 14If oпIу |5ffsentеnсes 13In fасt 47Iп order to Z1In spitе of 2ЗIп the еnd 22, 32Indirесt quеstions 28Infinitivе of purpose 21Iпsteаd 47Intеnsifiers |very, reаIIу, eхtrеmelfl 37It and there 29.[ts and It's 29

Lаter З2

Мaking offеts 24Mапу and much З3Mау 18Mау hаve 19Might \8Might hаvе 19Modals

in сonditional sеntenсes 14plеsеnt and futurе 18past 19

NIust tBMust hаve L9

Needn,t hауe L9No 36No-onе, nobodу, nothitlg 15

279

lNтERмEDlAтЕ LANGUAGE PRACтlсE

None of 36Not а 36Nowаdауs З2

Obligation 18, 19Offering 24Оn the other hаnd 23Оn time 32oпe 45opinions and adviсе 18, 19Оught to 18oughtto hаve |9

Passivе voice 16, |7Past сontinuous 4Past pетfесt simplе 5Past simple 4Permission L8, 24Phrasal vеrbs 39, 40Plaсe and position 30Plurals 33Possеssivе ad|eсtivеs |mу etс.] 46Possеssivе apostrophе 46Possessivе of 46Рossеssivе pronouns fmiпe etc.] 46Possibility or unсertaintу |8,19Prеpositions 30, 44Plaсе and position 30

аt, to, inаbove, beloщ over, uпderin, out, iпside, onneхt to| пeаr, bу, besideoppositе

Prеsеnt сontinuous 2, 3Plеsеnt сontinuous futurе usе 8Prеsеnt pеrfeсt сontinuous 7Prеsеnt pегfeсt simple 6, 7Present simple 2, 3Present simplе timеtablе futurе 9Pгomising 24Punсtuation 48

Questions 27, 28

Reflexives [mуself etc.] 45Rеlativе сlauses 25, 26Reply quеstions 28Reported spеесh 1'1, 12Rеporting verbs 12Rеquesting 24

Sау, tell, speаk ILSесond сonditional 13, 14Shаll 9Short answеrs 27Should 1,8Should hаve 19

Siпcereason 22time 6, З2

So 22So much, so mаnу' So fеw, So little 22So thаt 2|So/suсh + adjeсtive + [noun] thаt 22Some З6Somеone, somebodу, something 45Spеlling 49, 50Statе and aсtion vеrbs 3Suggеsting 24Supеrlativе adleсtivеs 38

Tag quеstions 28Tеxt organizеrs 47Thаt 25There and it 29There, theу,re and their 29Third Conditional 14Though 23Timе 32

iп, oп, аtduring

Timе exprеssions 32with past simple and past сontinuouswith prеsеnt perfeсt simplе 6

Too + adiective 22Transitive and intransitivе vеrbs 16

Unless 13Uпtil 32Used to 5

Vеrbs followed by infinitivе 42, 43Verbs followеdbу -ing 42, 43Vеrbs followеd by prеpositions 44

Whаt I wаnt '.. 26Which 25While and whereаs 23While andwhen 4Who 25Whom 25Whose 25wilt IWishеs 15Wouldin funсtions 13, 24Would |tepeatеd aсtions] 5

Yet 6' 2З

280

ln somе сasеs molе than onе answеr isaссeptablе.

Grammar 11a)12b)

е)8 0i)s i )m) 14 n)

2a)2 b)е)B 0

Зa) 2 b)

Grаmmar 2Т a) doуougo

b) are you waitingс) doеsn,t knowd) I'm havingе) do you lеavеf) is happеningg) doyou knowh) I,m haйng

2 a) does Sue liуeb) you knowJimс) arе you doing at the momеntd) you sitting hеreе) we сhangе trains hеrеf) arе you Wеaring two

pulloveтs

З a) Nаomi апd Bill аren,twаtсhiпg tеIеуisioп.

b) Pеter doеsn,t likе сhoсolatесakе.

с) I,m not using this penсil atthе momеnt.

d) Thе сhildтеn aтеn,t havinglunсh in thе kitсhеn.

е) I don,t gеt up еaтly onSaturday.

f) Еlеna isn,t writing a novеl.

4 a) Do уou likеb) doеs thе sun risес) arе you rеadingd) I'm havingе) don,t wаtсh vidеosf) It's snowingg) arе you talkingh) goеsi) Do you wеarj) Shе,s building

5 a) writ ing i) usingb) digging i) waitingс) taking k) washingd) dесiding l) ridingе) swimming m) flying1) having n) studyingg) lying o) Soingh) reading

с) I,m lеavingd) arе you doingе) You,те bеing0 I'm drivingg) arе wе еatingh) tastеsi) arе you goingj) I don,t undетstand

3 a) hаteb) arе you goingс) dо you wеard) thinkе) doеsn,t usually sitf) are you looking atg) Doеs this bus stoph) am not taking

Grammar 3Тa)2 b)1

е)2 012 a) I doп,t belieуe

b) has

4a) 1е)6

5 a) do уou usuаllу dob) oniy еatsс) Do you knowd) arе you staringе) Do you spеakf) is stayingg) You,rе puttin8h) Are thеy spеaking

Grammar 4

b)с)d)

0olo/

h)i)i )

b)с)d)е)fl

o)6J

h)

a)b)с)d)

a)е)

5 a) ъ'oke up, toldb) и-as \Taiting, alгived.] ц-аnted .hоsР

d) и-as stud\-ing, phonеdе) fоund' rгas loоking foг0 was и-atсhing. arrir.edg) wеnt out, was h-ingЬ\ t^ron+ l i l r .n ' ' oэ+

Grammar 51 a) Whеn we hаd еrltot ltпlсlt' l+'е

5сl[ iп thе gаrdеп.b) Whilе I was |ooking for mr.

kеvs. l теmеmbеrеd I 'dlеft thеm at homе.

с) Anna usеd to play badmintonwhеn shе was at sсhool.

d) When Т яot into bеd, l fе| laslееp immеdiatеly.

е) Whеn l f,nal lv/,d f inal lt.found thе housе, I kлoсkеdat thе door.

f) Aftеr Jill ga'vе1had-g1Yед Niсkhis books, shе wеnt homе.

g) Мaria usеd to livе/livеd inSwеdеn whеn shе was aсhild.

h) I usеd to gеt up еarly whеnI wеnt sailing.

i) Thе Vikings sailеd to NorthAmетiсa a thousand yеarsago.

j) Juliet was sulе shе,d sееnthе tall man bеforе.

2 a) wаs wаiting, пoticed, hаdп,tbeenwеnt, found, had stolеnmеt, thought, had sееngot off, was walking,rеalizеd, had 1efthad bought, didn,t havеsaid, hadn,t aттivеd

had brokеn g) didn,t knoltwantеd h) had flои.nhad stolen i) had bееnthought i) toоk p1aсеhad done had takеnnееded plaсе

used to hсtуеwould/usеd to rеadwould/usеd to mееtdidn,t usе to likеused to writеused to lir-еusеd to bеwould/usеd tо с1еаi

hаd tаkеttdidn.t usеdidn.t har-е iе iаjn :usеd to рlar.

с) | d)2gz h)2

4 с)2 d)310 9tз h) l6 k)7 r) 119

4 с) 5 d)17 ф 3 h)6

| с)2 d)3

b)7 С)2 d)508 c)+ h)3

rs -i

wаs wоshing, raпgdid you fееlgot, rесеivеdwent swimmingbit, sсrеamеdsang, atеfеil, happеnеdwas washing.up, brokеsее, missеdWете you doing, phonеd

I didп,t eпjoу thе Сoпсert.Did you еat all thе brеad?John spеnt a lot.I didn,t fеel wеll yеstетdayAnna bought a сar.Did thеy win thе prizе?Paul spеaks Grееk.I didn,t pay all thе bills.

whilе 0 agoLast wееk g) whеnwhen h) inat i) WhеnWhilе i) ago

З b) l с)6 d)2 t) 7 в) 8 h)

b)

d)

fl

a)b)

d)е)fl

a)b)с)d)е)flo)бJ

h)

a)b)с)d)

54

287

lNтЕRlvtЕDlAтE tANGuAGЕ PRAстtсE

е)08)

6a)

b)

с)

it сost.d) I fеlt muсh morе

indеpеndеnt whеn I,dpassеd my dliving test.

е) Annе Wеnt on holiday whеnshе,d savеd еnough monеy.

t) Whеn thе tеam had flnallywon thе matсh, thеy тanround thе pitсh to сеlеbratе.

Grammar 6

Grammar 7I a) I,ve livеd hеrе

b) lеftс) hаs just stolеnd) I,vе deсidеdе) I lostf) It,s startеdg) Wе,vе visitеdh) I,vе bееn standingi) has bееni) Wе wеnt

d)/e) Тhе wеathеr foreсast says it,s

dеflnitеly going to bе sunnytomorrow.

Sorтy, I won't sее youtomorrow. I havе to go toLondon.Byе for now. I,ll sеe youlatеr this еvеning.

I'm goiпg to studу еnginееringin Frапсe.I,m going to havе a paftуnеxt Friday.Wе,rе going to the doсtoт,s,so wе сan,t сomе.Kеlly will probably gеt thеiob.Мartin,s wifе is going tohavе anothеr baby.Sarah isn,t going to gеtmalliеd yеt.I think it'll snow tomorrow.Тhе sсorе will bе 3_0.

a) Hаve уou сutb) ,vе hаdс) has nеvеI sееnd) has stolеnе) havеn,t slеptf) ,ve

iust brokеng) hasn't wonh) Havе you evеI еatеna) ,ve beеn mаrriedb) ,vе bееnс) ,vе writtеnd) ,vе nеvеr eatеnе) ,ve lovеdf) ,vе brokеn

a) sinсе е) yet h) So farb) always f) for i) oftenс) еvеr g) nеvеr j) alrеadyd) iusta) ,vе llorkеd hereb) haven,t bееn/,ve nеvет bееnс) Мy pеn hasd) havе lеftе) ,vе

iust sееnt) havеn,t f,nishеdg) you bееnh) ,vе lеfti) havеn,t spokеni) Anna/shе wokеn

gеt upwе,d missеdwould/usеd to spend

Иorcn I,d иlаshed апd got reаdуI wеnt out to mееt mу fтiепds.I knеw muсh morе aboutthе job whеn I,d visitеdthеir offiсеs.Whеn I,d lookеd at thе nеwdrеss for agеs, I askеd how muсh

lost, 've just lostwork, ,ve dесidеd,vе bееn, ,vе сomеHave you sееn, lеfthad, сaught,vе nеvеr еaten, ate

hopе, ,vе сookеdhavе takеn uprеaсhеd, werеn,thas had, ,s gonеHаve уou seeп, ,ve bеeпIookiпg forwаrd,vе bееn studying, haven,tflnishеd'vе bеen phoning, ,s gonеHavе you hеard, has тobbеd,vе brokеn, has writtеn,уe beeп liviпg herehas gonе,ve bеen 1eаrninghavеn,t finishediust lefthavеn,t bееnhavеn't еatеn/,vе nеvеI еatеnforgottеn

f) tеaсhingg) yеth) hasi) praсtisin8

Ieсently j) taughtMу pеnfriend hаs bееn writingto me for уeаrs.We started this сouтse thrееwееks ago.,What havе you bееn doingal l day?, .I,vе bееn Wтit ins1еtters.,

d) Whеn did you arrivе in this сity?е) Havе you еver beеn to India?f) Paula hаs bееn sta)ring in a hotеl

by thе sеa.g) I,vе bееn feеling ill foт thrее

wееks/I fеlt ill thIее wееks ago.h) I,vе livеd/I,vе bееn living in this

сity sinсе I was born.i) I,vе bееn waiting hеrе for

agеs. Whеrе havе you bееn?i) Tony has lеft his books on thе

bus.

Grammar 8la) 2

е,2

Thе boat is turning ovеr! I thinkit's going to sink!

b)с)

8)h)i)

t)3a)

b)0o)

d)

е)

0

c)h)

с)d)е)

4a)b)с)d)е,)r)6/

h)

5a)b)с)d)е)

6a)

b)

с)

h)

5a)

b)

с)

*:t

sosinсеbеenmеt

is joiniпg/is goiпg to joiпwon,t bе's going to snow'm going out,rе going to knoсkwill probably ridеis going to givе/is giving'm going to go,rе going to hitwill probably win

'm hаviпg а pаrtуgoing to rainour tеam Willwon,t bеis going to finish,ll mееt youarе wе mеeting/goingwill visit/will сomе to visitI,m goiпg swimпing пeхtSаturdаy. Would you like toсome?

Grammar 9I a) wiII bе lуiпg

b) ringsс) Wе,11 bе moЙngd) doеs youт train lеavее) you leavеf) will you bе workingg) I,l1 bеh) won,t stоp

2 a)5 t l)z c)7 d) 6 е)3 f laa)/b) you growС)/d) you givее) arrivеs, I,ll lеtl) bе usingg) shе,ll havе lеft.h) I'll do it.

a) ShаII we pIау tеnпis?b) I,m going to study Arabiс in

Сairo.I'll bе homе by midnight.I,ll meеt you latеr.Will you go to thе shops formе?We won't makе too muсhnoisе.Shall I hеlp you with thosеbags?We,ll сomе baсk lаtеr if you]ikе/Shall wе сomе baсklater?,l1 havе finishеdmееt nеxt/again, I,l1 phonеI сheсk thе spеllinglеt mе sharе hетwе havelеavе/go until Ithе lеsson has finishеdyou bе doing

b)2 с)1 d)1f)1 4

a)b)с)d)

0o)o,

h)

Di)

b)с)d)е)fl

o\6/

h)

с)d)е)

fl

o)

h)

2a)b)с)d)е)0

282

5a)b)с)d)е)0c)h)

4a)

Grammar 10

a) beforеb) sinсес) all wееkd) yetе) As soon аs

\) beeп 7) / 13) ,/2) / B) arе 14) bееnз) / 9) bееn |5) ,/4) havе 10) will 16) havе5) had 11) shal l 17) bе6) / 12) havе

a) ithаd stoppеdiпgingb) [ hаvеn,t plаyеd it bеforе.с) When did Petе Writе to you

last?d) Do you evеl go to thе сinеmа?е) I wеnt to thе bеaсh еvеry

day.

Grammar 11t a) SаIlу sаid thаt she,d lost Ircr

kеуs.b) Сhris said/told mе that hе

must lеave еarly.с) Мaria and Tony said thеv

would sее us tomorro1t.d; Tom said, ,I,m сoming to

your party.'е) Suе said that shе,d rlтittеn а

lеtter to Lisa.f) Stevе told us/said that hе

was arriving at 8.00.g) .I,vе bought a nеrv bikе.'

Pam told us.h) ,What,s thе mаtter?. Еllеn

askеd.

a) I've finishedtr) I,ll bе baсk at 6.0oс) I,m going to go shoppingd) I want to makе a phonе сallе) I'vе forgottеn my homеworkf) I havе to bе baсk by З.З0g) I,ll lеt you knowh) I,m going to bе latе

a)3 b)5 с)2 d)1e)4

4 a) told d) told/sayingb) spokе, said е) told/tellс) said, told l) told/spokе

5 a) wouldп,t bе thеre beсаuse shе tцаshаviпg а pаrtу

b) ,d lost thе map and (hе)didn,t know thе way.

с) she flnishеd thе boоk, shеwas going to watсh tеlеvision

d) was doing somе homеwork buthе wouldn,t bе long

е) ,d got up latе and (had)missеd thе bus

Grammar 12I a) whether, wаs

b) whеn, wouldс) iflwhethеr' hadd) iflwhеthеr, tookе) whеrеf) Iflwhеthеr, had

2 a) Аre уou hаviпg luпсh or goiпg outb) What did you do yеstеrdayс) Do you oftеn go sаilingd) How many Gетman books have

you rеаd

04a)

Are you going to сhangе sсhoo]sWho do you sit next to in сlass

if/whether I wаs stауiпg therе аIlSummеrWhat .ploсIastinatе' mеantiflwhethеr I,d donе my homеworkwhеn hеr biтthday wasiflwhеther I,d rеmеmbеred toloсk thе doorwhу |'d turnеd off thе tеlevision

Mike promisеd Sue he would be аther housе before 8.00.

GRAм]иAR ANsWЕRs

b) Сhris invitеd Jеan to (go to) thесinеma.

с) Patsy advisеd Dave not to еattoo muсh.

d) Niсk suggestеd going for a walk.е) Carol apologizеd for brеaking

thе window.Гl Bill offеrеd to do thе washing-

up..Чl Тina's mothеI сongratulatеd heт

on passing hеr driving tеst.h. Рat теfusеd to opеn his mouth.

Grammar I3аb,с,dr

Гtol

h li )j)

a)b)с)d)е)fl

a)b)с)d)е)a)е)i)

н: rc. ш-i// beiir'еd' lге'd sееtakе. 1t'е.ll агri\'еdоn.t hurn-' rtе'1l bеrгеге. rtоu]d bе аblе todon.t rтеаr' r-ou.ll tЪеlstudiеd. ттouid gеthad, ].d r idеlеnd, I,Il lеthad, l'd gir.е

fаll iп, will gеtwеrе/ъ-as, ,d goknеw, ,d tеllrun, ,]1 сatсhтains, 'l1 go/сould gohad, 'd join

would fl Wouldunlеss g) wouldwould h) IfUnlеss i) wouldWould j) unless

5 a) hаd, ,d be аbleb) take, ,1l fееlс) atе, would livеd) bесamе, ,d buyе) lеavе, will givеf) folloщ ,ll сomеg) usеd, wouldn,t bеh) touсh, won't bitеi) leavе, ,ll givеi) ownеd, wouldn't visit

Grammar 14-1, a) Whаt would уou do if уott hвd

wings?[f I weте you, I,d lеaуе norт.How would you fееl if r-oulivеd on Мars?If I wеrе you, I,d bur' a bikе.What would vou do if r-ou rтегеriсh?What would vou 5a\- ii Jim сamсwith us?If I wеrе 1-ou, I'd takе thе bus.What rvould r-ou do if vouownеd a robot?

llсld pltoпеd' u'оttltl llаt'е si-t'еtltook' might fееlhаd dгir-еn' lтouldn,t havестashеd

I think

fsшу

a) I used to ideb) shall Iс) Havе you sееn hеrd) havе you bееn woгkingе) I haven,t finishеdf; I was washingg) arе you staringh) I,m haйngi) stopsi) did you last go

a) do уou dob) ranс) was sittingd) don't undеrstande) теalizеdfl 'm studyingg) was rеadingh) knowi) 'm stayingi) did you do

a) аrrived, Stеve hаdb) I hеlpс) do you usuallyd) has bееn playingе) I,1lf) was еating/havingg) is stayingh) havеn,t sееni) you doing

1)с 2)^ 3)D 4)D5)B 6)A 7)С 8)Сe)D 10)B 11)B 12)D

13) A 14) с 15) A

п8

ъ'

{{рAfl&fi

'$*l

f) nevетg) latеly/reсеntlyh) at|Ilуi) forj) By thе timе

8 b)6 с)9 d)101 0 3 S) 4 h)z

' i )7

in

0o)

8a)b)с)d)е)

0

Shе,s playing baskеtball.I,vе bееn Waiting herе foragеs!

Hаve уou flnished уеt?I,ll sее you tomorrow!Did you havе a niсe timе?Do you know what I mеаn?Arе you сoming out for adrink latеr?Havе you beеn waiting long?

e)0

3a)

b)с)d)е)

b)с)

d)е)

0o)

h)

2a)b)с)

28.

lNтЕRlv lEDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстIсE

d) had сomе, would havе enioyеdе) I,d knоwn, would have sentf,1 hеlpеd, might bеg) had sсorеd, сould havе wonh) worе, wouldn,t gеt

3 a) hаd lф eаrlу, wouldп,t hауemissеd

b) ,d bought morе milk, wouldhavе had

с) ,d takеn/,d rеmеmbеrеd to takе amap, wouldn't have got lost

d) 'd gone to bеd, would havеwokеn up

е) had madе a shopping list,wouldn't havе fol8otten tobuy/would have rеmеmbетеd tobuy

f) ,d rеalizеd you wеrе tirеd, Iwouldn,t havе askеd you to go

g) had sai]еd aстoss thе Aflantiс,wou]d hаvе rеaсhеd

h) ,d turned lеft at the station,Wouldn,t havе losт

Grammar l5T a) hаdn,t sunbаthеd

b) сould stayс) сould swimd) hadе) сould sее0 didn't sitg) hadh) enioyi) сouldi) r1l

2a)2 b)2 с) 7 d)2е)1 D2 92 h)1i)1 i)r

3 a) hаdbroughtb) had boughtс) Wеntd) knеwе) had takеnf) hadn't boughtg) had finishеdh) spokе/сould speak

4 (Suggеstеd answеrs)a) Ihаdаsапdwiсhb) you havе a goodс) ,d bееn hеrе/,d сome hеrе/

,d visitеd itd) livеde) danсеd/соuld danсе

5 a) hadn't wastedb) wеrеn'tс) wеred) сouldе) hadf) didn,t havе tog) hadn,t movеdh) wasn't

Grammar 16

е)-f) by the postmang) by the poliсеh) by somеonе

a) Was quеstionеdb) is watсhеdс) will bе finishеdd) has bеen elесtеdе) is bеing теbuiltf) has bеen сlosed8) is Wlittеnh) was stoleni) will bе mеti) was wona) Mаnу pet dogs аrе lost еvеry уeаr,b) Thе injured man was takеn to

hospital.с) A nеw bridgе is being built

aсIoss the rivеI.d) All thе food at the party Was

еatеn.e) Nothing will be deсidеd

bеforе nеxt Saturday.f) Thе matсh is bеing pla}zеd on

Friday evеning.g) Thе robbеr unloсkеd the door

With a falsе key.h) This book was written by Sam's

fathеr.4 a) hаs beeп disсoуered

b) will bе opеnеdс) was paintеd byd) Wirl be аnnounсеdе) is bеing rеdесoratеd0 havе beеn arrеstеdg) aге sold byh) is bеing built

5 a) The саsino hаs beеn сlosed.b) The matсh has bееn posфonеd.с) Еnglish is spokеn all ovеr thе

world.d) Thе nеw swimming.pool has

bеen opеnеd.e) This pulsе was lеft in thе

сlassroom yеstеrday.f) Traffiс has bееn bannеd from

thе сity сеntте.g) A new govеrnmеnt has bееn

еleсtеd.h) Thе flat was brokеn into last

week.

Grammar 171a)

b)с)d)е)fl

c)h)

0i)

2a)b)с)d)

сuttakensentsеrviсеdbrokenoffeтеdwеrе you bornrеpairеdwas givеnwas madе

hаd hisWas lent to mе byhad onе of my tееth takеnwas boтn

paintеd.

4 a) is believed to be livingb) is supposed to fallс) is expeсtеd to Wind) is thou8ht to be рlanninge) is said to bе makingf) is rеportеd to disagrеe

Grammar 18a) might f.) may notb) сan,t bе g) сan,t bес) must bе h) must bеd) сould bе i) сould bее) might 1.) сan,t сomеa) саn swim rеаllуb) mightс) сan,t bеd) must workе) сan,t сomеf) might (bе ablе to) seе you

tomorrow

sold a roсk сonсеIt tiсkеthis housе brokеn intoWеIе youwas givеn this ring by myis bеing kеptwill bе sеnt

I,m hаviпg mу саr servicedtomorrow.I had my bikе stolen yеstеrday.Wе had our house paintеd lastУеaI,I'm having my tooth taken outtomorrowlI,vе iust had my hair сut.Wе,rе haЙng our newсalpеt f,ttеd tomoшow.Ann has just had hеr portrait

youl teaсhеr сan,t сomеmust Llе very hotсan I openmust bеs b)D с)s d)Ds 0D s)s h)sD i)nYou ought to sеe а deпtist.Wе don,t have to go to sсhooltomorrow.That сan,t bеJohn, bесausе he,sin Paris.Ann сould/might/may bе athomе.You'd bеttеr WеaI a Warm сoattoday.I may be latе.I don't think (that) youshould/ought to go skiing.You саn,t lеave youт bikе herе.hауe fl hadshould g) сan,tmust h) havеmaylmight i) ablеmust/should i) oughtI think you,d bеttеr/you shouldtakе moтe exетсise.Thе plane should land soon.

е)0c)h)i)i )

3a)

b)с)

d)

е)0

8)

1a)b)с)d)

284

ф someone

by a doсtor

o\6/

h)i)i)

3a)e)i)

4a)b)

с)

d)

е)

0c)

h)

5a)b)с)d)е)

6a)

b)

\

г*

с) You сan,t usе a diсtionary.d) That сan,t be Suе. Shе,s abroad.е) I may/might сomе to youl palty.f) You mustn,t drop littеr in thе

stIееt.g) You don,t havе to Wait.h) You should stay/ought to

stay in bеd today.

Grammar 19I a) must hаve iLropped

b) сould/maylmight havе missеdс) сould/was able tod) should havе toldе) didn,t have/nееd tof) сan,t havе takеng) maylmight not havеh) nееdn,t havei) havе/nееd to buyj) shouldn't have

a) hаve studied sо lаteb) you ablе to stop himс) havе to/nееd to work hardd) havе lost his wayе) have hurt youтselff) havе told meg) hаvе еnioyеd ith) havе helpеd hеri) not to have lеft/to havе stayеdj) havе donе it

a) should hауe tоkeп аn umbrellаb) must havе lеft it on thе busс) сouldn,t gеt throughd) should have bought hеr a

pIеsеntе) сan,t еat/stand olangеsf) might havе forgottеn thе addrеssg) ought to have studiеd harderh) сould havе had fun

Grammar 20a) аskedb) hadс) hadd) said she didn,t Want mе toе) сan,t have stolеn0 hadg) you,d bеttеrh) would bеi) havе bееn|) wе,d rеmеmbетed

1) 3 7)З 13)32) if 8) must 14) was3) thеy 9) havе 15) if4) to 10) if 16) bееn5) paint 11) сan 17) us6) to 12) havе 18) 3

1)с 2)А 3)B 4)^5)D 6)D 7)B 8)с9)A 10)с 11)D 1z)^

13) с 14) B 15) D

a) doп,t hаve to е) mustb) mustn,t 0 сouldс) might havе g) had tod) havе to h) should

5 a) kпсw the апswer, I would lrclp уoub) you run fast, you,ll fееl tiтеdс) was arrеstеd by an off-duп'

poliсewomand) had lеft еarly, wе wouldn,t

hаve missеd the rrаinе) I hadn,t eatеn all thе lсе-сгеamf) tеll mе wherе thе bus station isg) is bеing built by thе loсa] сounсilh) wетe you, I'd go to thе doсtor'si) was brokеn фv somеonеl

with/using a hammеri) Amy to buy somе milk

6 a) hаvе to gob) I wеrес) my hair сutd) havе missеde) was invеntеdf) havе forgottеng) hadh) must havе workеdi) was givеni) neеdn't havе

7 a) hаving our houseb) had his сaтс) hе,dd) wouldn't takee) tеll mе whеnf) unlеssg) wouldn,t havеh) сan,t havei) had toi) askеd

8 a) witteпb) сan,tс) whеrе thе train staгion Was.d) might havе bееnе) you havе tofl had to/must finishg) must havе opеnеdh) I wеrе tallеr!i) l have my сaI rеpairеdj) I,d sсrеam

Grammar 21I a) So thсlt

b) toс) in ordеr tod) dтessеd, сould/wouldе) forf) сouldn,t/wouldn,tg) сanh) сould

GRAмlvlAR ANsWЕRs

3 a) Iф work eаф, he сould gob) wаs rеbuilt, makе itс) gavеJaсk hеr phone numbеr, hе

сould/would сalld) put on somе suntan oil, I

don't/won't gеtе) hid thе plеsеnts, nobody

rr.ould/сould sееft had thе palty in a large hall,

pеoplе would/сouldgr arrivеd еaгly, hе сould/would gethr сhangеd sеats in thе сinеma, I

сould sееi) somе sаndrтiсhеs, wouldn,t fеel

hungщ'i) 1{oге a iunnv hat, his friеnds

rтould notiсе

Grammar 22ft so muсhgl in thе endh) so muсhil tall еnough

i) so littlе

lrt

Т a) sucltb) so manr-с, tood) so fеwе) so

2a)sob) tooс) muсhd) manyе) еnoughf) littlе

8) fеlтh) suсhi) soj) took) so

2a)b)

с)d)е)

0

I wеnt to the shops for some eggs.Niсola сamе hетe to havе amееting with thе dirесtor.Wе wеnt on holiday for a теst.Mikе plays сhеss to rеlax.I opеnеd thе window for somеair.Cristinа wеnt shopping for somеnеw сlothеs.I Wеnt to a private sсhool tolеarn Еnglish.sam Went tо a speсialist fortrеatmеnt.

a) toob) as/bесause/sinсес) so muсhd) so manyе) sof) so fеwg) еnoughh) soi) so littlei) As/Sinсе/Bесause

a) I stауed аt home апd hаd а rеstbeсаuse I felt reаIlу tirеd.

b) I didn,t usе that piесе of string,bесausе it wasn,t long еnough.

с) It was suсh a diffiсult quеstionthat I had to ask for hеlp.

d) Thеrе WеIe too fеw sеats for allthе guеsts.

е) Thеrе Wеrе too many guеsts andnot еnough sеats.

0 Wе сan,t put that box in thе сaтas thеrе,s too littlе spaсе.

g) I,ve got too littlе timе to do allmy work.

h) I,vе got so muсh WoIk that Iсan,t go out.

i) Shе had so many сhildгеn thatshе didn,t know what to do.

')

Thе play was so good that thеaudiеnсе сhеегеd.

5 a) Sorry, but I htlvеп,t got аlottglltirпe.

b) Еriсa is not old еnough to drivеa сar'

с) Paul has so manv fтiеnds thathе,s always busy.

c)

h)fld

285

INтЕRlutЕDlAтE tANGUAGЕ PRACтlсE

We had too little timе to 8osight-sеeing.It,s so hot that I сan,t think!Thеrе was so muсh snow thatwе сouldn,t travеl.It was suсh a long way that wеdeсidеd to drivе thеrе.As I'd run a long way, I fеltеxhausted./I,d run suсh along way that I felt еxhaustеd.slow to be iп thе runniпg teаm'to thе housе, bесausе/as it,s notvеry faт.suсh a long film that we missеdour last bus.

d) unhappy that shе сriеd.е) muсh monеy that he doеsn,t

know what to do with it.f) old еnough to 8еt malriеd.g) еnough monеy to buy this bikе.h) enough platеs I,m afтaid.

Grammar 23I a\ however

b) Althoughс) Althoughd) on thе othег handе) butf) dеspitеg) In spitе ofh) although

a) АIthough е) stillb) but f) althoughс) Howеvеr g) Dеspitеd) еven h) spitеa) the sпow, we went out for а wаIk.b) some expеIts think priсes will

fall, others disagrее.с) losing at half-time, Сity won in

the еnd.d) it was hot, Diana worе hеr

wintеr сlothеs.е) but/, howevеr, this summеr it,s

rained all thе timе.f) haйng a hеadaсhе,/his

hеadaсhе, James still read untillatе.

g) but/, howеvet, hе (still) did wеllin thе tеst.

Grammar 24I a) 4 b) 2 с)7

е)6 03 9g05 i)в

2 a) Would уou mindb) If I wете you, I,d wтitес) god) Could youе) Would you likеf) I won't do itg) Shall I hеlph) Why don't you goi) Сould I boтrowj) should go

З a) I,il be bасkb) I,l1 havе iсе-сrеam

286

с) I think you should talk it ovеrwith youг palеnts.

d) shall I сarry it?e) Нow about going to thе

сinema?/Lеt,s go to thесinеma?/Why don't wе 8o to thесinеma?

0 Can I lеavе sсhool еaгly?g) Сould/Сan you tell mе how

muсh it сosts?h) Would you likе somе lеmonadе?i) Could you opеn thе window?i) цo' I won,t.

4 a) уou miпd tаkiпgb) 'd ratheт havе/,d prеfеrс) сan you Waitd) Сan/Мay I lеavее) you turn offf) How about goingg) won't talkh) Shall I hеlpi) mind telling mеi) wете you,

5 a) shouldb) Сan/Сou1d/Wouldс) Can/Could/Wouldd) W.ill/Wouldе) Lеt,sl) mindg) rathеrh) Can/Could/Wouldi) Wouldi) саn/may

Grammar 25I a) who е) that

b) whose f) whosес) who g) whosеd) whiсh

2a)b)с)d)

3a)е)

6 a) Fridаy.l''lаs thе lаst timе thаt I sаwIim.

b) Thе island that/whiсh we visitedwas еxtrеmеly bеautiful.

с) Thе girl that/who I met Was afriеnd of Philip's.

d) Thе mеal that/whiсh we atеwasn,t vеry tasty.

е) Gina was thе first personthаt/who I askеd.

f) Thе book that/whiсh I readdidn't еxplain thе problеm.

g) Thе tеaсhel that/who wеusually havе was away ill.

h) Thе friеnds that/who I mеt lastnight sеnd you theiг lovе.

Grammar 261a)

b)с)d)е)

2a)е)

3a)

цthichWhatwhowhosеthat

his ь) / с) it d) sheit f) / g) thеyThe museum thаt we wаnt to vЬitopens аt 12.00,Thе boy whosе bikе was takеnvisitеd the poliсe station.The friend who mеt me at thеailpolt сaтriеd my suitсasе.Thе mеal that Tom сookеd wasdеliсious.Thе friеnd who is staying withme сomes from Paris.Thе man whosе wallеt I foundgavе me a reward.The shop in thе сеntre that I goto is сhеaper./The shop that I goto in thе сеntrе is сheapеr.Тhе girl whosе party I wеnt tophonеd mе.I know somеone who likеs you.

4a)/b) whatс)/d) what

Grammar 27I a) Whаt time do уou usuаlly get up?

b) What wеrе you rеading?с) \Arhy did you go therе?d) What havе you donе so faт?е) What do I have to do now?f) How did you fееl yеstетday?g) What arе you doing?h) Why have thе lights gonе

out?/Why arеn,t thе lightsworking?/Why isn,t theте anyеlесtriсity?

i) WlrеIе did you lеavе yourbikе?/Whеrе's your bikе?

i) \'VhoЪ сoming to youl party?

d)

е)0

8)

h)

6a)b)

с)

f) thatg) whosеh) whoi) whiсhj) who

b)

с)

d)

е)

0

c)-whosеthatwhosеwho

D b)NN ON

e) whosef) whog) who

с)N d)D9о

e)/f) what/whog) Whath)/

h)

i)

d) 10h)t

4 a) The book fuсtt |ohп wаsreаdiпg wаs а bit fтфtening.

b)/с) In thе еnd, our holiday was the

bеst that wе had evеr had.d) Thе dentist who I go to isn,t

vеry еxpensivе.е) Thе film whiсh Wе saw last weеk

was muсh betteI than this onе.D,/9"t

5 a) Thеse аre the bovs I-went oпholidау with.

b) This is the lеttет l,ve bееnwaiting foт.

с) That,s thе shop Suе bought hеrbikе fтom.

d) That,s thе hotеl I stayеd at.е) Tim is someone I hardly

еver writе to.t)/g/h) Unitеd wеrе the bеst team (that)

wе playеd against.

5a)b)с)d)е)0o)o/

h)

i)i)

3a)b)с)

d)e)

0c)h)

hауeп,t е) I didn,tam f) I сan,tdid g) I dowill h) hе isn,t

2a)b)с)

d)

e)0ol

h)

3a)b)с,)d)

ontoinovеr

tnononinon

inatinin

1a)b)с)d)е)

2a)b)с)d)е)

3a)b)с)d)е)

4a)b)с)d)

5a)b)с)d)

6a)b)с)d)

Who lives neхt door?Who do you play with?Who tеaсhеs you maths?/Whatdoеs Mrs Dawson tеaсh you?What do you (usuallY) eat forlunсh?What frightеns you?Whо do you talk to most?Who do you sit nеxt to inЕnglish?What helps you studY?

Grammar 281 a) I hаveп't f) thеy сan

b) I do g) I won'tс) I am h) shе hasn,td) she didn't i) it isе) he has j) she didn't

2 a) Hаve we f) Is thетеb) Don,t you g) Has shес) Did shе h) Haven,t youd) Don,t you i) Isn't thегeе) Is hе i) Did you

3 a) аren,t we f don,t thеyb) have you g) do Youс) aтen't you h) don,t youd) will you i) hasn't heе) isn,t he j) should I

4 a) Pаul doesn,tlike footbаll, does he?b) You,vе got a sister, havеn,t you?с) You havеn,t donе youт

homеwork, have you?You sat nеxt to Еllеn, didn't you?Thе guests havеn't arrived, havеthеy?Your namе is John, isn,t it?Yout namе isn,t John, is it?I didn,t lеavе my wallet on thеdеsk, did I?William hasn,t got marriеd, hashe?This book is by Мartin Aimless,isn't it?

5a)е)

6a)b)с)d)е)0c)h)

Grammar 29I a) there e)

b) It's f)с) thеy,те c)d) its h)

thете, therеIt',sthеiтits

There is а smаII rеstаurапtIt,s stlange that you wеntThеre,s a big tlеe at thе еnd ofmyIt seеms that BrianIt,s really сoldIt,s a long way from hеreThеre arеn't anylThеrе arе nobattетiеs in youIIt aрpeals that wе,Iе

Grammar 30

GRAпnмAR ANswERs

Hаve уou ever beeп to Americо?Наs Andrсw еvеr been to Аmeriса?Dоеs Rita likе тap musiс?Do you likе rap musiс?Did you еnjoy the film?Did Nigеl еnioy thе fllm?Arе you going to London nеxtsummer?Is Мaria goins to London nеxtsummеr?Сan I borrow your mobile phonе?Could you lеnd me your mobilеphonе?

i a) You've gotb) won't theyс) Lеt,s god) ,те not lеavingе) havеn,t thеyf) сan,t youg) You Werеn,th) do youi) wеrеn,t thеyi) didn't forget

7 a) reаil а book whiсh she reаllyb) who visitеd mе brought me aс) that I stayеd in was сheapеr

thand) friend whosе bikе I borтowеd

wantеd itе) to buy thе vasе (that) I saw in

thеfl who sings in the grouP has got

8) I mеt a girl whosе bтothет is inmv

h) that wе'rе tаking lеavеsi) rt'ho knoсked аt thе dooт и/as

sеШingj) whiсh I saw with Luke was

a 1,) ,/ 7) shе 13) hе2) vуho 8) thеm 14) at3) to 9) muсh 15) ,/4) Тhеn 1o) you 16) it5) so ll) ,/ 17) so6) who 12) that

Grammar 321 a) oпe ilаy

b) Nowadaysс) This morningd) byе) thе day after tomolrowfl Duringg) aftеrwaтdsh) on

2 a) we hаd/hаd hаd luпсh, we weпt forа сoffee

b) on timе for lеssonsс) until 8.00d) thтее months agoе) at 1.2.00f) first ofJanuaryg) day aftеr tomorrowh) for thrее

Зa)on е)Atb) ago f; nowadaYsс) latет 9 lnd) duтing h) aftеrwards

цL

ontoinbеlow

inindL

bylbeside

0ing) ovегh) oni) oni) in

D/9onh)/i) iпi) ovеr/thгough

f) insidе8) onh) outi) onj) at

e)0c)h)

iп e)next to f)to 8)insidе h)

аt е)ovеr 0near C)undеr h)

opрositеnеaгonon

on/ovеIоnonin

oppositеinsidе

4)a8)a

12)b

d)е,

0c)h)

r)

j)

whаt the timе iswhat this mеanshow muсh this сostswhat time the musеum opеnsiflwhether I'm in the dght seatwhеre Asham stIееt isiflwhеther this is Tlafalgar Squarеwhеn this bus lеavеs

Grammar 3' la) in ordеr to f) bесausеb) too g) Althoughс) they,re h) ind) whosе i) soе) for j) In spitе of

a) but we ileсideilb) used to workс) suсh ad) thе rainе) about spеndingf) Thеre aгeg) don,t/won't fееlh) It,s stтangеi) еnough monеyj) you mind

3 1)B 2)Сs)d 6)de)d 10)b

13) d t4) a

4a)on 0b) bеsidе c)с) to h)d)at 0e) near i)

3)с7) l)

11) с15) с

onat

2 b)2 c)z d)r2 f)2 фТ h)2

2 a) There, Itb) It, itс) It, thеIеd) It

e) Itf) Thеrе, itg) It, there, thеrе

287

lNтERIYlЕDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстl(Е

4a)b)

I go to the sеаside in Sumlnеr.I,vе bееn at this sсhool sinсе1,997.Gеorgе had a bath and thеnwashеd his hair.Dina was at my housе until10.00./Dina didn,t lеavе myhouse until 10.00.Thе train arrivеd on timе.I,l1 arrivе bу 2.0О'Paul triеd hard but in thе еnd hеgavе up./he gavе up in the end.I wasn,t in timе to say goodbyеto Lisa.

a)- b)aс) an, - d) a, ane) a,- f) - ,-8) - ,a

a) is апb) inaс) Parking isd) Fabio is ate) to thе station on

Grammar 35I a) the f) the, the

b) thе' thе 8) aс) an, thе h) ad)An i) aе) thе, thе i) thе, thе

a) plауs the piапob) hеlp thес) bike is thеd) is/has an appointmеnt at thее) was about thе lifе0 was sсorеd by thе

a) The, the, the е) the, thе, ab) thе, - 0 thе, a, thес) a, thе g) A, a, ad) thе, thе h) thе, the

Grammar 34 and 35 mixedI a) The, а, - f) _, thе, an, -

b) _, thе, u g) -, the, aс) a, -, thе h) a, thе, thеd) thе, a, a i) thе, thе, thее) Thе, thе, thе i) a, thе

2 a) Сould уou get а loаf ofbreаd fтom

3a)b)

с)d)

e)

0c)h)

4a)b)с)d)е)0o)

5a)b)с)

the bаker,s?Мilk is good for сhildтеn.John is at woтk at thе momеnt.We tтаvеllеd to Hungaтy by сaI.Havе you got a brothеr oI sistеl?Thе war bеtwееn thе twoсountliеs was thе longest inhistory.Who was thе flrst astronaut whowalkеd on thе moon?Тhе Nilе is thе longеst тivеr inthе world.

Wе trаvеllеd thеrе oп thе trаin.This onе is thе largеst./Тhis isthe largеst sizе.С]аra is a (profеssional) singет.Thе unеmployеd oftеn fееldеprеssеd.Anna is learning to play thеguitar.Mikе works in an offiсе.Мarie сomеs from Franсе.David is still at work.

Dаrrel wаs theyou havе a dog ata сhemistry

d) Thе prеsent (that/whiсh) myfriеnds

е) is the сapital ofl) Тhе fiгst lеsson tomorгow isg) thе phonе for youh) Thе fllm (that/whiсh) wе saw

last night

6a)b)с)d)е)0

h)

Grammar 36I a) пo d) Somе

b) еaсh е) еithеrс) Not onе l) both tyrеs

2 a) пot onе d) all, еaсhb) no е) nonес) A1l f) еithеr

З a) Every dog iп the gаrdеп wаsbаrkiпg,

b) Not a singlе pеrson сamе to thеmееting.

с) None of my friеnds has got a сard) Nеithеr of thеsе сhaiтs is

сomfortable.е) Thеrе wete no boys in thе сlass.f) A1l wе Want to do is listen to a

fеw CDs.g) Both books arе intеrеsting.

4 a) Nonе ofthesе books is/аreiпterеstiпg.

b) All you havе left is tеn minutеs.с) Nеithет of thе hotеls was/wеrе

suitablе.d) Not a single pеrson rеpliеd to

my lеttеr.e) Both Рaul and his brothеr David

arе ill.f) A1l of thе team playеd wеll.g) Еvеry housе in thе strееt Was

sеarсhed фy thе poliсе).h) Somе of thе questions in the tеst

wеre diffiсult/hard,

Grammar 37I a) а lаrge old grееп plаstiс bаg

b) two square woodеn tablеsс) a bеautiful rеd silk dressd) a pair of antiquе silvеr iugsе) a small plastiс bowlf) a long winding сountry roadg) somе dirty old football bootsh) a long yеllow сotton skiтti) a glass of сold frеshly squееzеd

orangе iuiсе2 a) boiliпg f) fantastiс

b) gigantiс g) worriеdс) tirеd h) waтmеrd) сool i) borеdе) еxсiting i) interestеd

с)

d)

е)flo\6/

h)

- 2The_ 2thеТhе 2-Thе 2-_ 2l}:.еThe 2-Thе 2__ Zthе5 a) lаst

b) Duringс) Aftеrd) foт

е) onе/somе0ong) afterwardsh) at

Grammar 33I a) How much е) muсl:r

b) arе f) How manyс) somе Ы ad) some h) was

2 a) ап е) manуl-b)aГ1aс) somе g) somеd) - h) aпуlmanу

З a) give уou soпе аdviсeb) any сlean trousетsс) Тhеrе isn,t muсhd) nееds washingе) wasn,t in thе book

a) some woodb) Thеrе wasс) anyd) a сhiсkеnе) was vеry usеfulf) How manyg) It,s grееnh) thеy,rе on thеir wayi) noisе.

a) IJаtеrb) nеwsс) glassesd) luggagее) еggsf) sсissorsg) loafh) poliсеoffiсеr/poliсеman/

poliсеwoman

b)с)d)е)0

c)

h)

5a)1 b)2 с)2 d)7е)1 02 ф2 h)2

Grammar 34I a) Hсwe you еver visitеd the Uпited

Kiпgdom?b) on oш tlip, we visitеd

Cantеrburv Сathеdral.с) Lovе is a wondеrfu| thing.d) Pets aIе not pеrmittеd in this

hotеl.е) A rabbit is a small wild fuтry

animal with longеars./Rаbbits aге small wi ld furгyanimаls with long еars.

f) Nеw Yoтk is in thе Unitеd Statеsof Ameriсa'

288

А h)- o)аa i) a p)ana t) - s)-* k) thе r)- l )a s)athе m) thе t) _- n)a

3 a) The old couple lived hаppilуtogether.

b) You,vе workеd hard.с) Сhris and Paul walk slowly.d) Georgia plays thе piano wеll.е) Suе danсеs graсеfully.f) Кatе isn,t wеll/doеsn,t fееl wеll.g) Мiсhaеl skatеs wondеrfully.h) Мary wтitеs сaтеfully.i) Alеx slеpt badly.j) Ann сomplеtеd thе сoursе

suссеssfully.

4 a) hаppу fl fastb) wеll g) quiteс) hardly h) hardd) good i) tеrriblее) ill i) еxtremely

5 a) Peter hаs beeп working уery hаrd,b) My sistеI bought mе a lovеl)r

bluе woollеn swеatеf.с) This book I,m rеading is

еxсеllеnt/eхtrеmеly good.d) David fеlt bad bесausе hе,d

shouted at his mothеI.е) Еvеryonе in thе tеam playеd

wеll.fl Too muсh еxerсisе сan make you

feеl tirеd.s) Paula lеlt hanpv whеn hеr

еxams wеrе ovel.h) Hans has nеvеr arrived latе at

sсhоol.i) onе boxеr hit the othеr rеally

hald right on thе сhin.i) t,rn not rеally intelestеd in this

сar'

Grammar 381a)

b)с)d)е)0o)

h)i)i)

2a)b)с)d)е)0o\ё/h)i)

4 a) just аs, аsb) thе mostс) moте/lеss, than, didd) morее) than, thе0 the lеastg) iust as, ash) lеss, than

5 a) biggest i) haгdегb) grеatеst |) -с) _ k) fittеId)- 1) -е) _ m)-0 fatter n) -g) smallеst o) widеrh)-

6 a) tаIk more slowlуb) isn,t as fгightеningс) thе bеst сookd) as fast asе) less eсonomiсal thanf) morе еxсiting thang) as hard ash) is morе intеrеstеdi) is oldеr thani) morе than mе

Grammar 39

GRAмrиAR ANsWЕRs

0 Wе сalled on my aunt on hеrbirthdаy.

8) I,m afraid that we,vе run out ofеggs.

h) Мoniсa will сall for you at 6.30.i) Nobody understood what I was

8еtting at.i) I сan,t put up with so muсh air

pollution.

Grammar 40I a) у'сLsll е) try

b) look f) flllс) sеt g) turnedd) сal1ed h) droppеd

2 a) Tum the lights off wheп уou leаvеthe school.

b) Jaсk tulnеd up half-way thгoughthе lеsson.

h)

3a)е)

Wе сan put you up foт a wееk.Мarta is gеtting on wеll in hеrЕnglish сlass.Lidia grеw up in Uruguay.How do you tum on thесomputеr/turn thе сomputеI on?Caтol lookеd up the datеs/looked thе dates up in anеnсyсlopedia.Suтflng is a gIeat sport. Whеndid you takе it up?

rl

с)d)

e)0o\6/

1a)е)

2a)b)с)d)е)0

5a)

b)

3 b)5 с)8 d)14 t)2 96 h)7

at g) upfor h) onto i) updown i) upover k) tofoт l) out

с)1

фт

е) bеst0 foтo) no

h) is

2 \)d 2)a 3)с 4)a5)d 6)d 7)b 8)с9)b i0)a 11)b 12)d

l j t с 1+) b 15) с

d)6h)З

3 b)84 f) s

Grammar 41Т a) bettеr

b) еaсhс) hardd) somе

tnani) thе worst

3 a) аs good а runпer аs Dаvid (is)b) tallest (pеrson) in thе сlassс) morе than mе/than I havеd) longеr than Janе,s (hair)е) noisiеst studеnt in thе sсhool0 as intетesting as this one (is)g) go fastеr than this/go any fastеrh) еat as muсh as Andrеw (did)

a) didn't live uP tob) drop in onс) run out ofd) gеt on withe) сaught up withf) looking forward tog) kееp up withh) сut down on

a) Biап tаkes аfter his mother.b) Wе,ve lun out of food!с) Мike and Tom don,t gеt on wе]]

With еaсh othеI.d) Jеan is vеry good аt dеaling with

peoplе.е) The handlеbars on my bikе nеed

sееing to.f; Julia was vеIy ill, but shе,s got

over it nowWhat ехaсtly aIе you sеtting at?Paul,s nеw sсhool didn,t livе upto his expесtations.

The сentrаI heаtiпg sуstem neеdsseеiп{ to.Lеt,s drop in on Julia whilе wе'rеhеre.Wе,rе hеading for Рaris.our hotеl room looks outonto/ovеr thе main road!Two сhildтen started playing,and thеn thе othеrs ioinеd in.

of tltеsеuntilsmoking is allowеdsomе adriсеas long assrnсесlassтoomon footanv fuгthеrin timе

I сtltl put you up.Сarlos сan,t put up with thetтaffiс any morе.Pеtеr is gеtting on wеll atunivеIsity.I,ll сlеar up thе room if you dothе washing up.Wе,rе heading for Мadrid.Why don't you look uP thiswoтd/look this woтd up in thеdiсtionafy?Janе takеs aftеr hет fathеr.Кеlly,s fathеr is trying to givе upsmoking.

aS tаstу аSthe most intеIеstin8oldеstthanwolsеtallеstas hard asWoIsеlongеr thanmorе quietly

the loпgestlеss еntегtainingfastеr thanthe hottеstbеttеf thaniust as tall asmorе diffiсultas largе asnot as bi8 as/iust as big as/biggеr

3a)b)с)dl

f)ol

h)i)

l l

1alb)

8)h)

с)d)

е)

с,)

d)

0

c)h)

289

II

I

lNтЕRlt , lEDlAтE LANGUAGЕ PRAстlCE

s1)Ll

3)

4)

s)6)

6a)b)с)d)е)

7a)DJс)d)е)0

8a)b)с)d)

9a)b)с)

7)B)g)

10)11)r2)0o)6l

h)i)

l )

а siпglеno сhееsеriсh arеbеautifullythе worst filmuntil

пuch, thсttt е) all, boththе, than f,) as, asthе, а 8) until, bysomе, muсh h) bеst' еvel

I,m reаIIу illtетestеd iп trауel.Katе,s brothег is a doсtoг.I atе somе food rvith Jaсk, andaftеI that I wеnt homе.Мilk is good fоr 1.оu.Сan you givе mе somе adr'iсе?I,vе lookеd in thе boх.Еvеrything is brokеn, I'm afтaid.Thеy will havе flnishеd thе nеwhospital ф the еnd ofМay./Thеy won,t havе finishedthе nеw hospital until thе еndof Мay.

h) Тhеrе,s a poliсе offiсеr/poliсеman/poliсеwoman Wa iti n8outsidе.

i) I сomе to сlаss on foot.i) Your hair is vеry bеautiful.

Grammar 42T a) |im соn,t аfford to go to the сinеmа

twiсе а week.David wishеs to lеavе thе room

l,d rеаl ly l ikе to go swimmingon Saturdаy.Еmma prеtеndеd to lеavе, butWaitеd outsidе.

Мy bike seems to havesomеthing wrong with it'Thе dirесtor rеfusеd to answеIHеlеn,s phonе сall.

a) lovеs f) сontinuеdb) affoтd g) bеarс) happеn h) offеrеdd) eхpесtеd i) prеtendedе) lеarned i) prеfеrs

a) to let mе lеаve еаrlуb) singing/to sing for an hour

without stoppingс) (that) you,vе passеd the еxamd) to do well/that hе'll do wеllе) to do for thе summеrf; сlеаring up my loom

g) to go to thе сinеma with mеh) to gеt marriеdi) to sее you latеri) to do this еvening

a) seems t) refusеdb) hatе g) сhosес) want h) likеd) askеd i) dесidеdе) hopеs i) agreeda) Whаt do уou iпteпd to do?b) I сan,t beal gеtting up еarly!с) I ехpeсt to sеe you in thе

moтning.d) Susan pтomisеd to bе baсk at

6.00.е) Pat lеаrnеd to drivе whеn hе was

youn8.f) I offеrеd to hеlp Joе.g) Еllеn сouldn,t afford the tiсket.h) Tom rеfusеd to hеlp.

Grammar 43I a) to loсk е) to opеn

b) to havе f) to takес) talking g) sky-divingd) bеing h) starting

2 a) уou fапсуb) (that) hе,dс) I suggеst/How aboutd) kееps interuptin8еl Do/Would you mindfl Imagine bеingg) dеniеd wтitin8ht сan,t hеlp

4 a) Diсk wаs bored with his work.b) Тhis town rеminds me of

Glasgow.с) Sara knows a lot about biology.d) I,m looking for thе art gallетy.е) I,m fond of сrеam сakes'f) Suе is marriеd to Adrian.g) Dina is kind to animals.h) Ugh! This сakе tastеs of тubbет!i) Lisa is jеalous of you!j) I fееl еxсitеd about our nеw

housе!

5 a) ,m апgry withb) rеadyс) good atd) fеlt upsеt aboutе) dreamеd aboutf,1 rеly ong) bikе toJaсkh) afraid of

6 a) eхplаiп, tob) bеlongеd toс) dеpеnds ond) paid forе) apologized, forf) rеmind, ofg) suссееdеd inh) wait for

7a)4e)7

d)2

Grammar 45a) опуone f) Somеonеb) аnything g) anythingс) nothing h) No onеd) somеonе i) anywhеrее) anything j) somеwhеrе

a) do аnуthiпgb) knows Мary bеttеr than I doс) was latе yеsterdayd) nothing/no workе) ask you somеthingf) hеrе dтinksg) rеpliеd whеn I phonеd/answеrеd

the phonеh) someonе going to drivе us thеrеi) I go I make friеndsj) сal lеd for you this morning

a) enjoy уourselvesb) behave ouтsеlvеsс) hurt mysеlfd) exprеss hеrsеlfе) introduсе mysеlff) blame youтsеlfg) talk, mysеlfh) сut himself

a) There,s somеthiпg iп the boх.b) Еvеryonе was danсing.с) Somеthing has annoyеd/is

annoying mе.d) Thеrе,s nothing to еat./Wе,vе

got nothing to еat.е) Thеrе,s no onе in thе offiсе.f) Еvеrybody likеs Julia.g) You сan havе anything you

likе./Anything you like you сanhavе.

h) Nowhеrе is bеttеr than homе.

theit

was

thе

in"foт

ago 13) aftеrmuсh 14) aftеrthе 15) upmorе 16) onсеonе 17) thе,/ 78) ,/

_ k) thеlot 1) thеmuсh m) thеthе n) aan o) еithет

b)6 с)501 c)3

d)е)t'\

o)

З a1 сltosе e)b) affoтd flс) mind 8)d) mеant h)

4a)try е)Ь) nтetenrlрr l f l

с) еxpесt 8)d) mеant h)

5 a) forget е)b) mеans f)с) admit c)d) stop h)

deniеdadmittеddесidedfanсy

dеnied

рraсtisеima8inеrеfusеd

kеpttriеdrеmеmbеrstand/bеaт

b)с)d)

flo\

h)

Grammar 44I a) ftom e) about

b) to f) forс) for 8) ond) to

2 a) lаughs аtb) suссееds inс) apoiogizеs ford) depеnds onе) knows aboutf) bеlongs tog) тeminds, of

3 a) right аbоutb) good atс) famous ford) intеrеstеd inе) annoyеd withf) kind tog) fтightеnеd of

290

a) Everybodу/Eуeryoneb) somеthingс) Somеthingd) somеonе/somеbodyе) thеmselvеs0 Oneg) Еvет1.thingh) Nothingi) yoursеlfj) mysеlf

a) Someoпе spoke to mе, but I саfl,tremеmber their паme.

b) ЕveЦrthing in thе gardеn hasbееn growing a lot latеly.

с) Сaтol didn,t do an)zthing/didnothing yesterdaY.

d) Theте isn,t an}zonе/Thеrе's noonе Waiting for you.

е) Pеtе and Katе еnjoyеdthеmsеlvеs at thе party.

f,1 You fill in an appliсation form,and thеn you wait for ananswеr./Onе fills in anappliсation form, and thеn onеwalts for an answеr'

g) Wе nеed to do thе shopping.Thеrе isn,t аngth]ng in thеfridgе.

Grammar 461 a) hers е) thеirs h) my

b) hеr own f) youl i) ourс) yours g) his i) itsd) minе

2 a) Tell Мoпicа it,s ЕIenа,s turtl, пothers.

b) Aliсе,s youngеI brothеr's сallеdBill.

с) Tim,s sandwiсhеs Wеrе tastiеIthan ours.

d) Thе fllm,s bеginning is good butits еnding is wеak.

е) Aте thеsе kеys yours or hеrs?fl Barbaтa fllls in the patients,

lесord сards at thе doсtoI's.g) Whеn it,s laining, еvеrybody,s

Iainсoats gеt Wеt.h) The managеl,s assistant rеads all

the сustomers, lеttеrs.i) Your sistеr,s dog runs fastеr than

ours.j) onе,s our tеaсhеr,s сar and thе

othеr,s a visitor's.

З a) footbаll boot, сhееse sапdwiсhb) shop windoщ сoat poсketс) gardеn gate, biсyсlе lightd) dеpartment storе, сountly

сotta8eе) flrе еnginе, roсk singer0 post offiсе, pеnсil shalpеnеrg) football ground, sсhool rеpoтth) shop assistant, railwaY station

4 a) mу sister,sb) arе Sam,sс) friеnd of minеd) my favouтitе tеlеЙsionе) are your tеaсhеrs,

a tin opеnеrarе our nеighbours,on thе kitсhеn

Thеre аre two bus Stops neаr пyhouse.ouт сat slееps all day in its bеd.Have you mеt Janе's sistеI?СIеatulеs likе thеsе live at thеbottom of thе sеa.This book is minе.Тhosе arе two friеnds of myfathеr,s.Еvеrybody,s dтawings werеbеttef than ouls.Are thеse glovеs yours orminе?/Arе thesе your glovеs ormine?Thе housе stands on its own atthе еnd of thе strееt.I notiсеd thеsе shoеs in a shopwindow.

Grammar 47I a) iпsteаd of е) еxсеpt

b) еithеr f) sinсес) also g) bothd) suсh as h) yеt

2 a) Dеbrа уisitеd the соstle апd themusеum, too.

b) Еvеryonе was on timе ехсеpt Jill.с) I said it was laining but, in faсt,

it isn't!d) Кarеn сouldn,t play tеnnis, sinсе

shе,d huтt hеr lеg.е) In my йеw, smoking is bad for

you.0 I atе thе сhoсolatе сakе as lгеll

as the applе piе.g) Daniеl playеd in goal instеad of

his bтothет'h) In сonсlusion, I,d likе to thank

thе hеad tеaсhеI, Ann Colеs.

1)с 2)b З)a 4)d5)d 6)с 7)b 8)d9)a 10)b

a) ехсept е) instеadb) as well as this 0 aсtuall-Yс) Pеrsonally g) suсh asd) both h) еithеr

d)7h)2

Grammar 48

GRAM]v|AR ANsWЕRs

0 Julia's reading 'A Portrait of aLadу, bу Hеnry Jamеs.

3 a) ,First of аll, who is goiпg to cаrrythe suitсаsе?, аskеd Emilie.

b) Кatе said shе,d bе on timе, but Ididn,t bеliеvе hеr.

с) Jamеs said that hе,d missed thetтain, 8ot lost, and bеen arrеstеd.

d) \\rhеn thе bеll lang, our teaсhеIstood up and said, 'StoP writing,plеasе.,

е) ,on thе othеr hand, wе сould gotо thе сinеma, сouldn,t wе?, saidDar-id.

0 'Good morning,' said Tina. 'Howdo r.ou fееI tоdav?'

g) If I lvеrе r'ou, I,d ask fоr somеhеlp, oг pегhaps stalt a8a1n.

h) Thе old stadium lr.as еventuallydеmolishеd: r'егr' fе.rv pеoplеwеnt thеге. and it rтas bесomingdangегous.

Grammar 49I a) dесidittg g) thеil

b) swimming ht bеautifulс) photо il rесеiptd) quеst ion i r bеginningе) / kl psYсhiatristf) knort.n ll suссеssful

2 a) phonе, rесеil'е,Ib) и.histlе, fiеldс) suссеssful lr-.phr.siсsd) knоrт, knifее) thiеf' lеаringГ) quеstion. listеningg) bе8inning' \-1е1Vh) сo]umns. bеautlfullr.

3 31 6611Гrollill5- gl upsеttingbr thiсkеning ht hookingсi gгipping i) w-ritingdr сhoosing it improvtngе. fl}-ing k) swimmingf r mаking 1) riding

.l Dеaт Bескr'-,I.m soгrr.that I havеn,t W[ittеn to.l-оu ioт so long. I,m afraid I,vе bееnr-еп'busv at sсhool, and I haven,thad muсh timе fol Writing lеttетs.Lаst lтееk I flnishеd myехaminаtions, so now I,m 8ettingrеаdy to go on holiday.l lтas wondеring whеthет you wouldlikе to сomе to stay foI a few days?You сan mееt my fтiеnds, and wесould all go swimming. Thе Wеatheris геally good now herе in ltaly, andI,m suте you will еnioy youlself.Bеst wishes,Silvia

5 a) tomorrowb) Wеdnеsdayс) advеrtisеmеntd) neighbourе) throughl) gratеfulg) nесеssary

0o)

h)

5a)

b)с)d)

е)r)

8)

h)

i)

1)

5a)5 b)9 с)3е)1 04 g)10i)8 Dв

1a)е)

2a)

b)

с)

d)

е)

l b)2 с)z d)23 01We,re meetiпg UnсIe Dаvid onTuesdау еveпing ri eight.Last Fеbruary I mеt МтsWilkinson for thе f,rst timе.Tim lives in thе south of Franсеnеaт Сannеs.Wе saw a grеat film at thе ABСсallеd ,Thе Rеmains of thе Day,.Wе wеnt to а palty at МIsHarrisons, housе on Nеw Yеar,sЕve.

291

lNтERмEDlAтЕ tANGUAGE PRAстIсЕ

h) disappointеdi) wеathеr/whеtherj) remеmbеrk) library1) answеr

6 a) deBt i) autumдb) еxhibition k) answеrс) hiф l) dauфtеrd) lnifе m) halfе) lamb n) lightf) psyсhologist o) salmong) rесефt p) wholеh) what q) wouldi) yaсht r) writing

Grammar 50

Grammar 51I a) hers e) anlthing

b) to hеlp f) spеndingс) in фatd) as h) anything

2 I)b 2)d 3)d 4)a5)с 6)b 7)a s)d9)с 10)b 11)b \2)d

13) a 14) c 15) с3 a) eхcеpt |eff

b) onе knowsс) thе twins,d) rеfusеd to сaшyе) rеly onf) a friеnd of8) bеgan/startеdsnowingh) сlosing

4 1) ,/ 7) bееn 13) thеy2) thаt 8) got \4) /3) takе 9) / 15) havе4) mе 10) for 16) with5) it 11) oт 17) it6) for 12) ft

5 a) forb) hеrс) ofd) no onе/nobodyе) begun/startedf) hетsg) sееmedh) with

i) forgotteni) еvеnk) somеthingl) Еitheгm) keptn) sawo) Somеone

6 Dear Daйd,It was grеat to hеar from you аftеrso long. I еnioyеd hеaring all yournеws. ] didn,t rеalizе that you'dspеnt a yеar abroad. You must havеhad a rеally good timе in Glеeсе.I,vе dесidеd to 8o thеIe nеxtsummеr. Pетhaps wе сould gotogеthеr.I'vе had a fantastiс yеar at сollеgе.The work is hardет than the woтkwe did at sсhool, but it,s moтeintеIеsting. I,m studying BusinessAdministration and ComDutеrSсiеnсе at thе momеnt. I;vе аlsomade lots of nеw fтiеnds.I,m thinking оf сoming to Bristol fora fеw days to visit my sistеr. Wouldyou likе to mееt? You сould showmе the sights and we сould talkabout our old sсhooldаys.Why don,t you givе mе a ring andwe сould disсuss it' It would bеwondеrful to sее you again.Best wishеs,Е1lеn

a)4 b)1 с)9е)7 D2 фвi)8

a) Stаre f) quitеb) pтaсtise g) aloudс) thorough h) tood) adЙсе i) lattеrе) farе i) loosеa)3 b)_ с)3е)3 03 8)-D _ i) з k)3m)- n) - o) -

4 Dеaт Silvia,Thanks for your lеttеr and yourinvitation to Italyl I,vе nеvеrtravеllеd аbroad bеforе, and I,mrеally looking forward to stayingwith you and your family. I,vеspokеn to my parеnts and they,vеagreеd. They say thеy,rе golng tophone soon to disсuss thеallangеmеnts.I,vе dесided to havе somе Italianlеssons so that I сan praсtisе whеn ]сome to Italy. I,d likе you to WIitеsomе simple sеntеnсes for me.Plеasе note my new addrеss. Wemovеd last weеk and now I,vе got amuсh biggеr bedroom.Bеst wishеs,Bесky

a) vеgetаble g) intеIestingb) languagе h) bisсuitс) queue i) сеilingd) rесеivе i) differеnte) peoplе k) knowlеdgеf) bеautiful l) indеpеndenta) eфt h) nonеb) bеan i) piесес) сheсk i) paird) flowет k) wтitее) wholе l) rowsf) musсlе m) sog) know n) stair

d)3h)s

d)-h)Зt\

7a)b)с)d)е)

Iпsteаd ofevетy singlеin faсtIn сonсlusionof my, minе

as wellyourshеrsеlfon, inеven

0c)h)i)1)

292

Voсabulary 2Т a) uпiпtеrеstiпg

b) disadvantagес) unfortunatelyd) impatiеntе) disappеarsf) unеmployеdg) disagrееh) misundеrstanding

2 a) ovеrslept е) rеWlitеb) undеrwеar f) ovеrсookеdс) ovеrсoat g) renеwd) outplayеd h) underpaid

З a) ftiendshipb) fотеignеrс) сhildhoodd) stеwardеssе) tееnagerf) spoonfulg) nеighbourhoodh) handtuli) maсhinеryj) booklеt

4 a) iпhаbitапtsb) boтеdomс) buildingd) aссommodationе) rеfusal0 aсtolg) employееh) imaginationi) сookеri) advеrtisеmеnt

5 a) shorfuess 0 thoгoughnеssb) friеndlinеss g) happinеssс) darknеss h) sillinеssd) lonеlinеss i) thinnеsse) tirеdnеss j) siсknеss

6 a) heroiс е) dangеrousb) musiсal f) foolishс) homеless $) rainyd) mothеrly

b) disappointing g) еxhaustingс) frightening h) intеrеstedd) еmbarтassеd i) suтprisеdе) borеd j) annoying

2 a) unlikеlу t) dislikеb) shortagе g) slееpyс) impossiblе h) unusuald) photography i) сhееrfulе) usеful j) kindnеss

З a) unusuаIlуb) surPrisinglYс) Intеrеstinglyd) suссеssfullye) bеautifullyf) thoтoughlyg) awtullyh) unsuссеssfullyi) unneсеssarilyj) obviously

4 a) uпсomfortаbleb) indepеndеntс) теusablеd) disappointmеntе) rеlationshipf) unsеlfishg) unhеalthyh) unсontrollablei) unshrinkablеj) inеxpeтiеnсed

5 a) reсeipt е) Мarтiagеb) politiсian f) appliсationс) dеpth g) knowlеdgеd) patiеnсе h) explanation

6 a) thе|t е) angryb) bеliеf f) bravеryс) suspiсion g) vanityd) lеngth h) ability

Voсabulary 4

1 a) Hаve f; givе k) havеb) do g) takе l) takес) havе h) makе m) givеd) makе i) do n) takее) givе i) 6o o) makе

З a) proteсt, skiпb) сlеar, spaсес) appеa1 sсreеnd) rеtuтn, сalle) rent, flatfl flght, suvivalg) takе, minutеh) сontrol, bеhaviour

aф*p*iаф 0hi6hlуь) p+оpеф g) Р€+fe€ttус) еeвр+etеrу h) lаJ€€tуd) €{€а*Iу i) c€€plуе) rеаЩ i) stf€fl€lу

5 a) bаnk асcoufltb) bargain priсес) spaсе shuttlе

d) sеa floorе) studеnt loanГ) mеat dishg) stomaсh achе

6 at аfford to f) tеaсh mе how tobl l ikеlуto g) s1owtoсi haтd to h) forgеt todi hopе to i) dеsignеd toе) tп' not to ]) willing to

VoсabuIary 5

7 a1 l igh dl раss 8) inb) sparе е r tе]l h) losес)r ime fr оn

2 a) nпdе е) buгst hl pаidb) had [r totd i l сaughtс) took 8l got jt lostd) spеnt

3 a) mеss е r madb)brеath f l tеmpегс) alone g' sесгеtd) diffеrеnсе h' lеаi

4 a) а bird е. a Plgb) a bat l.' a piсrureс) l i fе g ' гa ind) aсuсumbег hr housеs

5 a) lifе е l timеb) soul f' soundс) rтidе gr dolrтtd) round hl thеn

6 a) lпt'е il|l еL1rh llitl1t

b) gеt rеad\.с) takе a dаr- offd) hal.е гunе) ha\'е nothing to doГ) takе it еasv

Voсabulary 6

\ a) footPаth е) haiтсutbl papеr сlip f) sunglassesс) shoelaсе g) hеadaсhеd} timеtab1е h) lamp post

2 a) sсieпсе flсtioпb) rvalking stiсkс) sсhool rеportd) alarm сloсkе) air-сonditionin8f) birthday PartYg) сеntral hеatingh) washing maсhinе

3 a) bottle topb) shop windowс) biсyсle pump

2a)4 b)B с)5d)1 е)10 03c)6 h)e 1)zDт

Voсabulary 3

Т a) tired l) сonfusing

29З

INтERпiЕDlAтЕ LANGUAGЕ PRAст!сE

d) sсhool entlanсeе) bathтoom mirrоrf) television sсrееng) poсkеt monеyh) door handlе

4 a) hаirdiеrb) dishwashеrс) stain rеmovеtd) firе еxtinguishеIе) pеnсil sharpеnет0 bottlе opеnerg) lawn moWеIh) food mixeri) water hеatеrj) сoffее makеr

5 a) dау-dreаmerb) shopkееpеrс) sunbathеrd) babysittеrе) wеightliftеrf) flтe-fightеrg) bank managerh) holidaymaker

З a) glаss --wiпdowb) сloth - towеlс) dooт - gatеd) ground - floorе) library - bookсasеf) wall _ fеnсeg) firеplaсе - сhimnеyh) stair - stеp

5 a) bedroomb) armсhairс) wash-basind) dustbinе) flowerbеd

7 Positivе NеgativеKiпd Uпpleаsаntсhеетful |azусlеvет tеnsegеnеIous meanтelaxеd miserablеhaтd-working stupid

2a)4 b)5 с)6 d)1е)3 D2 c)8 h)7

Voсabulary 8I a) сushion

b) soсkеtс) radiatord) pillow

е) сultainsf) сarpеtg) drawеrh) sofa

6 a) moodb) Thanksс) troublеd) voiсeе) tеals

f) hеartg) сonsсienсеh) temperi) handj) death

singlеfriеndshipеldеrеngagеdhousеwife

е) aftеrf) outg) againsth) ovеr

6a)b)с)d)е)

income fl upbringingupset g) outdoorsroundabout h) outskirtsdownstairs i) Undетgroundovеrсoat i) downpour

4a)b)с)d)е)

6a)b)с)

аt home f) сupboardstairs g) at, inwash-basin h) a bathсеiling i) houseworkсook, сooker |) сellar

Voсabulary 10I a) husbапd 0

b) сouple c)с) сhildrеn h)d) twin De) alikе i)

2 a) relаtioпs/relаtivesb) aсquaintanсес) grееtingd) еngagеmentе) сelеbrationf; marriagеg) rеsеmblanсeh) dеath

6a)iпb) awayс) on and offd) on

f) dishwashеrg) kеyholеh) ashtrayi) downstairsi) bookсase

Voсabu|ary 7I a) seсoпd-hапd

b) сan,t afford itс) pay you baсkd) savе upе) in dеbtf,1 annual inсomеg) in a salеh) be wеll-off

2 a) pocket moneуb) сash dеskс) сut priсеd) bookshope) dеpaltment storef) shop assistantg) сredit сardh) сarтiеr bag

3 a) eаms е) by сhеquеb) wages f; rесеiptс) borrowеd g) сhangеd) сash h) owe

4 a)6 b)5 с)7 d)2e)a|1g)8 h)3

Voсabulary 9I a) аngry 0

b) еmbarтassеd g)с) politе h)d) |azу i)e) sеnsible i)

2 a) srnilеb) nodс) сomplaind) shout

3 a) unrеIiаbleb) impatiеntс) unintеrеstеdd) dishonеste) unfriеndlyf; inеxpеriеnсеdg) impoliteh) unhеlpfuli) inсonsideratеj) unсo-opеrativе

borеdсhеетfulbad-tеmщredupsеtneгvous

e) сryf) сhееrg) shakе his hеadh) whistlе

put d) takеs g) lookmovе е) tum h) drop8еt f) finish

аdults е) olddеad f) youngwеdding g) rеlativеsdaughtеr h) birthday

b)4 с)7 d)f)6 фz h)

IL

1J

b)9 с)10 d)f) 7 s)s h)Dц

613

58

3a)b)с)d)

4a)е)i)

5a)e)

7a)b)с)d)е)

grаndpаreпts f) nеphеwunсlе g) niесеaunt h) only сhildstеpson i) foreignеrsistеr-in-law i) stranger

5 a) pасketb) tubес) tind) сarton

6 |)С 2)^s)B 6)De)A 10)B

13) с 14) B

294

е) bоxf) barg) bunсhh) loaf

3) D 4)С7)А 8)D

11) с 12) А1s) D

disаppoiпted е) ashamеdannoyеd f) еxhaustеdtеrrifiеd g) iealousglad h) fasсinating

loпging for е) fanсysivе up f) fed up withput me off g) arе fond ofget on my h) lеt mе downnеIvеs

Voсabulary 11I a) wоist е) shouldеr

b) wrist f) ankleс) thumb g) toesd) nails h) foтehеad

2 1)С z)B 3)B5)D 6)с 7)De)A 10)B 11)D

1З) A L4)D 15) с

4a)b)с)d)

sa)b)с)d)

4)А8)B

12) С

3 a] frt е) suitbt dтеss up fl disguisес) wеat g) put ond) look h) go with

1 a) sleеvе d) сap g) blousеb) dress е) shoтts h) soсkс) suit f) skirt

3 a) inforrnatioп e) теsеrvatlonb) runway f) сanсеllationс) dеparturе g) airportd) landing h) takеoff

4a) 7е)1i)6

voсABULARY ANsWERs

4 a) rurаI е) intеrnationalb) nеighbouring f; loсаlс) isolatеd g) сrowdеdd) сapital h) urban

5 a) plауground е) footpathb) сrossroads f) roadsideс) roundabout 8) outskiltsd) сaт park h) footbтidgе

6 a) саstlеb) сaтavanс) sеmi-detaсhеd housеd) bungalowе) bгidgеf) tегraсеd hоusе8) сottagеh) torvеr

VoсabuIary 167 a) roll Гl lесipе

b) сoursе 8) tast,vс) mеal h) сookd) сans i) spoonе) frozеn

2 a) roаst fl Pееlb) mix g) ft)'с) сhop h) Gratеd) bakе i) Squееzее) add i) Boi l

З a) sаIt е) сhipsb) foтk Г1 гinеgaтс) baсon 8) sauсеrd) buttеr h) bisсuits

4 a) sliсеb) baтс) jard) сup

е) loaff) glassot ninсht/ r__'* '-

h) сarton/8lass

5 a) grаpе е) piеb) onion fl plumс) lеttuсе 8) сhееsеd) lamb h; сhop

6 a) пrctlu d) takеawayb) bill е) bookс) dеssегt f) tip

7a)аb) somес)ad)-е)a0a8)ah) -1)-

i) somе

8 a) lеttuсе h) asparagusb) broссoli i) сoulgеtteс) сauliflowет i) сеlеryd) pеppеr k) сabbagее) lееk l) bеanf) onion m) сarrotg) mushтoom n) auberginе

b)З с)10 d)8f) 4 s) e h)zi)s

5 a) tonguе е) armsb) hair f) heartс) faсe g) hеadd) foot h) lеg

5 a) апсieпt f) suntannеdb) sеasiсk g) reasonablес) popular h) еxhaustеdd) rеlaxing i) warmе) loсal i) opеn

6 a) resort f) stationb) brеakfast g) stopс) walk h) villagеd) holiday i) hostеlе) tiсkеt i) сards

Voсabulary 14

I a) beаt f) goingb) applauded g) drеwс) еntеr for h) spеndsd) holding i) еnioyе) pеrfoтmеd |) missеd

2 a) speсtаtors 0 gloupb) athlеtеs g) audiеnсес) fans h) viеwеrsd) tеam i) сastе) mеmbеrs j) сompеtitors

З a) pize 0 tiсkеtb) mеdal g) еxhibitionс) queue h) rodd) tylе i) linее) whistlе j) sсrееn

4 a) knoсk d) livе g) standb) turn е) go h) dropс) ioin f) makе

i) hand

]l ЁуЕ

6 a) сhееk h) shouldеrb) сhin i) еlbowс) neсk |) wristd) bust k) hipе) waist l) bottomfl thigh m) anklеg) knее n) foot

Voсabulary 121. a) crаshed е) floodеd

b) injurеd f) bloсkеdс) сollapsеd g) sankd) еxplodеd h) trapped

2 a) prеsсription е) pаinb) tеmpеraturе f) сhеmist,sс) gеt ovет 8) flud) heal h) sorе throat

3 a) bаnilаge е) wardb) hospital f) surgeonс) patient g) bloodd) opеration h) ambulanсе

4 a) trаffiс iаmb) aiт pollutionс) powеr failurеd) parking tiсkеtе) train strikеf) сar paтkg) bus stoph) rush houri) watеr shorta8е1.) сity сеntrе

Voсabulary 131 1)C 2)D 3)A 4)D

5)B 6)B 7)А 8)с9)A 10)D 11)с 1 '2)B

13) B 14) D 1s) A

2 a) down d) in g) afterb) off е) forс) up f) out

6 |)B 2)С 3)B 4)^s)D 6)D 7)^ B)B9)A 10)с 11)D Т2)С

13) B 14) ^

1s) D

Voсabulary 151 1)B z)D 3) с 4)A

5)с 6)D 7)А 8)B9)B 10)С 11)D 72)А

13) С 14)D 15) A

2 a) squоre е) footpathb) сountrysidеf) viеwс) bеaсh g) Parkingd) ground h) сountry

3 a) stаtioп f) partb) junсtion g) plaсeс) hall h) traffiсd) bloсk i) zonее) сrossing i) сеntlе

5a)8 b)5 с)7 d)2е)6 03 g4 h)1

5a)6 b)10 с)2 d)8е)3 05 8)7 h) li )9 Dц

6a)3 b)6 с)5 d)2e) 4 0 8 g) t h)7

'X тa)з b)9 с)2 d)6

де)50]c)sh)4Ш i l 7Шrifl

295

З a) Iookb) takес) gеtd) keеp

4 a) eduсаtio|1 D еmploYеrb) unemPloyеd g) timеtaЬlес,) сalе]еssiy h) rnсоmеd) suссessful i) knowlеdgее) qualifiсations j) еmployеёs

l NтЕRtt, lEDIAтE LANGUAGE PRAстlсЕ

Voсabulary 17I a) pаss f) wagеs

b) iob g) aloudс) tеaсh h) appl iсationd) studying i,1 еainsе) maтks j) offiсе

2 a) heаrt е) rulеsb) phonе fl dateс) pтaсtiсe 8) timed) work h) businеss

е) wееds, сropsf) Йllage, towng) fеnсе, hеdgеh) faгm, сottagе

Voсabulary 191' a) сell phoпе е) еnginе

b) pеtrol fl lightс) еlесtriс g) naitsd) tyre h) plumbеr

2 a) аnsweriпg mасhineb) mobilе phoneс) sеwing maсhinеd) vaсuum сlеanerе) сamетaf) dishwasherg) photoсopier

3 a) ring е) plug h) 8ob) blow f) сut i) warmс) wеar g) turn i) rund) brеak

4 a) hard diskb) mеmoryс) iсond) сursorе) pтint outf) buttong) websitеh) modemi) highlight

5 a\ саr е) frying panb) еleсtriс f) saw

toothbrush g) gunс) laddеr h) сеllod) oven

6 a) hаndle е) kеyb) battery f) loсkс) soсket 8) plugd) switсh h) wirе

7 a) pump f) sсissorsb) tin-opеner g) theтmomеtеrс) lawnmowеr h) binoсularsd) nzot i) сompassе) hairdriеr j) iron

3 a) hook е) сurtainsb) tablесloth f) broomс) plant g) doormatd) dustbin h) firеplaсе

4 a) comb f) toothpastеb) gown g) alarmс) mirror h) towеld) table i) pillowe) slippеrs j) hangеr

5 a) pedestriап сrossingb) lamp postс) pavementd) hеdgeе) gatef) kеrbg) strеet signh) subway

Vocabulary 21T a) emploуer D offiсеr

b) ownеr g) paintеrс) meсhaniс h) сashiеrd) managет i) waitere) tеaсhеr j) postman

2 a) gаrdeпer D сalpеntеIb) guidе g) eleitтiсianс) plumbеr h) optiсiand) photogгapher i) vеtе) dentist j) hairdrеssеr

е) piсkf) writеg) handh) stand

5a)7 b)10 с)1 d)9е) 6 0 з 8) 5 h)2i) 8 i) 4

6 1)D 2)B з)B 4)А5)с 6)D 7)B s)Be)A l0)B 11)D 12)D

1З) С 14) B 15) A

Voсabu|ary 18I a) weаthет f) hеatwave

b) lightning g) stormс) fog h) сoold) showеr i) soakеde) sеason i) snow

2 a) swаn fl mosquitob) goat g) rabbilс) сгab h) giraffеd) buttеrfly i) spidете) lizaтd i) puppy

3 a) brаnсh e) thornb) bеrгy f) barkс) гoot g) blossomd) lеaf h) trunk

З a) membob) partnеrс) flatmatеd) gueste) host

4 a) сowаrdb) misеrс) optimistd) сеlebтityе) favouritе

5 a) сrewb) soсietyс) staffd) quеuее) сrowd

f) еmployееg) supporterh) tеam-matеi) assistant

f) еxpеrtg) foolh) geniusi) pessimisti) liar

f) triog) grouph) audiеnсеi) teami) сast

4 a)Bе)1

57)а 2)с 3)d 4)с5)a 6)b 7),b 8)с9) d 10)b 11)a r2)d13) b 14) d 15) с

6 a) proteсt, destroyb) prеvеnt, lеtс) сlеan up, pollutеd) plant, сut downе) reсyсlе, throw (thеm) away

7 a) сitу, сouпtryb) hills, mountainsс) dvel, stlеamd) paths, traсks

296

Voсabulary 201 a) needle

b) gluес) pеnknifеd) rubbеr bandе) papег сlip

b)4 с)7 d)208 c)s h)3 6 a) inhаbitаnts f) sсientist

b) politiсian g) стiminalс) сitizеn h) musiсiand) guitarist i) laи1zетe) survivor j) opponеnt

f) stringc) sсissorsh) buttonsi) shoelaсei) ribbon

2 a) пotice f) filеb) notеpad g) rulеrс) сorrесtion h) sharpеnеr

fluid i) stampd) diary i) diсtionarye) еnvеlopе

a

О

О

a

O

]ntеrmediate levеl grammar сlear|y еxplained and praсtised.

Consolidation and еxtension of voсabu|ary in сommontopiс arеas.

Voсabu|ary ski l |s, inс|uding word-bui|ding and diсt ionaгywork, devеIoped and praсtisеd.

PЕT еxam-format еxегсisеs inсluded.

Gгammaг indеx and wordI ist .

ldеa| for self-study or с|assгoom use.

ElementaryLanguagе Praсtiсе

IntеrmediateLanguagе Pгaсtiсe

First СегtifiсateLanguage Praсtiсe

Advanсed

Language Prасtiсe

With Key 978 1 4050 0764'l 978 1 4050 0768 9 978 1 4050 0766 5 978 1 4050 0762 7

Without Kеy 978 1 4050 076з 4 978 1 4050 0767 2 9781 445007658 978 1 4450 0761 0

CambridgeЕSoL exams

KEТ PЕТ FсE сAЕ/сPЕ

CounсiI ofEuгoре Lеve| ^2

B'I B2 С1lс2