INTERLAW BOOK

on Nuclear Energy and Nuclear

Wastes

Worldwide Review

Guy Block, editor

bruylant

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 9

FOREWORD 11

PREFACE 13 I. Description of the legal Nuclear framework 16

1. Regulatory and institutional framework for nuclear activities 16 1.1. International organisations in the field of nuclear energy 16 1.2. Nuclear Law and principles 16 1.3. International legal framework for nuclear security and safety 17

2. Licensing/permitting and lifetime of nuclear installations 18 3. Long Term Operation process (LTO) 19 4. Stress and security tests 22

II. International liability for nuclear accidents 29 1. Nuclear liability conventions and protocols 29 2. Insurance for nuclear liability 31

ill. Nuclear waste management and medical waste 33 1. Nuclear waste management 33

1.1. Nuclear fuel cycle 33 1.2. Nuclear waste 36 1.3. Nuclear waste management 40

IV. Nuclear decommissioning and safety funds 43 1. Notion of Decommissioning 43 2. Decommissioning and safety Funds 44

Conclusion 48

TECHNICAL REPORT 49

Introduction 49

COP21 49

US Climate Action Plan and Clean Power Plan 50

IAEA viewpoint on Climate Change and Nuclear Power 52

Foratom/ Belgian Nuclear Forum/ Nuclear for Climate viewpoints 54

Status on Nuclear Power as of end 2015 56 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 56 Global Nuclear Status 59

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76 79 80

Share of nuclear In energy mix per country 62 Installed nuclear power reactors worldwide and breakdown by reactor type 63 Nuclear electricity production worldwide 64 Operational reactors by age 66

Long Term Operation (LTO) of NPP's 67

Impact of Fukushima accident on world nuclear fleet in terms of reinforcement of nuclear safety 68

Stress Tests in Europe 68 Implementing safety related modifications of NPP 72

Future Perspectives 72

Nuclear Energy is in the balance towards a Low-Carbon Emission economy 72

NPP under construction worldwide 74

Generation III+ Reactors 76 EPR ATMEA1 AP1000 China, the largest nuclear power market 82

Other New Build projects in Europe 89

New Technologies 86

European Vision towards 2020 88

ITER 92

IFMIF: International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility 94 MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) 95 Thorium Reactors 96 Small Modular Reactors (SMR) 97

Fukushima 5 years later i08

Lessons learned and reinforcement of nuclear safety requirements in Japan 104

Decommissioning & Dismantling (D&D) 105

Financial aspects (funds for D&D) 105

Objective of D&D 106 Various D&D Strategies 108 D&D steps 108

Nuclear Waste 110

Types of waste and respective treatment and disposal 110 Final deep underground disposal 112

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Nuclear Power Debate 114

Tractebel as a worldwide expert in Nuclear 115

Conclusion 116

List of acronyms and abbreviations 117

ARGENTINA 121

I. Introduction 122

II. Legal Framework 123

1. "Opt-in" or "Opt-out' 123 2. Extension of the lifetime of nuclear installations 125 3. Nuclear energy in the energy mix 126

3.1. Nuclear Plant Atucha I 128 3.2. Atucha II Nuclear Plant 129 3.3. Embalse Nuclear Plant 130

ill. International Liability 131

1. Liability for nuclear accidents 131 2. Compensation regimes 132

IV. Nuclear and Radioactive Waste Management 133

1. Options in the disposal and the recovery of waste 133

V. Relevant Notes 133

AUSTRALIA 135

I. Introduction 136

II. Australia's Energy Context 136

1. Australia's Current Energy Mix 136 2. Australia's Electricity Generation mix 137 3. International Comparisons 137 4. Nuclear Power in the Mix 137 5. Uranium Mining in Australia 138

ill. Australia's International Obligations 139

1. Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management 139

2. International Convention on Nuclear Safety (1996) 139

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3. Convention of the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) and the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism 139

IV. Current Nuclear Energy and Waste Statutory Framework 140

1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987 (Cth) 140 2. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act 1998 140 3. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 141 4. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Act 1987 142 5. State Legislation 142

V. Nuclear Waste in Australia 143

1. Introduction 143 2. National Radioactive Waste Management Act 2012 145 3. National Radioactive Waste Management Project 145 4. Final Site Selection 147 5. Independent Advisory Panel 147

VI. Current Debate in Australia 147

1. Future of Nuclear Energy 147 2. Energy White Paper 148 3. South Australian Royal Commission 149 4. Royal Commission Report Findings 149 5. Renewed Proposal for International Repository 150 6. Indigenous Culture and Nuclear Activities 152

VII. Conclusion 152

BELGIUM 153

I. Introduction - Nuclear Power Situation in Belgium 154 1. History 154

1.1. Nuclear Power Plants 154 1.2. Nuclear Waste 156

2. Current organizational chart 157 2.1. Ministry of Energy 158 2.2. FANC/AFCN 158 2.3. CREG -j 58 2.4. ONDRAF/NIRAS 158 2.5. BELGOPROCESS 159 2.6. SCK»CEN 159

2.7. IRE 159

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2.8. SYNATOM 160 2.9. ELIA 160

3. Nuclear power plants: survey 160 3.1. Status of Nuclear Power Plants 160 3.2. Nuclear licencing and stress tests 164

3.2.1. Nuclear licence 164 3.2.2. Stress Tests 164

4. Nuclear fuel cycle 166 5. Nuclear safety regulation 168 6. The Belgian nuclear tax and its evolution 170

6.1. General principles 170 6.2. The amount ofthe tax and its evolution until 2014 171 6.3. Proceedings before the Constitutional Court 172 6.4. Evolution ofthe nuclear tax after 2015 173 6.5. The fiscal regime for Tihange 1 173 6.6. The fiscal regime for Doe! 1 and Doel 2 174 6.7. Conclusion 174

II. Civil Liability for Nuclear Accidents 175

III. Radioactive waste management 176

1. Radioactive waste practices 178 1.1. Classification 178 1.2. Practices 181

2. Tasks of ONDRAF/NIRAS 182 2.1. Inventory missions 184 2.2. Management of radioactive waste 185

2.2.1. An integrated system 185 2.2.2. An acceptance system 187

3. Radioactive waste: management facilities and inventories 188

IV. Decommissioning 189

1. Required permits 191 2. Current state of affairs 191

3. Financing mechanisms 192

v. Medical waste and its management in Belgium 193

1. Medical waste as a source of radioactive waste 193

2. Management of medical waste 194

3. Process of management of medical waste 195

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BRAZIL 199

I. Nuclear Power Situation in Brazil 200

1. National Energy Plan 2030 200 2. Nuclear Power Plants Currently in Operation in Brazil 200

il. Legal Grounds 201

1. Brazilian Federal Constitution 201 2. Regulation 201

2.1. National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) 201 2.2. Nuclear Power Generation 202 2.3. Nuclear Power Equipment and Technologies 203

III. International Law/Treaties 203

IV. Nuclear Plants under development 204

1. Angra III: Prospects and Construction Status 204 2. Further Projects 204

V. Comments 205

CANADA

1. Background 2. Nuclear Safety and Control Act 3. Nuclear Liability Act 4. Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Act 5. Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission 6. Federal Nuclear Energy Plan

207

213 214 216 220 223 225

CHINA

I. Legal Framework

1. Introduction 2. History Background 3. Legal Framework

3.1. Laws 3.2. Administrative Rules and quasi-Administrative Rules 3.3. Governmental authorities on the nuclear liability issue

II. Nuclear Waste Management

1. Introduction 2. Legislation System

227

228

228 228 233 233 234 236

237

237 237

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3. Principle and Measure 238 4. Classification of Radioactive Waste 238 5. Current nuclear management in China 239

5.1. Low and Intermediate Level Waste 239 5.2. High Level Waste 240

III. Decommissioning 242

1. Introduction 242 2. Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities in China 243

FRANCE 245

A transverse legal framework 247 BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE FRENCH NUCLEAR PARK 248

Six families of reactors 248 INSTITUTIONS 249

The Nuclear Safety Authority ("Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire", orASN) 249 NUCLEAR FACILITIES LEGAL SYSTEM 252

Application scope 252 Procedure 252 Energy policy: the nuclear energy policy is part of the energy policy and of the electricity long term investment program. 253 Public debate 253

LICENSING PROCESS 253

Safety options: a voluntary procedure (average duration: between 20 and 24 months) 253 The request for the creation authorization (maximum duration: 3 years) 254 Local consultation with the public: the public enquiry 254 Consultation with technical experts: the technical examination 254 The issuance of the authorization decree ("Décret d'autorisation de création", referred to as DAC) 255 Technical requirements from the ASN 255

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NUCLEAR REACTOR AND THE MONITORING BY THE ASN 255

ARRIVAL OF THE FUEL AT THE SITE 255

COMMISSIONING: FIRST FUEL LOADING PERMIT 256

SAFETY REVIEWS DURING THE OPERATION 256

PUBLIC INFORMATION 256

Local Information Committees 257 High Committee for Transparency and Information on Nuclear Security 258

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DISMANTLING AND DECOMMISSIONING OF THE INSTALLATION 259

The dismantling of the installation 259 The decommissioning of the installation 260 The decommissioning financing 261

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT 261

Inventory of the radioactive waste 262 Classification of radioactive waste 262 Regulatory framework 263 Responsibility for waste management 264 Treatment methods of radioactive waste 264 The issue of the radioactive waste management 265

INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LIABILITY 266

1. The nuclear civil responsability 266 2. Conventional systems 266 3. Objectives and common principles 267 4. The joint protocol of September 21, 1988 268 5. French liability amounts and financial security limits 269

GEORGIA 271

I. Introduction 272

II. Legislative framework 272

1. Law of Georgia on Nuclear and Radiation safety 273 2. Law of Georgia on Radioactive Waste 280 3. National Strategy on Radioactive Waste Management and its

Action Plan 282 3.1. The Ordinance of the Government of Georgia #189 Technical

Regulations - Radioactive Waste Handling Procedures, 18 April 2016 282

III. Regulatory Body - LEPL - Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety 284

1. Department of Radioactive Waste Management 286

IV. Projects and International Cooperation 287

1. Minimizing Nuclear and Other Radioactive Materials 288 2. Countering Nuclear Smuggling 289 3. Supporting Multilateral Instruments 290 4. Collaboration with International Organizations 290 5. Partnering with external Stakeholders 291

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GERMANY 293

l. General Overview 294

1. The situation in the European Union 294 2. The situation in Germany 294

II. Nuclear energy law in Germany 296

1. National legal framework 296 1.1. Constitution 297 1.2. Atomic Energy Act 297

2. European regulations applicable 299 3. International law 300

111. Decommissioning of nuclear power plants 300

IV. Outlook 301

GREECE 303

l. Introduction to Nuclear Waste Regulation in Greece 305

1. Brief overview of the status 305 2. Competent Authorities 305 3. Legislative Framework 308 4. Licensing 310

II. International and national liability regime 311

1. International 311 2. European Union 314 3. National 314

3.1. Remedies for breach of the provisions on nuclear safety 314 3.2. Environmental liability 315

ill. Nuclear Waste Management 315

IV. Decommissioning fund 317

v. Management of hospital radioactive waste 319

ITALY 321

I. Legal framework 323

1. Introduction 323 2. Historical Background 323

CONTENTS

3. Legislative framework 326 3.1. Legislation 327 3.2. Technical Guides 331 3.3. Technical Standards 332

4. Regulatory Authorities and other actors involved in the nuclear waste governance 333

II. Nuclear waste management 336 1. Introduction 336 2. Radioactive waste classification 336 3. The responsibility of the radioactive waste producer 337 4. Inventory of the radioactive waste 338 5. The decommissioning process 338 6. Waste management strategy in Italy 339 7. Civil applications of nuclear materials: focus on nuclear waste

from medical activities 340

ill. Decommissioning funds 342 1. Decommissioning strategies, cost-assessment and international

policies 342 2. Use and management of the decommissioning funds in Italy 346 3. The final scenario 348

JAPAN 351

I. Introduction - History of Nuclear Energy Situation in Japan- 352

1. Before March 11,2011 352

2. After 11 March 2011 353

II. New Regulatory Framework in Japan 354

1. Overview 334

1.1. Establishment of NRA 354 1.2. New Regulatory Requirements 355

1.2.1. Establishment of the New Regulatory Requirements 355 1.2.2. Major revisions in the New Requirements 355 1.2.3. Application of the New Requirements 356

2. Regulatory Framework under the New Requirements 356 2.1. The Regulation at the Stage of Design and Building 356 2.2. The Regulation at the Stage of Operation 357

2.2.1. Periodic Facility Inspections 357 2.2.2. Periodic Safety Review and Measures for Aging Degradation 357 2.2.3. Safety Inspection 357 2.2.4. Periodic Operator's Inspection 357

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2.3. The Regulation at the Stage of Decommissioning 358 2.4. Extension of Lifetime of Facilities 358

III. Liability 358

1. Legal Framework in Japan 358 1.1. The Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage 358

1.1.1. Strict Liability 358 1.1.2. Concentration of Liability 359 1.1.3. Securing a Fund for Damages 359

1.2. Nuclear Damage Compensation Facilitation Corporation 359 2. Treaties 360

IV. Nuclear and Redioactive Waste Management 360

1. Waste Management of Nuclear Fuel Waste 360 1.1. Overview 360 1.2. Waste Management of LLW 361

1.2.1. Difference depending on the Form 361 1.2.2. Difference depending on the level of radioactivity 362

1.3. Waste Management of HLW 362 1.4. Clearance 362

2. Radioactive Waste Management regarding the Fukushima Accident 363 2.1. Overview 363 2.2. Specified Waste 363

2.2.1. Waste within the Management Area 363 2.2.2. Designated Waste 364

3. Radioactive Waste from Medical Activities etc. 364

V. Decommissioning fund 365

VI. Conclusion 366

LITHUANIA 367

I. General overview of nuclear related developments in Lithuania 369

1. Operation, shutdown and decommissioning of Ignalina NPP 369 2. The launch of the new Visaginas NPP project and the results

of advisory referendum 371 3. Status quo of new nuclear power plant development during

the post-referendum stage 372

II. Institutional Nuclear Framework of Lithuania 374

1. Nuclear infrastructure and regulatory reform 375

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III. Legal Nuclear Framework of Lithuania 376

1. Nuclear and radiation safety, management of radioactive waste 376 1.1. Applicable international conventions 376 1.2. National laws related to nuclear energy 377

1.2.1. Law on Nuclear Energy 378 1.2.2. Law on Nuclear Safety 378 1.2.3. Law on Radiation Protection 378 1.2.4. Law on the Management of Radioactive Waste 379

2. Nuclear liability 379 3. Legal framework related to Ignalina NPP decommissioning 381

3.1. Law on Decommissioning of Ignalina NPP 381 4. Legal framework related to the development of new Visaginas NPP 383

4.1. Law on Nuclear Power Plant 383 4.2. Law on Essential State Obligations 385

LUXEMBOURG 389

I. Introduction 391 1. Historical and political background 391 2. General Regulatory Framework 392

2.1. The Euratom Treaty of 25 March 7957 392 2.2. The Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19July 2011

establishing a Community Framework for the Responsible and Safe Management of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste 393

2.3. The framework-law of 25 March 1963 concerning the Protection of the Population against the Dangers arising from Ionising Radiation ("Loi-cadre du 25 mars 1963 concernant la protection de la population contre les dangers résultant des rayonnements ionisants") 394

2.4. The modified Grand-Ducal Regulation of 14 December 2000 concerning the Protection of the Population against the Dangers arising from Ionising Radiation (the "PPDR Regulation") ("Règlement grand-ducal modifié du 14 décembre 2000 concernant la protection de la population contre les dangers résultant des rayonnements ionisants") 394

II. Radioactive waste management in Luxembourg 395

1. Introduction of the National Programme 395 2. General principles and objectives of the national policy and

existing legislation 396 2.1. General principles 396 2.2. Legal provisions 397 2.3. Liabilities and responsibilities for the implementation of

the national programme for management of waste 397 2.4. Transparency policy and public participation 398 2.5. Agreements with Belgium 398

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3. Types of radioactive waste 399 3.1. Obsolete radioactive sources 399 3.2. Age-old sources 399

3.2.1. Ionic smoke detectors 399 3.2.2. Radioactive lightening rod 400 3.2.3. Age-old sources called "historical" 400

3.3. Orphaned radioactive sources 400 3.4. Radioactive waste in detection equipment 401 3.5. Medical sector and laboratories sources 401 3.6. Contaminated or irradiated sources 403

4. Inventory of the radioactive waste 403 5. Calendar 404 6. Management of radioactive waste 404 7. Economic and financial considerations 405

MALTA 407

I. Introduction 408

II. The Regulatory Framework 408

1. Legislation 408 2. The Regulatory Authority 409

ill. Nuclear Waste Management 410

1. Licensed Activities 410 2. Responsibility and Obligations of the Licence Holder 411 3. Categories of Radioactive Waste 412 4. The Radioactive Waste Management Policy and Strategy 412 5. Decommissioning 413

IV. Exporting and Importing Nuclear Waste 414

v. Medical Waste 414

VI. Conclusion 416

ROMANIA 417

I. General overview 418

1. European perspective on Nuclear Energy 418 2. The Nuclear Energy context in Romania 418

2.1. Nuclear industry development 419

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2.2. Nuclearelectrica S.A. 420

2.3. Fuel cycle 422

2.4. Radioactive waste management 422

2.5. Research & development 423

II. Nuclear Energy Law in Romania 423

1. International regulations applicable 423

2. National legal framework 424

2.1. Regulatory body. Other competent authorities 425 2.2. Authorization and control of nuclear activities 428

2.2.1. Authorization rules 429

2.2.2. Special practice permits for personnel 429

2.2.3. Authorization conditions 431

2.2.4. Import, export and transit 431

2.2.5. Obligations of the Authorization Holder and of Other Natural or Legal Persons 432

2.2.6. Control Rules 433

2.2.7. Environmental authorizations 434

2.2.8. Sanctions 439

2.3. Nuclear safety 435

2.4. Radioactive waste field 436

2.5. Decommissioning field 449

2.6. CM/ liability for nuclear damage and coverage 444

RUSSIA 442

III. Legal principles for regulating the nuclear power sector 449

1. National program of regulating nuclear safety and control over nuclear power 449

2. Regulating authorities and other entities participating in nuclear waste management 450

3. Russia's membership in international associations on nuclear power use 452

4. International agreements 453

IV. Trends in development of the nuclear industry in Russia 454

1. Natural uranium market 455 2. Market of services on uranium conversion and enrichment 456 3. Market of nuclear fuel fabrication 457 4. Market of building and operating nuclear power plants 458 5. Market of handling nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel, nuclear

decommissioning 459

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v. Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety 460

1. Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety for nuclear power facilities 460 2. Physical protection of nuclear power facilities 461 3. Readiness for accidents 462 4. The nuclear legacy issue 463 5. Forming a unified state system for handling radioactive waste 463 6. Handling spent nuclear fuel 464 7. Production and consumption waste 465

VI. Program for the industry's innovative development 465

1. Participation in international innovation projects 467

VII. Investment management 468

1. Main approaches to investment management 468 2. Results for 2015 469 3. Increase of investment efficiency 469

SWISS 471

l. Legal framework of the nuclear power plants 472

1. Context: electricity mix and nuclear energy in Switzerland 472 1.1. Electricity mix in Switzerland 472 1.2. Nuclear electricity production in Switzerland 473

2. Division of competences to legislate in the areas related to nuclear energy 474

3. Politics concerning nuclear energy 475 3.1. Evolution of the nuclear energy framework until 2011 475 3.2. Phasing out of nuclear energy after 2011 478

3.2.1. Principle decision of the federal authorities 478 3.2.2. Popular initiative of November 2012 479 3.2.3. Energy strategy 2050 480

3.2.3.1. Priorities of the Federal Council 480 3.2.3.2. Prognosis of the federal Council 480 3.2.3.3. First set of measures for the implementation of

the Energy Strategy 2050 481 3.2.3.4. Conclusion over the phasing out of nuclear energy 482

4. Conditions for the construction and the operation of nuclear installations 482 4.1. Licences and permits required 483

4.1.1. General licence 483 4.1.1.1. Description 483

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4.1.1.2. Competent authorities and remedy 484 4.1.1.3. Requirements 484

4.1.2. Construction licence 485 4.1.2.1. Description 485 4.1.2.2. Competent authority 485 4.1.2.3. Requirements 486

4.1.3. Specific permits during the construction of the nuclear installation 487

4.1.3.1. Description 487 4.1.3.2. Competent authority 487

4.1.3.3. Requirements 488 4.1.4. Operation licence 488

4.1.4.1. Description 488 4.1.4.2. Competent authority 488 4.1.4.3. Requirements 488

4.1.5. Specific permits during the commissioning of the nuclear installation 489

4.1.5.1. Description 489 4.1.5.2. Competent authority 490 4.1.5.3. Requirements 490

4.2. Construction and operation conditions 490 4.2.1. Construction conditions 490 4.2.2. Operation conditions 490

4.3. Evolution of the licences 492 4.3.1. Modification of the nuclear installation 492 4.3.2. Transfer of the licences to a new operator 492 4.3.3. Withdrawal or extinction of the licences 493

4.3.3.1. Withdrawal 493 4.3.3.2. Extinction 493

ll. International liability for nuclear accidents 494

1. International liability conventions ratified by Switzerland 494 2. National law 495

2.1. Future law 495 2.2. Current law 495

2.2.1. Short presentation of the liability requirements 495 2.2.1.1. Nuclear damage 495

2.2.1.2. Spatial location of the nuclear substances which have caused the damage 496

2.2.1.3. Absence of ground for liability exemption 497

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2.2.1.4. Absence of prescription 497 2.2.1.5. Condition of reciprocity for damages abroad to people

domiciled abroad A°ïl 2.2.2. Form and extent of the compensation and of the satisfaction 497 2.2.3. Recourses of the liable person 498 2.2.4. Compulsory insurances and subsidiary interventions

of the Confederation 498 2.2.4.1. Compulsory liability insurance 498 2.2.4.2. Intervention of the Confederation financed

by contributions 498 2.2.4.3. Intervention of the Confederation financed by its

own resources 499 2.2.4.4. Federal Decree in case of major claims 500

ill. Nuclear waste management 500

1. Introduction 500 2. Legal principles 500 3. Types of nuclear waste in Switzerland 501 4. Material obligations regarding nuclear waste management 502

4.1. Waste management programme 502 4.2. Phases of management of the waste resulting of nuclear

power plants 503 4.2.1. During the operation of the nuclear power plants 503 4.2.2. During the post-operation of the nuclear power plants 504 4.2.3. During the decommissioning of the nuclear power plants 505

4.3. Transport of radioactive waste 506 4.4. Storage of nuclear waste 507

4.4.1. Interim storage of nuclear waste 507 4.4.2. Definitive storage of nuclear waste 509

4.4.2.1. Deep geological disposal sectoral plan and general licence application 512

4.4.2.2. Individual licences and implementation works 518

5. Financial obligations regarding nuclear waste management 524 5.1. Financing of the nuclear waste management during the operation

and the post-operation of the nuclear Installations 525 5.2. Financing of the nuclear waste disposal during the

decommissioning of the nuclear installations 526

IV. Decommissioning of the nuclear power plants 527

1. Material obligations 527 1.1. Responsibility and scope of the decommissioning 527 1.2. Operative events 527

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1.3. Decommissioning process 528

1.3.1. Decommissioning plan 528 1.3.2. Decommissioning project 528 1.3.3. Decommissioning order 529 1.3.4. Permits 529 1.3.5. Phasing of the decommissioning 530 1.3.6. Decommissioning reports 530 1.3.7. Decision on the end of the decommissioning 530

1.4. Reconversion of the site or return of the site to a natural site 531 2. Decommissioning funds 531

2.1. Organisation of the funds 531 2.2. Missions of the funds 532 2.3. Financial system 533

2.3.1. Contributions to the funds 533 2.3.1.1. Debtors 533 2.3.1.2. Duration of the obligation to contribute 534 2.3.1.3. Estimation of the decommissioning costs and of

the waste disposal costs 534 2.3.1.4. Calculation and collection of the contributions 535

2.3.2. Claims towards the funds 536 2.3.3. Cascading responsibility in case of insufficiency of the fund 536

v. Radioactive waste from medicine, research and industry 537

1. Context 537 2. Management 538 3. Financing 539

NETHERLANDS 541

l. Introduction 542

II. Legal Framework 543

1. Nuclear Energy Act 544 2. Authority 545 3. Permits and Notifications 545

3.1. Permit Application Process 546 3.2. Assessment of Application 547 3.3. Revocation 547

4. General Rules 548

ill. Liability 548 1. National 548 2. International 549

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Nuclear Waste 549

1. Legal Framework 550 2. Final Disposal 550 3. National Program 551

Decommissioning Fund 552

1. Dodewaard 552 2. Petten 552

Recent Developments 553

1. Stress Tests 553 2. Pallas 554 3. New Nucleair Power Plant? 554

. Conclusion 555

557

I. The legal nuclear framework in the UK 558

1. Health and Safety Executive 558 2. Nuclear Installations Act 1965 558 3. Energy Act 2013 559 4. Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 559 5. Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment

for Decommissioning) Regulations 1999 559 6. Radiation (Emergency Preparedness and Public Information)

Regulations 2001 560 7. The Nuclear Industries Security Regulations 2003 560 8. Safety and security tests 560 9. Extending the life of a nuclear installation 561 10. Nuclear energy in the energy mix 562

it. International Liability and Responsibility 562

1. Nuclear Installations Act 1965 562 2. Paris and Brussels amending protocols 2004 563

ill. Nuclear Waste Management 565

1. Who is responsible for Nuclear Waste Management in the UK? 565 2. Waste Management Hierarchy 566

2.1. Waste prevention and minimisation 567 2.2. Decontamination, reuse and recycling 567 2.3. Disposal 567

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3. Geological waste disposal 568 4. The cost of nuclear waste management 569

IV. Nuclear Decommissioning Fund 569

1. Overview of nuclear decommissioning funding 569 2. Sellafield - the historic legacy 569 3. Establishment, operation and structure of the NDA and its fund 570 4. Establishment, operation and structure of the NLF 571 5. Establishment, operation and structure of private sector funds 572 6. Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment

for Decommissioning) Regulations (EIADR) 572 7. Nuclear Installations Act 1965 573 8. Energy Act 2008 573

8.1. Funded Decommissioning Programme 573 8.1.1. DWMP 574 8.1.2. FAP 574

8.2. s. 46 Agreements 574 8.3. Waste Transfer Contract and the Geological Disposal Facility 575

V. Medical Waste 576

1. Introduction 576 2. Disposal of medical waste 576

VI. The legal nuclear framework in Scotland 577

1. Introduction 577 2. The devolution settlemement 577 3. The Scottish position on nuclear energy 578 4. Regulation of nuclear generation 578 5. Nuclear waste management 579

VII. Glossary 580

USA 581

The US Nuclear Energy Sector: Nuclear Reactor Development and Nuclear Waste 583

I. Introduction 583

il. A Brief Background to the US Electricity and Nuclear Industries 583

ill. Nuclear Energy Law in the US 587

1. Latest Updates New Nuclear Energy in the US 587 2. The Major Legislation in the Civil Nuclear Energy Sector in the US 588

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3. The US Energy Policy Act of2005 589 4. The Improvement of the Regulator - the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission 592

IV. The Nuclear Liability Regime in the US in the International context 593

1. Introduction 593 2. The Price-Anderson Act of 1957 594 3. The Principle of Channelling 595 4. The US and International Nuclear Liability Regimes:

the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC) 596

V. Nuclear Waste Management & The Decommissioning Fund 599

1. A Recent Update on Nuclear Waste issues in the US 599 2. Nuclear Waste Management & the Decommissioning Fund in the US 600

VI. Nuclear Waste Management for Medical Activities 602

VII. Conclusion 603

VIETNAM 605

I. Description of the Legal Nuclear Framework 607

1. History 607 2. Definition of radiation activity 609 3. Investment form 610 4. Permitting 611

4.1. Overview of Required Permits, Licenses and Authorizations Necessary for Investment in Nuclear Power Plants 611

4.2. Investment Application Phase 612 4.2.1. General IPP Model 612

4.2.1.1. Checking Compliance with Power Planning and Project Location, for Identifying Investment Right 613

4.2.1.2. Selection of Investor 614

4.2.1.3. Applying for Approval on Investment Policy 614 4.2.1.4. Applying for Approval on Environmental Impact

Assessment Reports and Feasibility Study Report 614

4.2.1.5. Applying for Appraisal and Approval of Building Locations of NPPs 615

4.2.1.6. Applying for Technical Design Approval and Other Arrangements with EVN 616

4.2.1.7. Applying for the IRC 617

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4.2.2. BOT/PPP Investment Approval 619 4.2.2.1. General Notes on PPP Investment Form 619 4.2.2.2. Key Difference Between a PPP Project and

a Non-PPP Project 619 4.2.2.3. Major Steps to be Taken for Obtaining PPP Investment

Approvals 621

4.3. Enterprise Application Phase 623 4.3.1. Authorities to grant ERC 623 4.3.2. Application dossier for issuance of ERC 624 4.3.3. Timeline for issuance of ERC 625

4.4. Construction Phase 625

4.5. Power Operation Phase 627 4.5.1. Signing Power Purchase Agreement between EVN and

the Project Company 627 4.5.2. License for NPP Trial Operation 628 4.5.3. Power Operation License 628

4.5.3.1. Conditions for Obtaining Power Operation License 629 4.5.3.2. Application Files for Power Operation License 629 4.5.3.3. Time-line for Consideration arid Issuance of Power

Operation License 630 4.5.3.4. Licensing Authority of Power Operation License 632 4.5.3.5. Duration of the Power Operation License 632

4.6. Project Termination 632 4.7. Power Charge Rate 634 4.8. Reporting Obligation 635 4.9. Investment Incentive and Support 635

5. Extension of the lifetime of nuclear installation 640 6. Nuclear energy in the energy mix 640 7. Stress and security tests 644

ll. International Liability 647

1. Liability for nuclear accident 648 1.1. Liability for preventing nuclear accident 648 1.2. Liability for early notification of nuclear accident 651 1.3. Liability for assistance in the case of nuclear accident or

radioactive emergency 651 2. Compensation regime 653 3. Insurance 654

ill. Nuclear and radioactive waste management 658

1. Definition of Nuclear and Radioactive Waste 658 2. Nuclear Waste Fund 660

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3. Option for disposal of nuclear and radioactive waste 660 3.1. Waste disposal to the environment 662 3.2. Radioactive waste treatment 663 3.3. Conditioning of radioactive waste 664 3.4. Storage of radioactive wastes 666 3.5. Geological waste disposal 668

IV. Decommissioning fund 670

1. Legal basis for establishment of Decommissioning Fund under Vietnam's rules of law 670

2. Identification of the Fund 671 3. Collection of the Fund 672 4. Management of the fund 673 5. Use of the fund 674

V. Nuclear Waste from Medical Activities 675

699 •