interior methods of water control
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Interior Methods of Water ControlTRANSCRIPT
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A Structural Group Company
Interior Methods of Water Control
Brent Anderson, PENovember 5, 2010Los Angeles, Ca.
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A Structural Group Company
Agenda
Positive versus Negative Side Waterproofing Negative Side Techniques*:
Interior Coatings / Overlays Surface Sealing & Crack Routing Crack / Joint Grouting Water Management / Drainage Electro-Osmotic Pulse (EOP)
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A Structural Group Company
Does Water Leakage Cause you Pain?
Joint Leakage Soil Particle Flow Water Treatment Required Mold & Musty Smells Corrosion Slip Hazards Ice Buildup
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A Structural Group Company
Mold—Gives off VOC’sIndoor Air Quality
Trapped Water + Heat = Mold Growth
Mold Growth
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A Structural Group Company
15% Water Creates Micro-voids
Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%) + Water(15%) Microscopic cracks and voids
exist everywhere in concrete. Concrete is a “HARD SPONGE” Aggregates and hydrated
cement is net negative---Voids are net positive
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A Structural Group Company
AGGREGATE 70%
MIX 1
LEAN
RICH
MIX 4
MIX 3
LEAN
15% 18% 8% 28% 31%
70%
30%
BY VOLUME
BY VOLUME
PASTE
AGGREGATE 70%
30%
20%
30%
40%
40% ROCK) ARE 70% OF THE MIX.
BAR 4
NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
CEMENT WATER AIR SAND COARSE AGG.
AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE PASTE
AGGREGATE
BAR 3
PROPORTIONS OF CONCRETE 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 = 100%
RANGE IN PROPORTIONS OF MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE, BY ABSOLUTE VOLUME. BARS 1 AND 3 REPRESENT RICH MIXES WITH SMALL SIZE AGGREGATES. BARS 2 AND 4 REPRESENTS LEAN MIXES WITH LARGE AGGREGATES.
CONCRETE IS BROADLY DESCRIBED AS AIR OR NON-AIRENTRAINED. AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE USUALLY REQUIRESSLIGHTLY LESS WATER FOR A SIMILAR SLUMP, AS COMPARED TO NON-AIR ENTRAINED. CONCRETE IS BASICALLY PROPORTIONED (10-20-30-40 = 100 %). THE CEMENT PASTE IS ABOUT 30% OF THE MIX, (10% CEMENT, 15% WATER AND 5% AIR), AGGREGATES (30% SAND,
10%
20%
30%
40%
CEMENT WATER AIR SAND COARSE AGG.
RICH
MIX 2
BAR 1
BAR 2
10% 15% 5% ~ 30% 40%~
7% 14% 4% 24% 51%
40% ROCK
10%CEMENT
30%SAND
15%WATER
5%AIR
15% 21% 8% 30% 31%
7% 16%1%
25% 51%
10% 18% 2% 30% 40%~~40% ROCK
10%CEMENT
30%SAND
18%WATER
2%AIR
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A Structural Group Company
AIR BUBBLE AVERAGE
10 µm TO
OVER 1,000µmENTRAPPED AIR
ENTRAINED AIR - 10 TO 1000 µm
100 µm
ROCK
GRAVEL
COARSE SAND
FINE SAND, ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE, MACRO VOIDS
SILT, CEMENT, AIR BUBBLE OF ENTRAINED AIR
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
1" SIEVE
3/8" SIEVE
#4 SIEVE,
#100 SIEVE,
#200 SIEVE,
#325 SIEVE,
25,000
9,500
4,750
150
75
45
25
20
15
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.00025
SLAG, SILT, CEMENT
1 mil CRACK, CEMENT, SILT, LARGE PORE CAPILLARY
.02 mm SILT, CEMENT, FLYASH, ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE
FLY ASH, MICROFINE CEMENT, MACRO VOIDS
SILICA, CALCITED CLAY, MACRO VOIDS
MICRO SILICA, BLEED WATER TRACKS
MICRO SILICA, MICRO VOIDS, CAPILLARIES
MICRO-VOID, MICRO PORE
WATER, CATION, ANION
RELATIVE PARTICLES SIZE
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A Structural Group Company
SG = 2.32 SG = 2.25
OTHER THAN AIR (ENTRAINED AND/OR ENTRAPPED), WATER IS THE LIGHTEST MATERIAL IN CONCRETE. CEMENT IS THE HEAVIEST. THIS IS WHY BLEED WATER RISES AND COARSE AGGREGATE TENDS TO SETTLE IN FRESH CONCRETE.
FIGURE 4: SHOWS AREA OF TWO DIFFERENT CEMENT PASTE MATRIX UNITS. THE w/c = 0.4, IS CONSIDERABLY MORE DENSE THAN w/c = 0.7.HIGHER DENSITY CONCRETE MEANS LESS INTERCONNECTING VOIDS.
c
c=
=
FINE
FINE SAND
CEMENT PARTICLES & WATER
145 pcf-+ 140 pcf-+
PARTICLES
SANDPARTICLES
FINESANDPARTICLES
w/c = 0.7 w/c = 0.7w/c = 0.4
DENSITY DENSITY
DENSITY OF CONCRETE
w/c = 0.4
FIGURE 4
WHEN w < 0.4, WET CURING MAY BE NEEDED TO HYDRATE ALL CEMENT
WHEN w > 0.4, EXCESS WATER IS LEFT BEHIND IN THE PORES
IN THEORY - ONLY ABOUT 22% TO 27% BY WEIGHT OF WATER IS NEEDEDTO HYDRATE CEMENT
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A Structural Group Company
ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE
CEMENT
ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE
CEMENT PARTICLE
CEMENT ABSORBING WATER ANDVOLUME INCREASE
HYDRATINGCEMENT PARTICLE
AS CEMENT PARTICLE ABSORBS WATER ITSLIGHTLY EXPANDS.THE VOLUME LEFT BYWATER IS TAKEN UPBY EXPANDING CEMENT PARTICLES
CEMENT + WATER => CEMENT HYDRATION
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CAPILLARY
SAND PARTICLE
GEL PORES
PORE SPACE
FIGURE 5B
SAND PARTICLE
TOWELED SURFACE
INLET / EXIT POINT OF CAPILLARY
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A Structural Group Company
ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE
SAND PARTICLE
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CAPILLARY
GEL PORES
PORE SPACE
FIGURE 5B
SAND PARTICLE
TOWELED SURFACE INLET EXIT POINT OF CAPILLARY
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A Structural Group Company
Concrete @ 3500 psi is Watertight
Except at: Joints Cracks, and Honeycombs
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A Structural Group Company
Water Leakage Paths
FORMED OBJECTS
POUROUS AVENUES
SINGLE OR MULTIPLE CRACKS
Form Ties Joints M / E / P SingleCracks
MultipleCracks
RockPockets
Shadowing
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A Structural Group Company
Outrigger Reef Hotel Parking Garage Built in 1953, 50 yrs of leakage
Joint leakage Crack leakage Slab at Mean Sea Level Black and Green Algae Growth
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A Structural Group Company
7'-6"
HIGH TIDE
MEAN SEA LEVEL
LOW TIDE
ELEVATION OF FLOOR
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A Structural Group Company
1” Concrete = 2.3” Water
Top of floor is at mean sea level High tide is +/- 2 ft above floor slab Low tide is +/- 2 ft below floor slab Slab is 6” thick, #4@ 12” o.c., w/ inverted
beams at column lines
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A Structural Group Company
Positive / Negative Side
+Positive
Side
-Negative
Side
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A Structural Group Company
First Hawaiian Bank
Excavation is 52 ft. deep, 42 ft. below Sea Level
11 Dewatering Wells, 8 ft. Thick Structural Slab
Soil Mixed Wall Retention System
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A Structural Group Company
Tracked Man-lift
Tracked ManTracked Man--liftlift
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A Structural Group Company
Grids and Secondary Grouting
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A Structural Group Company
Drilling Holes Thru the Concrete ?
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A Structural Group Company
Negative Side Systems
Coatings WaterManagement
Electro Osmosis
Injection
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A Structural Group Company
The Three (3) Common And Basic Types of Grouting
SurfaceInterceptionBackside
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A Structural Group Company
Side Walls of Cracks
Expansion & Contraction Due to Temperature and Shrinkage
Contamination on side walls of crack
pH of liquid in crack (3.5 – 13)
Shadows at steel interface
Corrosion at steel interface
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A Structural Group Company
Injection Ports
Surface Mounted Injection
Low Pressure 10 PSI to 50 PSI
Epoxy Urethanes
(Foams or Gels)
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A Structural Group Company
Surface Mounted Porting
Gel epoxy for sealing surface
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A Structural Group Company
Epoxy Injection
Epoxy resin @ 1-to-1 or 2-to-1 ratio Use moisture insensitive resin Tight cracks require low viscosity resin
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A Structural Group Company
Waste Water Treatment Sludge Tank
Existing Coating Wore loose Surface Mounted Urethane
Injection Cracks Filled with
Decomposed Sludge Difficult to Seal Contaminated
Cracks
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A Structural Group Company
Interception Grouting
Pressure from 100 PSI to 3000 PSI Urethanes Micro Fine Cement Acrylamides Injection into
center third of leakage plane
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A Structural Group Company
Crack / Joint Grouting
Epoxy (High mod, low mod, viscosity)
Urethane (One part, two part, viscosity) Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
Bentonite (Water or plasticizer activated)
Polymeric Gel (Rubber polymers, viscosity)
Acrylamide or Acrylic(Powder or liquid pre-polymer)
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A Structural Group Company
Excessive Porting, and Injection Pressures
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A Structural Group Company
Soil Boring Data After Pool Settlement
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A Structural Group Company
Existing Excavation Adjacent to Pool Structure
Soil Anchors relaxed and ground settled Adjacent Foundation Settlement Pool Structure Cracks Water Drains from Pool Water comes thru Wood lagging
activates bentonite Crack Repair on Pool Cracks
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A Structural Group Company
General Porting Procedure
Drill holes at 45* Hole spacing ½ the wall thickness Alternate each side of crack Core or hammer drill Blow out dust and debris from cracks Flush cracks with water
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A Structural Group Company
Packer inserted into hole @ 45*
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A Structural Group Company
Interception Grouting
Drill holes in mortar joints Use 3/8” ports Hole pattern about 6” o.c. Crack in concrete substrate may not
match crack in tile
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A Structural Group Company
Needle Injection Thru Caulk joints
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A Structural Group Company
Backside Grouting thru a Shotcrete Tank Wall at an Aquarium Acrylic Panel
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A Structural Group Company
Be Careful Where You Drill
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A Structural Group Company
The Void You Hit May Be A Pipe
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A Structural Group Company
Backside Grouting
Thru-Structural Element Grouting Polymeric Gel Bentonite Acrylamides Urethane Gels Sodium Silicate
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A Structural Group Company
Three Steps to Grouting
Stage 1 grouting, drill through floor, fill 1” void between concrete and sand
Stage 2 grouting, drill and intercept cracks and joints
Stage 3 grouting, inject into sand and solidify it for future excavation
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A Structural Group Company
Stage 3 Grouting
Drill through floor and deep into soil Alternate drill hole pattern Create grouted soil columns
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A Structural Group Company
3'-0"
13'-0"
7'-6"
18'-0"
GROUT TUBESMANSHEETS
DRIVE GROUT TUBES INTO SOIL
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A Structural Group Company
3'-0"
13'-0"
7'-6"
18'-0"
SOLIDIFY A SPECIFIED ZONE
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A Structural Group Company
3'-0"
7'-6"
18'-0"
13'-0"
EXCAVATE LOOSE SOIL
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A Structural Group Company
Grouted soil columns
Excavate un-grouted material between soil columns
Needle inject soil if leakage occurs
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A Structural Group Company
Lowering the Pipe Sections into Place
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A Structural Group Company
Two Story Food Production Facility
Wet Processing on Upper Floor Storage on Lower Floors No Real Waterproofing Between
Floors
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A Structural Group Company
Food Packaging Area
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A Structural Group Company
SECTION THROUGH ACID BRICK FLOOR
5'-0"
FUREN JOINT
ACID BRICK
SLOPED CONCRETE
10 MIL POLY
2" EXTRUDED INSULATION
2" EXTRUDED INSULATION
10 MIL POLY
CONCRETE
STEEL PAN DECKING
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A Structural Group Company
Grouting & Ratio Checks
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A Structural Group Company
Two-Part Acrylic Grout
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A Structural Group Company
Grout Comes Up Thru Floor Where Water Was Previously Leaking
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A Structural Group Company
Interior Coatings / Overlays
Polyurea Based Urethane Based Methyl Meth- acrylic Epoxy Based Polyester Based Portland Cement with additives:
Silica Sand Fibers or Mesh Latex Additives Metal Oxide Chemical Reactants Sodium Silicate
Interior Coating
Water Close to Interior
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A Structural Group Company
Cementitious Mortar Coating
Most Mortars are Latex Based
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A Structural Group Company
Interior Coating & Penetrants
1” x 1-1/2” Slot Cut-Out in Concrete Dry-pack Crack or Joint Hydraulic Cement Plugs Crystalline Growth Mortar Plugs
Chip Out & Dry Pack
Interior Coating
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A Structural Group Company
Crystalline Growth, Penetrating Agent
Sodium Silicate Based
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A Structural Group Company
Dry-Packing of Routed Out Cracks
Cracks are routed out 1.5” x 1.5” and dry-packed with crystalline mortar
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A Structural Group Company
Dry Packing Techniques
BEST GOOD ADEQUATE MARGINAL POOR
1” - 1½” 1” - 1½” 1” - 1½” ¾” - ¾” Surface
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A Structural Group Company
Integral Waterproofing
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A Structural Group Company
Water Management / Drainage
Interior Drain Tile Methods Dimpled Sheet Membrane Double Wall Construction
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A Structural Group Company
Water Management / Drainage
Let Water Leak In Manage it to Collection Point
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A Structural Group Company
Cored Slot in an Expansion Joint
Sump Pump Provides Temporary Dewatering
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A Structural Group Company
Issues with Water Management
Iron Oaker in Soil Bacteria consumes iron in soil when it
contacts oxygen Forms a “jelly-like” substance Will plug up drainage systems It is not harmful to the touch
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A Structural Group Company
Perched Water On Top Of Bedrock
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A Structural Group Company
Grouting Leaking Joints In Rock
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A Structural Group Company
Placing Concrete on Dimpled Sheet Membrane
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A Structural Group Company
Common Use Of EOP- Leaking Construction Joints & Static Cracks
Static Cracks in Floor/Wall
Leaking CJ’s
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A Structural Group Company
EOP as a Negative Side Technique
Electro Osmosis is created by an electric field
Creates a “virtual” positive side membrane
EOP dries the concrete around areas of repair
Provides Cathodic Protection to reinforcing steel
![Page 70: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
15% Water Creates Micro-voids
Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%) + Water(15%)
![Page 71: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Electro Osmotic Pulse (EOP)
Inject cracks and treat penetrations to create monolithic concrete
Install EOP System Components
• Anodes (+)
• Construction joints
• Significant cracks
• Cathodes (-)
• Rebar connections (-) to provide cathodic protection
• Power supply and monitoring
Cathode (-)
RebarConnection (-)
Anode (+)
Power Supply
+-
![Page 72: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Electro Osmotic Pulse (EOP)
Voltage => 20 to 28 Volts Very Little Energy Usage Pulsating Current Anodes at Point of Leakage Cathodes About Every 50'
![Page 73: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Alkali Metals Ca, Mg, Na, K
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A Structural Group Company
Cat-ion / An-ion Atoms Connect & Disconnect Continuously Sodium atom gives up electron “-”, becomes net “+” Chlorine atom takes electron “-”, becomes net “-” Sodium atom contracts, “+” core pulls electrons in Chlorine atom expands, “-” electron cloud expands
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A Structural Group Company
Water is a Polar Molecule
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A Structural Group Company
Water Forms Weak Bonds to Other Water Molecules
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A Structural Group Company
Water Forms Stronger Bonds to Cations
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A Structural Group Company
Water Molecules Form Hydration Shells Around Cations (solvation)
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A Structural Group Company
15% Water Creates Micro-voids
Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%) + Water(15%)
![Page 80: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Osmotic Pressure Builds Where Cations are Concentrated
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A Structural Group Company
Crack Repairs are Protected by the Concrete Drying Process
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A Structural Group Company
Essence – Restoration EconomicsMoisture & Vapor Control - Waterproofing
Difficulty Of Solution
Investment Required
Interior CoatingsCrack
Filling “Injection
Drainage(sump pumps; etc.)
“EOP”“electrical barrier”
Exterior Membranes
Only solutions when high water
table!
low
low
![Page 83: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Case Studies
Military Storage Bunkers Hydraulic Structures- Locks and Dams Governmental/Institutional Buildings Tunnels, Roadways, Transportation Private Buildings
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A Structural Group Company
Ammunition Storage Bunker
Wet Concrete Causes Corrosion of Material and Equipment
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A Structural Group Company
High RH—Leads to Corrosion
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A Structural Group Company
Locate Reinforcing Steel
![Page 87: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Cut Anode Slots
![Page 88: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Install Anodes
![Page 89: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Install Cathodes
![Page 90: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
EOP Installed in Joints and Cracks
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A Structural Group Company
Install / Connect Power
28 volt, DC power supply, with a pulsating square wave
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A Structural Group Company
Case Study: Lock & Dam
Lock & Dam No. 27 Alton, Illinois
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A Structural Group Company
Case Study: Lock & Dam
Before After
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A Structural Group Company
Case Study: US Treasury
U.S. Treasury Building Washington D.C. Moisture migrating up through floor Water leakage through deck planter Stackybotris mold under VCT flooring
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A Structural Group Company
Case Study: US Treasury
Before After
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A Structural Group Company
Case Study: Elevator Pits
Marsh’s Edge, St. Simons Island, Georgia
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A Structural Group Company
Case Study: Elevator Pits
Before After
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A Structural Group Company
Highway 101 and Castillo Street
Santa Barbara, CA
Roadways
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A Structural Group Company
Underpass Before EOP
Highway 101/Castillo St.
Pavers Placed Over Concrete to Improve Skid Resistance.
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A Structural Group Company
Expansion Joint Before EOP
Highway 101/Castillo St.
Water Leakage at Joints
![Page 101: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Off-Ramp Before EOP
Highway 101/Castillo St.
Water Leakage at Cracks
![Page 102: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Underpass Before EOP
Highway 101/Castillo St.
Hydrostatic Conditions
![Page 103: Interior Methods of Water Control](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110120/558422c9d8b42ac0658b458a/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
A Structural Group Company
Highway 101/Castillo St.
EOP Applied in Strips @ 2’ oc
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A Structural Group Company
Highway 101/Castillo St.
New Pavement Installed After EOP
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A Structural Group Company
Thank You! Questions?
Other Presentation Topics Building Envelope Technology (1 Hour) High-Rise Repair Strategies (1 Hour) Introduction to Concrete Repair and Maintenance Structural Strengthening of Concrete Structures Post-Tensioning Systems Concrete Repair Materials, Part 1 & 2
www.structural.net For more information on Electro-Osmosis:
www.eopsystem.com