intergeneraonal+transmission+of+...

Intergenera(onal transmission of violence

Esperanza Camargo, Ph.D. Albany State University, GA

[email protected]

Purpose of this study

•  To make interna(onal comparisons to provide a beFer understanding of the contexts in which family violence occurs. – Violence is manifest in all cultures and the manifesta(ons must be analyzed into their cultural contexts.

Hypotheses

•  There are gendered consequences of – Experiencing corporal punishment and physical child abuse in childhood

– Witnessing parental in(mate partner abuse

College Students

•  Sample: College students – 185 College students – Texas-‐ U.S. – 468 College students – Bogota, Colombia

•  Students were surveyed during the fall semester 2011

Preliminary findings

•  Frequencies

•  American vs. Colombian students – Paren(ng, child rearing

By Gender

.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

American -‐Texas Colombia-‐Bogota

Male

Female

Age

.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

18-‐ 24 25 -‐ 29 30 -‐ older

American-‐ Texas

Colombian -‐ Bogota

Rela(onship status

.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Single Da(ng but NOT living

with partner

Living with partner

Married

American-‐Texas

Colombian -‐ Bogota

DISCIPLINARY TACTICS Paren(ng, child rearing

Explain the rules to you to try to prevent you from repea(ng misbehavior? –

Mother

10.6% 21.3% 4.3% 4.7%

46.8% 36.2%

38.3% 37.8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male Female

American Students -‐ Texas

Never Had happened

Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly

6% 6% 3% 0% 26% 34%

65% 60%

Male Female

Colombian Students -‐ Bogota

Never Had happened

Some(mes yearly Some(mes montly

Explain the rules to you to try to prevent you from repea(ng misbehavior?

Father

0.30 0.32

0.09 0.03

0.40 0.41

0.21 0.24

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Male Female

American Students – Texas

Never Had happened


12% 21% 7% 6%

30% 31%

52% 43%

Male Female

Colombian Students – Bogota

Never Had happened


Shout or yell at you? Mother

21% 18%

40% 29%

36% 52%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Male Female


Never Had happened


6% 12% 4% 6%

25% 36%

65% 46%

Male Female


Never Had happened


Shout or yell at you? Father

39% 26%

5%

1%

32%

38%

25% 35%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Male Female


Never Had happened


23% 33% 6%

5% 31%

34%

41% 29%

Male Female


Never Had happened


Spank, slap, smack, or swat you? Mother

32% 36%

9% 6%

28% 37%

32% 21%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Male Female


Never Had happened


24% 27%

17% 18%

25% 30%

33% 26%

Male Female


Never Had happened


Spank, slap, smack, or swat you? Father

43% 46%

7% 6% 25%

39%

25% 9%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male Female


Never Had happened


41% 55%

12% 13% 28% 21%

19% 11%

Male Female


Never Had happened


Use a paddle, hairbrush, belt, or other object? Mother

51% 50%

4% 7%

23% 31%

21% 13%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Male Female


Never Had happened


40% 41%

14% 11%

22% 36%

24% 13%

Male Female

Colombian -‐ Bogota Students

Never Had happened


Use a paddle, hairbrush, belt, or other object? Father

47.7% 55.6%

9.1% 7.7%

22.7% 29.9%

20.5% 6.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Male Female


Never Had happened


49% 65%

15% 8%

25% 20%

11% 7%

Male Female


Never Had happened


You thought your parents did the right thing when they

corrected your misbehavior -‐ Mother

4.3% 7.3% 6.5% 5.6% 23.9% 31.5%

28.3% 25.0%

37.0% 30.6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male Female

American -‐ Texas Students

Never About never

Some(mes Usually

Always/almost always

9% 6% 14% 8%

35% 29%

28% 25%

14% 31%

Male Female


Never About never

Some(mes Usually


You thought your parents did the right thing

when they corrected your misbehavior -‐ Father

7.0% 9.6% 11.6% 5.3%

20.9% 30.7%

27.9% 28.1%

32.6% 26.3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male Female


Never About never

Some(mes Usually


14% 8% 10%

7%

35% 28%

28% 26%

14% 31%

Male Female


Never About never

Some(mes Usually


Your mother disagreed with the way your father corrected your misbehavior

20.4% 33.1%

24.5% 16.5%

42.9% 30.6%

6.1% 9.9% 6.1% 9.9%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male Female


Never About never

Some(mes Usually

Always or almost always

14% 8% 10%

7%

35% 28%

28% 26%

14% 31%

Male Female


Never About never

Some(mes Usually


Your father disagreed with the way your mother corrected your misbehavior

32.7% 30.1%

24.5% 18.7%

26.5% 28.5%

10.2% 13.0% 6.1% 9.8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male Female


Never About never

Some(mes Usually


38% 50%

23% 12%

20% 23% 10% 7% 9% 8%

Male Female


Never About never

Some(mes Usually


Your mother punched or kicked or beat-‐up your father

93.6% 92.4%

.0% 4.2% 4.3% 1.7%

2.1% 1.7%

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

Male Female


This never happened It happened before or ager

Once in that year Twice in that year

75% 75%

6% 5%

18% 15%

2% 4%

Male Female


Twice in that year Once in that year

It happened before or ager This never happened

Your father punched or kicked or beat-‐up your mother

85.1% 86.3%

8.5% 8.5%

4.3% 3.4% 2.1% 1.7%

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

Male Female


This never happened It had happened

Once in that year Twice in that year

80% 78%

9%

5%

8%

12%

2% 5%

Male Female


This never happened It had happened Once in that year Twice in that year

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