(interent)environment and health_good
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTORY
LECTURE ONENVIRONMENT
AND HEALTH
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DR. AYESHA HUMAYUNASSISTANT PROFESSOR &
PUBLIC HEALTH CONSULTANT ATCOMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCES FMH,COLLEGE OF MEDICINE & DENTISTRY,
SHADMAN, LAHORE, PAKISTAN
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PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:At the end of the introductory lecturethe students should be able to:
1. apply the concept of environmentalhazards on their day to day life
2. understand the influence ofenvironment on human health
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INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT
AND HEALTH
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this session the participantsshould be able to conceptualize:
-health in its physical, mental, social andspiritual context.
-environment to be an important factor in theinteraction of agent and Host in theepidemiological or ecological triad.
-the physical, biological and psychosocialenvironment and understand their impact on
health.
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COURSE OUTLINE
Concept of Health and disease.
Determinants of health ---- Environmentaldeterminant
Interaction of agent, host and
environmental factors ---- Epidemiologicaltriad
Definition of environment ---- Internal
environment and External environment,Macro-environment and micro environment.
Components of environment ---- Physical,
Biological and Psychosocial.
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HEALTH:
HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL,MENTAL, SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL WELL-BEING ANDNOT MERELY THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE ORINFIRMITY.
in recent years the statement is amplified to include,
THE ABILITY TO LEAD A SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLYPRODUCTIVE LIFE.
HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF HEALTH:This concept recognizes the strength of social, economic,
political and environmental influences on healthDETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:Heredity Health and family welfare services
Environment Life-style
Socio-economic conditions Others
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CONCEPT OF DISEASE
Disease result from complex interactionbetween man, an agent and the
environment.From ecological point of view disease isdefined as maladjustment of the
human organism to the environment.
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
ENVIRONMENT
VECTOR
AGENT HOST
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Environment(Physical, biological and psychosocial)
Human activities health of individual
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ENVIRONMENTAll that which is external to man is the
environment broadly speaking.The concept ofenvironment is complex. The external environmentor the Macro-environmentis said to be responsiblefor millions of preventable diseases originating in
it.Micro-environment is the Domestic environment inwhich man lives. The term Internal environmentissome time used for the environment inside the
body EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:
All that is external to the individual humanhost, living and non-living, and with which he is
in constant interaction.
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COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:
PHYSICAL: air, water, soil, housing, climate,geography, heat, light, noise, debris, radiation,etc.
BIOLOGICAL: man, viruses, microbial agents,insects, rodents, animals and plants, etc.
PSYCHOSOCIAL: cultural values, customs,beliefs, habits, attitudes, morals, religion,education, lifestyles, community life, health
services, social and political organization.
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The environment is all external conditions,circumstances, and influences surrounding and
affecting the growth and development of anorganism or community of organisms.
Environmental health is the study andmanagement of environmental conditions thataffect the health and well-being of humans.
Environmental hazardsEnvironmental hazards may be biological,chemical, physical, psychological,
sociological, or site and location hazards.
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Biological hazardsThese are living organisms or their products
that are harmful to humans
A. Water-borne diseases are diseases thatare transmitted in drinking water
1. Examples are polio virus, hepatitis A virus,Salmonella, Shigella, cholera, amoebicdysentery, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.
2. These disease organisms are shed into thewater in feces, and can produce illness in thosewho consume untreated, contaminated water.3. Our municipal water treatment facilities areusually able to purify water by removing these
agents or killing them by disinfecting the water.
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B. Food-borne diseases
are diseases transmitted in or on food
1. Examples of food-borne agents are thebacteria Salmonella, serotype enteritidis,
Escherichia coli 0157:H7, as well as otheragents.2. To protect against food-borne diseases,sanitarians from local health departments
routinely inspect food serviceestablishments (restaurants) and retailfood outlets (supermarkets) to verify thatfood is being stored and handled properly.
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C. Vector-borne diseases
are those transmitted by insects orother arthropods
1. Examples are St. Louis encephalitis andLa Crosse encephalitis transmitted bymosquitoes and plague and murine typhus
transmitted by fleas.2. Improper environmental managementcan cause vector-borne disease outbreaks.
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II. Chemical hazardsresult from mismanagement or misuse ofchemicals resulting in an unacceptable riskto human health
A. Pesticides are chemicals
that have been manufactured for thepurpose of reducing populations ofundesirable organisms (pests)
1. Examples of categories of pesticides areherbicides and insecticides.2. Most pesticides kill non-target organismsas well as the target, or pest species.3. The wise use of pesticides can protect
human health and agricultural crops.
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B. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
is an environmental hazard produced by
millions that smoke1. Diseases associated with ETS include lungcancer and perhaps heart disease.
2. ETS contains 4, 000 substances.3. The EPA has classified ETS as a Class Acarcinogen.4. Smoking has been increasingly restricted
from public buildings and from many privatework sites.5. Regulation of smoking seems to be the bestapproach to controlling this pollutant
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C. Lead
is a naturally occurring element that is used
in the manufacturing of many industrial anddomestic products1. Health problems associated with the overexposure to lead are anemia, birth defects, bonedamage, neurological damage, kidney damage,and others.2. Exposure is by ingestion and inhalation.3. Children are particularly at risk from eatingpeeling lead paint.4. The prevalence of very high blood lead levelsamong young children declined significantlybetween 1984 and 1994 primarily because theremoval of lead from gasoline.5. Occupational exposure is a major source of lead
intake for adults.
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II. Physical hazards
include airborne particles, humidity,equipment design and radiation
A. Radon contamination results from over
exposure to radon gas.1. Radon gas arises naturally from the earthand sometimes occurs at dangerous levels inbuildings and homes.2. Breathing in radon gas can cause lungcancer.3. Homes can be tested for the presence ofradon gas for $20.
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III. Psychological hazardsare environmental factors that producepsychological changes expressed as stress,
depression, hysteria.IV. Sociological hazardsare those that result from living in a society where oneexperiences noise, lack of privacy and overcrowding.
A. Population growth may be a sociological hazard.1. Principlesa. Growth of living populations can be expressedas an S curve with a lag phase, log phase and
equilibrium phase.b. When environmental resources can support nofurther growth, the population has reached theequilibrium phase and the environment is said to
be at its carrying capacity
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V. Site and Location HazardsA. Natural disasters are geographical and
meteorological events of such magnitudeand proximity to communities that theyproduce significant damage and injuries.
1. Examples are cyclones, earthquakes, floods,hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, and volcaniceruptions.
2. The magnitude of devastation of these eventscan sometimes be great.3. Biological, psychological and sociologicalhazards may increase following a natural
disaster.