INTERDISIPLINARITAS

DALAM

KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN & PEMBANGUNAN

Soemarno, Nopember 2013

Environmental studies is the academic field which

systematically studies human interaction with the environment.

It is a broad interdisciplinary field of study that includes the natural environment,

built environment, and the sets of relationships between them.

Environmental studies, encompasses study in the basic principles of learning of

the subjects, such as:

Kebijakan, politik, hukum, ekonomi, sociologi dan aspek-sosial, perencanaan,

pencemaran , Sumberdaya alam,

dan Interaksi manusia dan lingkungan

sekitarnya.

An interdisciplinary field is a field of study that crosses traditional boundaries between

academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have emerged.

Originally the term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to

describe studies that use methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional

fields of study.

Interdisciplinarity involves researchers, students, and teachers in the goals of

connecting and integrating several academic schools of thought, professions, or technologies -- along with their specific perspectives -- in the

pursuit of a common task.

"Interdisciplinary studies" is an academic program or process seeking to synthesize broad perspectives, knowledge, skills, interconnections,

and epistemology in an educational setting.

Interdisciplinary programs may be founded in order to facilitate the study of subjects which have some

coherence, but which cannot be adequately understood from a single disciplinary perspective (for example,

women's studies or medieval studies).

More rarely, and at a more advanced level, interdisciplinarity may itself become the focus of study, in

a critique of institutionalized disciplines' ways of segmenting knowledge.

Ilmu Lingkungan :

An interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences (including physics, chemistry, biology, soil

science, geology, and geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of

environmental problems.

Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to

the study of environmental systems.

Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global climate

change. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological

processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to

the analysis of environmental problems.

Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space and

time relationships as well as quantitative analysis.

Lintas Disiplin Ilmu

multidisciplinary - researchers in separate disciplines work independently within their own disciplinary perspective, to address a common problem

interdisciplinary - researchers work jointly, but from each of their respective disciplinary perspectives, to address a common problem

transdisciplinary - researchers work jointly using a shared conceptual framework that draws together discipline-specific theories, concepts, and approaches, to address a common problem

(Rosenfield, 1992)

Firm boundaries

Permeable boundaries

No or blurred boundaries Source: Dan Stokols, 2004

• InterdisciplinaryStarts with disciplines and looks

for lines of interest that connect them.

• TransdisciplinaryStarts with complex problems and

looks for new conceptualizations that transform understanding of theory and practice.

Arguments for Transdisciplinarity

1. The problems we face transcend the disciplinary knowledge we practice.

2. Universities should be communities of scholars – incubators and testing laboratories of ideas – not confederations of turfdoms.

3. It’s not either/or! We need disciplinary, interdisciplinary, AND transdisciplinary programs in Higher Education.

A Cautionary Tale:The Interdisciplinary

Program Builder The captain of the javelin

team who won the “toss” and

elected to receive.

Monty Hempel, University of Redlands

Barriers to Transdisciplinary “Courtships”

• Depth over Breadth Promotion & Tenure• Faculty Recruitment Need for a Core• Curricular Incoherence Certification

Advantages of Transdisciplinary Collaboration

• Greater Explanatory Power • Increased Capacity for Synthesis

(not just analysis)• Better Integration of Science,

Management, and Policy• Methodological Pluralism• Promotes Coupling of Models• Builds Foresight Capacity

Disadvantages of Transdisciplinary Collaboration

• Labor Intensive – Educationally Demanding• Cooperation Hard to Sustain (turfdoms) • Administratively Complex• Breadth vs. Depth Tradeoffs• Diffuse vs. Focused Conceptual Models• Few Professional Incentives (tenure

hurdles, less rewards for team contributions)

Weak or Negative Incentive Structures!

NEEDED:A Science of Integration

Science

ManagementPolicy

PoliticsEthics

Economics

Env. ContextHistory, Literature,Psychology, Geog.,Sociology, etc.

The Redlands ApproachCenter for Environmental

Studies Facilitating Interdisciplinary Work1. Tenure-Track Faculty lines in Natural Science, Social

Science, and Humanities2. Conceptual Framework: Sustainability

(Ecol/Econ/Equity)3. Tools of Integration: GIS – spatial literacy4. Heuristics: Ecological Footprint Analysis5. Team Research: Design Studios & Policy Clinics6. Experiential Learning: “Glocal” Program (community

service learning plus travel courses and study abroad)

7. Setting Examples on Campus: Green Buildings/Design

Human activities (fishing)

Freshwater habitat

(water quality, quantity & timing)

Estuarine habitat

(water quality, mixing processes)

Ocean habitat

Climate change (altered water cycle)

Human activities (resource & land use)

Human activities (aquaculture, development)

Climate change (sea level rise & ocean mixing)

Health & Viability of PNW salmon

Integrated Watershed Analysis

Climate change

2000 UN Millenium Summit

Halve Extreme Poverty

UniversalPrimary

Education

Empowerment ofWomen/ gender

equality

Reduce <5mortality

by 2/3

Reduce maternalmortality

by 3/4

Reverse spread of diseases, esp. HIV/AIDS, Malaria

EnsureEnvironmentalSustainability

Form a Global

DevelopmentPartnership

for aid, trade, debt relief

Millenium Developme

nt Goalsby 2015

Background/ History cont’d…

Sustainable Development

• Sustainable Development is the process by which we move towards sustainability

“…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their

own needs” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

• This was endorsed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio

Sustainable Development

• In May 1999 the UK’s Sustainable Development Strategy was published & defined sustainable development in terms of four objectives– Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone– Effective protection of the environment– Prudent use of natural resources– Maintenance of high & stable levels of economic growth &

employment

Conservation & Protection

Fresh Water Management

Biodiversity

Sustainable Production

& Consumption

Key Themes…

Gender Equality

Poverty Alleviatio

n

Peace & Int’l

Understanding

Imp. of Info . &

Comm. Technology

for ESD

HumanRights

Health Promoti

on

Key Themes (cont’d)…

“Sustainable Development – is development that meets the needs of the present without compro-mising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

PILAR PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

• Economic Development – poverty eradication• Social Development – active participation of

women; education; good governance• Environmental Protection – prevent

environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable development

At the local, national, regional, and global levels

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI

• Poverty eradication• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the world’s

people with income less than $1/day• Basic health services for all, reduce health

threats• Increase food availability• Combat desertification, mitigate effects of

drought and floods• Provision of clean drinking water• Enhance industrial productivity

Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production

• Cleaner production technologies• Developing cleaner, more efficient

energy technologies• Maintain urban air quality and health,

and reduce greenhouse gas emissions• Sound management of chemicals

throughout their life cycle, and of hazardous wastes

PERLINDUNGAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DAN SOSIAL

• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards and protect ecosystems

• Watershed and groundwater management

• Support desalination of seawater, water recycling

• Ensure the sustainable development of oceans, marine environmental protection

LIMA AGENDA PRIORITAS DUNIA

1. AIR DAN SANITASI2. ENERGI3. KESEHATAN4. PERTANIAN – PERKEBUNAN-

KEHUTANAN-PETERNAKAN-PERIKANAN

5. BIODIVERSITYAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM

Water and Sanitation

“Water is not only the most basic of needs but is also at the center of sustainable development.”

• Around 1.2 billion people still have no access to clean drinking water

• Around 2.4 billion people do not have adequate sanitation.

AIR DAN SANITASI

Beberapa Issue Kunci:• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards• Protect ecosystems• Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation,

industrial and domestic wastewater treatment• River basin, watershed and groundwater

management• Support desalination of seawater, water recycling• Marine environmental protection - oceans, seas,

islands and coastal areas are essential components of the Earth’s ecosystem

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR

IAEA-supported projects worldwide using nuclear techniques:

• Isotope techniques for water resources development and management

• Automatic tracer flow gauging stations in ephemeral rivers

• Investigating dam and reservoir leakages and safety

• Pengolahan air-limbah dengan Electron- beam

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR

Nuclear power plants are used for saltwater desalination

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR

RCA Projects:– Isotope Techniques for Groundwater

Contamination Studies in the Urbanized and Industrial Areas

– Investigating Environmental and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas

– Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability

ENERGI

“Some 2 billion people lack access to electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources such as firewood, kerosene, or biomass for their cooking and heating.”

ENERGI

Some key issues:• Focus on access to energy in rural areas• Energy conservation and energy efficiency –

building design & management, better mass transportation, advanced and innovative cleaner technologies

• Promotion of renewable energy• Action on climate change – ratification by

countries of the Kyoto Protocol

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI

Nuclear Power – reduces emission of greenhouse gases

Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:• Comparative studies on natural gas and

nuclear power• Uranium resources development• Operational and safety issues of nuclear power

plants• Nuclear power plants for saltwater desalination

• Electron beam purification of flue gases• Isotopic techniques to study climate change

and predict future global changes resulting from greenhouse gases

• Rational exploitation of geothermal sources• Isotope hydrology and geochemistry in

geothermal fields• Quality control and inspection of pipelines by

NDT

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI

RCA Projects:

– Process Diagnostics and Optimization in Petrochemical Industry

– Role of Nuclear Power and other Energy Options in Competitive Electricity Market

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI

KESEHATAN

“Good health is vital for eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.”

Some key issues:– Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for

children & infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates

– Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIV prevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis

– Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in ways that harm human health

– Reduce air pollution– Improve developing countries’ access to

environmentally sound alternatives to ozone depleting chemicals

Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:• Use of radioisotopes in the diagnosis,

treatment and prevention of diseases– Upgrading of radiotherapy services– Production of Tc-99m Gel Generators for Nuclear

Medicine– Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer– Screening of newborns for neonatal hypothyroidism– Nuclear medical techniques in preventive

nephrology

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN

– Isotopes for control of human communicable diseases (SIT for Tsetse eradication & control of malaria)

– Molecular biology techniques using radionuclide methods (e.g. Polymerase chain reaction or PCR) for diagnosis of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B & C, tuberculosis

– Rapid diagnosis of dengue fever infection– Early detection of congenital diseases in

children

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN

• Applications of radiation technology– Radiation sterilization of health care products– Cyclotron for short lived medical radioisotopes– Radiation sterilization of human tissue grafts for

transplantation (bone, skin & other tissues)• Nutrition

– Nuclear techniques to address problems of malnutrition such as micro-nutrient deficiencies, energy expenditure, nutrient absorption & utilization

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN

RCA Projects:– Strengthening Medical Physics in Asia and the Pacific

region– Brachytherapy in Treating Cervical Cancer– Distance-assisted Training (DAT) in Radiation

Oncology – Distance-assisted Training (DAT) for Nuclear

Medicine Technicians – Management of Liver Cancer using Transarterial

Radioconjugate Therapy – Treatment with Unsealed Radioactive Source:

Radiosynovectomy – Osteoporosis and Serum Turn Over by RIA and DEXA– Improved Information of Urban Air Quality Mgt.

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN

PERTANIAN

“Agriculture is central to sustainable development. About 70% of the poor in developing countries live in rural areas and depend in one way or another on agriculture for their survival.”

Some key issues:– Address serious soil fertility problems– Diversification of crops– Increase water-use productivity– Apply R&D to increase productivity in crops and

livestock

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN

• Mutation breeding to produce new varieties in different crops and ornamental plants

• Crop productivity– Control of insect pests by Sterile Insect

Technique (SIT)– Biofertilizers to increase crop production– Optimization of water and fertilizer use for

crops– Saline groundwater and wastelands for crop

production

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN

• Increasing food security– Food irradiation for food preservation

• Livestock development– Sustainable animal production– Improving productivity of goats– Feed supplementation for increasing livestock

production– Improving cattle fertility and disease diagnosis– Eradicating rinderpest, screwworm

TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN

• RCA Projects:– Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance of

Agriculture Productivity– Production of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit– Enhancement of Genetic Diversity in Food,

Pulses and Oil Crops & Establishment of Mutant Germplasm Network

– Better Management of Feeding and Reproduction of Cattle

– Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security, Safety and Trade

BIODIVERSITAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM

“Biodiversity and the ecosystems they support are the living basis of

sustainable development.”

BIODIVERSITAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM

Some key issues:– Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity

loss by 2010– Reverse the trend in natural resource

degradation– Restore fisheries to their maximum

sustainable yields– Protection of the marine environment from

land based sources of pollution

BIODIVERSITAS DAN TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR

Nuclear techniques are used:– To trace the fate of pollutants, and study

sedimentation rates in pollution studies– To identify pathways of pesticides &

agrochemicals in the environment• RCA Projects:

– Enhancing the Marine Coastal Environment– Applications of nuclear and modeling

techniques to sustainable development in the coastal zone

– Investigating Environmental and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas