Interactions between Interactions between Europeans and Europeans and

Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples

• Exploration of the Americas boomed Exploration of the Americas boomed during the 15during the 15thth to 17 to 17thth centuries centuries

• The following are just a few of the North The following are just a few of the North American explorers. They were usually American explorers. They were usually sent by a European country to explore and sent by a European country to explore and conquer: conquer:

Early ExplorationEarly Exploration

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Jacques Marquette Jacques Marquette Henry Hudson Henry Hudson Marco Polo Marco Polo Vasco de Gama Vasco de Gama Bartolomeu Dias Bartolomeu Dias Leif Eriksson Leif Eriksson Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León Hernán CortésHernán CortésFrancisco Vásquez de Coronado Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan

Early ExplorationEarly Exploration

Early ExplorationEarly ExplorationExplorersExplorers

Lets Refresh our Memories! And Lets Refresh our Memories! And also look at a couple of more also look at a couple of more

names and faces!names and faces!

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus• An Italian mapmakerAn Italian mapmaker

• Convinced Spain that a westward Convinced Spain that a westward water route to Asia existed since water route to Asia existed since the world was round the world was round

• Landed in the New World, the Landed in the New World, the Bahamas, on October 12, 1492 Bahamas, on October 12, 1492 (now Columbus Day) (now Columbus Day)

• Took 4 voyages to the New WorldTook 4 voyages to the New World

• Main result of voyages was he Main result of voyages was he initiated trade and colonization of initiated trade and colonization of the New World the New World

Jacques Marquette Jacques Marquette

• French missionary who explored French missionary who explored the Midwestthe Midwest

• Missionaries were sent to the New Missionaries were sent to the New World to convert Natives to World to convert Natives to ChristianityChristianity

Henry HudsonHenry Hudson

• English explorer who English explorer who was searching for a was searching for a

Northwest Passage to Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean to get the Pacific Ocean to get

to the Orient to the Orient • Found the Hudson Found the Hudson River and the Hudson River and the Hudson

StraitStrait

Reciprocal ImpactReciprocal Impact

What does What does “Reciprocal Impact” “Reciprocal Impact”

Mean?Mean?

Reciprocal ImpactReciprocal Impact

• the exchange of goods, ideas, the exchange of goods, ideas, agricultural products and even agricultural products and even disease between Europeans and disease between Europeans and the indigenous populations of the the indigenous populations of the AmericasAmericas

Europeans changed lives of Europeans changed lives of the First Americansthe First Americans

• At first, Indians were not hostileAt first, Indians were not hostile

• Indians desired peaceful tradeIndians desired peaceful trade

• Cooperative encounters became Cooperative encounters became less frequent over timeless frequent over time

Transfer of Food as Transfer of Food as Reciprocal ImpactReciprocal Impact

• Plants and animals from the Old to Plants and animals from the Old to the New Worldthe New World

• American crops to Europe and American crops to Europe and AfricaAfrica

From Europe to the AmericasFrom Europe to the Americas

• Sugar and bananas transformed Sugar and bananas transformed economies of Latin Americaeconomies of Latin America

• Pigs, sheep, and cattle multiplied more Pigs, sheep, and cattle multiplied more rapidly than they had in Europerapidly than they had in Europe

• The horse was reintroduce and was The horse was reintroduce and was adapted for huntingadapted for hunting

From the Americas to From the Americas to Europe and AfricaEurope and Africa

• Maize, beans, squash, sweet potatoes, Maize, beans, squash, sweet potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, potatopeppers, tomatoes, potato

• TobaccoTobacco

• Rich new sources of nutrition helped Rich new sources of nutrition helped increase the European populationincrease the European population

What was What was another name another name

for this?for this?

The Columbian The Columbian Exchange!Exchange!

Transfer of Food as Transfer of Food as Reciprocal ImpactReciprocal Impact

Was all trade Was all trade good?good?

Not everything!Not everything!

Reciprocal ImpactReciprocal Impact

Transfer of DiseaseTransfer of Disease

• From the Americas to EuropeFrom the Americas to Europe–SyphilisSyphilis

–Appeared in Europe within a year Appeared in Europe within a year of Columbus’s returnof Columbus’s return

–spread to China by 1505spread to China by 1505

Transfer of Disease

• From Europe to Americas–Natives had little natural immunity to

common African and European diseases

– Influenza, typhus, measles, small pox

–Millions died

The “Great Dying”The “Great Dying”

• ““Historical demographers now Historical demographers now estimate that some tribes suffered estimate that some tribes suffered a 90% to 95% loss within the first a 90% to 95% loss within the first century of European contact.”century of European contact.”–Divine, et al. Divine, et al. America, Past and America, Past and

PresentPresent. 1991, New York City.. 1991, New York City.

Ideas also ExchangedIdeas also Exchanged

• Reciprocal impact also referred to the Reciprocal impact also referred to the exchange of ideas and cultural exchange of ideas and cultural concepts, not just physical items like concepts, not just physical items like food or animalsfood or animals

• Indian way of life alteredIndian way of life altered

• Europeans influenced by Indian cultureEuropeans influenced by Indian culture

Why did the Spanish Why did the Spanish come to the New come to the New

WorldWorld

The Three G’s!!!The Three G’s!!!

• The Spanish came to The Spanish came to North America for three North America for three reasonsreasons– God, gold & glory God, gold & glory

• Spanish built missions Spanish built missions and were sent by the and were sent by the Roman Catholic church Roman Catholic church – in the missions, natives in the missions, natives

were taught Christianity were taught Christianity and European farming, and European farming, herding, and craftsherding, and crafts

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration

• Spaniards brought horses which allowed the Spaniards brought horses which allowed the Native American empire to expandNative American empire to expand

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration

• Europeans used Europeans used North America’s North America’s land to extract land to extract gold, tobacco, gold, tobacco,

food, and spices food, and spices to send back to to send back to

EuropeEurope

ExplorationExploration

Why did the French Why did the French come to the New come to the New

WorldWorld

Money, Money, Money, Money, Money!Money!

French• The French were

friendly with the native people because they

profited from them in the fur trade

• Arrived in Eastern Canada and the

Great Lakes in the 1500s

Iroquois Iroquois Confederacy/League Confederacy/League

of Five Nationsof Five Nations

• Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations-Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations-consisted of 5 tribes prior to European contact consisted of 5 tribes prior to European contact

• An Indian Confederation that had a Constitution An Indian Confederation that had a Constitution • We actually borrowed some of their ideas about a We actually borrowed some of their ideas about a

democratic government when we created the Articles democratic government when we created the Articles of Confederation of Confederation

Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five NationsIroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

• Europeans were surprised by some Europeans were surprised by some Native cultural differencesNative cultural differences

• Many native populations used Many native populations used matriarchal leadership (women ruled the matriarchal leadership (women ruled the society as elders, the husband joins the society as elders, the husband joins the wife’s family, women and mothers are wife’s family, women and mothers are highly respected) highly respected)

Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five NationsIroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

• New European New European settlements settlements continued to continued to

spring up and spring up and push the natives push the natives

out of their out of their sacred sacred

homelandshomelands

Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five NationsIroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

• The Pilgrims The Pilgrims celebrated celebrated

Thanksgiving with the Thanksgiving with the Natives after the first Natives after the first

harvestharvest• Their Thanksgiving Their Thanksgiving meal consisted of food meal consisted of food such as: fish, clams, such as: fish, clams,

mussels, turkey, duck, mussels, turkey, duck, deer, corn, fruits, peas, deer, corn, fruits, peas,

nuts, etc. nuts, etc.

Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five NationsIroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

• Pilgrims lived in Pilgrims lived in Plymouth, Plymouth,

MassachusettsMassachusetts

• The Wampanoag The Wampanoag people and people and

Squanto taught the Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to Pilgrims how to

farm, fish, and hunt farm, fish, and hunt

Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five NationsIroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

What tribes made What tribes made up the up the

“Confederacy?”“Confederacy?”

Let’s take a look!Let’s take a look!

Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy

• 5 Iroquois Nations5 Iroquois Nations–MohawkMohawk

–OneidaOneida

–OnondagaOnondaga

–CayugaCayuga

–SenecaSeneca

Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy• lasted for hundreds of yearslasted for hundreds of years

• united to stand together against united to stand together against invasioninvasion– common council composed of clan and common council composed of clan and

village chiefsvillage chiefs– decision must be unanimousdecision must be unanimous

• served as model for founders of US served as model for founders of US governmentgovernment

Matriarchal LeadershipMatriarchal Leadership

• In many tribes, leadership is passed In many tribes, leadership is passed through womenthrough women

• Stories and names are also handed Stories and names are also handed down through womendown through women

• Directly contrasted to male-dominated Directly contrasted to male-dominated European culturesEuropean cultures

Let’s wrap it up! Let’s wrap it up!

In summary… The In summary… The Reciprocal Impact Reciprocal Impact

was…was…

Reciprocal Impact Reciprocal Impact • All of the following were a result of the All of the following were a result of the

reciprocal impact of European contact reciprocal impact of European contact with the indigenous (native) people:with the indigenous (native) people:– Europeans attempted to convert Natives to Europeans attempted to convert Natives to

ChristianityChristianity– Death of Natives by disease due to lack of Death of Natives by disease due to lack of

immunity immunity – Addition of new foods into the European Addition of new foods into the European

dietdiet

• After the French and After the French and Indian War (1754-Indian War (1754-1763), the natives 1763), the natives

were pushed west of were pushed west of the Appalachian the Appalachian

mountainsmountains• But then But then wewe decided decided

to move West and to move West and we forced them on we forced them on

to reservations to reservations

Reciprocal Impact Reciprocal Impact

DependencyDependency

• Influence of Europeans caused Indians Influence of Europeans caused Indians to become dependentto become dependent

• European system of land use reduced European system of land use reduced supply of animals Indians huntedsupply of animals Indians hunted

• Forests were cleared and land fencedForests were cleared and land fenced

• Trade with Europeans caused Indians Trade with Europeans caused Indians to go into debt and encouraged to go into debt and encouraged overhuntingoverhunting

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?