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INTER-PERSONAL CONFLICTS AS THE INHIBITING FACTORS
OF COLONEL LANSER'S DUTIES AS AN ARMY COMMANDER
IN AN INVADED TOWN AS SEEN IN JOHN STEINBECK'S
THE MOON IS DOWN
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
In English Language Education
By:
BUDHI SATRIO
Student Number: 991214141
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2007
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FAILURE IS NOT
AN OPTION
(Gene Kranzt)
Dedicated to:
Papa & Mama, Flora & Dea
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my beloved
parents, Antonius Haryoto and Fransiska Sunarni for their amazing and never
ending pray, love, patience, and support during my study and the completion of
my thesis.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Drs.
Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D., as my major sponsor and Drs. L. Bambang
Hendarto Y., M.Hum., as my co-sponsor, for their guidance, correction, and
contribution of ideas on this thesis. I also thank them for their invaluable patience
and encouragement during the accomplishment of this thesis.
I would like to thank all my lecturers who have shared their knowledge
and encouragement during my study in the English Education Study Program of
Sanata Dharma University. Special thank also goes to all PBI staffs for their help
and friendliness during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
My deepest love and appreciation go to Flora Maharani, S.Pd. and
Dominica Bungadea, who have been, my source of spirit, love and support and
who always pray in their love for my happiness and success. I thank them for
being my faithful comrades in life.
My special thank goes to my beloved brother, Dionisius Budhi Prakoso
for his amazing love, support and pray for me during the good times and the bad. I
also thank Poca, Bang Yandhi, and Christabel for their attention to me. My
special love and thank also go to Sutopo Martinus and Maria for being
wonderful best friends that I can relay on.
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My deep gratitude goes to Bpk. J.D. Wagijo and family, Mbak Tari, Mas
Silo, Mas Momo, Mbak Denok, Mbak Srie and Yuli who always help and
accept me with open arms during the hardest time in my life. It is an honor to be a
member of this family.
I would like to thank all PBI'99 especially Topo, Marga, Lino "pakde",
Bodro, Hadi, Filemon, Robert "item", Rika and Domie. I also would like to
thank all my friends in Parquet Volkswagen Community especially Subuh,
Wulung, Gigih "Kombi" and Heri who always remind me to focus on my thesis
every time I get too busy with my beloved Volkswagen.
Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends in Sickness
Groupen; Jarot, Luwak, Roni, Kamra, Yudhi who have shared wonderful
moments of friendship since 1999. Keep on rocking and rolling, brothers!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... i
PAGE OF APPROVAL .......................................................................................... ii
PAGE OF BOARD EXAMINERS ........................................................................ iii
STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY ....................................................... iv
PAGE OF DEDICATION ....................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study..................................................................................... 1
B. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................... 3
C. Problem Formulation .......................................................................................... 3
D. Benefits of the Study .......................................................................................... 4
E. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review Related to Literature............................................................................... 7
1. Theory of Literature ....................................................................................... 7
a. Character ..................................................................................................... 7
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b. Characterization .......................................................................................... 9
c. Critical Approach in Literary Study.......................................................... 11
2. Theory of Psychology .................................................................................. 13
a. Conflict ...................................................................................................... 13
b. Conflict Resolution ................................................................................... 14
B. Review of Norway Condition during World War II ......................................... 19
C. Criticism ............................................................................................................ 20
D. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
A. Subject Matter ................................................................................................... 23
B. Approach ........................................................................................................... 24
C. Procedure........................................................................................................... 25
D. Organization of the Study ................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
A. The Description of Colonel Lanser's Characteristics ........................................ 28
1. Stiff............................................................................................................... 29
2. War- experienced ......................................................................................... 31
3. Well- trained................................................................................................. 32
4. Smart ............................................................................................................ 33
5. Wise.............................................................................................................. 34
B. The Inter-Personal Conflicts as the Inhibiting Factors of
Colonel Lanser’s Duties in Carrying Out His Orders ....................................... 36
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1. Colonel Lanser’s Duties as an army commander in the invaded town
a. Occupying the town ................................................................................. 36
b. Making the local coal miners mine the earth for the coal and
ship it ....................................................................................................... 37
c. Getting along with town people with little friction as possible ............... 37
d. Maintaining order in the invaded town .................................................... 38
2. Colonel Lanser’s Inter-Personal Conflicts and its Resolution .................... 39
a. The Conflict against Mayor Orden ........................................................... 40
1). Mayor Orden’s Refusal to be his collaborator ..................................... 40
2). Mayor Orden’s as the leader of the rebellious people ......................... 42
b. Conflict against his mentally-down soldiers ............................................ 45
c. Conflict against town people .................................................................... 47
1). The dead of two Colonel Lanser’s officers by the town
people ................................................................................................... 47
2). The sabotage of coal mine equipments and rail road tracks by
town people and coal miners ................................................................ 49
3). The escape of some town people to England seeking for support
to fight the invader ............................................................................... 51
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 56
B. Suggestions ....................................................................................................... 59
1. Suggestion for Future Researchers .............................................................. 59
2. Suggestion for the Teaching and Learning Extensive Reading I
using The Moon is Down ............................................................................. 60
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 63
APPENDICES:
Appendix 1: Summary of The Moon is Down ...................................................... 65
Appendix 2: Cover of the Novel ........................................................................... 67
Appendix 3: Biography of John Steinbeck ........................................................... 68
Appendix 4: Picture of John Steinbeck ................................................................. 71
Appendix 5: Lesson Plan of Teaching Extensive Reading I ................................. 72
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ABSTRACT
Satrio, Budhi (2007): Inter-Personal Conflict as The Inhibiting Factors of Colonel Lanser's Duties as an Army Commander in an Invaded Town as seen in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Yogyakarta: English Language Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis analyzes a novel written by John Steinbeck in 1942 entitled The
Moon is Down. The background of the story has something to do with the World War II era. It tells about conflicts of the invader and the invaded people that happen in the World War II. This study discusses the inter-personal conflicts as the inhibiting factor of Colonel Lanser's duties as an army commander in an invaded town. One of the reasons I choose the novel because through its main character, Colonel Lanser, life seems to be perfectly portrayed. The discussion focuses on the inter-personal conflicts within him.
The objective of this study is to see how conflicts may inhibit one's life as seen in the life of Colonel Lanser. In order to achieve the goal, there are two questions to answer. They are "How Colonel Lanser is described in the novel". Secondly, "How does he cope with his inter-personal conflicts that inhibit his duties". In this thesis, there are two kinds of sources used. They are primary source and secondary source. The primary source is The Moon is Down itself whereas the secondary source is books, journal, criticism, reviews from internet related to the novel. The approach used is psychological approach and the theories used are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of conflict and theory of conflict resolution.
After analyzing the novel, there are two findings found. The first finding reveals that Colonel Lanser is stiff, war- experienced, well- trained, smart, and wise. The second one reveals his inter-personal conflicts due to his post as an army commander to occupy the town. There are three inter-personal conflicts experienced by Colonel Lanser. First is his conflict against Mayor Orden, the Mayor of the invaded town, who refuse to be his collaborator. Secondly, his being opposed by the town people. Thirdly it deals with the mental breakdown experienced by his soldiers.
It is recommended that further researchers deals with the actions done by Colonel Lanser in the occupied town based on post colonialism point of views. This way the meaning of "The Moon is Down" would be better explained and clarified. This study also suggests that the novel be used to teach Extensive Reading I for fourth semester students of English Language Education Study Program.
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ABSTRAK
Satrio, Budhi (2007): Inter-Personal Conflicts as The Inhibiting Factors of Colonel Lanser's Duties as an Army Commander in an Invaded Town as seen in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisis sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh John Steinbeck pada tahun 1942 berjudul The Moon is Down yang berlatar belakang Perang Dunia II. Novel ini berkisah tentang konflik yang terjadi pada para penjajah maupun pada mereka yang terjajah. Studi ini mendiskusikan tentang konflik inter-personal sebagai faktor penghambat tugas-tugas Kolonel Lanser, seorang komandan angkatan bersenjata di sebuah kota jajahan. Salah satu alasan saya tertarik menganalisa novel ini karena melalui karakter utama dalam novel ini, Kolonel Lanser,kehidupan dapat tergambar secara sempurna. Diskusi dalam studi ini difokuskan pada inter-personal konflik yang terjadi padanya.
Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana konflik dapat menghambat kehidupan seeorang seperti yang dialami Kolonel Lanser. Untuk mencapai tujuan dalam studi ini, ada dua pertanyaan untuk dijawab, yaitu: "Bagaimana Kolonel Lanser digambarkan di dalam novel. Kedua, "Bagaimana dia mengatasi konflik inter-personal yang terjadi yang menghambat tugas-tugasnya". Ada dua macam sumber yang digunakan dalam studi ini yaitu sumber utama dan sumber pendukung. Sumber utama adalah novel The Moon is Down itu sendiri sedangkan sumber pendukung adalah buku-buku, jurnal, kritik, referensi dari internet yang berhubungan dengan novel ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologis sedangkan teori-teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter, karakterisasi, konflik dan resolusi konflik.
Setelah menganalisis novel ini, ditemukan dua penemuan yang penting. Penemuan pertama mengungkap bahwa Kolonel Lanser adalah seorang yang tegas, berpengalaman dalam perang, terlatih dengan baik, cerdas, dan bijaksana. Penemuan kedua mengungkap konflik-konflik inter-personal yang terjadi pada dirinya yang dikarenakan oleh posisinya sebagai komandan tentara dalam menginvasi sebuah kota. Colonel Lanser mengalami tiga inter-personal konflik. Pertama konflik dengan Orden, sang walikota, yang menolak menjadi sekutunya; kedua, konflik dengan penduduk kota yang menentangnya. Ketiga adalah konflik dengan pasukannya yang menurun semangatnya. Direkomendasikan disini untuk para peneliti yang akan datang untuk meneliti tindakan yang dilakukan Kolonel Lanser berdasarkan sudut pandang post colonialism. Dengan demikian arti dari "The Moon is Down" dapat dijelaskan dan diklarifikasikan dengan lebih baik.Studi ini juga meyarankan menggunakan novel ini untuk digunakan dalam mengajar mata kuliah Extensive Reading I untuk mahasiswa semester empat Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into five parts. The first part is background of the
study that explains the basic reasons of this study. The second part is objectives of
the study that states the aim of the study. The third part is problem formulation
that states the problem discuss in the study. The fourth part is benefits of the study
that states the benefits for the development of this study. The last part is definition
of terms that clarifies some important terms used in this study.
A. Background of the study
As human beings, it is common if we have some goals in our daily life.
Those purposes could be achieved for a long or short period. In order to achieve
those purposes we should take some efforts. Unfortunately, those purposes could
not be achieved easily because of a lot of inhibiting factors occur, including
conflicts.
Those conflicts as the inhibiting factors to achieve one's goal may occur as
intra-personal or internal conflict and inter-personal or external conflict that
commonly happen in one's life. However, conflicts are inevitable in our life
because human beings are unique. Everybody is different from others in various
aspects. Beaty and Hunter (1989: 778) state that most people try hard to avoid
conflict, preferring that their life be serene and their relationship with other people
smooth and without complication. No one escapes conflict for long, even without
wars or large scale of disagreement.
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This statement above clearly implies that everybody will experience
conflict during his or her life. The conflicts that everybody will experience could
be derived from internal and internal side. External side includes the environment
and the relationship within the people around whereas internal side involves the
personality of an individual himself or herself.
This phenomenon becomes a reality that truly happens in our life. As a
portrayal of human life, some people often put it into the work of literature such as
novel, poetry, and drama. Life and literature are two things that could not be
separated. Many works of literature are inspired by the human's phenomenon.
Moreover, the authors are able to create the story as well as the reality to attract
the reader's attention.
As one of the literary works, novel could represent the phenomenon of
human conflicts clearly. Characters in a novel enable the author to adapt daily-life
conflicts easily because they usually represent the life of human beings in a real
world. One of the novels that reflect this subject is John Steinbeck's The Moon is
Down which was firstly published in 1942. Many experts in literature regard this
novel as a kind of propaganda in World War II. Although the author does not
mention the setting of the story, they assume that it refers to Norway that invaded
by the German during World War II (www.brainencyclopedia.com. 2005).
Through this novel, Steinbeck received the Haakon VII Medal of Freedom for his
literary contribution to the Norwegian resistance movement (www.nobelprize.org.
2005).
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The story tells about inter-personal conflicts as the inhibiting factors of
Colonel Lanser's duties. As an army commander in an invaded town, Colonel
Lanser has some duties to carry. Unfortunately, his duties cause the invaded
people to suffer. When the conflict is growing worse the town people try some
efforts to make the Colonel Lanser's duties fail.
I choose this novel because I am really interested in the conflicts that
occur in the story. Since the story happens in World War II, there are so many
conflicts occurring that involve the invader and the invaded people. The conflicts
here are complicated but interesting to analyze, especially the conflicts
experienced by Colonel Lanser's. As the commander in an invaded town, he must
face inter-personal conflicts with the Mayor of the town who refuses to cooperate
with him, the rebellion of the town people and his own soldiers who are mentally
down. I really admire his characteristics in carrying out his duties because he
always knows what he has to do and even when he faces dangerous situation he is
never panic and still holds his command well. On the other hand, John Steinbeck
is good enough at describing the internal conflicts as if the readers involve in the
story and feels the strained situation.
Based on the explanation above, I regard that his characteristics and the
interpersonal conflicts experienced by Colonel Lanser that inhibit his duties
become kind of interesting subjects to analyze.
B. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are mainly focused to see how Colonel Lanser
is described and how conflicts may inhibit one's life as seen in the life of Colonel
Lanser, the main character, in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down.
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C. Problem Formulation
In order to achieve the objectives above, this study focuses on the problems
that can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Colonel Lanser described in John Steinbeck's The Moon is
Down?
2. How does Colonel Lanser cope with his inter-personal conflicts that
inhibit his duties as an army commander in an invaded town?
D. Benefits of the Study
I hope that this study will give a contribution to literary study to the
readers, students, teachers, and another researcher. For the students and the
teachers, this study could help them to understand one of John Steinbeck's works,
The Moon is Down and enrich their appreciation of literature. The analysis is also
expected to help the readers and another researcher of the same study to
understand John Steinbeck's idea through The Moon is Down in order to find other
possible studies using this novel.
Analyzing the social issue of one's failure to conduct his duties in this
novel will help all of us to consider literary work not only as a means of
entertainment but also a mean of communicating values, moral teaching,
ideologies, and ways of life. Furthermore, this study helps us to have deeper and
comprehensive understanding of the issue concerned.
E. Definition of Terms
Six definitions of terms are listed below to avoid misconception. They are
character, characterization, conflict, inter-personal conflict, duty, and inhibit.
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1. Character
Abrams (1981: 20) points out that characters are the persons presented in a
dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being
endowed with the moral and disposition qualities that are expected in what
they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the actions. In this study,
character is defined as a person in a literary work who speaks and acts in his
own particular ways.
2. Characterization
Holman and Hormon (1986: 81) say that characterization is creation of the
imagery personages who exists for the readers as lifelike. Here we can see
that character and characterization are related to each other. In this study,
characterization refers to how the author presents the character's features
including personality and values.
3. Conflict
Perrine (1972: 44) says that conflict is a clash of action, ideas, desire, or
wills between two individuals and people in society. The conflict can include
physical, mental, emotional, or moral. In this study, conflict is described as
one's struggle in achieving something that involved another individual's
importance and desire.
4. Inter-Personal Conflict
Worchel (1979: 460) says inter-personal or external conflict is the conflict
between a person and an external force (another person, nature, society, the
universe). In this study, inter-personal conflict is the conflict that exists
between two or more persons.
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5. Duty
In Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture (1992: 398) duty
means something that one does either it is part of one's job or because it is
morally or legally right that one should do it. In this study, duty is defined as
one's job to carry out as a must.
6. Inhibit
In Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture (1992: 676) inhibit
means to prevent somebody from doing something.
. CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, there are four parts of discussion namely review related to
literature, review of Norway condition during World War II, theoretical
framework, and criticism. Review Related to Literature consists of theory of
literature and theory of psychology. Theory of character includes theory of
character, theory of characterization, and critical approach. Theory of psychology
includes theory of conflict and theory of conflict resolution. Review of Norway
condition during Word War II states the history of Norway at that time as the
supporting data for the conflicts discussed later. Theoretical framework states how
those theories are applied to analyze the topic. The criticism explains what critics
say toward the novel and the author.
A. Review Related to Literature
1. Theory of Literature
In this part, there are three important theories that help the writer describe
the characterization of the main character in this study. They are theory of
character, theory of characterization and critical approach.
a. Character
Abrams (1981: 20) points out that the characters are the persons presented
in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being
endowed with the moral and disposition qualities that are expected in what they
say, i e. the "dialogue", and what they do, i.e. the "action". It means that the
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character in a story shows moral and natural qualities of minds through the
dialogue and the action of the characters in the story. Supporting Abrams' idea
about a character, Barnet gives another point of view about a character. Barnet
(1986: 113) defines that character is a figure that acts in the story. From this
definition we could interpret that character in a story does not merely exist as a
human being but also something with the ability of human being e.g animal and
plant. Here, human ability involves thought and behavior.
Character in a literature can be categorized into some types. Based on the
importance, Henkle (1977: 87-97) categorizes characters into two kinds, main or
major character and minor character. A major character is usually the center of the
story, because the events of the story are focused on this character from the
beginning until the ending parts. The core of the story is highlighted through this
characters experience. On the other hand, minor characters appear in a certain
setting, just necessarily to become the background for the major characters. Their
roles are less important than the major character because they are not fully
developed characters and their roles in a story are just to support the development
of the major character.
Forster (1974: 53-64) divides characters into two types based on the
internal complexity. They are flat character and round character. A flat character is
presented without much individualizing detail and therefore can be adequately
described in a singular phrase or sentence. It remains the same along the story. It
also can be: "a single idea or quality": Characterized in one or two traits, flat
characters can be written in a sentence to describe whether they are good or bad
characters. This way causes the flat character is not full developed in the story.
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A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is
presented with subtle particularity. It undergoes a permanent change in some
aspects of his or her character, personality or outlook. The changes may be large
or small. It may change to be better or worse but it is something important and
basic. He is as difficult to prescribe with any adequacy as a person in real life is.
Round character is complex and many sided in their temperament so that he has
much proportion for their developments.
b. Characterization
Holman and Hormon (1986: 81) say that characterization is creation of
imagery personages who exist for the readers as lifelike. Having the same idea
Murphy (1972: 52) states that characterization is the technique used by the author
to make the qualities of the character- his likes and dislikes, how he lives and what
he does-known. From those definitions, we could interpret that characterization is
the way the author describe characters in a literary work so that the reader could
recognize and reveal the information and ideas of them.
Murphy (1972: 162-173) proposes ways in which the author attempts to
make his characters understandable and lifelike for his reader. The ways he
proposes are formulated as bellow:
1. Personal description
The author describes a character from his physical appearance like his
build, his face, his skin, his eyes, his hair, or his clothes.
2. Character as seen by another
The author uses another character’s eyes and opinion to describe the
character he wants to expose. Here, characters in the story tell what they
see from each other characters that they encounter.
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3. Speech
What a character says can give the readers a clue to his character. The
conversation in which the character is involved and the way he puts
forward his opinion may show the readers the personality the character.
4. Past life
Sometimes the character's past life shows the readers important clues to get
to know about the character. It can be described by author's comment,
through the character's conversation, or through the medium of another
person.
5. Conversation of others
Readers can get to know the character through the conversation of other
people and the things say about him give the readers a clue to the character
spoken about.
6. Reactions
The character's reaction to various situations and events shows the
character's tendency and his tendency give the reader a clue about he
character's personality. Here, the readers might accept to find the quality of
the characters in dealing with various situation and events they encounter.
7. Direct comment
The author directly gives his personal description and comment on the
character he creates. Usually, the author gives his opinion about the
characters in the story itself.
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8. Thoughts
By letting the readers come into the thought of the character in the novel,
the author wants to show the personality of the character. If the readers are
subjectively involved in the character's thought, they can understand the
character's personality and positions. The readers feel as if they are the
characters themselves.
9. Mannerism
The character's personality also can be described by the author through his
mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies (way of behaving) in his fictional life.
Here, the author not only reveals the habits or mannerism of the character
positively but also negatively.
c. Critical Approach in Literary Study
In analyzing a literary work, a novel for instance, we will use a certain
approach in order to make the analysis clear and understandable. Rohrberger and
Woods, Jr (1971:3) state that we need to employ a means that is called a critical
approach in order to understand and apprehend the aesthetic values of literary
work. Rohrberger and Woods, Jr (1971: 4-15) define five kinds of critical
approach called formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical
approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach.
The formalist approach concentrates on the total integrity of the literary
works. The involvement of each aesthetic part to the whole is seen as harmony to
the complete work. The techniques and structure used in the theory are reference
to the understanding of the piece of work.
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The biographical approach is used when we intend to judge literary
works based on the importance of acknowledging the author's personal life for a
deep understanding to his writing. The proponents of this approach believe that the
works of literature has its' source within the biography of its writer, and the
biographical provision itself supplies useful information that could facilitate them
to a better understanding and appreciation of the works.
The sociocultural-historical approach asserts the analysis of social, cultural
and historical background as reference to the further understanding of the story. As
Rohrberger and Woods state that there are two factors influencing this assertion:
firstly, they believe that the literature is not created in a "vacuum"; secondly,
literature forms significant ideas to the culture that produces it. Many take the
view that literature is a criticism of life that affects men in society, and that great
literature is a criticism of life that affects men in society, and that great literature
expresses the value of order, restraint and human dignity
The mythopoeic approach is used when the critic attempts to find particular
recurrent pattern of human thought, which are considered sharing the same
universal belief to certain community mind. Generally, the patterns involve death
and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, or patterns of behavior basic to
Christian theology. The mystical relationship found in a story can be explained by
the use of this approach.
The psychological approach involves theories of psychology to explain the
character's personality in the story. The proponents of this approach insist that
each character's behavior could be referred to the psychology of human being. By
the approach, the character's thought and behavior can be traced more profoundly
because it has a close relationship with human’s life.
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2. Theory of Psychology
a. Conflict
Perrine (1972: 44) says that conflict is a clash of action, ideas, desire, or
wills between two individual and people in society. The conflict can include
physical, mental, emotional, or moral. Further, Atkinson and Hillgard (1983: 363)
say that sometimes conflicts arise between a motive and person's internal standards
rather than between two external goals. An individual's desires may conflict with
his or her standard of acceptable social behavior. Achievement motives may
conflict with individual standards or helpful and cooperative; to succeed may
require competing with –or even undermining colleagues and associates.
Based on the causes, Worchel (1979: 460) classifies conflict into two kinds
called intra-personal (internal) conflict and inter-personal (external) conflict.
Intrapersonal conflict is defined as a conflict that an individual experiences when
making a choice between two or more alternatives such as aspects of personality,
moral, intellectual and spiritual, while inter-personal conflict is the conflict
between a person and external force (another person, society, nature, the universe).
Inter-personal conflict can also involve competition between two or more
individuals over a goal (competition) or a disagreement as to the means for
reaching goal. For example, a local authority in an invaded town and the
commander of the invader compete to win an authority of the invaded town. The
local authority uses persuasive ways to the town people while the commander of
the invader uses violence ways to the town people.
On the other hand, Coleman and Broen (1988: 114-116) classifies conflicts
into thee types. Those are approach-avoidance, double-approach conflicts, and
double-avoidance conflicts. Approach-avoidance conflicts involve strong
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tendencies both approach and to avoid the same goal. In a similar way, other
desire may conflict with inner reality or ethical restraints or with fear or failure.
These conflicts are sometimes referred to as “mixed blessing” dilemmas because
some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless of which
course of action are selected. For example, a person may want to marry for sexual,
social and securities, while at the same thing fearing the responsibilities of married
life and the loss of personal freedom.
Double-approach conflicts involve competition between two or more
desirable goals. In other words, a person is faced with two or similar choices. For
example, a man has to decide his choice toward his mother or his wife decision.
Double-voidance conflicts are those that individual avoid of doing because
he dislikes it. It usually appears when both of the options are not preferable.for
example, in a war a soldier has to choose between fighting and killing somebody
or refusing to fight but being killed with the attendant social disapproval and
possible punishment.
b. Conflict Resolution
People tend to stay away from trouble and conflict. They try some effort to
solve the problem and conflict in order to make their life better. Somebody who is
in conflict and aware of it tends to search resolution, conflict management or
resolution for his or her problems. Related to the conflict that happens in the story,
it is important to know the conflict resolution taken by the character analyzed.
Isenhart and Spangle (2000: 45-152) propose five alternatives to resolve
both intra-personal and inter-personal conflicts. There are negotiation, mediation,
facilitation, arbitration, and judicial processes. These alternatives are described as
follows:
15
1. Negotiation
This way involves the conflicting parties to have a kind of agreement with
enough cooperation. It aims to reconcile or compromise the different ideas
or point of views that appear between them. There are two types of
negotiation: integrative negotiation and distributive negotiation. Integrative
negotiation suggests the conflicting parties to have joint venture
relationship. It means that they discuss their conflict to dig their problems
and find the mutual gain by giving respect to each other. On the other
hand, distributive negotiation is a kind of a bargaining approach in which
each party views issues with a narrow perspective and accepts the outcome
as a fixed goal. They may threat and demand the opposite to compete in
gaining an advantage.
2. Mediation
In this way, both of the conflicting parties need the third party as their
guidance. It appears as a neutral party in which it works as a mediator with
an objective point of view for the problem. The third party does not give
any advice during the process of mediation. The success of this process
depends on the willingness of the conflicting parties to resolve their
problems. Mediation is a private form because each party could express
their needs, concerns, and fears to gain an agreement.
3. Facilitation
It also needs a third party as their guidance that encourages both parties to
find the best solution. Facilitation is applied such of reasons. First,
16
problems are complex. Second, there exist no more than minimum of
polarization of group members. Third, people with expertise about the
issues express a willingness to participate in discussion about the issue.
Forth, solutions to the problems are not better solved through unilateral
decision-making process. Fifth, the party is willing to accept ownership of
its discussion processes and the outcomes of the discussions.
4. Arbitration
This way is suggested when mediation fails and the cases are more
complex and involve parties who do not value the relationship enough to
cooperate. In this case, the parties in conflict need third party to hear their
dispute and make the decision for them. By pre agreement, the parties
choose to make the decision binding or not binding. It differs from more
formal court proceeding, such as adjudication. Under ideal conditions,
arbitration should not occur until parties have attempted negotiation and
mediation.
5. Judicial Processes
It is the most formal way to resolve the conflicts by involving the third
party that has legal and binding power in its decision. The third party in
this party is court. Any violation that comes from the conflicting party is
categorized as law violation. It is usually attempted when negotiation,
mediation, facilitation, and arbitration fails.
Another theory of conflict resolution is Moore's theory of conflict
resolution. Moore (1999: 23-26) says that there are four ways to achieve resolution
17
they are private decision making, legal authoritative third-party decision making,
and extralegal coerced decision making. These strategies are explained as below:
1. Private decision making by parties
In this part there are four ways to achieve resolution. First is avoidance.
Here people may avoid each other because they feel uncomfortable with
the situation in the conflict. Usually they do not have the power to face and
change the situation. They do not want to negotiate with it. They tend to
repress emotional reaction, looking different view, or leave the situation
totally.
Second is informal problem- solving discussion. Here, the problems are
resolved with satisfaction among the people involved but the problems also
could be abandoned because the people do not want to make a conclusion
to the problem.
Third is negotiation. It is such kind of bargaining relationship between
parties who have a perceived or actual conflict of interest. They share
about their interest and needs each other, exchange specific resources, and
find the right procedures in solving the problems. The process is difficult
because they have to unite in a temporary relationship which emotional
degree plays an important role on it.
Forth is mediation. It is an extension of negotiation that involves the
intervention of third party who leave the decision making power to the
parties in conflict. It could be applied when the parties are not able to
handle the situations and the third party's assistance becomes the only way
to solve the problems. Usually, both of the parties respect the mediator.
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2. Private Third-Party Decision Making
This method consists of two ways. First is administrative dispute resolution
approach. Here, the third party may make a decision to the parties in
conflict. The decision must be balance to the needs and the interest of the
parties. Second is arbitration. Here, the parties request the assistance of
neutral third party to make a decision either advisory or binding. It
becomes a private process because the parties do not publish the process
from the beginning until the end to public.
3. Legal Authoritative Third-Party Decision Making
This strategy consists of two approaches. First is judicial approach. It
involves the intervention of institutionalized and socially recognized
authority in a conflict. Usually, the outcome is win-lose and the result of
the process are binding and enforceable. Second is legislative approach.
Here, the parties solve the conflict under the law. The outcome is usually
win-lose process and uses voting.
4. Extralegal Coerced Decision Making
It consists of two types. First is non-violence approach. It involves a party
committing acts or abstaining acts so that an opponent is force to behave in
a desire manner. These acts do not involve; physical coercion and do not
harm psychologically. It works if the parties put respect on one another.
Second is violence approach. The party must have strong power to damage
the other party. It involves physical coercion to maintain a party's position.
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B. Review of Norway Condition during World War II
Many experts on literature regard the setting of The Moon is Down
represents the condition of Norway during World War II. Therefore, it is important
for us to know the Norway condition during World War II in order to get deeper
understanding of this novel since in this review help us to get a clear picture about
the condition happens in Steinbeck's The Moon is Down.
Norway was a neutral country during World War I (http://
www.answers.com., 2006). The inactive period ended with surprise invasion by
German forces on April 9, 1940. Starting with the invasion at that time, Norway
was under military occupation of German forces and civil rule of German
commissioner in collaboration with a pro-German puppet government.
On the pretext that Norway needed protection from British and French
interference, Germany invaded Norway for several reasons
(http://www.answers.com., 2006), there were to secure ice- free harbors from
which naval forces could seek to control the North Atlantic, to secure the
availability of iron one from mines in Sweden, to precede British and French
invasion with the some purpose and to reinforce the nation of a Germanic empire.
On the other hand, the allies had plans to invade Norway to take advantage of its
strategically important Atlantic coast, but were thwarted by the German
occupation.
The occupation during World War II disturbed the Norwegian's confidence
in neutrality that led them to collective security. Norway put up a stiff fight against
the German occupation and during five years of Nazi occupation Norwegians built
a strong resistance movement which fought the German occupation forces with
20
both armed resistance and civil disobedience. Some Norwegians took part in
armed resistance while the other provided support for such activities and many
Norwegians engaged in various form of civil disobedience.
There was the attempt to maintaining an "Ice Front" against the German
soldiers. This involved, among other things, never speaks to a German if it could
be avoided and refusing to sit beside a German on public transportation. Finally,
the German forces in Norway surrender on May 10, 1945 after the capitulation of
German forces in Europe.
C. Criticism
Many of the readers are very enthusiastic in reading her novels since John
Steinbeck has a great talent in writing a novel. However, he also got many critics
from other people of the literary world.
It seems that The Moon is Down is regarded as a kind of propaganda in
World War II. Donald W. Heiney (2006), a writer of Essentials of Contemporary
Literature, says "During the second World War, Steinbeck wrote outright war
propaganda. Steinbeck is generally sympathetic to the proletariat and to the rural
laborer. He has not, however, adhered consistently to the platform of any one party
or movement."
Supporting Heiney's idea, Joseph R. Milcalp (2006), a writer in literary
study, says, "..., it is a heavily allegorical story that, although unrealistic to a
modem audience, was well reviewed and liked by the World War II- era American
public who wanted not art but propaganda". It means that people now needs a kind
of motivated literary work to make their live more alive.
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Kelly Stonebock (2006), a writer who intentionally analyzed the novel
states that The Moon is Down has often received critics since it was firstly
published. According to her, the invader in the story refers to Nazi. When The
Moon is Down was firstly published in 1940's, it received harsh criticism from
many critics. They claimed that Steinbeck had gone soft. He had done the
unthinkable during a time of war. He had portrayed the enemy as human being
with souls, instead of the faceless everyone had thought them to be. Steinbeck had
painted a very truthful portrait of the Nazis and had shown them as men who had
needs, wants, and desires like all other humans.
On the other hand, some writers still assume that the novel gives some
inspiration to the readers. One of the writers who intentionally reads Steinbeck’s
novel, Christoper Mayer (2006), thinks that this novel is a kind of propaganda
during World War II. Early in Worlds War II John Steinbeck, already a world-
class novelist penned an amazingly successful piece of propaganda that may hold
lesson for us today as we struggle to understand an increasingly hostile world. The
Moon is Down, is a brief, simple novel-a fable reality-that was so inspiring to
those under the heels of fascist dictators that it would bring a death sentence for
simple possession". He also says, " The truly extraordinary things about this book,
however, is that it is frequently told from the point of view of the invaders who are
depicted as intelligent, though misguided, human beings.
Jeremieh Ericcson (2006), a patron of literature and history, regard this
novel as one of great literary works. He, says, "It is very sympathetic to not only
the conquered people but also the conquerors. It truly shows the way war is. Full
22
of despair, hate, longing and killer depression. I was simply blown away with it".
It means that the author describe his point of view on the conflicting parties in
balance.
D. Theoretical Framework
The analysis of my study are focused on conflicts as the inhibiting factors
of Colonel Lanser's duty as an army commander in an invaded town as seen in
John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Therefore, in finding out the answers, the
theories that are used in the analysis are theories of character, characterization,
conflict and conflict resolution.
Since the analysis deals with Colonel Lanser's character, I attempt to
analyze the character first. It is conducted in the reference to the theory of
character by Henkle and Forster and of Characterization by Murphy. These
theories would help me to get closer with the character.
The theory of conflict is used to analyze the conflicts occurring in the
novel. Since I focus on the inter-personal conflicts experienced by the main
character, it is reasonable to apply the theory of conflict by Worchel in my
analysis. I also employ the theory of conflicts resolution by Moore as the basis in
analyzing Colonel Lanser's effort to solve and face the conflicts occurred.
Besides, a review of Norway condition in World War II has an important
position to support the analysis of the Colonel Lanser's duties as an army
commander and the external conflicts occurred in the story. It helps me understand
more about the character and the conflicts he faces.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into four parts named subject matter, approach,
procedures and organization of the study. Subject matter explains the work that is
analyzed and it includes the physical description of the novel. Approach states the
approach taken to analyze the novel. Procedures are steps of doing the analysis
and the organization of the study explains each part of the study including the
appendix.
A. Subject Matter
The Moon is Down is a novel by John Steinbeck, an American Author. The
title refers to a phrase spoken by Banquo's son, Fleance, in Shakespeare's
Machbeth. It was written in 1942 during World War II when Steinbeck worked as
a reporter. The novel consists of 188 pages and is divided into eight chapters. It
firstly published in March, 1942 by the Haddon Craftsmen whereas in my
analysis, I used the novel which was published by Viking Press in 1942.
The story details military occupation of a small town in Northern Europe
by the army of an unnamed nation. It is presumed that the country is Norway, and
in the 1945 Steinbeck received the Haakon VII Medal of freedom of his literary
contribution to the Norwegian resistance movement.
The main character in this novel is Colonel Lanser, an army commander in
an invaded town. The story begins with a surprise invasion to a small mining town
by an army of unnamed nation. Colonel Lanser, the commander of the army,
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24
successfully invades the town without any resistance from the town people
because the help of Colonel Lanser’s accomplice, George Correl.. The invader’s
goal is to take over the coal mine to support their war effort.
As time goes by, the town people realize their condition of being invaded
and start to organize the resistance movement. Mayor Orden, the Mayor of the
town, secretly emerge as the leader of the rebellious people. The rebellious people
create chaos, sabotage mine equipment, and rail road tracks.
Soon after, Colonel Lanser and his soldiers find themselves in conflicts
with the town people. Colonel Lanser tries to combat their resistance but the
resistance becomes more solid and strong with the help from British authority. The
British authority sends hundreds packages contains of dynamites as a weapon and
chocolates for the town people since the invaders control the food supplies in the
town. The British authority also send their bombers which creates many damages
in coal mine and rail road tracks that inhibit the coal shipment schedule.
The conflicts between the invaders and the town people getting worse.
Moreover, a lot of Colonel Lanser’s soldiers experiences mental-breakdown that
loosen their fighting spirit after several times influence in the conflict. Moreover,
during the conflicts Colonel Lanser has to lose two of his senior officers who are
killed by the town people. At the end of the story, Colonel Lanser realizes that he
already lost the war and still tries to carry out his duties as an army commander of
an invaded town as well as he could.
B. Approach
In conducting this study, I applied psychological approach proposed by
Rohberger and Woods, Jr.. This approach is related and reasonable as the basis of
25
analyzing the inter-personal conflicts of Colonel Lanser's duties. It is based on the
consideration that inter-personal conflicts are part of psychological aspects. Here, I
tried to find out psychological information about the type of conflicts, how they
occur, and what the conflict resolutions are. It also helps me to find Colonel
Lanser's characteristics in relation to the focus of the discussion.
C. Procedures
There were some steps I used to analyze this novel. The research was
library study. It means that I got the data by reading, taking the important notes,
and looking for written information from any sources.
First, I chose the John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down and read it several
times in order to get the deeper understanding about the story of the novel entirely.
While reading the novel, I was interested in analyzing the conflicts happening in
the story. I focused my attention on Colonel Lanser, as the main character, and the
conflicts inhibiting him to carry out his duty. Besides, I make some notes as the
important points of the novel to help me analyzing the problem formulation.
After that I continued to analyze the description of Colonel Lanser's
characteristics and his inter-personal conflicts happened in the story as the
inhibiting factors of his duty. In order to support my analysis, I collected some
references from book and Internet related to the topic discussion. It was very
important since they could enrich my information about the novel.
Then, I focused on answering the questions on problem formulation:
Colonel Lanser's characteristics and the conflicts as the inhibiting factors of his
duty. In order to answer the question, I applied the theory of characterization by
26
Murphy, the psychological approach by Rohrberger and Woods, theory of conflict
proposed by Worchel and theory of conflict resolution by Moore. For additional
information, I read some books about literature and psychology. Moreover, I read
an article from Internet about Norway social condition in World War II and
comments or criticism related to the novel and the author.
The next step was making conclusions from the analysis. Here, I also made
some suggestions for the further researchers in analyzing this novel that related to
the topic discussed. Besides, I added teaching learning activities in English using
this novel.
D. Organization of the Study
This analysis is divided into five chapters. Chapter I, introduction, tells
about my background for choosing the topic, the author, and the novel, The Moon
is Down. Then, objectives of the study state the goals of my study. Following this
section, there is problem formulation that states problems discussed in this study.
Then, there is also research for the readers and other researchers. The last part of
this section is definition of term as the information to clarify the discussion latter.
Chapter II contains theoretical review that is divided into four parts. First
part is a review of related literature that states the theories used to analyze the
novel in the discussion latter. It is divided into two major theories. First are
theories of literature, including the theory of character, theory of characterization,
and critical approach in the literary study. Second is theory of psychology
including theory of conflict and theory of conflict resolution. Second part is review
of Norway condition during World War II. Third part is theoretical framework that
27
states the application of the theories in analysing. Forth part is criticism that states
some critics' opinion related to the novel and the author as the supporting data.
Chapter III is methodology. It consists of four parts called subject matter,
approach, procedure, and organization of the study. Subject matter tells the
physical condition and a brief summary of the novel. Approach is the
implementation of approach taken as the basic of the analysis. Procedure is the
steps that I took in analyzing this study. Organization of the study tells about the
part of the thesis.
Chapter IV presents the analysis of the problem formulation stated. In this
chapter there are two parts. The first part is the description of Colonel Lanser.
Second is Colonel Lanser's inter-personal conflicts as an inhibiting factors of
Colonel Lanser duties. I devided this part into two discussion. First, I describe his
duties in an invaded town. Second, I analyze his inter-personal conflicts and its
resolution.
Chapter V is entitled Conclusions and Suggestions. It is divided into two
parts. First part concerns conclusions that state the conclusions of the study.
Second part states Suggestions. It deals with suggestions for the implementation of
this novel as the teaching-learning activities. It also gives some suggestions to
researcher to find another possible study using the novel.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is divided into two parts. First part analyses the description of
Colonel Lanser's characteristics in John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. Second
part analyses Colonel Lanser's inter-personal conflicts as the inhibiting factors of
Colonel Lanser's duties in carrying out his orders.
A. The Description of Colonel Lanser's Characteristics
Since the analysis deals with Colonel Lanser's characteristics, I attempt to
analyze his characteristics first. It is conducted based on the theory of character by
Henkle and Forster and of characterization by Murphy. According to Henkle
(1977: 87-97) characters could be categorized into two kinds, main or major
character and minor character. Colonel Lanser is one of the main characters in
Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. He is the person who has the fullest attention on
the novel from the beginning until the end of the story.
Forster (1974: 53-64) divides characters into two types based on the
internal complexity. They are flat character and round character. Here, Colonel
Lanser is presented as a round character because he experiences several significant
changes, for example, in the beginning of the story he tends to use non violence
approach toward Mayor Orden but after some inter-personal conflicts appear, he
applies the violence approach to resolve the conflicts.
To have a deeper analysis on Colonel Lanser's characteristics, I also
employ theory of characterization by Murphy. In this study, I just apply six ways
to analyze his characteristics. There are personal description, speech, past life,
28
29
reactions, direct comment, and mannerism. Based on these ways, I find out that
Colonel Lanser's characteristics are stiff, war-experienced, well-trained, smart, and
wise. The characteristics of Colonel Lanser are described in details in the next
paragraphs below.
1. Stiff
Colonel Lanser is described as a man of middle age, “The Colonel was a
middle aged man, gray and hard and tired looking” (p. 30). As a Colonel of an
army he has a stereotype of a soldier that is stiffness. In Oxford Advanced
Learner's Dictionary of Current English (1987: 322), stiff means not easily
changed or influenced; showing strength of character and purpose. Colonel Lanser
is stiff to everyone without exception. When George Correl, his accomplice in
invading the town, refuses his order to leave the meeting with Mayor Orden,
Colonel Lanser shows him a stiff attitude,
And Correl said, “I have right to be here!” Lanser repeated shaply, “Will you leave us now, Mr. Correl? Do you outrank me?” (p. 32). Colonel Lanser also shows his stiff attitude to George Correl when George
Correl refuses to leave the town as soon as possible although his life is in danger
for being attacked by the town people. The town people try to kill him by hitting
him with rocks on his head that makes him badly injured. Colonel Lanser suggests
him to go back to the capital before something happens again,
Lanser's voice was tight. His eyes were slitted. He said harshly, “Wear a helmet, keep indoors, do not go out at night, and, above all, do not drink. Trust no woman nor any man. Do you understand that?” (p. 66). Colonel Lanser also shows his stiff attitude to Mayor Orden, the Mayor of
the town, when the Mayor refuses to cooperate in maintaining order in the town.
30
The town people start to rebel, especially the coal miners who do not want to do
what the Colonel Lanser's officers ask them to do that is mine the earth for the coal
faster than before,
“Mayor Orden, you know our orders are inexorable. We must get the coal. If your people are not orderly we will have to restore that order by force.” His voice grew stern. “We must shoot people if it is necessary. If you wish to-save your people from hurt, you must help us to keep order” (p. 86). As a stiff man, Colonel Lanser's judgment is not easily changed.
He shows it when George Correl influences him to replace Mayor Orden
with Correl as a Mayor of the town. He knows that Mayor Orden's existence is
important for him to achieve his goal in invading the town because he thinks if
Mayor Orden agrees to collaborate with him the town people will follow what the
Mayor does so that it will help Colonel Lanser in carrying out his orders,
Lanser shook his head. “I have no order about that. I must use my own judgment. Mayor Orden is more than a mayor, he said. “He is his people. He knows what they are doing, thinking, without asking, because he will think what they think. By watching him I will know them. He must stay. That is my judgment” (p. 65). Another proof that he is a stiff man is when Mayor Orden tries to change
Colonel Lanser's decision to stand a public trial for Alex Morgan who has killed
Captain Bentick, one of Colonel Lanser's senior officers, Colonel Lanser still holds
on his own opinion with his reasonable reason that the trial for Alex Morgan
should be held publicly to prevent a further rebel action,
“You know as well as I that punishment is largely for the purpose of determining the potential criminals. Thus, since punishment is for others than the punished, it must be publicized. It must even be dramatized” (p. 85). Based on the proofs above, we can conclude that he shows his stiff attitude
in the right moment and place. This is also derived from the army's stereotype that
exists in his life.
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2. War- experienced
The position as an army commander of the invaded town is very suitable
position for Colonel Lanser because this occupation is not his first time
experience. He has experienced this position a couple of years before, “Lanser
said, “I've helped to occupy countries before” (p. 61). That statement shows that
Colonel Lanser knows what war is and in his battalion he is the only man who has
been in a real war, “Of them all, only Colonel Lanser knew what war really is in
the long run” (p. 47). Colonel Lanser has a real war experiences since he had been
a soldier for a long time and also fought in real battles of war,
Lanser had been in Belgium and France twenty years before and he tried not to think what he knew that war is treachery and hatred, the muddling of incompetent generals, the torture and killing and sickness and tiredness, until at last it is over and nothing has changed except for new weariness and new hatreds” (p. 47). As an experienced commander of the invaded town he knows that in a war
anything can happen. He also learns that in a war good things can easily turn to be
bad things easily. It makes him try to make his troops realize that the war is not
over yet,
Lanser looked down and said, “Defeat is momentary thing. A defeat does not last. We were defeated and now we attack. Defeat means nothing. Can't you understand that? Do you know what they are whispering behind doors?” (p. 67). As an experienced army commander Colonel Lanser knows that the town
people may strike back again as soon as they are ready. This fact also makes him
always aware of his surrounding and gives an order to his men to stay alert
although they have succeeded in invading the town. He shares his war experience
to his men that war is full of hatred and trickery and therefore, the troops should
never loose their attention to the town people,
32
Lanser said, “There are no peaceful people. When will you learn it? There are no friendly people. Can't you understand that? We have invaded this country by what they called treachery, prepared for us." His face grew red and his voice rose. "Can't you understand that we are at war with these people?” (p. 67). The evidences above imply that Colonel Lanser has some experiences in
war. From his experiences, he knows what war really is and what will occur in a
war. He tries to share his experiences of war to his men in order to make them
realize what is going on in a real war so that his men will always stay alert all the
time during the war.
3. Well- trained
Colonel Lanser is also fully aware of himself about being a soldier. This
self awareness makes him suitable to carry out this kind of military job. He really
knows the meaning of becoming a soldier in a war. When one of his officers
recommends him to rest because he looks overtired, the Colonel rejects it and says,
“I'm not a civilian Hunter. We're short enough of officers already. You know that.
Get to your work, Major” (p.165). His fully awareness of being a soldier in a war
also shows in the statement bellow,
Lanser told himself he was a soldier, given orders to carry out. He was not expected to question or to think, but only to carryout orders; and he tried to put aside the sick memories of the other war and the certainty that this would be the same. This one will be different, he said to himself fifty times a day; this one will be very different (p. 47). Besides, Colonel Lanser also shows that he is really aware of becoming a
good soldier through his statement bellow when he advises his green officer who
seems frightened during the occupation,
You are a soldier. Your comfort is of no importance and, Lieutenant, your life isn't of much important. If you live, you will have memories. That's about all you will have. Meanwhile you must take orders and carry them out. Most of the orders will be unpleasant, but that's not your business (p. 167).
33
Colonel Lanser knows that to be a good soldier he has to follow the order
and carry it out no matter what happens. When Doctor Winter, the official of the
town, tries to confuse him about the Colonel's order the Colonel answer it as a well
trained soldier like,
And Doctor Winter said to the Colonel, “Will you carry out the orders, knowing they will fail? Lanser's face was tight. “I will carry out my orders no matter what they are” (p. 186). He also shows himself as a well trained soldier when he responds quickly
to the dangerous situation when the town people attack him and his men during the
military court that he held in Mayor Orden’s house for the Captain Bentick’s
murderer. As soon as the attack happens that make some of his men badly injured,
Colonel Lanser gives his order without being panic under attack to Captain Loft
clearly to handle the situation by leading a small squad to pursuit the rebellious
people,
Lanser took command. “Captain Loft, there will be tracks in the snow. Now, I want every house searched for firearms. I want every man who has one taken hostage." And then, "I want every weapon in town gathered. Bring in everyone who resist. Hurry, before their tracks are filled” (pp. 98-99). From these evidences, we know exactly that Colonel Lanser knows what
the soldiers must do and behave in a war. As a soldier and a commander, he is able
to react well in any situations without being depressed and putting his men in the
jeopardy.
4. Smart
His decisions about things which have a relationship with his order in
the invaded town also shows that he is really experienced in his field as well as
smart. It shows when he decides that he and his officers will live and post his
34
headquarters inside the Mayor Orden's house which means that the invaders live in
the same roof with the local authority. This smart decision is based on his
assumption that by doing so he can control and watches the local authority's
policy,
The Colonel puffed deeply. “We have found that when a staff lives under the same roof of the local authority, there is more tranquility. “You mean”, said Orden, “The people feel there is collaboration involved? Yes, I suppose that is it” (p. 38).
Trough his experience, he can make another good decision when he lets
Mayor Orden be the mayor of the town instead of replacing the mayor with
himself by doing so he hopes that it could reduce the conflicts between the
invaders and the town people and the mayor could help him in maintaining order
in the town,
The Colonel said quickly, “We know that, and so we are going to keep your government. You will still be the Mayor, you will give the orders, you will penalize and reward. In that way, they will not give trouble” (p. 35). Based on the evidences above, we know that Colonel Lanser could make
right decisions so that these right decisions may support his mission to be well
accomplished. All of his decisions never involve his private needs and only focus
on the accomplishment of his duty.
5. Wise
His reaction when he faces Lieutenant Prackle, one of his young officers
who get bored and frightened during the war, shows us that Colonel Lanser is a
wise person. Colonel Lanser knows that it will be useless to get angry because it
will make the condition getting worse. Colonel Lanser help the young officer to
resolve the problem and then make the officer ready to be in duty again,
35
Good. Now I tell you, and I hope you'll understand it. You are not a man anymore. You are a soldier. Meanwhile you must take orders and carry them out.” Prackle said wearily, “Yes, sir, thank you, sir” (p.167). We can find another proof that Colonel Lanser is a wise man from his
reaction toward one of his officer's suggestion to set booby traps and poison the
chocolates in the package of dynamites sent by the British authority for the
rebellious people. Colonel Lanser simply rejects this plan since he knows that it
would not be effective to solve the problem. He never underestimates the
intelligence of the town people so that he knows that the town people will not be
easily trapped,
They will poke them with poles, or lasso them, before they touch them. They will try the chocolate on the cat. Goddamn it, Major, these are intelligent people. Stupid traps won't catch them twice (p.161). Another evidence is through his reaction in facing the problem with the
Mayor Orden’s cook who throws boiled water to his soldiers that make some of
his soldiers badly injured. At that time Colonel Lanser choose to release the cook
instead to shoot ar punish her for what she did. Colonel Lanser hopes that it will
reduce the conflict that unnecessary to occur,
“Was anyone hurt?” Lanser asked” “Yes, sir, scalded, and one man bitten. We are holding her, sir” Lanser said, “Release her and go outside the porch” (p. 40).
From the evidences above, we know that he is a wise person. We can know
it from the fact that he always tries to handle the problem as well as possible in
order not to make the conflicts become worse. In addition, Colonel Lanser also
never underestimates others and tries to put the problems in a proper position to be
solved.
36
B. The Inter-Personal Conflicts as the Inhibiting Factors of Colonel Lanser's
Duties in Carrying out His Orders
To have a deeper analysis about Colonel Lanser's inter personal conflicts
that inhibit his duties as an army commander in the invaded town, we have to
know what his duties are. Therefore, I divide this analysis into two parts. First, I
describe Colonel Lanser's duties in an invaded town. Second, I explain Colonel
Lanser's interpersonal conflicts and their resolution.
1. Colonel Lanser's Duties as an Army Commander in the Invaded Town
a. Occupying the town
His first duty as a commander is to occupy the small mining town. Colonel
Lanser successfully occupies the town with the help of George Correl, a local
storekeeper, who has prepared everything for the D-day. Colonel Lanser
successfully occupied the town with a surprise invasion on Sunday morning within
less than half an hour without loosing any troop at all and manages to kill some of
the local troops,
“By ten-thirty the brass band of the invader was playing beautiful and sentimental music in the town square.” “By ten thirty-eight the riddled six were buried, the parachutes were folded, and the battalion was billeted in Mr. Correl's warehouse by the prier, which had on its shelves blankets and cots for the battalion” (pp. 12-13). “By ten-fortyfive it was all over. The town was occupied, the defenders defeated, and the war finished” (p. 11). Mayor Orden, the Mayor of the town, gets confused when he has to do his
duty in his town. Everything is not the same as he has expected before. Colonel
Lanser explains that he and his soldiers have occupies the town, “The Mayor said,
“I have had no news. What about the rest of the country?”. “All taken,” said the
colonel. “It was well planned” (p. 33). At the same time he also explains to the
Mayor about his main duties in the invaded town.
37
b. Making the local coal miners mine the earth for the coal and ship it
After successfully invade the small mining town Colonel Lanser held a
meeting with Mayor Orden, the mayor of the town. In this meeting he explains to
the Mayor about his main duty in the town. Colonel Lanser's main duty is to mine
the coal and ship it, “My job is to get the coal out” (p. 64). Colonel Lanser
explains to the mayor of the town that this order is a more engineering job than a
conquest, “This whole thing is more engineering job than conquest. The coal must
come out of the ground and be shipped” (p. 34).
Some technicians help Colonel Lanser in carrying out this job in the mine,
but to bring the coal come out of the ground the local miners should do it, “We
have technicians, but the local people will continue to work the mine” (p. 34). The
Colonel will use whatever it takes to make the local miners do exactly what he
says. Like when the Colonel tries to explain his order to Mayor Orden, "The
colonel said, “I hope they will want to, because they must. We must have the coal”
(p. 35). "They will be in danger if they are rebellious. We must get the coal, you
see. Our leaders do not tell us how; they order us to get it" (p. 36). Later, Colonel
Lanser proofs his words to get the coal whatever it takes. Colonel Lanser lets the
miner to starve if they do not work harder in the coal mine and if they do not work
harder it means that their families will starve too.
c. Getting along with town people with little friction as possible
Since he and his battalion live in the town, Colonel Lanser has a duty to get
along with people in the invaded town, “We are instructed to get along with your
people” (p. 40). This order is also important to do since the Colonel knows that by
getting along with local people it will reduce the conflict that will happens
between them and the invaders. As he says, “We want to get along as well as we
38
can. You see ... We will try to get along with just as little friction as possible”(p.
33).
Colonel Lanser proves that when he has his first meeting with Mayor
Orden in the Mayor's house. When some of the soldiers on the back porch to
pacify the meeting, the Mayor's cook, Annie, throws boiling water to the some of
the Colonel's men and makes them injured. At that time, Colonel Lanser chooses
to release her instead ordering the soldiers to shoot the cook,
The door opened and a soldier stood in the opening. "Shall I arrest this woman, Sir?” “Was anyone hurt?” Lanser asked.” “Yes, sir, scalded and one man bitten. We are holding her, sir” “Lanser said, “Release her and go outside off the porch” (p. 40). By releasing the cook, Colonel Lanser wants to show his good will to
Mayor Orden as well as carry out his duty. Colonel Lanser needs the Mayor
Orden's corporation in order to accomplish his mission in the invaded town
successfully. He really aware that with less conflict happens in the invaded town
will help him to accomplish his duties well.
d. Maintaining order in the invaded town
As the commander in the invaded town, he is the man in charge. He has to
maintain order in order to create better situation for the invader and the local
people. Colonel Lanser asks the Mayor of the town to collaborate with him to
maintain the order in the town. Although the Mayor rejects the request, the
Colonel still carries out his order. It shows when he asks the Mayor to help him to
stand a trial for Alex Morden and then shoot him publicly for killing the Colonel's
officers, “This man has killed an officer. The coal miner should be shot publicly,
because the theory is that other will -then restrain himself from killing our man”
(p. 88).
39
In order to maintain the order in the town Colonel Lanser uses a
cooperative way as well as a hard way. He always reminds Mayor Orden to
control the actions of his people not to create chaos in the town for their own
safety. If it does not work, he will take the hard way although it is his last choice,
“Lanser said wearily, “I don't like to think of the means the military will take to
keep order” (p. 41).
Lanser said,” If your people are not orderly, we will have to restore that order by force.” His voice grew stern. “We must shoot people if it is necessary. If you wish to save your people from hurt, you must help us to keep order” (p. 86). When the rebellious actions are getting worse in the town, Colonel Lanser
takes everything that necessary to maintain order in the town. He orders his
soldiers to shoot everybody who committing crime in the town and at the end of
the story he orders his soldier to execute Mayor Orden for his crime.
2. Colonel Lanser's Inter-Personal Conflicts and its Resolution
Worchel (1979: 460) classifies conflict into two kinds called intra-personal
(internal) conflict and inter-personal (external) conflict. The conflicts that inhibit
Colonel Lanser's duties are classified as inter-personal conflict. It is the conflict
between a person and external force. To analyze the conflicts happen, I use theory
of conflict resolution presented by Moore (1999: 23-26). He says that there are
four ways to resolve the problems namely private decision making by parties,
private third-party decision making, legal authoritative third-party decision
making, and extralegal coerced decision making. In my analysis, the inter-personal
conflicts that are faced by Colonel Lanser are the conflict against another person
and society whereas the conflict resolution used are avoidance approach as a part
of private decision making by parties, judicial approach as a part of legal
40
authoritative third-party decision making, and violence and non-violence approach
as part of extralegal coerced decision making.
a. The Conflict against Mayor Orden
1). Mayor Orden's refusal to be his collaborator
Since the first time Colonel Lanser meet Mayor Orden, he has tried to
persuade Mayor Orden to collaborate with him. The Colonel keeps doing that
since he knows that by collaborating with the local authority will make his job
easier to handle. Unfortunately, Mayor Orden keeps on his principle that he
refuses to collaborate with the invader. The Mayor keeps his principle until the
end of the story and he always believes in the power of his people and it starts
the conflict between them,
Now Lanser stood up, “Please cooperate with us for the good of all” When Mayor Orden made no reply, “For the good of all,” Lanser repeated. "Will you?” “Orden shook his head. “I don't know. When the town makes up its mind what it wants to do, I'll probably do that” (p. 41).
The Mayor refuses all the things asked by Colonel Lanser for him to do.
The Mayor does that from the very first time they meet. He always finds the right
answers to refuse the Colonel's request to collaborate. Colonel Lanser's threat to
harm the life of the local miners if the Mayor does not want to help him makes the
miners work in the coal mine, however the invader does not make the Mayor
afraid,
The Colonel said, “You must make them work and thus make them safe” Mayor Orden asked, “But supposes they don't want to be safe?” “Then you must think of them” Orden said, a little proudly, “My people don't like to have others think for them. Maybe they are different from your people “(p. 36). Mayor Orden also refuses the Colonel Lanser’s request to pass sentence of
death on Alex Morgan for killing Captain Bentick when Colonel Lanser
41
asks him to go to the trial. It makes Colonel Lanser become very angry
since if Colonel Lanser successfully makes the Mayor to pass the sentence
of death in the trial, he hopes that the town people will see that there is
collaboration in maintaining order between the invader and the local
authority and therefore, it can reduce the possibility of conflict to happen
again,
Orden said softly, “You wish me to pass sentence of death on Alex Morgan after a trial here?” “Yes, and you will prevent much bloodshed later if you will do it”. Then the Mayor said, “This principle does not work. First I am the Mayor. I have no right to pass sentence of death. There is no one in this community with that right. If I should do it, I would be breaking the law as much as you” (pp. 86-87). Colonel Lanser's conflict with Mayor Odren is getting worse when the
Mayor refuses the Colonel's request to help him in maintaining order in the town.
The town people start to use dynamites to create a chaos in the town and make a
lot of damages with it. This makes Colonel Lanser run out of his patience and
takes Mayor Orden as the hostage,
And Mayor Odren said smiled helplessly at him. “They can not stop, sir” Colonel Lanser said harshly, "I arrested you as a hostage for the good behavior of your people” (p. 183). Finally, after many efforts have been done to make Mayor Orden
collaborate with him Colonel Lanser comes to the reality that he has fail to make
the Mayor be his collaborator. Mayor Orden has faith in his own people that they
will fight the enemies with or without the Mayor,
But that won't stop it," Orden said simply. "You don't understand. When I have to become a hindrance to the people, they will do without me." Lanser said, "Tell me truly what you think. If the people know you will be shot if they light another fuse, what will they do?” “I don't know," said the Mayor. “I think they will light the fuse” (p. 183).
42
This inter-personal conflict involves a person and another person. Colonel
Lanser plans to make Mayor Orden as his collaborator but Mayor Orden refuses it.
Colonel Lanser keeps trying to do the lobbying toward Mayor Orden although
Mayor Orden never gives a good response to his proposal and seems does not care
about what he says, “Now Lanser stood up, “Please cooperate with us for the good
of all” When Mayor Orden made no reply, “For the good of all,” Lanser repeated.
‘Will you?” (p. 41).
In order to resolve this conflict, Colonel Lanser applies non-violence
approach as part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel Lanser applies the
non-violence approach toward Mayor Orden by lobbying Mayor Orden in
persuasive ways for several times in order to make Mayor Orden willing to be his
collaborator. However, this approach fails since Mayor Orden still holds his
believes that is never cooperate with the enemies.
2). Mayor Orden as the leader of the rebellious people
Since the first time Colonel Lanser and Mayor Orden meet there is an
indication that Mayor Orden has set his mind to fight the invader with his people
and in his fight, it is does not matter for the Mayor who will be the leader of it,
Orden smilled. You won't believe this, but it is true: authority is in the town. I don't know how or why, but it is so. This means we can not act quickly as you can, but when the direction is set, we will act together (p. 41). Mayor Orden always involves in every rebel action in his city although he
is taken as a hostage in his house. One night, he manages to escape to arrange
some strike back actions with some town people without being found out and he
manages to do that because of the help of his two loyal servants, Annie and
Joseph,
43
“How will the Mayor get out?” Annie laughed. “Joseph is going to be in his bed in case they look in, right in his nightshirt, right next to Madame!” And she laughed again. She said, “Joseph better lie pretty quiet” (p. 125). At that night in one of the town people's house, the Mayor has a plan to
help some young people who have committed a crime to the invaders to escape to
England. At that time there are a lot of town people who have committed crimes in
the city to create a chaos and some of them that manage to escape from the
soldiers will be helped by the Mayor to sail out to England,
“The Anders boys are sailing for England. They've got to.” “Are they?” Molly asked. “What for?” “Well, it was their brother, Jack, was shot today for breaking the little car. The soldiers are looking for the rest of the family. You know how they do” (p. 124). At the same time, the Mayor also knows that these young boys are going to
kill George Corell, the traitor, before they sail to England. The Anders boys will
go to England by the stolen boat. They are going to steal George Correl's boat and
kill Mr. Corell all at once,
“We got word you boys were going tonight.” “We've got to go,” Tom said. Orden nodded. “Yes, I know. We heard you were going to take Mr. Correl with you.” Tom laughed bitterly. “We thought it would be only right. We're taking his boat. We can't leave him around. It isn't good to see in the street” (p. 138). The mayor also sets a plan to strike back that night. He asks the Anders
boys to look for some help in England as soon they are arrive there. The Mayor
asks for some simple weapons to use in their fight against the invader. Since they
are watched, the Mayor thinks that it is better if the British authority sends simple
weapons to hide and to use them in the right time to fight back by parachutes,
“Do you want guns, Sir? Shall we ask for guns?” “No, tell them how it is. We are watched. Any move we make call for reprisal. If we could have simple, secret weapons, weapons of stealth,
44
explosives, dynamites to blow up the rail road, grenades, if possible, even poison." He spoke angrily (p. 142). The conflict between Colonel Lanser and Mayor Orden is getting worse
when Colonel Lanser find out that as the time goes by Mayor Orden secretly
emerges as a leader of the rebellious people of the town. Colonel Lanser's
collaborator Mr. George Correl gives him some reliable facts which indicate that
Mayor Orden has become the leader of the rebellious people since the first time
and also becomes the man who supports the-rebel actions in the town,
“I have to report to you that Mayor Orden has become in constant contact with every happening in this community. On the night when Lieutenant Tonder was murdered, he was in the house where the murder was committed. When the girls escaped to the hills, she stayed with one of his relatives. I traced her there, but she was gone. Whenever men have escaped, Orden has known about it and he has helped them. And I even strongly suspect that he is somewhere in the picture of these little parachutes (pp. 168-169).
This inter-personal conflict involves a person and another person. Colonel
Lanser has tried not to harm Mayor Orden since he really needs his collaboration
for the success of his invasion but with this new facts make Colonel Lanser have
no more choice to make Mayor Orden as his collaborator anymore. Colonel Lanser
considers that Mayor Orden has endangered the invasion by his position as the
leader of the rebellious people who fight against the invaders and finally Colonel
Lanser comes to the fact that Mayor Orden deserves a punishment for his crime.
In order to resolve this conflict, Colonel Lanser applies violence approach
as part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel Lanser applies the violence
approach toward Mayor Orden by taking the Mayor as the hostage in his own
45
house to control the behavior of the town people. Then when it fails, Mayor Orden
will be executed, “Lanser was erect and stiff. My orders are clear. Eleven o'clock
was the deadline. I have taken hostages. If there is violence, the hostages will be
executed” (p. 186). When it comes to the deadline and violence still goes on in the
town, Colonel Lanser does what he says before by giving his order to his soldier to
execute Mayor Orden.
b. Conflict against his mentally-down soldiers
Colonel Lanser has to face the fact that his soldier is tired and mentally
down after several months in the invaded town where the hatred and conflict are
growing worse everyday. The soldiers are in under siege all the time since they are
haunted of being murdered by the town people,
Now it was that the conqueror was surrounded, the men of the battalion alone among silent enemies, and no man relax his guard for even a moment. If he did, he disappeared, and some snowdrift received his body. If he went alone to a woman, he disappeared and some snowdrift received his body. If he drank, he disappeared. The men in the battalion only could sing only together, could dance only together, and dancing gradually stopped and the singing expressed a longing for home. Their talk was of friends and relatives who loved them and their longings were for warmth and love (p. 103). They are also longing for home and the warmth of their family since the
town people are silent, sullen, and cold to the soldiers. The town people show their
hatred by never communicating with the invader. The town people are always cold
and sullen when they face or force to talk to the invader. In this way, they want to
show that they do not want to co-operate with the invader, “..., that the people they
had known looked at them coldly and never spoke” (p. 101).
The town people still communicate to each other and laugh but when they
see invaders, they will turn to be sullen and cold again,
46
The patrols, seeing lights, hearing laughter, would be drawn as to a fire, and when they came near, the laughter stopped, the warmth went out, and the people were cold and obedient. And the soldiers, smelling warm food from the little restaurant, went in and ordered the warm food and found that it was over salted or over peppered (p. 103). Based on the fact that many experts on literature regard the setting of The
Moon is Down represent the condition of Norway during the German occupation
in World War II (hitp://www.answers.com., 2006), what town people did really
happened in Norway during the German occupation and what they did was called
"Ice Front". Ice Front was the action of never speaking to a German whenever they
could avoid and refused to sit beside a German on public transportation.
In the novel, the same condition also happens to some of Colonel Lanser's
officers. The young lieutenants are afraid and since they do not have any war
experience, they are always terrified every time the conflict happens,
Tonder's hand dropped. “Be still! Don't talk like that! These people! These horrible people! These cold people! They never look at you.” He shivered. “They never speak. They answer like a dead man. They obey, these horrible people. And the girls are frozen!” (p. 110). Another event that described the “Ice Front” is when Joseph, Mayor
Orden's loyal servant has to face Lieutenant Prackle. Joseph tries to be silent in
communicating with the invaders and if he must talk he will talk as brief as
possible,
Prackle said loudly, “Joseph, is there any wine or any brandy?” Joseph shook his head. Tonder started up from the table, his face wild with anger, and he shouted, “Answer, you swine! Answer in words!” Joseph did not look up. He spoke tonelessly. “No, sir; no, sir; there is no wine” (p. 110).
The news from home which always contain good news and the letters from
home that always arrive late and sometimes does not arrive at all make the soldiers
more depressed. They are wondering about what happen to their family and
relatives and other conquered countries,
47
Then the soldiers read the news from home and the news were always good, and for a little while they believe it, and then after a while they do not believe it anymore. And everymen carried his heart the terror (p. 103). This inter-personal conflict involves a person and another person. In this
case involves Colonel Lanser and his soldiers. This conflict inhibits the Colonel
Lanser to complete his duty. The soldiers are mentally weak and it could influence
their combat performance and may easily lose the battle.
In order to resolve this conflict, Colonel Lanser applies avoidance
approach as a part of private decision making by parties. In this case, Colonel
Lanser avoids meeting his soldier and talking about their problems. In his mind, he
knows exactly that this condition will happen to all soldiers including him. Since
he has learned from the previous war, he hopes that his soldiers will able to
manage themselves to survive from this kind of condition.
c. Conflict against town people
I). The dead of two Colonel Lanser's officers by the town people
In order to help Colonel Lanser to carry out his duties in that small mining
town, he has five officers with him. They are one Major, two, Captains, and two
young Lieutenants. The officers live in the Mayor Orden's house where they set it
as their headquarters. One day in the mining field one of Colonel Lanser's
Captains, Captain Bentick, is killed by a local miner named Alex Morgan in a
chaos,
“I have to report, sir, that Captain Bentick has been killed?” Lanser said, “Are you sure he's dead?” “Quite sure,” Loft said stiffly. “Who did this?” “A miner." Said Loft (p. 70).
48
The death of Captain Bentick by the local miner makes the town people
awake from their confusion. As soon as Alex Morgan is shot dead in the town
square, some town people throw the glass of the window of the room where the
trial for Alex Morgan is held. This action makes Lieutenant Prackle injured and
makes the Colonel very angry,
Then there was a shout outside. The glass of the window crashed inward and Lieutenant Prackle wheeled about. He brought his hand up to his shoulder and stared about it (p. 98). On the other occasions, Colonel Lanser has to loose another officer. One of
his young Lieutenants, Lieutenant Tonder, who is commanding the squad to shoot
Alex Morgan is killed in one snowing night. Molly Morgan, Alex Morgan's
widow, kills Lieutenant Tonder in her house when Lieutenant Tonder tries to
seduce her that night,
The blades slipped through her fingers until she held the long shears and she was holding them like a knife, and her eyes were horrified. Slowly she raised the shears and placed them inside her dress. Her voice was strained and sweet. She called, "I'm coming, Lieutenant, I'm coming” (p. 146).
Lieutenant Tonder knows that the woman he is seducing is the widow of
the man he shoots to dead in the town square, but he still does that since he feels
so lonely and he really wants to get Moly's attention to be his lover. On the other
hand, Molly Morgan uses that opportunity to revenge him of killing his beloved
husband. After committing a murder, Molly Morgan runs away to the hill and
because of the help of Mayor Orden, she can hide in the Mayor relative's house
and is never captured until the end of the story.
The death of Captain Bentick and his young Lieutenant is a hard thing for
him since they are his officers and without their presence will make the Colonel's
duty hamper. Lanser said, “I wish we had more junior officers. Tonder's getting
killed didn't help us a bit. Why couldn't he let women alone?” (p. 163).
49
This inter-personal conflict involves a person and society, Colonel Lanser
and the town people. On the day when Captain Bentick is killed in the mining field
by Alex Morgan, the miners actually also involve in creating chaos that make
Captain Bentick get killed.
In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies judicial process as a
part of legal authoritative third party decision making. As soon as Alex Morgan is
captured, Colonel Lanser holds a military court in Mayor Orden's house. In this
court Alex Morgan is found guilty as charge for killing Captain Bentick and
therefore he deserves a death sentence, “Lanser said. “The court finds you guilty
and sentence you to be shoot immediately” (p. 95).The death sentence will be
executed in a form of shot to dead execution by the Colonel Lanser's soldiers and
will be held in the town square as soon as the court is closed.
2). The sabotage of coal mine equipments and rail road tracks by town people
and the coal miners
Colonel Lanser's duty to make the coal miners mine the earth for the coal is
inhibited by the miners. The miners have their own way to revenge the invaders.
The miners work slowly and clumsy in the coal mine to inhibit the invader to get
the coal on time. The miners also make mistakes and sometimes break some
mining equipments. Their revenge actions hamper Colonel Lanser to carry out his
order,
In the harbor the coal barges came empty and went away loaded, but the coal did not come out of the ground easily. The good miners made mistakes. They were clumsy and slow (p. 100). The town people also participate in this rebel action. They also have their
own ways to do that. The town people wreck the dynamo in order to inhibit the
50
miners to work faster in the coal mine and also to make Colonel Lanser and his
officers to live without electricity in the town. Colonel Lanser and his officers will
find difficulties to live without the electricity because the officers have to work
and make a report at night. Every time Colonel Lanser gets the dynamo fixed by
the technicians, some of the town people will wreck it again and again,
“Did you get the fellow that wrecked it?” Prackle asked. And Hunter said grimly, “It might be any of five men. I got all five." He went on musingly, “It's so easy to wreck the dynamo if you know how. Just short it and it wrecks itself.” He said, "The light ought to be on any time now” (p. 95).
When the dynamites from the British authority arrived, the damages are
more largely done by the town people. The town people use the dynamites to blow
the rail road tracks and also the track siding, “Hunter said. ”There are three breaks
in the rail road all within three miles” (p. 135). They also use the dynamites to
make a chaos in the coal mine. These actions do not only hamper the coal
shipment and transportation but also make the soldiers busier than before and
make worried since now the invaded people who are civilians are armed and
dangerous,
And there was death in the air, hovering and waiting. Accidents happened in the railroad, which clung to the mountain and connected the little town with the rest of the nation. Avalanches poured down on the tracks and rails were spread. No train could move unless the tracks were first inspected. People were shot in reprisal and it made no reprisal (p. 101). This inter-personal conflict involves a person and society, Colonel Lanser
and the town people. The sabotage done by the miner and the town people that
never stop really inhibits Colonel Lanser's duty in making out the coal out. The
town people keep sabotage the mining equipment, dynamo and vehicle as their
contribution to fight the invader.
51
In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies the violence
approach as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. He allows his soldier to
shoot the men who are captured sabotaging the mining equipment, dynamos or
vehicles, “What's your trouble?” Hunter asked. “Oh the usual thing with me-the
slow-down and a wrecked dump car. I saw the wrecker, though. I shot him” (p.
114).
3). The escape of some town people to England seeking for support to fight
the invader
Bombing help, weapons, and food supply from British authority have arrived after several times when some of the town people manage to escape to England.
As soon as they arrived in England, they try to find some help from the British
authority. The British authority sent their bombers to bomb the coal mine and
some places in the town continuously to support the town people fighting toward
the invader,
Now and then a group of young men escaped and went to England. And the English bombed the coal mine and did some damage and killed some of both their friends and their enemies (p. 101). The British bombers bomb the town, the coal mine and the rail road tracks
continuously and make the Colonel and his troops always stay alert condition. The
invaders cover their office and the house windows to avoid the bombers to bomb
them, “The jolly lights did not shine out of the snow, for by law every window
must be black against the bombers” (p. 104). The British bombers cause some
damages in the town. Those damages hamper Colonel Lanser to accomplish his
duty in the town. The bombers also cause some damages in the coal mine, “And
yet when the English bombers came over, some light always appeared near the
coal mine” (p. 104).
52
The damages on some railroad tracks make the transportation in the city
hampered. The damages also hampered the coal shipment schedule because the
coal from the mine will be delivered to the harbor by train. Whenever the troops
have fixed them, the bombers will hit the rail road all over again and it takes a lot
of effort and time for the Colonel's troops to fix them,
Major Hunter said, “I've built this siding four times. I don't know why a bomb always knocks out this particular siding. I'm getting tired of this piece of tracks. I have to change the route every time because of the craters. There's no time to fill them in. the ground is frozen too hard. It seems to be too much work” (p. 109). After several times the British authority finally sends the secret weapons
asked by Mayor Orden. In one clear night, the British bombers drop hundreds of
small blue packages with little parachutes on each of them,
High in the air the two bombers circled, mud colored planes and from the belly of each one tiny little objects dropped hundreds of them, one after another. They plummeted a few feet and then little parachutes opened and drifted small packages silently downward toward the earth (p. 151). These blue packages are sent for the town people who need weapons to
fight against the enemies. Each package contains some dynamites and chocolates.
The town people who see these little parachutes come from the bomber quickly
collect and hide it,
The late dawn came and the people moving out of their houses in the country saw the spots of blue against the snow... "They went to them and picked them up. They unwrapped the paper and read the printed words. They saw the gift and suddenly each finder grew furtive, and he concealed the long tube under his coat and went to some secret place and hit the tube (p. 153). As soon as Colonel Lanser knows about the little packages sent by
the British bombers, he gives his order to his soldiers to collect the packages as
much as they can. He looks surprise to find out that the packages contains of
53
dynamites. Along with the dynamites, there are an instruction about how to use the
dynamites and what the people should do with the dynamites,
“Well, I have read it and I want you to listen to it carefully,” said Lanser, “Now here, rails in the country. And, work at night. And, tie up transportation. Now here, Instructions: rails. Please stick under rail close to the joint, and tight against a tie. Pack mud or hard-beaten snow around it so that it is firm. When the fuse is lighted you have a slow count of sixty before it explodes. Bridges: weaken, do not destroy.” And here, transmission poles and here, culverts, trucks,… (p. 159). The British authority also sends chocolates since they know that the town
people in the invaded town are hungry. This hunger problem exists because the
invaders control the food supply for the town people. The invaders make the town
people to suffer in order to reduce the chaos because the invaders think that if the
town people are hungry and suffer they will thinking about food instead of
creating chaos,
The food supply was controlled-issued to the obedient and withheld from the disobedient-so that the whole population turned coldly obedient. There was a point where food could not be withheld, for a starving man cannot mine coal, cannot lift and carry. And the hatreds was deep in the eyes of the people, beneath the surface (p. 101). The town people, who most of them are coal miners, are forced to work
harder than before in the coal mine. The invaders have new rule that only by
working harder the miners’ family will get something to eat since the invaders
control the food supply,
Captain Loft said, “If the coal doesn't come out, no food for the families. We will have the men eat in the mine, so there's no dividing at home. That ought to cure it. They work or their kids don't eat. I told them just now” (p. 114). The British authority sends the packages in blue wrapper in order to be
easily found by the town people in the snow. This technique is very effective since
the town people will easily find the packages in the snow and the children would
like to hunt for it because of the chocolate and its interesting blue paper wrapper,
54
Colonel Lanser said, “The wrapper is so blue, so that it's easy to see. Unwrap the outer paper and here”. Lanser picked up the small packages, “here is apiece of chocolate. Everybody will be looking for it. I'll bet our own soldiers steal the chocolates” ( p. 157). This inter-personal conflict involves a person and society. Here, the
conflicting parties are Colonel Lanser and the town people. After the town people
get the dynamites, the rebellious action of the town people are getting worse. The
town people use the dynamites effectively to break the rail roads. As soon as they
get the dynamites in the packages, they blow some rail roads and make Major
Hunter, the officers in charge on rail road, confused, "Lanser glanced at it and
laughed harshly.”Here's something for you, Hunter. Two more breaks in your line”
(p. 157). The town people not only use the dynamites to blow the rail road tracks
but also to blow the coal mine and create chaos with it.
In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies violence approach
as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel Lanser commands his
officer to find and investigate the rebel organization among the town people then
stamp it out, “Yes, said Lanser, “we have to stamp it out, ferociously, I suppose.
You take a detail, Loft” (p. 163). He gives his order to his officer to execute
Mayor Orden when he finally finds that Mayor Orden is the leader of the
rebellious people and as a man who plays important role behind the British
authority's support.
Those inter-personal conflicts above are the factors that inhibit some
of Colonel Lanser main duties. The duties that inhibit by those inter-personal
conflicts are maintaining order in the invaded town and making the local miner to
mine the earth for the coal and getting along with the town people with little
friction as possible.
55
Colonel Lanser duty to maintaining order in the invaded town is inhibit
because without Mayor Orden to be his collaborator it is very hard to handle the
town people because the Mayor himself against the invaders and the town people
follow and support their leader. The condition is getting worse when Mayor Orden
organizes the rebel movement. There are a lot of chaoses in the town that make the
soldiers and officers are killed by the town people. The same condition also
happens in the coal mine. The coal miners also support the Mayor resistance and
they have their own way to fight the invader. They sabotage the coal mine
equipments that inhibit Colonel Lanser’s coal shipment schedule. The town people
also kill the soldiers that create friction with them. As a result, Colonel Lanser
duties to get along with the town people with little friction as possible is inhibit.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Chapter V is divided into two parts, namely conclusions and suggestions.
The conclusion consists of the conclusion of my analysis. The part of suggestion is
divided into two sections, namely suggestion for future researchers to conduct
further research using the novel and suggestion for teachers to implement the
novel as teaching learning activities. Here, I give the implementation of teaching
Extensive Reading I using chapter 1-2 of John Steinbeck's The Moon is Down for
the fourth semester students of English Education Study Program.
A. Conclusions
From my analysis on The Moon is Down, I can conclude that I have
achieved the objectives of my study because the problem formulation could be
answered. Colonel Lanser is classified as a major character because he has fullest
attention during the story. He also appears from the beginning of the story until the
end. Colonel Lanser is also regarded as a round character because he experiences
some conflicts in the story and he leads some resolutions to solve the conflicts.
Based on the analysis, Colonel Lanser's characteristics are described as
stiff, war-experienced, well-trained, smart, and wise. His stiffness is shown by his
character and the way he talks which is not easily changed or influenced by other
people's opinion and circumstances. As a war-experienced commander, Colonel
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57
Lanser knows what war really is since he has some experiences in war and
occupied towns in Belgium and France twenty years before he invades the small
mining town in the story. Colonel Lanser is regarded as a well-trained soldier
because he really knows the meaning to become a soldier in a war. He tells
himself, that as a good soldier he has to carry out his order without any question
no matter what it is. He also shows himself as a well trained soldier when he can
respond quickly to the dangerous situation without being panic. He is also
described that he is smart because he is able to make some good decisions to do
his job to he well accomplished through his experiences as an army commander.
Colonel Lanser is also described as wise because he never underestimates others
and tries to put the problems in a proper position to be solved.
Based on the analysis, Colonel Lanser has some important duties in the
invaded town. His duties are occupying the town, making the local miners to mine
the earth for the coal and ship it, getting along with the people with little friction as
possible and maintaining order in the invaded town.
Based on the analysis, the inter-personal conflicts that inhibit Colonel
Lanser's duties as an army commander in the invaded town are only conflicts
between a person against another person and a person against society.
The conflict between a person and another person is clearly shown when
Colonel Lanser involves in a conflict with Mayor Orden and his soldiers. The
conflict against Mayor Orden appears when Mayor Orden refuses to collaborate
with Colonel Lanser as the authority of the town and emerge as the leader of the
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rebellious people. In the other hand, Colonel Lanser, also faces his mentally down
soldiers which endanger the successful of his duties.
The conflict between a person and society could be seen when Colonel
Lanser has to loose his two officers who are killed by the town people. Instead of
that, the town people sabotage the mine equipments and rail road tracks.
Moreover, he has to face the fact that some town people escape to England seeking
for support
Based on the analysis, Colonel Lanser uses some approaches to resolve his
conflicts. When Mayor Orden refuses to collaborate with Colonel Lanser as the
authority of the town, Colonel Lanser applies non-violence approach as part of
extralegal coerced decision making by lobbying Mayor Orden in persuasive ways
for several times in order to make Mayor Orden willing to be his collaborator. As
time goes by, Colonel Lanser finds out the fact that Mayor Orden is the leader of
the rebellious people. Here, Colonel Lanser applies the violence approach as part
of extralegal coerced decision making toward Mayor Orden by taking the Mayor
as the hostages in his own house to control the behavior of the town people. Then
when it fails, Mayor Orden will be executed.
On the other hand, Colonel Lanser also faces his mentally down soldiers
which endanger the successful of his duties. To resolve this conflict, Colonel
Lanser applies avoidance approach as a part of private decision making by parties.
In this case, Colonel Lanser avoids to meet his soldier and to talk about their
problems.
When Colonel Lanser has to loose his two officers who are killed by the
town people, Colonel Lanser applies judicial process as a part of legal
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authoritative third party decision making. He holds a military court in Mayor
Orden's house. In this court the miner is found guilty as charge for killing his
officer and therefore he deserves for the death sentence.
In addition, the town people also sabotage the mine equipments and rail
road tracks. To resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser applies the violence approach
as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. He allows his soldier to shoot the
man who captured sabotage the mining equipment, dynamo or vehicle.
Colonel Lanser also has to face the fact that some town people escape to
England seeking for support. In order to resolve the conflict, Colonel Lanser
applies violence approach as a part of extralegal coerced decision making. Colonel
Lanser commands his officer to find and investigate the rebel organization among
the town people then stamp it out.
B. Suggestions
1. Suggestion for Future Researchers
In this thesis, I focus on analyzing the characteristics of Colonel Lanser
and the inter-personal conflicts that emerge as the inhibiting factor in his duties. I
am sure other researchers could analyze other topics that could be found in John
Steinbeck's The Moon is Down. The future researchers could conduct researches
on the unwillingness of Mayor Orden to collaborate with the invaders, the
motivation of British authority to support the town people movement, or the
meaning of invasion for the town people.
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2. Suggestion for the Teaching and Learning Extensive Reading I using The
Moon is Down
When we learn English, there are some possible medias that can be used
such as grammar book, news, newspaper, magazine, drama, movie, even literary
works. In my opinion, reading a work of literature is very important because it
provides us with an authentic language. It also enriches our knowledge because it
could make our mind function optimally. It seems that this novel is suitable to be
used as an English teaching learning material. This novel consists of difficult
words and the story is complicated enough that makes the novel interesting to
learn. Regarding of its language difficulty and complicated conflicts, this novel is
suitable to the college students.
Based on the benefits of teaching English of using literary work, I provide
suggestion for teaching Extensive Reading I using the novel The Moon is Down.
There are two exercises used in this teaching-learning activity. They are
comprehension questions and vocabulary exercise. Comprehension Questions are
questions that derived from the novel and student's opinion related to the topic
taught. Vocabulary Exercise is very important because it can improve the students
to memorize the new words.
The Implementation of Teaching Extensive Reading I Using Chapters 1-2 of
The Moon is Down
The teacher gives the students The Moon is Down in the previous meeting.
This novel will be used for two meetings. It could help the students to get more
61
understanding of the novel so that the teaching-learning activity will be efficient
and effective. In the first meeting, the teacher asks the student to answer
comprehension questions from chapters 1-2 of the novel in which the material is
given to the students a week before the meeting. It gives time to the students to
have a deeper understanding about the passage given. In the second meeting, the
teacher asks the students to summarize chapter 1-2 of the novel using their own
words.
Here are the procedures of teaching Extensive Reading I using chapters 1-2
of The Moon is Down:
Meeting 1
(The teacher asks the students to read chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down before
the meeting.)
1. The teacher gives the students a quiz consist of comprehension questions
derived from chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down in a written form.
2. The teacher asks the students to answer the comprehension questions.
3. The teacher asks the students to submit the answers.
4. The teacher offers any students to answers the comprehension questions orally.
Here, the teacher will give points for them who want to answer the
comprehension questions. The other students also may give a comment.
5. The teachers gives a conclusion together with the students concerning to the
discussions.
Meeting 2
1. The teacher asks the students to recall chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down by
giving some clues.
62
2. The teacher asks the students to summarize chapters 1-2 of The Moon is Down
using their own words.
3. The teacher asks the students to submit the summary.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. 1981. A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Beaty, Jerome J. and Paul Hunter. 1984. New World of Literature. New York: W.W. Norton Co.
Coleman, James, William E. Broen, Jr. 1988. Abnormal Psychology on Modern
Life. London: Scott, Foresman and Company. Forster, E.M. 1974. Aspects of the Novel and Related Writings. London: Edward
Arnold
Henkle, Roger B. 1977. Reading the Novel. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon. 1986. A Handbook to Literature. New
York: Macmillan Publishing Company Hornby, A.S. 1974. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Isenhart, Myra Warren, & Spangle, Michael. 2000. Collaborative Approaches to
Conflict Resolving. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Moore, Christhoper W. 1999. The Mediation Process. Washington: Mount Blank
Press. Murphy, M.J. 1972. Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry
and English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd
Perrine, Laurence. 1974. Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense. New York:
Harcourt, Brace Javanovich, Inc. Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. 1971. Reading and Writing about
Literature. New York: Random House. Steinbeck, John. 1942. The Moon is Down. New York: The Viking Press. Worchel, Stephen & Cooper, Joel. 1979. Understanding Social Psychology.
Homewood: The Dorsey Press.
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Internet Sources http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=Norway&curtabLinklext
=Norway (Accessed on April 10, 2006 at 06.35 p.m.) http://www.answers.com/main/nquery?method=Occupation+of+Norway+by+Naz
i+Germany& curtab (Accessed on April 10, 2006 at 06.52 p.m.) htlp://www.mrtravers.com/critic.htm (Accessed on April 5, 2006 at 07.35 a.m.) http://tags.library.upon.edu/tag/the_ moon _is _down (Accessed on April 5, 2006
at 08.20 a.m.) http://www.zooscape.com/egi-bin/maitred/WhitePulp/steinbeck/isbn0783889658
(Accessed on April 10, 2006 at 07.30 p.m.) http://give youjoy.net/peace-passion/000462.html (Accessed on April 10, 2006 at
07.30 p.m.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/john.steinheck.html (Accessed on December 15, 2006 at21.33p.m.)
Appendix 1
SUMMARY OF THE MOON IS DOWN
Colonel Lanser as an army commander successfully invades a small
mining town without any resistance from the town people. The invasion could run
smoothly because of the help from Colonel Lanser's accomplice, George Correl.
He is a popular storekeeper in the town who lend his boat to the policeman and the
postman for fishing several miles at the sea and who held shooting-competition for
the local troops to take place six miles back in the hills in the day of the invasion.
In the beginning, the town people still confuse about what happen since
they have lived at peace so long that they do not quite believe in war. Soon after,
the Colonel Lanser and his young officers live in Mayor Orden's house and take
Mayor Orden, the mayor of the town, as a hostage. Colonel Lanser's main duty is
to make the coal come out of the ground and be shipped. He ordered the town
people to work in the mine harder than before and sooner the hatred and conflict
occur.
The murder of Captain Bentick by Alex Morgan, which followed by the
death sentence for Alex Morgan, makes the conflict and hatred growing worse.
The town people awake from their confusion and start the rebellion against the
invader. They sabotage the mine equipments such as generators and vehicles, set a
murder attempt to kill the soldier and George Correl the traitor, and smuggling
people who commit crime toward the invader out of the country to England asking
for help.
65
66
The bombing help from British authority and the appearance of the Mayor
Orden who secretly emerge as the leader of the rebellious people make the invader
angry and start to control the food supply and make the coal miner and town
people suffered. It does not make them weak in spirit and make them hatred more
the invader. The town people show their hatred by never interact with the Colonel
Lanser's troops which make them mentally down.
As the time goes by, the British authority send hundreds of dynamite by
parachutes in snowing night to be found by the town people. They use the
dynamite to blow the rail road, vehicles and some generators in the mine and
create a chaos with it. To prevent further damage, Colonel Lanser announces that
the life of Mayor Orden will be in danger if the town people still use the dynamite.
Mayor Orden, the secret leader of the rebellious people, believes that the
announcement will not loosen the town people spirit to fight He prepared himself
to be executed as the explosions roar near the town.
Appendix 2
COVER OF THE NOVEL
Published by Penguin 20th Century , October 1999
Taken From: http://editions.fantasticfiction.co.uk/edition.egi?isbn=0808554271
(Accessed on July 1, 2006 at 07.15 a.m.)
67
Appendix 3
BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN STEINBECK
John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California on February 27, 1902. He was the
third of four children and the only son of John Ernst II and Olive Hamilton
Steinbeck. He spent his childhood and adolescence in the Salinas Valley. In 1915-
1919 he attended Salinas High School then Stanford University intermittently
between 1920 and 1926. Steinbeck not graduates from Stanford, but instead chose
to support himself through manual labor while writing for the New York
American. His experiences among the working classes in California lent
authentically to his depiction of the lives of the workers who are the central
characters of his most important novels. Steinbeck spent much of his life in
Monterey County, which later was the setting of some of his fiction.
Steinbeck's first novel, Cup of Gold, was published in New York in 1929 by
McBride, and was followed three years later by The Pastures of Heaven published
by Brewer, Warren, and Putnam and in September 1933, To a God Unknown.
However, these three first novels were unsuccessful both critically and
commercially. Steinbeck had his first success with Tortilla Flat in 1935, an
affectionately told story of Mexican- American told with gentle humor.
Nevertheless, his subsequent novel, In Dubois Battle (1936) was marked by an
unrelenting grimness. This novel is a classic account of a strike by agricultural
laborers and a pair of Marxist labor organizers who engineer it, and is the first
Steinbeck novel to encompass the striking social commentary of his most notable
work. Steinbeck received even greater acclaim for the novella Of Mice and Men in
68
69
February 6, 1937 a tragic story about the strange, complex bond between two
migrant laborers. His crowning achievement, The Grapes of Wrath, won Steinbeck
Pulitzer Prize, a National Book Award. It was also adapted into a classic film
directed by John Ford that was name one of the American Film Institute's one
hundred greatest films. The novel describes the migration of a dispossessed family
from Oklahoma Dust Bowl to California and critiques their subsequent
exploitation by a ruthless system of agricultural economics.
After the best -selling success of The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck went to Mexico
to collect marine life with the freelance biologist Edward F. Ricketts, and the two
men collaborated in writing Sea of Cortez (1941), a study of the fauna of the Gulf
of California. During the Second World War, Steinbeck wrote some effective
pieces of government propaganda, among them The Moon is Down (1942), a novel
of Norwegians under Nazis. He also served as a war correspondent. With the end
of World War II and the move from the Great Depression to economic prosperity
Steinbeck's work did soften somewhat. While containing the elements of social
criticism that marked his earlier work, the three novels Steinbeck published
immediately following the war Cannery Row (1945), The Pearl and The Bus (both
1947) were more sentimental and relaxed in approach. Steinbeck also contributed
to several screenplays. He wrote the original stories for several films, including
Lifeboat (1944), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and A Medal for Benny, and the
wrote the screenplay for Elia Kazan's Viva Zapatal, a biographical film about
Emiliano Zappata, the Mexican peasant who rose to the presidency.
Steinbeck's later writings were comparatively slight works of entertainment and
journalism, but he did make conscientious attempts to reassert his stature as a
70
major novelist: Burning Bright (1950), East of Eden (1952), and The Winter of
Our Discontent (1961). None of these works equaled the critical reputation of his
earlier novels. Steinbeck's reputation depends mostly on the naturalistic novels
with proletarian themes he wrote during the Depression. It is in these works that
Steinbeck is not effective in his building his characters. Steinbeck received the
Nobel Prize for literature in 1962, and died in New York City on December 20,
1968.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/john.steinbeck.html (Accessed on December15,2006 at 21.33 p.m.)
Appendix 4
PICTURE OF JOHN STEINBECK
Taken From: http://www.steinbeck.sjsu.edu/biography/index.jsp
(Accessed on July 1, 2006 at 08.00 a.m.)
71
Appendix 5
LESSON PLAN EXTENSIVE READING I
Subject : Extensive Reading I
Level of Students : Fourth Semester Students of English Language Education
Study Program
Material : Chapter 1-2 The Moon is Down (Pages 11-71)
Time Allocation : 4 x 50 minutes
Basic
Competencies
Achievement
Indicators Learning Activities Sources
Developing
reading
comprehension
and putting
forward their
opinions
concerning the
contents of the
reading
passage given.
-Understanding
the content of
the reading
passage
- Answering
the
comprehension
questions
based on the
reading
passage orally
and in written
form.
- Summarizing
the reading
passage using
the students'
own words.
Meeting 1
(The teacher asks the
students to read
chapters 1-2 of The
Moon is Down before
the meeting.)
The students:
- Answer a quiz consist
of comprehension
questions derived from
chapters 1-2 of The
Moon is Down in a
written form.
- Submit the answer.
-Answer the
comprehension
questions orally. Here,
the
teacher will give points
for them who want to
- Chapter
1-2 of The
Moon is
Down
(Pages 11-
71)
-Worksheet
72
73
answer the
comprehension
questions. The other
students also may give
a comment.
- Draw a conclusion
together
with the teacher
concerning to the
discussions.
Meeting 2
The students:
- Recall chapters 1-2 of
The
Moon is Down with
some clues
- Summarize chapters
1-2 of
The Moon is Down
using their own words.
- Submit the summary.
QUIZ OF THE MOON IS DOWN
Chapter 1-2 (Meeting 1)
Date :...........................................................
Name :...........................................................
Std. No : ..........................................................
A. Pre-activity Questions
1. Who is John Steinbeck?
2. Mention at least two of his famous literary work?
B. Comprehension Questions
Answer the comprehension questions below based on Chapter 1-2 of The Moon is
Down and your own knowledge!
1. Who are Colonel Lanser and George Correl? What are their relationship and
role in the invasion of the town?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. Describe the characteristics of Colonel Lanser! Explain it!
………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. Why does Mayor Orden refuse to collaborate with Colonel Lanser?
………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. Why does Colonel Lanser refuse George Corell's idea to replace the Mayor
Orden's position with himself?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. What is your opinion about a military invasion to other country? Explain it!
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
C. Vocabulary Exercise
Describe these words below!
1. Invader : …………………………………………………………………….
2. Conquered : ……………………………………………………………………..
3. Official : ……………………………………………………………………..
4. Resistance : ……………………………………………………………………..
5. Defeat : ……………………………………………………………………..
WORKSHEET OF THE MOON IS DOWN
Chapter 1-2 (Meeting 2)
Date : ……………………………
Name : ……………………………
Std. No. :……………………………
Instruction
Summarize chapter 1-2 of The Moon is Down using your own words! (200 words
at most)
………………………………………………………………………………………
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