intensive sweet cherry production: making ideas …...microirrigation (drip & microsprinkling):...

Intensive Sweet Cherry Production:Making Ideas Come True

Kouman Koumanov

Fruitgrowing InstitutePlovdiv, Bulgaria

[email protected]

Trends in sweet cherry production

� Relatively high yields and good fruit quality

� Extensive character

� Stagnation on a global scale, due to:

� big size trees� big size trees

� high and gradually increasing labor expenses

� late fruiting

� delayed pay-back of investments

� diminishing profits

� Need for intensification

Intensive cherry production

� Smaller trees, denser orchards

� Early fruiting

� Higher yields and fruit quality

� Economy of labor, water, mineral nutrients and agrochemicals

� Small tree advantages:

� harvesting and pruning – from the terrain� harvesting and pruning – from the terrain

� improved photosynthesis and fruit coloration

� easier plant protection and cheaper protective covers

� earlier pay-back of investments

� Higher initial investments

� High expertise required

� Dwarfing and productive rootstocks

Traits and “bottlenecks” of the dwarfing rootstocks

� tendency to overloading – poor growth – small fruit – stunt trees– dead trees

� suited to rainy climates and on fertile soils with good water holding capacity

� unadapted to drought conditions and on poor and light soils(Lang, 2000; Bujdosó et al., 2004; Bujdosó, 2006; Papachtazis, 2006; Jiménez et al., 2007; De Salvador et

�(Lang, 2000; Bujdosó et al., 2004; Bujdosó, 2006; Papachtazis, 2006; Jiménez et al., 2007; De Salvador et al., 2008; Godini et al., 2008; Gyeviki et al., 2008; Ster, 2008; Bujdosó and Hrotkó, 2009; Fajt et al., 2009; Hrotkó et al., 2009; Lichev and Papachatzis, 2009; Long, 2009; Cantin et al., 2010; James, 2010; Long and

Kaiser, 2010; Long et al., 2011)

� critical factors:

� pruning

� water regime

� mineral nutrition

Guiding postulations

� The intensive cherry production differs, almost thoroughly, from the traditional one regarding pruning, irrigation and fertilization

� Microirrigation and fertigation are indispensable elements of the technology, and the fine tuning of irrigation and fertilization regimes is a requisite

� The unsatisfactory results of dwarfing rootstocks under water scarcity and on poor and light soils come after disregarding the extremely high requirements concerning pruning, water regime and mineral nutrition of the trees grown concerning pruning, water regime and mineral nutrition of the trees grown intensively

Water storage in the root zone 20 hours after the preceding drip irrigation under the same irrigation regime (Koumanov et al., 1998)

Distance from the dripper, cm

Depth

, cm

Fluvisol Luvisol Vertisol

W=59 dm3 W=89 dm3 W=139 dm3

Depth

When the soil properties are disregarded, evaporative losses are capable tosignificantly decrease the net water amount extracted by trees, thus greatly reducing the quantity and quality of the fruit production.

Water storage depletion in the tree root zone 20 hours after the preceding drip irrigation (Koumanov et al., 1998)

Dep

th, c

m

Tre

e Distance from the dripper, cm Fluvisol


Tre

e D

epth

, cm

Luvisol


Dep

th, c

m

Tre

e

Water, kg/kg.100 %

Dep

th, c

m


Tre

e

Water, kg/kg.100 %

Mineral content of soil solution between two fertigation doses (Bigarreau Burlat/Mazzard); 30 May – 16 June 2010

Depth

, 10 c

m

Drip irrigation Microsprinkling

100

200

300

400

N-N

O3- , m

g L-1

5

10

15

20

25

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

100

200

300

400

N-N

O3- , m

g L-1

5

10

15

20

25

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

Depth

Depth

, 30 c

m

0

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

0

0

100

200

300

400

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O3- , m

g L-1

0

5

10

15

20

25

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

N-NO3- P2O5 К2OEC pH

0

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

0

0

100

200

300

400

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O3- , m

g L-1

0

5

10

15

20

25

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

Mineral content of soil solution between two fertigation doses (Bigarreau Burlat/Mazzard); 7 – 23 June 2011

Дълбочина

10

cm

0

cm

0

100

200

300

400

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O3- , m

g L-1

0

5

10

15

20

25

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O3- , m

g L-1

0

5

10

15

20

25

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

300

400

, mg

L-1

20

25

O, m

g L-1

; pH

N-NO3- P2O5 К2OEC pH

300

400

, mg

L-1

20

25

O, m

g L-1

; pH

B.B./P.Av.-DI B.B./P.Av.-MS

Дълбочина 3

0 c

mДълбочина

50

cm

0

100

200

300

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O 3- , m

g L

0

5

10

15

P2O

5 & K

2O

, mg

L

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

0

100

200

300

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O 3- , m

g L

0

5

10

15

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L

EC

, cS

m-1

; pH

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O 3- , m

g L-1

0

5

10

15

20

25P

2O5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1; p

H

0

100

200

300

400

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

N-N

O3- , m

g L-1

0

5

10

15

20

25

P2O

5 &

K2O

, mg

L-1

EC

, cS

m-1; p

H

Guiding postulations

� The intensive cherry production differs, almost thoroughly, from the traditional one regarding pruning, irrigation and fertilization

� Microirrigation and fertigation are indispensable elements of the technology, and the fine tuning of irrigation and fertilization regimes is a requisite

� The unsatisfactory results of dwarfing rootstocks under water scarcity and on poor and light soils come after disregarding the extremely high requirements concerning pruning, water regime and mineral nutrition of the trees grown concerning pruning, water regime and mineral nutrition of the trees grown intensively

� The intensive cherry production is actually a high technology; therefore, the research should be carried out by large groups of scientists with diverse expertise, complementing one another

� The intensive cherry production is a technology of the precise agriculture, i.e. the modern equipment, the high and multivalent grower qualification and the strict execution of each operation are imperative.

Subjects of investigation at FGI

� Scion-rootstock combinations: planting distances, training and pruning, tree architecture, growth and yield.

� Cultivars: Bigarreau Burlat, Bing, Hudson, Katalin, Kordia, Lapins, Nalina, Regina,Summit, Sunburst.

� Rootstocks: Gisela 5, Camil, Damil, Inmil, Prunus Mahaleb and Prunus Avium(Mazzard).

Subjects of investigation at FGI

� Scion-rootstock combinations: planting distances, training and pruning, tree architecture, growth and yield.

� Microirrigation (drip & microsprinkling): crop evapotranspiration,regulated deficit irrigation, spatial and temporal distribution of water and root extraction in the soil, rainfall efficiency.

� Fertigation: timing and doses, tree’s mineral nutrition, fertilizers migration � Fertigation: timing and doses, tree’s mineral nutrition, fertilizers migration and localization in the soil.

� Herbigation: efficiency, selectivity, duration of the effect, mobility in the soil, and persistency of the applied herbicides

� Insectigation: efficiency, translocation in soil and trees, impact on the soil micro-flora and fauna; pesticide residues in fruit and plant organs

� transfer of viral infections and their impact on the plant productivity under microirrigation and chemigation

� Technology for intensive sweet cherry production

Multipurpose microirrigation systems

V2-DI Drip irrigation

drippers – on 2 laterals

distance – 1.0 m

discharge – 4 L h-1

wetted strip – 2.0 m

V1-MS Microsprinkling

microsprinklers – deflection type

distance – 1.0 m



Multipurpose microirrigation systems

V4-Ctrl Non-treated control


distance – 1.0 m



V3-Std Hand sprayer + Drip


distance – 1.0 m



almond tree microsprinkler tensiometers neutron probe

access tubes

0.00

0.15

0.30

0.45

0.60

0.75

0.90

0.0

0.5

2.40m

1.0 distance

from the

1.5 microsprinkler

(m)2.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

distance from the microsprinkler (m)

access tubes – 4 plots,with 12, 15, 16 и 25 tubes

tensiometers62.5-77.5 cm or 82.5-97.5 cm

tensionics10, 30, 50, 70 и 90 cm

tensionics10, 30, 50, 70 и 90 cm

neutron probe15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 & 105 cm

Chemigation

Fertigation:

� Kristalon

� Labin

� Compo

� Ammonium nitrate

fertigation

herbigation

Herbigation:

� pendimetalin

� oxifluorofen

� diquat

oxifluorofen diquat

pendimetalin

oxifluorofen diquat

Regulated deficit irrigation

7,69

7,57

6,436

7

8 0.5 ET1.0 ET

Burlat Regina Bing

0

50

100

150

kg/tr

ee

Burlat Regina Bing

0,5 ET

1,0 ETCumulative yield (2007-2010)on Gisela 5

4,55

5,83

4,92

6,31 6,86

1,48 1,70

3,50

6,37

5,50

4,71

6,02

1,16 1,15

4,55

6,10

6,02

6,43

5,00

6,38

2,69

1,57

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

m3

Gisela5 GM61/1 GM79 GM9 Gisela5 GM61/1 GM79 GM9 Gisela5 GM61/1 GM79 GM9

Effect of irrigation rate on canopy volume

Cherry tree architecture

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2 3 4 5 6 7

Pa

rt o

f th

e to

tal f

ruit,

% SunburstReginaKordiaLapinsKatalin

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 5 7

Fru

it m

ass,

mm

girdled shootsnon-girdled shoots

Wood age, years

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2 3 4 5 6 7

Wood age, years

Pa

rt o

f th

e to

tal f

ruit,

% B. BurlatNalinaSummitHudson

0 2 5 7

Number of leaves per fruit

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 5 7Number of leaves per fruit

Fru

it si

ze, m

mgirdled shootsnon-girdled shoots

mm

Our research team

� Kouman Koumanov – Fruitgrowing Institute – meliorations, fruitgrowing technologies

� Kolyo Kolev – Fruitgrowing Institute – fruitgrowing, training and pruning

� Georgi Kornov – Fruitgrowing Institute – fruitgrowing

� Irina Tsareva – Fruitgrowing Institute – agrochemistry, fertilization

� Zatya Rankova – Fruitgrowing Institute – herbology, weed control

� Veselin Arnaudov – Fruitgrowing Institute – entomology and phytopathology

� Snezhana Milusheva – Fruitgrowing Institute – virology

� Iliana Kozanova – Fruitgrowing Institute – toxicology, pesticide residues

� Stefan Shilev – Agricultural University, Plovdiv – soil microbiology

� Zhenya Ilieva – Institute of soil science, agrotechnologies and plant protection, Sofia –helmintology (nematodes)

� Ilian Ivanov – Plovdiv University „Paisiy Hilendarski” – organic chemistry

� Stoyanka Nikolova – Plovdiv University „Paisiy Hilendarski” – organic chemistry, pesticide residues

� Dimitar Bozhilov – Plovdiv University „Paisiy Hilendarski” – Ph.D. student

Thank you

intensive sweet cherry production: making ideas …...microirrigation (drip & microsprinkling):...

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