intellectual development what exactly is it?. what is cognitive development? refers to how a person:...
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Intellectual DevelopmentIntellectual
Development
What exactly is it?
What is cognitive development?
Refers to how a person:• Perceives things• Thinks and gains understanding of
his world through the interaction of genetics and learned factors (environment)
Learning in the First Year
Newborns can hear, see, taste, smell and feel.
Babies’ ability to learn from the senses is called
perception.
They use these abilities as the building blocks of
learning.
AbilitiesIn the first year babies develop four abilities that
show growing and thinking power• Remembering
– A two- or three- month old baby may stop crying when someone enters the room because the baby know that he or she is now likely to be picked up an comforted.
• Making Associations– The baby crying example also explains associations
because the baby associates stopping crying with receiving comfort
Abilities• Understanding cause and effect
– Idea that one actions results in another action or condition. Every time an infant does something, something else happens. Example: closes eyes gets dark, opens eyes gets light, pull string on toy makes a noise.
• Paying Attention– A baby’s ability to concentrate on a task
without getting bored grows stronger
Developmental Changes Chart
Age• 1-2 months• 3-4 months• 5-6 months• 7-8 months• 9-10 months• 11-12 months
Jean Piaget• A child psychologist who studies
how children solve problems. He found:– Children use different kinds of though
processes as they grow– The processes always occur in the
same order but may vary in length or overlap
– He divided the different levels of cognitive development into 4 stages
Four Stages
•Sensorimotor
0-2 yrs
•Preoperational
2-7 yrs
•Concrete Operations 7-11
•Formal Operations
11 into adulthood
1. Sensorimotor• Ages 0-2• Children explore and learn about their world
using their senses• Children are figuring out new ways to use
objects• Toward the end of this stage children learn
that objects exist even when they are out of site, this is called object permanence. (they can even find partially hidden objects)
Find the mouse …
1. Sensorimotor• Children also may become
egocentric as they reach the end of this stage.
• Egocentrism
2. Preoperational• Age 2-7• Children start to take an interest in the world
around them but still think the world revolves around them (“look at me” “look what I did”)
• Children develop language and want to learn the names and functions of objects.
• Once they think they have figured something out they have difficulty forming a new conclusion if new evidence is presented. This is called cognitive dissonance.
Trick Questions …
Some months have 31 days but others have 30. How many months have 28 days?
2. PreoperationalChildren in this stage
learn:• Classification:
sorting or arranging items by common trait (color or shape)
• Seriation: arranging items according to size or number
2. Preoperational• Children in this stage can pretend,
fantasize and think symbolically.
3. Concrete Operations• Ages 7-11• Operations means: making
something carry out it’s function• Concrete means: able to see and
touch because it is real
3. Concrete Operations• Children can think about actions
without actually doing them.
Concrete Operations• Children can do mental operations
such as relating objects in different ways and they understand that objects keep the same weight, area and amount when they are moved.
• Piaget called this conservation.
3. Concrete Operations• Children in this stage have the
ability to think about how an object was before they used it.
• Piaget called this reversibility.
4. Formal Operations• Ages 12 – adulthood• In this stage, abstract and
hypothetical thinking can occur without the help of real objects.
• Abstract questions are understood and can be discussed.
• Example “What is Love?”
4. Formal Operations• Predicting consequences and the
use of reasoning and creativity to solve problems also occurs during this stage.
• Deductive Reasoning• Piaget believed some people
never reach this stage at all.
Intellectual DevelopmentIntellectual
Development
Sensorimotor Stage
• Infant Scientist!
• In this stage children learn about the world through their senses and body movements
• This stage is broken up into 6 different steps
Stage 1: Birth – 1 month
• Practices inborn reflexes
• Does not understand self as a separate person
Stage 2: 1 - 4 months
• Combines two or more reflexes
• Develops hand-mouth coordination
Stage 3: 4 - 8 months
• Acts intentionally to produce results (drops something on the ground to see what will happen)
• Improves hand-eye coordination
Stage 4: 8 – 12 months
• Begins to solve problems
• Can find partially hidden objects
• Imitates others
Stage 5: 12 – 18 months
• Can find totally hidden objects
• Explores and experiments
• Understands that objects exist independently
Stage 6: 18 – 24 months
• Solves problems by thinking through sequences
• Can think using symbols
• Begins imaginative thinking
