intel core processor

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CORE DEFINITION

A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual

central processing units (called "cores"), which are the units that read and execute program

instructions.[1]

Multi-core processor

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Diagram of a generic dual-core processor, with CPU-local level 1 caches, and a shared, on-die

level 2 cache.

AnIntelCore 2 DuoE6750 dual-core processor.

AnAMDAthlon X2 6400+dual-core processor.
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A multi-core processor is a singlecomputingcomponent with two or more independent actual

central processing units(called "cores"), which are the units that read and executeprogram

instructions.[1]

The instructions are ordinaryCPU instructionssuch as add, move data, and

branch, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overallspeed for programs amenable toparallel computing.

[2]Manufacturers typically integrate the

cores onto a singleintegrated circuitdie(known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or ontomultiple dies in a singlechip package.

Processors were originally developed with only one core. A dual-core processor has two cores(e.g. AMD Phenom II X2, Intel Core Duo), a quad-core processor contains four cores (e.g.

AMD Phenom II X4, Intel's quad-core processors, seei3,i5, andi7atIntel Core), a hexa-coreprocessor contains six cores (e.g.AMD Phenom II X6, Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 980X), anocta-core processor contains eight cores (e.g.Intel Xeon E7-2820, AMD FX-8150). A multi-core processor implementsmultiprocessingin a single physical package. Designers may couple

cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely. For example, cores may or may not share caches,

and they may implementmessage passingorshared memoryinter-core communication methods.

Commonnetwork topologiesto interconnect cores includebus, ring, two-dimensional mesh, andcrossbar.Homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores,heterogeneousmulti-

core systems have cores that are not identical. Just as with single-processor systems, cores inmulti-core systems may implement architectures such assuperscalar,VLIW,vector processing,SIMD, ormultithreading.

Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains including general-purpose,embedded,network,digital signal processing(DSP), andgraphics.

The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very muchon the software algorithms used and their implementation. In particular, possible gains are

limited by the fraction of the software that can berun in parallelsimutaneously on multiplecores; this effect is described byAmdahl's law. In the best case, so-calledembarrassingly parallelproblems may realize speedup factors near the number of cores, or even more if the problem is

split up enough to fit within each core's cache(s), avoiding use of much slower main system

memory. Most applications, however, are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest aprohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem.

[3]The parallelization of software

is a significant ongoing topic of research.
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Intel Core

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This article is about the Intel processor brand name. For the Intel microarchitecture that is thebasis for the Core 2 processor family, seeCore (microarchitecture).

Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end consumer and businessmicroprocessorsmade byIntel.

In general, processors sold as Core are more powerful variants of the same processors marketedas entry-levelCeleronandPentium. Similarly, identically or more capable versions of Core

processors are also sold asXeonprocessors for the server and workstation market.

The current lineup of Core processors includes the latestIntel Core i7,Intel Core i5, andIntel

Core i3, and the olderIntel Core 2 Solo,Intel Core 2 Duo,Intel Core 2 Quad, andIntel Core 2Extremelines.[1]

Contents

1 Overview 2 Enhanced Pentium M based

o 2.1 Core Duoo 2.2 Core Solo

3 64-bit Core microarchitecture basedo 3.1 Core 2 Soloo 3.2 Core 2 Duoo 3.3 Core 2 Quado 3.4 Core 2 Extreme

4 Nehalem microarchitecture basedo 4.1 Core i3o 4.2 Core i5o 4.3 Core i7

5 Sandy Bridge microarchitecture basedo 5.1 Core i3o 5.2 Core i5o 5.3 Core i7

6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Overview
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e#Nehalem_microarchitecture_basedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Extremehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Quadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Solohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#64-bit_Core_microarchitecture_basedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_Solohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Enhanced_Pentium_M_basedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Extremehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Extremehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Quadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_2_Solohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_i5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_i7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_%28brand%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_%28microarchitecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core#mw-head


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Brand

Desktop Laptop

Code-named Cores FabDate

released

Code-

namedCores Fab

Date

released

Core Solo Desktop version not available Yonah 1 65 nm January 2006

Core Duo Desktop version not available Yonah 2 65 nm January 2006

Core 2 Solo Desktop version not availableMerom-LPenryn-L

11

65 nm45 nm

September

2007

May 2008

Core 2 Duo

Conroe

Allendale

Wolfdale

2

2

2

65 nm

65 nm

45 nm

August 2006

January 2007

January 2008

MeromPenryn

22

65 nm45 nm

July 2006January 2008

Core 2

Quad

KentsfieldYorkfield

44

65 nm45 nm

January 2007March 2008

Penryn 4 45 nm August 2008

Core 2Extreme

Conroe XE

KentsfieldXE

Yorkfield XE

2

44

65 nm

65 nm45 nm

July 2006

November

2006November

2007

Merom XE

Penryn XEPenryn XE

2

24

65 nm

45 nm45 nm

July 2007

January 2008August 2008

Core i3Clarkdale

Sandy Bridge

2

2

32 nm

32 nm

January 2010

February2011

Arrandale

SandyBridge

2

2

32 nm

32 nm

January 2010

February2011

Core i5

Lynnfield

ClarkdaleSandy Bridge

Sandy BridgeIvy BridgeIvy Bridge

4

24

242

45 nm

32 nm32 nm

32 nm22 nm22 nm

September

2009

January 2010January 2011

February2011April 2012

April 2012

ArrandaleSandy

BridgeIvy Bridge

2

2

2

32 nm

32 nm

22 nm

January 2010February

2011May 2012

Core i7

BloomfieldLynnfield

Gulftown

Sandy BridgeIvy Bridge

44

6

44

45 nm45 nm

32 nm

32 nm22 nm

November

2008September

2009

July 2010January 2011

April 2012

Clarksfield

ArrandaleSandy

Bridge

SandyBridge

Ivy Bridge

42

4

22

45 nm32 nm

32 nm

32 nm22 nm

September

2009January 2010

January 2011

February2011

May 2012

Core i7

Extreme

Edition

Bloomfield

Gulftown

Sandy

Bridge-E

4

66

45 nm

32 nm32 nm

November2008

March 2010November

2011

Clarksfield

Sandy

Bridge

Ivy Bridge

4

44

45 nm

32 nm22 nm

September

2009January 2011
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