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Anatomy

Epidermis Skin

Dermis

Subcutaneous layer or

hypodermis


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EPIDERMIS

Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale(germinativum)

Stratum lucidum**

**Thick skin only


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Stratum Basale


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Stratum Spinosum


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Stratus Granulosum Lucidum

Poor nutrient supply.

Flatten layer of cells.

3-5 cells thick.

No cell division.

Keratin accumulates.

Found only in very

thick skin.

Translucent.

Highly keratinized.

Dead cells


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Stratum Corneum

25-30 cells thick.

Cells are filled with keratin and hardened.

Sloughed off. Outer most layer of epidermis.

Keratinocytes

A ll S i


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Layer

Superficial

or Deep

Layer?

Character ist ics

Are cel ls

keratinized

in this

layer?

Seen in

THIN

sk in

too?

Stratum

Basale

Stratum

Spinosum

StratumGranulosum

Stratum

Lucidum

Stratum

Corneum


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Dermis

Connective tissue layer Collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, blood

vessels, muscle fibers, adipose cells, hair

follicles and glands. Papillary layer

1/5 of dermisloose areolar connective

tissue Highly vascular

Dermal papillae - fingerprints


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Reticular (net) layer

Dense irregular connective tissue

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Hair follicles

Ducts of sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Striae or stretch marks

Meissners corpuscles and Pacinian

corpuscles


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Hypodermis

Attaches the reticular layer to the

underlying organs

Loose connective tissue and adipose

tissue

Major blood vesselsrete cutaneum


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Skin Layers Properties FunctionDermis Deep layer of skin,

composed of collagen and

elastin rich connectivetissue. It contains hairfollicles, sebaceous glands,blood vessels and sensereceptors.

It is responsible for theelasticity and mechanical

support of skin. Suppliesthe epidermis withnutrients. Important inthermoregulation.

Papillary Projections push into theepidermis. Highly vascularand innervated.

Forms finger prints, bringscapillaries closer to theavascular epidermis.

Reticular Dense, interlacingconnective tissue,predominantly parallel tothe skin's surface.

Forms lines of skin tension,cleavage lines.

Hypodermis Not part of skin layer.Subcutaneous connectivetissue, rich in fat and

vessels.

Protective cushion andinsulator.


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Dermis

Sweat gland

Sebaceous glandArrector pili

muscle

Blood vessels


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Hair Follicle


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Hair Follicles


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Accessory organs or epidermal

derivatives

Hairs

Epidermal growths that function in protection

Shaft, root, and folllicle

Sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscle, and

hair root plexus (touch)

Hair growth and replacement have a cyclical

pattern male-pattern baldness


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Sebaceous Gland

Exocrine gland

Associated with

follicleSecretes oily

substanceHolocrine gland


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Sebaceous Gland


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Skin Glands

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Usually connected to hair follicles

Holocrine glands

Fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts, and cell

debris

Moistens hair and waterproofs skin


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Sweat Gland

Exocrine gland

Sudoriferous glands

Produces water, saltsEccrine glands respond

to temperature

Apocrine glandsrespond to pain,

emotions


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Sweat Gland


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Sweat Gland Exiting the Skin


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Types of Sweat Glands

(Sudoriferous Glands)

Merocrine glands: release fluid by exocytosis

Eccrine

Most common

Secretion is mostly water with solutes Cools body down

Apocrine

Develops scent as bacteria metabolize secretion

Stimulated when frightened, during pain, during

emotional upset


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Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Eccrine sweat glands

Merocrine glands Water, salt, wastes

Function is to cool the body (also nervous)

Apocrine sweat glands

Larger, merocrine glands

Associated with hair follicles

More viscous

fatty acids and proteins Odor occurs when broken down by bacteria


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3. Free Nerve endingsdetect

pain4. Bulb of Krause (Wilhelm

Johann Friedrich Krause)detects cold

5. Corpuscles of Ruffini (Angelo

Ruffini)detect heat


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Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)

Recognized

by adipose

tissue.


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WHAT ARE

THE

FUNCTIONS

OF SKIN?


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Functions:

1. Regulation of body temperature Cellular metabolism produces heat as a

wasteproduct .

High temperature

Dilate surface blood vessels

Sweating

Low temperature

Surface vessels constrict shivering


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2. Protection

physical abrasion

dehydration

ultraviolet radiation

3. Sensationtouch

vibration

paintemperature


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4. Excretion

5. Immunity/ Resistance

6. Blood Reservoir8-10 % in a resting adult

7. Synthesis of vitamin Duv light

aids absorption of calcium


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REMINDER

Bring the following materials (by group) on

thurs., (Nov. 15, 2012)

1/8 illustration board

Glue or paste

Scissors

Coloring materials (colored pencils,crayons, pastel colors)

Craft materials for design


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Ceruminous glands

Modified sudoriferous glands

Secrete cerumen (ear wax)

Mammary glands

Secrete milk


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Skin color

Genetic factors

Same number of melanocytes

Albinism

Environmental factors

Uv light or x-rays


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Wound healing

Inflammation

Blood vessels dilate and become permeable

Heat, redness, swelling and pain

Shallow cuts

Epithelial cells migrate

Contact inhibition


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Deeper wounds

Inflammatory phase

Fibrin forms clot

Migratory phase

Fibroblasts make granulation tissue

Proliferative phase

Maturation phase

Scarshypertrophic scar

keloid


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Second degree- deep partial-layer burn

Destroys epidermis

Blisters form

Healing depends on survival of accessory

organs

No scars unless infected


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Third degree or full-thickness burn

Destroys epidermis, dermis and accessory

organs of the skin Healing occurs from margins inward

Skin grafting may be needed

Autograft Homograft

Rule of Nines


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Mucous membranes

Line cavities that open to the exterior

Layer of epithelium over connective tissue;

epithelium varies with location

Tight junctions and goblet cells

Cutaneous membrane is the skin the major organ of the integumentary system


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Integumentary system is the skin and the

organs derived from it (hair, glands, nails)

One of the largest organs

2 square meters; 10-11 lbs.

Largest sense organ in the body

The study of the skin is Dermatology

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