integumentary 2 t
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The Integumentary System
Chapter 6
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• Organs are two or more tissues whichtogether perform a specialized function.
• Epithelial membranes are thin structures
that usually contain both epithelial andconnective tissue.
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Three types of epithelialmembranes
• Serous Membranes – ine cavities and cover organs – Simple s!uamous epi. over loose connective
tissue – "arietal and visceral portions – Secrete a serous #watery$ fluid for lubrication
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• Mucous membranes – ine cavities that open to the e%terior – ayer of epithelium over connective tissue&
epithelium varies with location – Tight 'unctions and goblet cells
• Cutaneous membrane is the s(in – the ma'or organ of the integumentary system
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• Integumentary system is the s(in and theorgans derived from it #hair) glands) nails$
• *ne of the largest organs – + s!uare meters& ,- ,, lbs. – argest sense organ in the body
• The study of the s(in is Dermatology
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/unctions0,. 1egulation of body temperature
– Cellular metabolism produces heat as a waste product .
–2igh temperature• 3ilate surface blood vessels
• Sweating
– ow temperature• Surface vessels constrict• shivering
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+. "rotectionphysical abrasiondehydrationultraviolet radiation
4. Sensationtouchvibration
paintemperature
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5. %cretion
7. Immunity8 1esistance
6. 9lood 1eservoir : ,- ; in a resting adult
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=natomy
• pidermis S(in• 3ermis
• Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
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pidermis
• Stratum basale #stratum germinativum$ – Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells – Stem cells that produce (eratinocytes – >elanocytes ? the same for all races
• >elanin produced in a melanosome
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• Stratum spinosum #thorn li(e) pric(ly$ – : ,- layers attached by desmosomes – See spines when cell is stained for
microscopy – @eratinocytes ta(e in melanin by cytocrine
secretion
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• Stratum granulosum – 4 7 layers
– @eratinization begins here – @eratohyalin found in granules – Cells beginning to die
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• Stratum lucidum #lucid A clear$ – >ore apparent in thic( s(in – 4 7 layers of clear cells – leidin
• Stratum corneum #corneum means horny$ – 3ead) flat cells full of (eratin – @eratin is waterproof – Cells are shed
• 9asal cell to surface – about + 5 wee(s
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3ermis
• Connective tissue layer • Collagen and elastic fibers) nerves) blood
vessels) muscle fibers) adipose cells) hair
follicles and glands.• "apillary layer
– ,87 of dermis – loose areolar connective
tissue – 2ighly vascular – 3ermal papillae fingerprints
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• 1eticular #net$ layer – 3ense irregular connective tissue – Sebaceous #oil$ glands – 2air follicles – 3ucts of sudoriferous #sweat$ glands – Striae or stretch mar(s – >eissnerBs corpuscles and "acinian
corpuscles
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2ypodermis
• =ttaches the reticular layer to theunderlying organs
• oose connective tissue and adiposetissue
• >a'or blood vessels – rete cutaneum
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=ccessory organs or epidermalderivatives
• 2airs – pidermal growths that function in protection – Shaft) root) and folllicle – Sebaceous glands) arrector pili muscle) and
hair root ple%us #touch$ – 2air growth and replacement have a cyclical
pattern – male patternB baldness
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Dails
• "lates of highly pac(ed) (eratinized cells• "rotection) scratching) E manipulation
• /ormed by cells in nail bed called thematri% # in area of lunula$• , mm 8 wee(
• ponychium cuticle
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S(in Flands
• Sebaceous (oil) glands – Gsually connected to hair follicles – 2olocrine glands – /ats) cholesterol) proteins) salts) and cell
debris – >oistens hair and waterproofs s(in
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• Sweat (sudoriferous) glands – Eccrine sweat glands
• Merocrine glands• Water, salt, wastes• unction is to cool the body (also ner!ous)
– "pocrine sweat glands• #arger, merocrine glands• "ssociated with hair follicles
• More !iscous $ fatty acids and proteins• Odor occurs when bro%en down by bacteria
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• Ceruminous glands – >odified sudoriferous glands – Secrete cerumen #ear wa%$
• Mammary glands – Secrete mil(
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S(in color
• Fenetic factors – Same number of melanocytes – =lbinism
• nvironmental factors – Gv light or % rays
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• "hysiological factors
– =mount of blood – =mount of o%ygen
• Cyanosis• Carotene accumulation• Haundice – liver disorder
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ound healing
• Inflammation – 9lood vessels dilate and become permeable
• 2eat) redness) swelling and pain
• Shallow cuts – pithelial cells migrate
– Contact inhibition
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3eeper wounds
• Inflammatory phase – /ibrin forms clot
• >igratory phase – /ibroblasts ma(e granulation tissue
• "roliferative phase
• >aturation phase• Scars – hypertrophic scar – (eloid
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9urns
• /irst degree or partial thic(ness burn – *nly epidermis is damaged – rythema) mild edema) surface layer shed – 2ealing – a few days to two wee(s – Do scarring
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• Second degree deep partial layer burn – 3estroys epidermis – 9listers form – 2ealing depends on survival of accessory
organs
– Do scars unless infected
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• Third degree or full thic(ness burn – 3estroys epidermis) dermis and accessory
organs of the s(in – 2ealing occurs from margins inward – S(in grafting may be needed
• =utograft• 2omograft
• 1ule of Dines
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