integumentary system
TRANSCRIPT
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Integumentary System
Main functions Organs/parts/cells and their functions Diseases and disorders
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Main functions
Multiple roles in homeostasis
(e.g. temperature change, dehydration) Protects against invasion of infectious organisms, sunburn Protects the body’s internal tissues and organs Maintains the body’s form Generates vitamin D Stores fats, water, glucose and vitamin D
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Major organs
HairSkin Nail
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Skin It's your body's largest organ
Average surface area 1.8-2.0m² (19.4-21.5ft² )
Releases around three gallons of sweat in a hot day
There are at least five types of receptors in the skin that respond to pain and to touch
White skin appeared just 20,000 to 50,000 years ago, as dark-skinned humans migrated to colder climes and lost much of their melanin pigment.
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Three layers or structures of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis and hypodermis
Sweat and oil glands; hair and nails
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Epidermis cornified layer (stratum corneum)
clear/translucent layer(stratum lucidum, only
in palms and soles)
granular layer (stratum granulosum)
spinous layer (stratum spinosum)
basal/germinal layer
(stratum basale/
germinativum)
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Cells of epidermis
95% cells are keratinocytes Major function is the defense against environmental damage
(pathogens, heat, UV radiation and water loss)
Melanocytes ( melanin-producing cells ) Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting immune
cells) Merkel cells (oval receptor cells ) Inflammatory cells (a cell participating in the
inflammatory response to a foreign substance. )
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First and last layers of epidermis
basal/germinal layer Cell growth of keratinocytes, attached to basement
membrane. Melanocytes and Merkel cells also can be found in this layer.
cornified layer Keratinocytes are presented at final step of differentiation
(corneocytes), surrounded by keratin proteins envelope. Most of the barrier function are here
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Dermis
Two layers: Stratum papillare and Stratum reticulare
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Stratum papillare This region is composed of loose connective tissue with
network of blood capillaries and Meissner's corpuscles (type of mechanoreceptors sensitive to light touch)
Stratum reticulare Is composed of dense irregular connective tissue with
collagen, elastic and reticular fibers (strength, extensibility, and elasticity)
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Hypodermis
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Hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue
In hypodermis fibroblasts, adipose cells and macrophages can be found
Is used mainly for fat storage
In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle
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Glands of skin
Sebaceous Glands Sweat Glands Ceruminous glands Mammary Glands
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Sebaceous Glands
Secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
Greatest abundance on the face and scalp
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Sebaceous Glands Diseases Acne
Hyperplasia - disorder of the sebaceous glands in which they become enlarged
Sebaceous cysts
Sebaceous adenoma - a slow-growing tumour
Sebaceous gland carcinoma - aggressive malignant cutaneous tumor
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Sweat Glands
Apocrine Eccrine
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Apocrine glands
produce a viscous and odorous secretion. They begin secreting at puberty
discharge in the canals
of hair follicles
may also contain pheromones
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Eccrine glands smaller than apocrine
sweat glands, and they do not extend as deep into the dermis
discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin
• highest density (>250 glands/cm2) being on soles, palms, and scalp
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Sweat Glands Diseases Hidradenitis - The inflammation of a
sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type)
Hyperhidrosis - Excessive sweating
Hypohidrosis - diminished or absent perspiration
Miliaria - A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin.
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Ceruminous glands
specialized sweat glands located in hypoderm
drain into the guard hairs
produce cerumen, or earwax, by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells
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Ceruminous glands diseases
Benign tumors
(e.g. ceruminous adenoma - tumour of the external auditory canal in adults, 1% of all external ear tumors)
Malignant tumors
(e.g. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - most common type of malignancy in adults. Can also be found in other organs, as bronchi, lacrimal sac and thyroid.
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Mammary Glands
An organ in women that produces milk
Milk is produced by cuboidal cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells – thin layer above the basement membrane
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Mammary Glands Diseases
Fat necrosis - firm nodule in the breast
Fibrocystic change - most common disorder
Gynecomastia - bilateral breast enlargement in the male
Fibroadenoma: most common benign tumor
Breast cancer - most common type of cancer in women
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Some other common Skin Diseases
Melanoma
Eczema
Otitis Externa
Skin Cancer
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Hair facts The fastest growing tissue in the body
90% of scalp hairs are growing and 10% are resting
Female hair grows more slowly
Lifespan of hair: 2 to 7 years
A single hair has a thickness of 0.02 - 0.04mm
The average scalp has 100,000 hairs
It is normal to lose 100 hairs per day from the scalp
A single hair can support up to 100 grams in weight and a whole head of hair could support up to 12 tonnes - the equivalent of two African elephants!
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Hair Parts
the hair root
the hair shaft
Hair is composed primarily of proteins (88%). These proteins are of a hard fibrous type known as keratin.
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Hair root
Is surrounded by a pouch like structure called hair follicle
The terminal part of the hair follicle is called a hair bulb (formed by actively growing cells )
• consist of: • Fibrous connective tissue• External/internal root sheath
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Hair root
At the base of each hair bulb is the dermal papilla containing a vessel tuft (essential for the nourishment of the growing hairs).
Melanocytes – produce pigment melanin.
Receptors for the male hormones - androgens, are located on the cells of this structure.
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Hair shaft
The newly divided hair cells in bulb push the previous cells up. The cells, which move upwards, die slowly forming hard hair shaft.
Has three layers: Cuticle Medulla Cortex
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Hair diseases and disorders
Mainly associated with the follicles of the hair
Hypertrichosis - an abnormal amount of hair growth on the body
Alopecia Areata - one of the most prevalent hair loss diseases
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Nails Actually the same as hair
Nails grow at the rate of 0.1 mm daily
Women's nails grow slowly
Toe nails are about twice thicker than finger nails
The fastest growing nail is on the middle finger. The slowest – on the thumbnail
Nails reflect your health status
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(I) Nail structure 6 parts: The root (germinal matrix) - produces most of the
volume of the nail and the nail bed.
Nail bed (sterile matrix) - part of the nail matrix. Contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes. Adds material to the undersurface of the nail making it thicker
Nail plate - actual
fingernail, made of
translucent keratin
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(II) Nail structure 6 parts :
Eponychium (cuticle) – fuse skin and nail plate, providing waterproof barrier
Perionychium (paronychial edge) - the skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides
Hyponychium -the area between the nail plate and the fingertip
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Nail diseases
Fungal infection (Onychomycosis)
Beau's Lines
Nail Lifting (Onycholysis)
Nail Splitting (Onychoschizia)
Bacterial infection (Paronychia)
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Integumentary System Functions Multiple roles in homeostasis (e.g. temperature change, dehydration) Protects against invasion of infectious organisms, sunburn Protects the body’s internal tissues and organs Maintains the body’s form Generates vitamin D Stores fats, water, glucose and vitamin D
Skin
Hair
Nail
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Thank you for your attention!
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Sources http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Integumentary_System#Glands http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1960501-overview http://www.medicalglossary.org/skin_diseases_sweat_gland_diseases_definitions.html www.gwu.edu http://www.hshairclinic.co.uk/hair-loss/all-about-hair/hair-structure/ http://www.summerwinds.com/downloads/howtodocs/ANATOMY-OF-HAIR.pdf http://dermatology.about.com/cs/nailanatomy/a/nailanatomy.htm