DIGEST EDO-FL-01-05 SEPTEMBER 2001

Integrated Skills in the ESL/EFL ClassroomREBECCA OXFORD, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

One image for teaching English as a second or foreign lan-guage (ESL/EFL) is that of a tapestry. The tapestry is wovenfrom many strands, such as the characteristics of the teacher,the learner, the setting, and the relevant languages (i.e., Englishand the native languages of the learners and the teacher). Forthe instructional loom to produce a large, strong, beautiful, col-orful tapestry, all of these strands must be interwoven in posi-tive ways. For example, the instructor's teaching style mustaddress the learning style of the learner, the learner must bemotivated, and the setting must provide resources and valuesthat strongly support the teaching of the language. However, ifthe strands are not woven together effectively, the instructionalloom is likely to produce something small, weak, ragged, andpalenot recognizable as a tapestry at all.

In addition to the four strands mentioned aboveteacher,learner, setting, and relevant languagesother important strandsexist in the tapestry. In a practical sense, one of the most crucialof these strands consists of the four primary skills of listening,reading, speaking, and writing. This strand also includes associ-ated or related skills such as knowledge of vocabulary, spelling,pronunciation, syntax, meaning, and usage. The skill strand ofthe tapestry leads to optimal ESL/EFL communication when theskills are interwoven during instruction. This is known as theintegrated-skill approach.

If this weaving together does not occur, the strand consistsmerely of discrete, segregated skillsparallel threads that do nottouch, support, or interact with each other. This is sometimesknown as the segregated-skill approach. Another title for thismode of instruction is the language-based approach, because thelanguage itself is the focus of instruction (language for language'ssake). In this approach, the emphasis is not on learning for au-thentic communication.

By examining segregated-skill instruction, we can see the ad-vantages of integrating the skills and move toward improvingteaching for English language learners.

Segregated-Skill InstructionIn the segregated-skill approach, the mastery of discrete lan-

guage skills such as reading and speaking is seen as the key tosuccessful learning, and language learning is typically separatefrom content learning (Mohan, 1986). This is contrary to theintegrated way that people use language skills in normal com-munication, and it clashes with the direction in which languageteaching experts have been moving in recent years.

Skill segregation is reflected in traditional ESL/EFL programsthat offer classes focusing on segregated language skills. Why dothey offer such classes? Perhaps teachers and administrators thinkit is logistically easier to present courses on writing divorced fromspeaking, or on listening isolated from reading. They may be-lieve that it is instructionally impossible to concentrate on morethan one skill at a time.

Even if it were possible to fully develop one or two skills inthe absence of all the others, such an approach would not en-sure adequate preparation for later success in academic commu-nication, career-related language use, or everyday interaction in

the language. An extreme example is the grammar-translationmethod, which teaches students to analyze grammar and to trans-late (usually in writing) from one language to another. Thismethod restricts language learning to a very narrow,noncommunicative range that does not prepare students to usethe language in everyday life.

Frequently, segregated-skill ESL/EFL classes present instruc-tion in terms of skill-linked learning strategies: reading strate-gies, listening strategies, speaking strategies, and writing strate-gies (see Peregoy & Boyle, 2001). Learning strategies are srategiesthat students employ, most often consciously, to improve theirlearning. Examples are guessing meaning based on context,breaking a sentence or word down into parts to understand themeaning, and practicing the language with someone else.

Very frequently, experts demonstrate strategies as though theywere linked to only one particular skill, such as reading or writ-ing (e.g., Peregoy & Boyle, 2001). However, it can be confusingor misleading to believe that a given strategy is associated withonly one specific language skill. Many strategies, such as payingselective attention, self-evaluating, asking questions, analyzing,synthesizing, planning, and predicting, are applicable across skillareas (see Oxford, 1990). Common strategies help weave the skillstogether. Teaching students to improve their learning strategiesin one skill area can often enhance performance in all languageskills (Oxford, 1996).

Fortunately, in many instances where an ESL or EFL course islabeled by a single skill, the segregation of language skills mightbe only partial or even illusory. If the teacher is creative, a coursebearing a discrete-skill title might actually involve multiple, in-tegrated skills. For example, in a course on intermediate read-ing, the teacher probably gives all of the directions orally inEnglish, thus causing students to use their listening ability tounderstand the assignment. In this course, students might dis-cuss their readings, thus employing speaking and listening skillsand certain associated skills, such as pronunciation, syntax, andsocial usage. Students might be asked to summarize or analyzereadings in written form, thus activating their writing skills. In areal sense, then, some courses that are labeled according to onespecific skill might actually reflect an integrated-skill approachafter all.

The same can be said for ESL/EFL textbooks. A particular se-ries might highlight certain skills in one book or another, but allthe language skills might nevertheless be present in the tasks ineach book. In this way, students have the benefit of practicingall the language skills in an integrated, natural, communicativeway, even if one skill is the main focus of a given volume.

In contrast to segregated-skill instruction, both actual and ap-parent, there are at least two forms of instruction that are clearlyoriented toward integrating the skills.

Two Forms of Integrated-Skill InstructionTwo types of integrated-skill instruction are content-based lan-

guage instruction and task-based instruction. The first of theseemphasizes learning content through language, while the sec-ond stresses doing tasks that require communicative language

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use. Both of these benefit from a diverse range of materials, text-books, and technologies for the ESL or EFL classroom.

Content-Based Instruction. In content-based instruction, stu-dents practice all the language skills in a highly integrated, com-municative fashion while learning content such as science, math-ematics, and social studies. Content-based language instructionis valuable at all levels of proficiency, but the nature of the con-tent might differ by proficiency level. For beginners, the con-tent often involves basic social and interpersonal communica-tion skills, but past the beginning level, the content can becomeincreasingly academic and complex. The Cognitive AcademicLanguage Learning Approach (CALLA), created by Chamot andO'Malley (1994), shows how language learning strategies can beintegrated into the simultaneous learning of content and lan-guage.

At least three general models of content-based language in-struction exist: theme-based, adjunct, and sheltered (Scarcella &Oxford, 1992). The theme-based model integrates the languageskills into the study of a theme (e.g., urban violence, cross-cul-tural differences in marriage practices, natural wonders of theworld, or a broad topic such as change). The theme must be veryinteresting to students and must allow a wide variety of lan-guage skills to be practiced, always in the service of communi-cating about the theme. This is the most useful and widespreadform of content-based instruction today, and it is found in manyinnovative ESL and EFL textbooks. In the adjunct model, lan-guage and content courses are taught separately but are care-fully coordinated. In the sheltered model, the subject matter istaught in simplified English tailored to students' English profi-ciency level.

Task-Based Instruction. In task-based instruction, studentsparticipate in communicative tasks in English. Tasks are definedas activities that can stand alone as fundamental units and thatrequire comprehending, producing, manipulating, or interact-ing in authentic language while attention is principally paid tomeaning rather than form (Nunan, 1989).

The task-based model is beginning to influence the measure-ment of learning strategies, not just the teaching of ESL andEFL. In task-based instruction, basic pair work and group workare often used to increase student interaction and collaboration.For instance, students work together to write and edit a classnewspaper, develop a television commercial, enact scenes froma play, or take part in other joint tasks. More structured coopera-tive learning formats can also be used in task-based instruction.Task-based instruction is relevant to all levels of language profi-ciency, but the nature of the task varies from one level to theother. Tasks become increasingly complex at higher proficiencylevels. For instance, beginners might be asked to introduce eachother and share one item of information about each other. Moreadvanced students might do more intricate and demanding tasks,such as taking a public opinion poll at school, the university, ora shopping mall.

Advantages of the Int