integrated nutrient management for cabbage-brinjal-red amaranth cropping pattern in homestead area

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INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENTFOR CABBAGE-BRINJAL-RED AMARANTHCROPPING PATTERN IN HOMESTEAD AREAM. M. Islam a , A. J. M. S. Karim b , M. Jahiruddin c , Nik M. Majid a ,M. G. Miah d & M. S. Islam ba Department of Forest Management , Universiti Putra Malaysia ,Serdang , Malaysiab Department of Soil Science , BSMRAU , Gazipur , Bangladeshc Department of Soil Science , BAU , Mymensingh , Bangladeshd Department of Agroforestry and Environment , BSMRAU , Gazipur ,BangladeshAccepted author version posted online: 14 Jun 2013.Publishedonline: 06 Aug 2013.

To cite this article: M. M. Islam , A. J. M. S. Karim , M. Jahiruddin , Nik M. Majid , M. G. Miah &M. S. Islam (2013) INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR CABBAGE-BRINJAL-RED AMARANTHCROPPING PATTERN IN HOMESTEAD AREA, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36:11, 1678-1694, DOI:10.1080/01904167.2013.810245

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2013.810245

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Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36:1678–1694, 2013Copyright C© Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 0190-4167 print / 1532-4087 onlineDOI: 10.1080/01904167.2013.810245

INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR

CABBAGE-BRINJAL-RED AMARANTH CROPPING PATTERN

IN HOMESTEAD AREA

M. M. Islam,1 A. J. M. S. Karim,2 M. Jahiruddin,3 Nik M. Majid,1 M. G. Miah,4

and M. S. Islam2

1Department of Forest Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia2Department of Soil Science, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh3Department of Soil Science, BAU, Mymensingh, Bangladesh4Department of Agroforestry and Environment, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh

� An experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizerson soil properties and vegetable crops in the cabbage-brinjal-red amaranth cropping pattern at thehomestead in a Grey Terrace Soil (Aric Albaquept) of Bangladesh. There were eight treatments:poultry manure (PM) at 5 t ha−1, cowdung (CD) at 10 t ha−1, household waste (HW) at 10 tha−1, PM at 2.5 t ha−1 + chemical fertilizers (CF), CD at 5 t ha−1 + CF, HW at 5 t ha−1 +CF, CF, and Control. The lone CF treatment indicates 100% chemical fertilizers and any manure+ CF indicates supplementary or reduced rate of fertilizers. The PM at 2.5 t ha−1 + CF treatmentperformed the best yield for cabbage and brinjal, and HW at 5 t ha−1 + CF yielded the highest for redamaranth. The highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur was also found inthe treatment that produced the highest yield. Bulk density, organic carbon, and nutrient availabilityin soil as determined after two-crop cycles were improved due to the applications of manure.

Keywords: manure, fertilizer, vegetables, soil fertility

INTRODUCTION

Homestead refers to home and adjoining lands occupied by a familyfor the purpose of home up-keep, sanitation, health, and nutrition (Ninez,1984). In Bangladesh, approximately 5% of the 8.3 million hectares of cul-tivable land is occupied by homestead, only 13% of the total homesteadarea is under vegetable cultivation (Hossain et al., 1988). Due to increasingpopulation pressure cultivated land is decreasing and demand for food is

Received 25 November 2010; accepted 23 May 2011.Address correspondence to M. M. Islam, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: monir [email protected]

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INM for Cabbage-Brinjal-Red Amaranth Sequence 1679

increasing. In this context, the homestead gardening has become an im-portant component of household security, cash income and savings. Toget year round vegetables, the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(2005) has recommended five promising vegetable patterns for differentagro-ecological zones of Bangladesh (Karim et al., 1991) of which cabbage-brinjal-red amaranth could be suitable for the homestead area of Gazipur(AEZ-28, Madhupur Tract).

Increasing cropping intensity to meet the demand for food for a swellingpopulation has led to mining out the inherent plant nutrients from the cropfields. Ali et al. (1997) reported that the fertility status of soils in Bangladeshseverely declined during 1967–95. Because of cumulative negative nutrientbalances, the farming system has become unstable. A crop production systemwith a high yield goal cannot be sustainable unless nutrient inputs to soilare at least balanced against nutrient removal by crops. The use of chemicalfertilizers as a supplemental source of nutrients has been steadily increasing,but they are not applied in a balanced proportion. Moreover, organic mattercontent in Bangladesh soils is very low, the majority being below the criticallevel (1.5%) and it has been gradually depleted (Ali et al., 1997).

The nutrient turnover in soil plant system is considerably high in inten-sive vegetable cultivation. Neither the chemical fertilizer nor organic manurealone can help achieve sustainable production. Even with balanced use ofonly chemical fertilizer high yield level could not be maintained over theyears because of deterioration in soil physical and biological environment(Khan et al., 2008). The Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) approachcan help restore and sustain soil fertility and productivity.

In Bangladesh, fertilizer management practices of the homestead areais poor where most of the farmers use only urea as fertilizer which is some-times above recommended dose. They are not sufficiently aware of man-agement practices and use of other fertilizers and organic manure (Khanet al., 2008). Perhaps these were main cause of getting poor yield and soilhealth deterioration. A considerable study has been done in some placeson physico-chemical changes, soil fertility and water management for fieldcrops but such studies are almost nil for homestead gardening. The presentstudy was undertaken to develop a suitable fertilizer package in combina-tion of organic manure and chemical fertilizers for sustainable homesteadgardening and to investigate the post-harvest soil properties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Site and Soil Characteristics

The field study was carried out on farmers’ homestead at Toratpara,Dhirrashram, Gazipur during the period from July 2007 to April 2009. Theexperimental site is located in the centre of the agro-ecological zone of

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1680 M. M. Islam et al.

TABLE 1 Treatment combinations used for the cabbage-brinjal-red amaranth cropping pattern

Treatment No. Treatment details Treatment abbreviation

1 Poultry manure at 5 t ha−1 PM2 Cowdung at 10 t ha−1 CD3 Household waste at 10 t ha−1 HW4 PM at 2.5 t ha−1 + rest of amount nutrients from fertilizers PM + CF5 CD at 5 t ha−1 + rest amount of nutrients from fertilizers CD + CF6 HW at 5 t ha−1 + rest amount of nutrients from fertilizers HW + CF7 100% recommended dose of fertilizers 100% CF8 No manure or fertilizer Control

For the 2nd and 3rd crops, rationale of fertilizers were followed in such a way that the doses for P, Kand S were reduced by 30% for the 2nd and 3rd crops as suggested by BARC (2005).

CF for vegetable crops (BARC, 2005): Cabbage = N180P35K52S20 kg ha−1, Brinjal = Z120P18K55S8 kgha−1;Red amaranth = N80P8K18S3.5 kg ha−1.

Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28) at about 24◦ 23′ north latitude and 90◦ 08′ eastlongitude having a mean elevation of 8.4 m above mean sea level and about34 km north of Dhaka city. The experimental site was a high land havingsilty clay soil. The soil was slightly acidic (pH 6.4) and low in organic matter(0.87%), total nitrogen (N; 0.09%), exchangeable potassium (K; 0.13 cmolkg−1). Soil sulfur (S) content was at par with critical levels, while phosphorus(P) and zinc (Zn) were above critical levels.

Treatment Details and Fertilizer Application

Eight treatments were formulated, as shown in Table 1. The experi-ment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) withfour dispersed replications. Urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate ofpotash (MoP) and gypsum were used as chemical sources of N, P, K, andS, respectively. Poultry manure (PM) contained 0.99% N, 1.10% P, 1.1% K,and 0.5% S while cowdung (CD) had 0.55% N, 0.80% P, 0.56% K, 0.12% S,the nutrient composition of household waste (HW) was 0.65% N, 0.70% P,0.85% K, and 0.15% S, repectively. Full amounts of P, K, S, CD, HW, andPM were applied as per treatment at the time of final land preparation. Theone-third N for cabbage, one-fourth N for brinjal and one-half N for redamaranth were applied at the time of land preparation and the remainingN was applied in equal splits for cabbage at 20 and 40 days after planting(DAP), for brinjal at 21, 35 and 50 DAP and for red amaranth at 20 DAS(days after sowing).

Planting / Sowing and Harvesting

A vegetable cropping pattern viz. cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)(November-February), brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) (March-mid-July) andred amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) (August-September) was grown in the

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same plot in succession. The experiment was conducted following random-ized complete block design, with four disperse replications. The unit plotsize was 2.3 m × 1.3 m and the experimental plots were kept fixed duringthe entire periods of the experiment. The seedlings of first crop cabbage(cv. ‘Autumn Queen’) were transplanted maintaining a spacing of 60 cm ×45 cm on 3 and 10 November 2007 and 2008, respectively. After harvest-ing the cabbage, brinjal (cv. ‘Shingnath’) seedlings were transplanted on10 and 15 March 2008 and 2009, respectively. After the harvest of secondcrop, the seeds of the third crop (red amaranth, cv. ‘BARI Lalshak-1’) weresown continuously in line with a distance of 20 cm between lines on August2008 and 2009, respectively. The experimental plots were kept fixed over theyears. All intercultural operations, such as weeding, mulching, irrigation andpest management were done as and when required. Harvesting was done atthe right stage of maturity as per the nature of the particular crop. Thecabbage was harvested on 25 January to 15 February in the first year and 1January to 17 February in the second year. Brinjal fruit was harvested from15 May to 10 July in 2008 and 10 May to 3 July in 2009. The harvesting ofedible red amaranth was done on 15 and 20 September in 2008 and 2009,respectively.

Plant and Soil Sampling and Chemical Analysis

Soil samples at 0–15 cm depth were collected, dried and ground forchemical analysis. Bulk density was determined by core sampler method(Blake, 1965), soil pH was by glass electrode pH meter (1:2.5) and organiccarbon by wet oxidation method (Walkley and Black, 1935). Total N contentof soil was determined by Kjeldahl method, and available P, exchangeableK and available S contents by 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; pH8.5), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) extrac-tion methods, respectively as outlined by Page et al. (1982). Plant samples(whole plants) at harvest were collected for NPKS levels. Concentrated nitricacid (HNO3) was used for digestion of plant samples. Extractable P and Swere estimated colorimetrically by spectrophotometer and extractable K di-rectly by atomic absorption spectroscopy (Model No. 170-30; Hitachi, Tokyo,Japan). Nutrient uptake was calculated as:

Nutrient uptake = (yield in kg ha−1 × nutrient concentration in%)/100.

Statistical Analysis

The analysis of variance for various crop characters and nutrient uptakeby plants was performed following the ANOVA technique and the meanvalues were adjudged by DMRT (P = 0.05) method (Steel and Torrie, 1960).

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Computation and preparation of graphs were done by the use of MicrosoftEXCEL 2003 program (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effects of INM on Vegetable Production

Results showed that integrated use of organic manure and chemical fer-tilizers contributed to the yield and yield components of cabbage, brinjal andred amaranth grown in sequence. The results are presented and discussedbelow.

Yield Parameters and Yield of CabbageThe number of unfold leaves at harvest consistently decreased with in-

tegration of organic manure and chemical fertilizers (Table 2). The lowestnumber of unfold leaves (4.2 in 2007–08 and 5.17 in 2008–09) was recordedwith the treatment 100% CF and PM at 2.5 t ha−1 + CF, respectively. Thehighest number of loose leaves was noted in control. This result is in agree-ment with the findings of Hossain et al. (2003). The highest number ofheading leaves in 2007–08 (64.7 plant−1) and in 2008–09 (62.0 plant−1)were recorded from the same treatments, respectively. The lowest numberof heading leaves (51.3 plant−1 in 2007–08 and 48.5 plant−1 in 2008–09) wasobserved in control. The maximum leaf size of 37.3 cm × 31.4 cm in 2007–08and 36.4 cm × 29.5 cm in 2008–09 were also noted in those two treatments,respectively. The minimum leaf size (22.7 cm × 17.6 cm in 2007–08 and22 cm × 16 cm in 2008–09) was recorded from control. The highest headcircumference of 73.4 cm in 2007–08 and 73.0 cm in 2008–09 were found inthe same treatments, i.e., 100% CF and PM + CF, respectively, which wereidentical to CD at 5 t ha−1 or HW + CF, but higher from rest of the treat-ments (Table 2). The exclusive manure treatments produced identical headcircumference. The results indicated that organic manures along with chem-ical fertilizers markedly influenced the head circumference. Similar resultswere also found by Hossain et al. (2004) and Rabbani (2006). The maxi-mum thickness (compactness) of head of cabbage (25.9 and 23.7 cm) wasobtained from treatments 100% CF and PM + CF in 2007–08 and 2008–09,respectively, which were identical to T5 and T6 but different from all othertreatments. Application of organic manure in combination with chemicalfertilizers was found more effective in producing the maximum head thick-ness. The highest marketable yields, 77.4 t ha−1 in 2007–08 and 75.4 t ha−1

in 2008–09 were obtained from the same treatments, respectively. The high-est yield found in exclusive CF treatment for the first year was identical toPM + CF and HW + CF, however in 2008–09 the combined PM + CFtreatment produced the highest head yield. Noor et al. (2005) reported thehighest head yield of cabbage due to integrated use of poultry manure (5 t

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ha−1) along with reduced rate (70% CF) of chemical fertilizers. Moderateyield (38 t ha−1 in 2007–08 and 35.6 t ha−1 in 2008–09) was obtained fromthe treatment T3 and T1 where only HW at 10 t and PM at 5 t ha−1 wereused, respectively. The lowest head yield (15.2 t ha−1 in 2007–08 and 14.3t ha−1 in 2008–09) was found in control. Application of PM at 2.5 t ha−1 +adjusted CF can be regarded as the superior treatment in the present study.This finding was also in agreement with the result of Noor et al (2007) andNoor et al (2006). In the first year, the treatment PM + CF failed to producethe highest yield probably because of less supply of nutrients from PM forshorter decomposition period. Poultry manure showed superior results overcowdung and household waste. This might be possible due to its higher nu-trient content and capability to supply more nutrient than that of native soilnutrients through higher biological activity.

Yield Parameters and Yield of BrinjalThe highest plant height (129.7 cm in 2007–08 and 133.5 cm in 2008–09)

was recorded in PM + CF followed by HW + CF treatments (Table 3). Thefirst three treatments, which contained only manure, gave intermediate plantheight and are identical but the lowest plant height was found in control. Itwas observed that organic manure alone had no significant effect on plantheight but organic manure in combination with chemical fertilizers hadsignificant influence. The maximum plant spread (93.07 cm in 2007–08 and95.4 cm in 2008–09) was recorded with the treatment PM + CF. The sametreatment also gave the highest fruit weight and the control did the lowest.The maximum fruit length (26.0 cm in 2007–08 and 26.5 cm in 2008–09)was found in PM + CF and the minimum was found in control (14.9 cm in2007–08 and 13.6 cm in 2008–09). The fruit circumference varied from 5.66to 10.1 cm in 2007–08 and 5.47 to 10.4 cm in 2008–09, the highest beingin PM + CF and the lowest in control It was observed that organic manuresin combination with chemical fertilizers increased the fruit circumference.Sultana et al. (1999) observed that cowdung at 10 t ha−1 along with N150

P100 K120 S15 kg ha−1 produced the highest fruit size, which is in agreementwith the findings of the present study. The highest fruit yield (28.1 and 30.2t ha−1 in the year 2007–08 and 2008–09, respectively) was obtained from thePM + CF treatment, which was identical to HW + CF, but different from restof the treatments. The second highest yield (26.6 t ha−1 in 2007–08 and 27.8 tha−1 in 2008–09) was recorded in HW + CF treatment which was followed byCD + CF and 100% CF treatments. The lone manure treatments exhibitedstatistically similar yields. The lowest fruit yield was recorded from control.Similar results were also depicted by Anburani and Manivannan (2009). Aspoultry manure contained higher amount of plant nutrients than cowdungand household waste which might have contributed to the higher yield ofbrinjal.

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Yield Parameters and Yield of Red AmaranthTreatment HW + CF had the highest plant height (40.0 cm in 2007–08

and 41.5 cm in 2008–09) (Table 4), which was identical to PM + CF andCD + CF treatments, but different from all other treatments. The lowestplant height was found in control. It was observed that organic manurealone increased plant height moderately, but significant increase in plantheight were recorded from treatments, where organic manures and chemicalfertilizers were applied in an integrated manner. The highest number ofleaves (9.28 in 2007–08 and 10.3 in 2008–09) was recorded in HW + CF.The treatment PM + CF produced the second highest number of leaves(9.01 in 2007–08 and 9.50 in 2008–09). The maximum stem circumference(3.09 cm in 2007–08 and 3.15 cm in 2008–09) was noticed in HW + CFwhich was identical to PM + CF treatment, but higher than those of all othertreatments (Table 4). The highest leaf length was recorded from HW + CF,which was statistically at par with PM + CF, but different from rest of thetreatments. The highest leaf breadth was also found in HW + CF. The lowestleaf size was recorded in the control treatment. It was observed that chemicalfertilizers or organic manure alone failed to produce the largest leaf size. Themaximum weight of 10 plants (179 g in 2007–08 and 180 g in 2008–09) wereobserved in HW + CF, which was identical to PM + CF treatment (Table 4).All the treatments except HW produced the higher amount of fresh weightin comparison to control. Application of HW in combination with chemicalfertilizers was found to be more effective in producing more amount of freshweight of red amaranth. Application of organic manure from three differentsources (PM, CD and HW) along with a reduced rate of fertilizers increasedthe yield of red amaranth significantly (Table 4) having the highest in HW +CF (14.4 t ha−1 in 2007–08 and 14.8 t ha−1 in 2008–09). The second highestyield (11.2 t ha−1 in 2007–08 and 12.3 t ha−1 in 2008–09) was obtained fromPM + CF, which was identical to CD + CF and 100% CF, but significantlyhigher over the remaining treatments. These findings revealed that additionof PM, CD and HW can reduce the requirement of chemical fertilizers. Redamaranth needs very short time to reach the maximum vegetative growthstage. The HW can release nutrient within a short time and on the otherhand the release of available nutrients for plant uptake might be inadequatedue to slower decomposition of PM and CD.

Effects of INM on Nutrient Uptake

Nutrient uptake (N, P, K, and S uptake) was calculated from the DM yieldand nutrient concentration data, as shown in the Materials and Methodssection.

Nutrient Uptake by CabbageNitrogen uptake was the maximum in PM + CF having the value of 145 kg

ha−1, which was significantly higher from rest of the treatments (Figure 1).

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TA

BL

E4

Eff

ecto

fIN

Mon

yiel

dat

trib

utes

and

yiel

dre

dam

aran

th

Plan

thei

ght(

cm)

Lea

ves

plan

t−1

Lea

flen

gth

(cm

)L

eafb

read

th(c

m)

Stem

circ

umfe

ren

ce(c

m)

10fr

esh

plan

twt(

g)Yi

eld

(th

a−1 )

Tre

atm

ent

2007

–08

2008

–09

2007

–08

2008

–09

2007

–08

2008

–09

2007

–08

2008

–09

2007

–08

2008

–09

2007

–08

2008

–09

2007

–08

2008

–09

PM13

.4e

16.0

e6.

19e

6.40

d4.

56d

5.00

d2.

73bc

3.57

d1.

16f

1.89

d55

.3e

113c

d5.

46d

5.67

fC

D24

.4d

25.2

d7.

35d

7.30

cd5.

53c

5.55

cd3.

57b

4.25

cd1.

93e

1.75

d11

5d10

2d5.

13d

5.56

fH

W27

.3cd

26.6

d7.

24d

7.41

cd6.

20c

6.25

c4.

75a

4.78

bc2.

16de

2.30

c13

.0f

117c

d6.

06d

7.00

ePM

+C

F38

.2a

37.0

b9.

01ab

9.50

ab8.

48a

8.51

a5.

66a

5.52

ab2.

97ab

2.99

a17

1a17

3ab

11.2

b12

.3b

CD

+C

F35

.7ab

36.2

bc8.

53bc

8.70

abc

7.37

b7.

50b

5.33

a5.

42ab

2.69

bc2.

75b

155b

158b

9.67

bc10

.0c

HW

+C

F40

.0a

41.5

a9.

28a

10.3

a8.

64a

8.67

a5.

40a

5.65

a3.

09a

3.15

a17

9a18

0a14

.4a

14.8

a10

0%C

F31

.8bc

33.0

c8.

28c

7.90

bcd

6.34

c6.

21c

5.30

a5.

28ab

2.43

cd2.

45c

127c

125c

8.82

c8.

35d

Con

t.11

.2e

10.0

f6.

13e

6.00

d2.

60e

2.50

e1.

92c

1.89

e1 .

05f

1.03

e8.

33f

7.57

e2.

52e

2.05

gC

V(%

)7.

977.

423.

2013

.65.

998.

838.

608.

766.

484.

534.

917.

4111

.16.

74

Figu

re(s

)in

aco

lum

nh

avin

gco

nn

omle

tter

(s)

don

otdi

ffer

sign

ifica

ntl

yat

5%le

velo

fsig

nifi

can

ceas

per

DM

RT

.

1687

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FIGURE 1 Effect of INM on nutrient uptake by cabbage.

The second highest N uptake was noted in 100% CF. Sole organic manuretreated plots showed statistically similar N uptake, which was also superiorover control. The lowest N uptake was recorded from control. Dixit andGupta (2000) observed that application of organic manures increased effi-ciency of chemical fertilizer and nitrogen uptake by different crops. Kumarand Sharma (2004) observed the maximum nutrient uptake by cabbage inFYM + 150% NPK. The highest P uptake (8.06 kg ha−1) was found in PM +CF treatment, which was significantly higher from all other treatments (Fig-ure 1). The lowest P uptake (1.29 kg ha−1) was noticed in control. Sen et al.(2008) reported that PM at 3 t ha−1 + CF resulted in the highest P uptake.The same treatment showed the maximum K uptake (128.00 kg ha−1) andthe minimum K uptake was found in control. The maximum sulfur uptakewas also noted in the PM + CF treatment having the value of 26.1 kg ha−1

(Figure 1). The minimum S uptake was obtained from the control. Rabbani(2006) opined that treatment receiving compost at 25 t ha−1 along with240 kg N ha−1 showed the highest S uptake by cabbage, which is almost inagreement with the findings of this study. The increased uptake of nutrientdue to NPKS fertilization and organic manure application was due to addedsupply of nutrients and proliferous root system developed under balancednutrient application resulting in better absorption of water and nutrientsalong with improved physical environment.

Nutrient Uptake by BrinjalTotal N uptake ranged from 28.95 to 172.2 kg ha−1. The N uptake

by the crop was the maximum in PM + CF having the value of 172.2 kgha−1(Figure 2). This result was significantly different from all other treat-ments. The minimum N uptake was obtained from the control. Meena andGautam (2005) reported the maximum N uptake (126.8 kg ha−1) with FYMat 10 t ha−1 + summer plowing. Phosphorus uptake varied from 3.87 to

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FIGURE 2 Effect of INM on nutrient uptake by brinjal.

23.25 kg ha−1. The maximum P uptake was observed in PM + CF and theminimum was noted in control. The effects of only manure viz. PM at 5 t ha−1,CD at 10 t ha−1 and HW at 10 t ha−1 were statistically similar with each other.Khanda et al. (2005) found that FYM at 10 t ha−1 along with 100, 75 and 50%recommended dose of NPK fertilizers to all crops improved P uptake. TheK uptake of brinjal varied from 34.98 to 169.0 kg ha−1 having the maximum(169.0 kg ha−1) in PM + CF treatment. Similar results were obtained bySelvi et al. (2009). The maximum S uptake (13.9 kg ha−1) was also foundin T4 and the minimum was recorded in control. Organic manure suppliedmajor and minor nutrients along with organic acids and provided good soilphysical condition for plant growth. This increased uptake of nutrients aswell as increased photosynthesis (Charjan and Gaikwad, 2005).

Nutrient Uptake by Red-AmaranthThe highest amount of N (60.20 kg ha−1) uptake was obtained from

HW + CF, which was significantly higher form, all other treatments. Theonly manure treatments showed identical N uptake. The lowest N uptakewas noted in control. Treatment HW + CF gave the maximum P uptake andthe minimum was recorded in control. Singh and Agarwal (2004) observedthat application of FYM at 10, 20 and 30 t ha−1 augmented P uptake by29.5, 44.7 and 49.5% compared with no FYM. Potassium uptake rangedfrom 1.99 to 16.5 kg ha−1 having the highest (16.5 kg ha−1) in HW + CF(Figure 3). The lowest K uptake was found in control. Kumar and Sharma(2004) observed highest K uptake by the cabbage with the addition FYM +150% NPK, which are in agreement with the findings of the present study.The highest S uptake was also obtained from PM + CF. The increase innutrient uptake with organic manure was due to increased availability ofnutrient to the plants. It might be due to improvement of soil environment,

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FIGURE 3 Effect of INM on nutrient uptake by red amaranth.

which encouraged proliferous root-system, resulting in better absorption ofmoisture and nutrient and thus resulting in higher biomass production.

Effects of INM on Soil Properties

Bulk DensitySoil bulk density was reduced due to application of organic manure

having the minimum (1.42 g cm−3) in CD at 10 t ha−1 treatment and themaximum bulk density (1.52 g cm−3) was recorded from control (1.53 gcm−3) followed by 100% CF (1.51 g cm−3), where no organic manure wasapplied (Figure 4a). The lowest bulk density (1.43 g cm−3) was also found inPM at 5 t ha−1 and HW at 10 t ha−1 treatments. Higher bulk density in controland only inorganic fertilizer treated plots might be due to not application oforganic manure and compaction of soil in those treatments. Mathur (1997)observed that soil treated with organic matter decreased bulk density from1.46 to 1.40 g cm−3.

Soil pHThe lowest pH value was recorded where only recommended dose of

chemical fertilizer was applied (Figure 4b). The highest pH value was foundin the treatment having PM at 2.5 t ha−1 + CF. The organic manure ap-plied plots and control plot showed the minimum variation. However, theplots receiving only CF gave the maximum reduction in pH value, showingincrease in soil acidity (Figure 4b). Among the organic sources, PM treatedplots had the highest pH value. The maximum increase in acidity was notedin treatment having the highest dose of inorganic fertilizer. Similar resultswere also found by Pathak et al. (2005).

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FIGURE 4 Effect of INM on bulk density (a), soil pH (b) and soil organic-C % (c) after 2-crop cycles.

Organic CarbonOrganic carbon ranged from 0.76 to 0.99% having the highest in HW

at 10 t ha−1 treatment followed by CD at 10 t ha−1 and PM at 5 t ha−1. Theinitial organic-C of the soil was 0.87%, which was reduced to 0.76% in thecontrol, where no manure or fertilizer was applied (Figure 4c). However, itwas developed 0.86% on inorganic fertilizer treated plots. Singh et al. (1999)reported drastic reduction in organic carbon concentration on continuousapplication of chemical fertilizer whereas addition of 5 t FYM ha−1 alongwith fertilizer N helped in maintaining the original organic matter status insoil.

Nutrient AvailabilityIncorporation of organic manure and chemical fertilizers showed posi-

tive effect on the availability of NPKS in soil after cabbage-brinjal-red ama-ranth sequence over two years. Total N (%) varied from 0.082 to 0.131 havingthe highest (0.131%) in PM + CF and the minimum (0.082%) was notedin control (Figure 5a). Among the treatments, the PM at 2.5 t ha−1 + CFtreatment had the highest available P (Figure 5b) which was identical tothat recorded in sole manure treatments (PM, CD and HW). The increasein P might be due to addition of P through inorganic fertilizer and organicmanure. The available K ranged from 0.12 to 0.216 meq 100 g−1, the highestbeing in HW at 5 t ha−1+ CF followed by 100% CF. The lowest value (0.12meq 100 g−1) was observed in control (Figure 5c). Available K was higherin HW treated plots this might be due to HW content ash which rich in K.The treatment PM + CF showed the maximum available S (17 ppm), which

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FIGURE 5 Effect of INM on A) total N, B) available P, C) available K and D) available S in soil after2-crop cycles.

was followed by HW + CF and CD + CF, and the minimum was noted incontrol treatments (Figure 5d). Higher availability of NPKS in soil might bedue to their successive release from poultry manure, household waste andcowdung. Similar results were also observed by Patidar and Mali (2002).

CONCLUSION

Application of organic manure in combination of reduced rate of chem-ical fertilizers showed significant positive effect on the yield parameters andyield of vegetable crops in the pattern, cabbage-brinjal-red amaranth. Thecombination of poultry manure (PM) at 2.5 t ha−1 + CF was found to be bestfor the cultivation of medium to long duration vegetable crops (cabbageand brinjal). In case of short duration crop (red amaranth) HW at 5 t ha−1

+ CF showed better performance. The N, P, K and S uptake by the vegetableincreased significantly due to addition of organic manure and chemical fer-tilizers, with the highest N,P,K and S uptake by PM + CF treatment, followedby the HW + CF treatment. Physical properties were improved by incorpo-ration of organic manure. The highest availability of N, P and S was foundin PM + CF treatment and the highest K availability was noted in HW + CF.Thus, treatment PM at 2.5 + CF and HW at 5 tha−1 + CF can be recom-mended for long and short duration vegetable crops, respectively, withoutaffecting soil health at homestead area.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to National Agroforestry Working Group for providingthe financial support to carry out this study.

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integrated nutrient management for cabbage-brinjal-red amaranth cropping pattern in homestead area

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