integrated farming system for improvement of nutrition and livelihood … · 2019-03-27 · 3...

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1. Project Title : Integrated Farming System for improvement of nutrition and livelihood of

farm women under different agro-ecosystems. (Collaborative Project)

2. (a) Name of the Collaborating Institute(s), if any, Name of Division/ Regional Center/

Section of Collaborating Institute(s):

S. No. Collaborating Institutes 1. ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar , Odisha

(Eastern Coastal Plain Zone) Lead Centre 2. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

(Central highlands Zone) Collaborative Centre 3. ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut

,Uttar Pradesh (Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone) Collaborative Centre

4. ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna,Bihar (Northern Plain Zone) Collaborative Centre

5. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur ,Rajasthan (Western Plain Zone) Collaborative Centre

6. ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute , Goa (Western Coast Plain and Ghats Region) Collaborative Centre

(b) Project Team(Name(s) and designation of PI, CC-PI and all project Co-PIs, with time

spent)

S. No. Name, designation and institute Status in the project (PI/CC-PI/ Co-PI)

Time spent (%)

1. Dr S.K. Srivastava, Principal Scientist ,ICAR-CIWA, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

PI 25

2. Dr Abha Singh ,Senior Scientist, ICAR-CIWA, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Co-PI 10

3. Dr. Tanuja. S,Scientist,ICAR-CIWA, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Co-PI 20

4. Dr. V. K. Shukla, Principal Scientist, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

CC-PI 25

5. Dr Moni Thomas ,Senior Scientist, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

CC- Co-PI 20

6. Dr. Dushyant Mishra, Senior Scientist , ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut ,Uttar Pradesh

CC-PI 25

7. Dr. ( Mrs.) Nisha Verma, Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut ,Uttar

CC- Co-PI 20

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Pradesh

8. Dr. Reena Kumari Kamal, Scientist ,ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna,Bihar

CC-PI 25

9. Miss. T.L.Bhutia, Scientist, ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna,Bihar

CC- Co-PI 20

10. Dr. A. K. Mishra, Head, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur ,Rajasthan

CC-PI 25

11. Dr. Poonam Kalash, Subject Matter Specialist,ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur ,Rajasthan

CC- Co-PI 20

12. Sri Vishwanatha Reddy, K. Scientist, ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute , Goa

CC-PI 25

13. Dr. G.R.Mahajan, Scientist, ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute , Goa

CC- Co-PI 20

3. Objectives :

• To assess farm resources under different farming systems • To implement integrated farming system models for nutritional and livelihood

security • To assess impact of climate change on the livelihood security of farm women

4. Materials and methods used. The Project" Integrated Farming System for Improvement of Nutrition and Livelihood of Farm Women Under Different Agro-ecosystems " was implemented in six states with six different agro-ecosystems. The six centres are JNKVV, Jabalpur; ICAR-IIFSR (formerly PDFSR), Meerut; ICAR Res Complex Patna; ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur; ICAR–CCARI (formerly ICAR Res Complex) Goa and ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture(CIWA), Bhubaneswar , Odisha. A Launching Workshop was organised on 11 and 12 June 2015 in which PI, CC-PI and Co-PIs of the project participated. In this workshop work plan to be under taken by lead and collaborative centers was discussed, budget allocation was finalized for all the Centers, technical programmes and survey tools were also finalized. Review Workshop was also organized on 20.08.2016 at ICAR-CIWA Bhubaneswar to review the status and effective implementation of the project with the PIs and Co PIs of the Collaborative Centres viz; JNKVV, Jabalpur ; ICAR-IIFSR , Meerut ; ICAR- RCER, Patna ; ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur and ICAR–CCARI, Goa. The achievements and future course of actions of the project were discussed. Methodology for estimation of nutrition was circulated among all the partners. Detail of the TERAFIL water filter technology of IMMT Bhubaneswar and its availability was shared among all the Collaborative Centre partners. Data entry soft ware CS Pro 6.3 was developed by the Lead Centre and provided to each centre in order to uniform entry of the project data collected from one hundred households from the cluster of 2-3

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villages belonging proportionately to small (2.5-5Acres), and marginal (<2.5 Acres) farm families in crop based and livestock based farming system by each centre. While selecting the villages, apart from agriculture based village, factors like backwardness of the village, road connectivity, social cohesiveness, interest among men and women etc. was also considered. Farmers - Scientists interactions was organized to understand the problems of farm families especially women. Action research for testing of IFS model was undertaken in participatory mode among the above available groups comprising 20 farm families in the selected villages. Critical inputs for the identified interventions in various farming system models were also provided. Whole village approach was taken to find out the impact of climate change and its affect on the change of farming /cropping system. Objective wise achievements and conclusions are described below:

Objective (1) : To assess farm resources under different farming systems. Farm resources were assessed in different farming systems by the Collaborative Centres from 6 different agro ecosystems of the country viz., Eastern Coastal Plain Zone from Odisha; Central highlands Zone from Jabalpur; Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone from Modipuram, Northern Plain Zone from Patna; Western Plain Zone from Jodhpur and Western Coast Plain and Ghats Region from Goa. During the assessment the need and requirement of the village were also identified, through which need based intervention was carried out in the village. Findings related to farm resources including village profile / district profile of the 6 agro ecosystems of the country are summarised and given below:

Table 1: Name of the village , block and district selected under the project by the Collaborative Centres in 6 Agro- ecosystems of the country.

Sl.No Collaborative

Centre Agro- ecosystem

Selected Village

Block District State

1. ICAR-CIWA Bhubaneswar

Eastern Coastal Plain Zone

Sankharidiha and Dakhinisasana

Dharamsala Jajpur Odisha

2. JNKVV - Jabalpur

Central highlands Zone

Dundi and Pipariya Sahlawan

Dhimarkheda Katni MP

3. ICAR-IIFSR , Modipuram,

Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone

Mandaura and Jamalpur Goma

Sardhana Meerut UP

4. ICAR - RCER Patna

Northern Plain Zone

Raunia and Karai

Naubatpur Patna Bihar

5. ICAR-CAZRI , Jodhpur

Western Plain Zone

Nagalwas, Palri Ranawat and Asanda

Bhopalgarh Jodhpur Rajasthan

6. ICAR - CCARI , Goa

Western Coast Plain and Ghats Region

Surla and Ibrahmpur

Bicholim and Pernem

North Goa Goa

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• ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture , Bhubaneswar , Odisha (Eastern

Coastal Plain Zone): Centre selected village Sankharidiha and Dakhinisasana situated at coordinates 20.85o N (latitude) , 86.33o E (longitude) and Dakhinisasan at coordinates 20° 45' 26.8956'' N(latitude) , 86° 9' 40.2732'' E. (longitude) respectively . Interview schedule was developed , pre tested and data collected on gender issues on nutrition and livelihood security from one hundred households and entered on Cs pro 6.3 soft ware and analysed for result interpretation . PRA was conducted to create resource maps showing the location of houses, resources, infrastructure and terrain features-useful for analysing certain community-level problems. It also helped to create social maps, showing who is related to whom and where they live. A Scientist-Farmers interface was organized on 15.09.2015 in the village. The interface was fruitful to understand problems of farm families especially women and their needs through which need based interventions were identified. It was identified that the farm families while already cultivating bitter gourd for commercial purpose could not reap better harvest due to poor quality of produce. Other issues identified with the farm families were lack of balanced nutrition in their diets and under utilization of their resources .

Indication of colours :Green - Vegetation ; Pink- Pond; White - Temple, club, school ; Yellow- Houses; Blue - Road; Red - Bore wells and Orange - Business point (Market, petrol pump)

Resource mapping of Sankharidiha village of Jajpur district of Odisha

• Baseline Data of Jajpur District: Jajpur district consists of 7.39% urban population and 92.61% rural population. Jajpur district covers an area of 2899 sq.km. Annual precipitation in Jajpur district is found to be 1559.9 mm. Jajpur district comprises a total population of 1,827,192 , out of which 926,034 is male population and 901,158 is female population. This population accounts 4.35% of total population of Odisha. Sex ratio is found to be 973 female per 1000 male. Total literates in Jajpur district is found to be 1,290,455 out of which male literates are 706,396 and rest of 584,059 are female literates.

Fig: Map of Odisha locating Jajpur District

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Map of Jajpur district

12.9 25.1 28.4 46.1 93.7 238.5

350.9 341.2 238 140.2 41 3.9

1559.9

0 200 400 600 800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Graphical representation of rainfall in Jajpur, in mm

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Pie-chart indicating rural and urban population in Jajpur

• Baseline Data of Sankharidiha village:

Sankharidiha village comprises a total geographical area of 132 ha. The village consists a total households of 173.It consists a total population of 820 out of which male population is 419 and female population is 401.Sex ratio is found to be 957 female per 1000 male. In the village total literacy rate is 67.76% ,out of which male literacy rate is 72.22% and female literacy rate is 62.99%. Total workers are 222,out of which main workers are 211 and rest 11 are marginal workers. The village comprises of 3 schedule caste and 398 schedule tribes. It was observed that the village is connected by a pucca road and the village is electrified. Out of 20 adapted farm families, most of the families have crop based farming system except who have owned livestock. In the village total operational land holding ranges from 2 - 3 acre. Of the 20 families only 7 families own pond. As far as their educational status is concerned the literacy rate ranges from illiterates to graduates. The existing cropping system is found to be rice - black gram and green gram - vegetables. 3 bore wells are found in the village. It was observed that BMI of female members was lower than their male counterpart in 20 identified farm families. The socioeconomic profile of the village has been provided in graphs.Based on the needs and requirements of the farm families, to safeguard the nutritional and livelihood status various interventions were planned as given below :

• Bitter gourd seeds - Varietal replacement and Trailing and Machan system • Okra seeds - To enhance the availability of vegetables and nutritional status • Green leafy vegetable seeds - For kitchen garden as major source of iron and calcium • Banana, papaya and drumstick seedlings - To add vitamins and minerals to their diet • Jute seeds -To enhance the income from low lying land • Poultry -To supplement their diet with protein rich food item and to add to their

income • Fish fingerlings - To add to their diet and income

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• Baseline Data of Dakhinisasan village

Particulars Total Male Female

Total No. of Houses 84 - -

Population 406 222 184

Child (0-6) 36 18 18

Schedule Caste 42 26 16

Schedule Tribe 0 0 0

Literacy 85.95 % 91.67 % 78.92 %

Total Workers 129 123 6

Main Worker 119 0 0

Marginal Worker 10 8 2

0 10 20 30 40 50

6 8 6

Bellow 5

05 to 10

Above 10

% Family Size

Family Size

GEN 43%

OBC 57%

Category %

0

20

40

60

80

100

Illiterate Upto Matriculation Above Matriculation

Literacy %

Literacy %

JOINT 45% NUCLEA

R 55%

% Family Structure

0

20

40

60

Upto 1 acre

1 to 2.5 acre

>2.5 acre

% Land Holding

% farmer

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• Timeline of Shankharidiha and Dakhinisasan village of Jajpur District:

Sl. No. Year Events

1 2006 Floods

2 2007 Floods

3 2008 Floods with very high magnitude

4 2009

5 2010 Flood

6 2011 Census, flash floods

7 2012

8 2013 Flood

9 2014 Flood, Building of pucca road to village started.

10 2015 Building of pucca road completed

• Existing farming system

Crop and livestock was the major existing farming system in both the villages. Crops

such as wheat, rice, potato, chickpea, lentil, mustard, pigeon pea were grown. Major area

under crop was wheat, rice and maize. Vegetables were grown in a very limited area. Major

livestock were cow and buffalo. Major cropping system followed were viz.,Rice-wheat;Rice-

wheat-potato/mustard;Rice-wheat-lentil and Rice/ wheat-cattle .

•

ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar (Northern Plain Zone)

Centre selected village Raunia located at 24054’21.60’’N(latitude); 86057’17.65’’E (longitude) and Karai at 25032’39.06’’N(latitude);84058’07.49’’E(longitude). Data collected on gender issues on nutrition and livelihood security from one hundred households and entered on Cs pro 6.3 soft ware and analysed for result interpretation . Frequent visits were made and PRA was conducted to create resource maps showing the location of houses, resources, infrastructure and terrain features-useful for analysing certain community-level problems. Two Farmers’ Scientist interface meeting was organized in both the villages. The interface was fruitful to understand problems of farm families especially women and their needs through which need based interventions were identified. The responses of both the villages were very good and 90% of the participants in the meetings were women farmers.

• Major constraints/issues in existing farming system

Different ranks were given for different constraints according to its severity. Rank 1 means no constraints, 2-very low, 3- low, 4-moderate, 5-high and 6- very high. Individual farmers were asked to rank their problem according to their perception. Based on the individual farmer ranking the major issues identified are given below:

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• Non availability of quality seed/planting material • High incidence of pest and diseases in crops • Non availability of high yielding variety (technology) • High cost of inputs • Mineral nutrient deficiency in livestock • Problem of infertility in cattle • Low milk yield • Non availability of improved breed of livestock • Low priorities to fodder production • Phosphorus deficiency in animals • Smaller and fragmented land holdings • Scarcity of farm labour (higher wage rates)

• District profile including baseline data of respective districts

Patna district is situated in the South Bihar alluvial plains. The district is bounded in the north by river Ganga, in the south by Jahanabad and Nalanda districts, in the east by Lakhisarai district and in the west by Bhojpur district. The district is situated between North latitudes 250 13’and 250 45’ and East longitudes 840 43' and 860 44'. The district is divided into 6 subdivisions and 23 blocks which are as under:

Sl No Sub-Divisions Blocks 1 Patna Sadar Patna Sadar; Phulwarisharif; Sampatchak 2 Patna City Fatuha; Khusrupur; Daniyanvan 3 Danapur Danapur; Bihta; Maner; Naubatpur 4 Masaurhi Masaurhi; Dhanarua; Punpun 5 Paliganj Bikram;Dulhinbazar; Paliganj 6 Barh Bakhtiarpur; Athamalgola; Belchi; Pandarak; Barh; Mokama;

Ghoswari.

Total Population (million) 1.68 Male population 894,158 Female Population 789,042 Literacy Rate (%) 83.37 Male literacy (%) 87.35 Female literacy (%) 79.89 Total Geographic area (sq.km) 3172 Net Sown area 195760 Total cropped area 227135 Forest area (ha) 50 • Village profile including baseline data of respective village The village Raunia is located at 24054’21.60’’N; 86057’17.65’’E and Karai at 25032’39.06’’N; 84058’07.49’’E, Naubatpur.

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Raunia village

Total Area 279 ha Total population 2082 Male population 1105 Female population 977 Total no of houses 386 Male Literacy (%) 76.66 Female Literacy (%) 52.19 Total cropped area (acre) 1484 Net cropped area (acre) 1417

Karai village Total Area 217 ha Total population 2461 Male population 1299 Female population 1162 Total no of houses 408 Male Literacy (%) 40 Female Literacy (%) 21 Total cropped area (acre) 328 Net cropped area (acre) 296


Crop and livestock was the major existing farming system in both the villages. Crops such as wheat, rice, potato, chickpea, lentil, mustard, pigeon pea were grown. Major area under crop was wheat, rice and maize. Vegetables were grown in a very limited area. Major livestock were cow and buffalo. Major cropping system followed were viz.,Rice-wheat;Rice-wheat-potato/mustard;Rice-wheat-lentil and Rice/ wheat-cattle The socioeconomic profile of the village has been provided below.

0

50

100 63

19 9 9

Landholdings %

13 19 5 3

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Education %

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• Gender Wise Participation under Major Crops

Activities Family members

(total days) Hired Labour

(total days) Men Women Men Women

Arrangements of seed material, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 1 0 0 0

Arrangements of implements and machinery 0 0 0 0 Arrangements of plant protection chemicals and fertilizers 1 0 0 0

Nursery management 1 0 0 0 Seed/seedling treatment 0 0 0 0 Seedling uprooting 0 0 1* 0 Seedling transporting 0 0 1* 0 Land preparation 1 0 4 0 Filling of raw material in FYM/Compost pit 0 0 0 0 Transporting FYM/Compost to field by head load 0 0 0 0 Transporting FYM/Compost to field by tractor/trolley/bullock cart 4 0 0 0

Spreading of FYM/compost in the field 2 0 0 0 Fertilizer application and top dressing 1 0 1 0 Irrigation 2-5 0 0 0 Transplanting/Sowing 0 0 0 1*

Family size %

1 to 4

5 to 8

>8

87

13

Family structures %

Joint

Nuclear

0

10

20

30

40 31 37

6

26

Category %

12

Weeding 1 1 0 0 Pesticide management and application 1-2 0 0 0 Pesticide storage 1 0 0 0 Harvesting 1 0 1 0 Carrying harvest to the threshing floor on head load 0 2 0 2 Carrying harvest to the threshing floor on tractor/trolley 1 0 1 0

Loading and unloading of harvested produce 1 0 2 0 Drying of harvest 0 2-3 0 0 Threshing, winnowing/cleaning 0 1 1 2 Bagging 1 0 2 0 Carrying produce to home 1 0 2 0 *For seedling uprooting and transplanting 1 day is required per hectare if 4 male labor is hired while for transplanting it requires 1 day if 25-30 (per hectare) women farmers are hired. • Access to and Control over Family Assets

Assets/Inputs Access Control

Men only/Women only /Jointly


Land Agricultural land Jointly Men only Backyard Jointly Jointly Labour Family labour Jointly Men only Hired labour Jointly Men only Management Selection of crops to be grown Men only Men only Critical inputs –purchase and utilization Men only Men only

Product utilization/sale Men only Men only Community/Village/Panchayat resources Hand pump Jointly Jointly Power operated irrigation system Men only Men only

• Gender Participation in Livestock Production Activities

Participation Decision making Men Women Jointly Men Women Jointly

Breeding activities Selection of breed 75 1 0 37 39 0 Taking animal for Artificial Insemination / natural service 75 1 0 35 0 0

Care of animals during parturition and post parturition 9 1 66 75 1 0

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Care of animals during parturition and post parturition 9 1 66 9 0 66

Feeding activities Taking animals for grazing 75 1 0 76 0 0 Feeding and watering animals 9 1 66 9 0 67 Fodder collection and chopping of fodder 74 1 1 74 1 1

Preparation of ration for animals 9 1 66 9 0 67 Health Care Identification of sick animals 75 0 1 75 0 1 Taking animals to hospital for treatment 75 0 0 75 0 0

Administering medicines, deworming & vaccination 0 0 76 0 0 76

Care of sick animals 0 0 76 0 0 76 Management activities Construction of shed 75 0 1 75 0 1 Attending animal at the time of parturition 1 0 75 1 0 75

Care of new born calves 1 0 75 1 0 75 Cleaning animal before milking 1 0 74 1 0 74 Cleaning of cattle shed 74 1 0 74 1 0 Milking of animals 75 0 0 0 0 75 Making of cowdung cakes 0 75 0 0 75 0 Processing and marketing Selling and purchasing of live animals 74 0 0 0 0 74

Selling and purchasing of feed for animals 74 0 0 74 0 0

• Women Participation in Decision Making

Decision making with respect to farm household activities (%)

Nil Only consulted

Opinion considered

Final Decision

Farm operations Nil - - -

Storage/Retention of farm produce - 91 - -

Processing of farm produce - - 91 - Marketing/sale of farm produce - 91 - -

Livestock management - 91 - -

Purchase of inputs Nil - - - Hiring of labour Nil - - - Adoption of new technology/enterprise - - 91 -

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Borrowings/farm credit Nil - - - Use of farm income for different purposes - 91 - Purchase and sale of land - - 91 - Purchase and sale of farm animals - - 91 -

From the above table, it is clear that for the activities like farm operations, purchase of

inputs, hiring of labor and borrowing/farm credit the decision of the women were not at all considered. While for some other activities their opinions were consulted or considered but women do not have any role in taking final decision.

• Knowledge Seeking Behavior

Sl No

Sources of information Always (%)

Sometimes (%)

Never (%)

1 Advisory services(Agril./Veterinary services) - 91 9 2 Farmers' Trainings - - 100 3 Co-operative societies& banks - - 100 4 Agricultural mandi traders - - 100 5 Seeds and Pesticides dealers - 91 9 6 Self Help Groups/ Mahila Mandals - - 100 7 Kisan Mela/ Farmers' Fair - - 100 8 Radio / TV programmes 91 - 9 9 *Newspapers 91 - 9 *Not directly but from the other persons who reads newspaper and the message/information spreads from one person to another.

During the survey, we found that the only source of information was radio/TV and newspaper for the women as they never seek the information from the above mentioned sources.

• ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute , Goa (Western Coast Plain

and Ghats Region) Two villages were selected randomly from North Goa district in each agro-ecosystem with the help of KVK/DAO. While selecting the villages, apart from the agriculture based village, factors like backwardness of the village, road connectivity, social cohesiveness, interest among men and women etc. are also considered. The socio-economic survey was done in detail in these villages. The villages are: 1. Surla from Bicholim Block 2. Ibrahmpur from Pernem Block The socio-economic profile of sample farmers are investigated from 1. 50 crop based farmers from Surla village 2. 50 livestock based farmers from Ibrahmpur village

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District Profile of North Goa district

Total Population (million) 8,18,008 Male population 4,16,677 Female Population 4,01,331 Literacy Rate (%) 89.57 Male literacy (%) 93.40 Female literacy (%) 85.60 Total Geographic area (sq.km) 1755.91 Net Sown area 76800 Sex Ratio(Per 1000) 963 Annual Rainfall (mm) 3470.3

• Village profile including baseline data of respective village

Surla village

Total Area 1693.64 ha Total population 3818 Male population 1967 Female population 1851 Total no of houses 836 Male Literacy 1668 Female Literacy 1395

Fig . Satellite map view of Surla Village Ibrampur village

Total Area 673.75 ha Total population 2429 Male population 1262 Female population 1167 Total no of houses 555 Male Literacy 1124 Female Literacy 890

• Survey of the village

Sr. No.

Particulars Ibrahmpur Surla

All Farmer

1 Sample size 50 50 100 2 Average age of the

farmers (years) Young (< 35 years) 8 8 17 Middle (35 – 55 Years) 27 32 59 Old (>55 years) 14 10 24

3 Family size(No.)

Up to 5 32 36 68

More than 5 18 14 32

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4 Family type Nuclear 28 20 48 Joint 22 30 52

category General 30 22 52 OBC 17 20 37 SC/ST 3 8 11

Livestock 41 0 41 Crop 1 50 51 Crop and livestock 8 0 8 Land holding type

(No.) Marginal (<1ha) 19 23 42 Small (1–2ha) 13 16 29 Semi-medium(2-4ha) 10 8 18 Medium(4 – 10ha) 6 2 8 Large (>10ha) 2 1 3

Education (No.) Uneducated 4 4 8 Primary 8 7 15 High School 30 31 61 Higher secondary 6 6 12 Graduation 2 2 4

Table 3. Socio-economic characteristics of sampled farm households in selected villages


1) Surla village a) Rice based cropping system b) Horticulture based cropping system 2) Ibrahmpur village a) Rice based cropping System b) Cashew based cropping System

• Gender Wise Participation under Major Crops

Sl. No Operations Family members (total days)

Hired labour (total days)

Men Women Men Women

1. Arrangements of seed material, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals

1 0 0 0

2. Nursery management 0 1 0 0 3 Seedling uprooting 0 0 0 12/ha/day 4 Seedling transporting 0 0 0 10/ha/day 5 Fertilizer application and top

dressing 1 0 0 0

6 Transplanting 2 2 20/ha/day 30/ha/day 7 Weeding 0 4 0 2 8 Harvesting 0 0 4 2 9 Carrying harvest to the threshing

floor 0 2 0 0

10 Threshing, winnowing/cleaning 2 2 0 0 11 Bagging 1 0 0 0 • Access to and Control over Family Assets

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Access to and control over family assets


Land Men Labour Jointly Management Selection of crops to be grown Jointly Critical inputs –purchase and utilization Men Product utilization/sale Women By product preparation Women Community/Village/Panchayat resources Canal Irrigation system Jointly Power operated irrigation system Men • Gender Participation in Livestock Production Activities

Sl No

Gender participation/ decision making

Participation Decision making Men Women Jointly Men Women Jointly

1 Selection of breed 49 0 0 49 0 0 2 Taking animal for Artificial

Insemination / natural service 49 0 0 49 0 0

3 Care of animals during parturition and post parturition

0 0 49 0 0 49

4 Feeding activities 8 6 35 40 0 9 5 Administering medicines and

vaccination 49 0 0 0 0 49

6 Milking of animals 49 0 0 0 0 49 7 Cleaning of shed 0 0 49 0 49 0

• Women Participation in Decision Making

Decision making with respect to farm household activities

(%)

Nil Only consulted

Opinion considered

Final Decision

1. Farm operations Nil - - -

2. Storage/Retention of farm produce

- - 70 -

3. Processing of farm produce - 60 - - 4. Marketing/sale of farm

produce - - 95 -

5. Livestock management - 80 - -

6. Purchase of inputs Nil - - - 7. Hiring of labour Nil - - - 8. Adoption of new

technology/enterprise - 60 - -

9. Borrowings/farm credit Nil - - - 10. Use of farm income for - 70 -

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different purposes 11. Purchase and sale of land - - 95 - 12. Purchase and sale of farm

animals - - 95 -

• Knowledge Seeking Behaviour

Sl No

Sources of information Always (%)

Sometimes (%)

Never (%)

1 Advisory services(Agril./Veterinary services) - 91 9 2 Farmers' Trainings - - 100 3 Co-operative societies& banks - - 100 4 Agricultural mandi traders - - 100 5 Seeds and Pesticides dealers - 91 9 6 Self Help Groups/ Mahila Mandals - - 100 7 Kisan Mela/ Farmers' Fair - - 100 8 Radio / TV programmes 91 - 9 9 *Newspapers 91 - 9 *Not directly but from the other persons who reads newspaper and the message/information spreads from one person to another.

During the survey, we found that the only source of information was radio/TV and newspaper for the women as they never seek the information from the above mentioned sources.

• ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur ,Rajasthan (Western Plain

Zone)

Three villages Nagalwas, Palri Ranawat and Asanda were selected as a cluster for conducting in depth survey. The villages situated in Bhopalgarh Thesil of Jodhpur District in western Rajasthan; located about 65- 80 km from CAZRI Jodhpur. Before undertaking various interventions at farmers' field, baseline information was collected through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and group discussion with the farmwomen and farmers for assessing the existing farming system, natural resource and other issues related to production. Primary data on involvement of women in agriculture, resources available and constraints faced by them, etc were collected Based on the outcome of survey and PRA, twenty five representative households were selected randomly for demonstration of suitable IFS modules for livelihood and nutritional security.

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Resource mapping

• Demographic characteristics

The demographic characteristics, land use pattern and cropping pattern of selected cluster villages of Bhopalgarh, Jodhpur is presented in Table 1-2. There are three different caste categories: General, Other Backward Caste (OBC) and Scheduled caste (SC). The main castes are Jat, Rajput, Devasi, Suthar , and more than 90 % of the population belong to OBC category. The main occupation of the villagers is agriculture and livestock rearing.

The average annual rainfall in the selected cluster villages is about 330 mm with maximum 15 rainy days in a year. Almost 80% of the total annual rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon, which onsets in the first week of July and withdraws in the mid of September. The temperature varies from 49°C in summer to 2°C in winter, the average temperature ranges between 25 and 40°C. The soils are sandy and loamy. The cropping pattern by and large is single. Only 15 % of the net cultivated area is being utilized for double cropping.

• Livelihood analysis

As per livelihood mapping, agriculture is identified as the primary and livestock as the secondary source of income in the cluster villages. Farmers grow Bajra, Guar, Mung, Til, Cotton in Kharif season. Rayada/Sarson, Jeera, and Wheat are grown in winter season. Some farmers grow vegetables particularly cucumbers and onion during summer months. The production of crop varies according to the soil, availability of irrigation water and climatic condition. Bajra and Mung are the important and nutritious food crops in the selected villages for human beings and also provide nutritious fodder to the livestock. Cotton, cumin, and cluster bean are the major cash crops in the villages.

Livestock are an important asset to farm women that provides the basis for livelihoods. They provide income and increased economic stability, and often the most important “cash crops” in arid production systems. Cattle and buffaloes are the major milk producing animals from them they get income by selling milk from cows, buffaloes and goats. Goats are known for their drought tolerance and are present in every household and

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largely seen as useful in providing nutritious food (milk) to the family and as an important income source during emergencies.

The PRA findings revealed that the livelihood and farming systems of the selected villages are complex and are based on traditional and socio-economic considerations. Gender role in livelihoods are presented in Table 3. The resource base within the village and at household level had a strong influence on whether farm women rear small or large ruminants or go for vegetable cultivation or cash crop or traditional farming. The major constraints perceived by the farmers (men and women) were non availability of quality inputs in time, high cost of seed, feed and medicines, inadequate knowledge of scientific package of practices and health care measures.

The Project activities are implemented at Nagalwas cluster. Nagalwas is situated in Bhopalgarh Thesil of Jodhpur District in western Rajasthan; the village is located between 26°75’ N latitude and 73°37’E longitude, and altitude of 308 meters above sea level. It is located at 80 km from CAZRI Jodhpur.

Demographic profile of the villages: Nagalwas, Tehsil –Bhopalgarh, District- Jodhpur

Distance 80 km. From Jodhpur Location 26.75 Latitude, 73.37 Longitude Altitude -308 mt. Total no. of households 145 Total population 889 No of Males 459 No of Females 430 Literacy in percentage 56.34%

Nagalwas village

21

• Rainfall, Climate and crops

Extreme heat in summer and severe cold in winter is the characteristic of the desert climate. In selected site, the temperature varies from 49 °C in summer to one degree in winter, the average temperature ranges between 25 and 40 °C. The average annual rainfall in the village is about 300 mm with maximum 15 rainy days in a year. Almost 80% of the total annual rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon, which onsets in the first week of July and withdraws in the mid of September. Drought analysis based on agriculture criteria indicates that the district is prone to mild and normal type of droughts.

Soils are sandy and loamy. The cropping pattern is, by and large single. Only 5 % of the net cultivated area is being utilized for double / multiple cropping. During kharif, Pearl Millet (Bajra)), Mung (Vigna Radiata), Moth, Clusterbean (Guar) and Til (Sesame) are the main crops and during Rabi, Cumin, Wheat, Barley and Mustard are the main crops in the selected villages district. In a limited area (approximately 15 percent) ground water is the only source of irrigation during Rabi season. The Pear millet is an important and nutritious food crop in the selected villages for human beings and also provides nutritious fodder to the livestock.

• Demographic characteristics

Nagalwas has total 145 households with a population of 889 (census 2011), in which 459 are male. There are three different caste categories: General, Other Backward Caste (OBC) and Scheduled caste (SC). The main castes are Jat, Rajput, Devasi, Suthar etc. 95 % of the village population belong to OBC category. The houses are usually those with thatched roofs with some concrete (Pucca) houses. Electricity facilities are there but restricted only to certain households.

Based on the information from the resource map and secondary source from the revenue department, the total geographical area of the village is 1400 ha, out of which 950 ha comes under rainfed cultivation and around 100 ha comes under irrigated farming. The ground water level of the village is very low, so it is required to dig a bore well around a depth of 600 to 700 feet which is both financially and ecologically, expensive. The irrigation facilities are not good with only 20 farmers having tube well facilities for irrigation. For drinking water needs, the Gram Panchayat has constructed water tanks, which are filled by Government bore wells.

• Livelihoods

As per livelihood mapping, agriculture is identified as the main source of income in the village. Farmers grow Pearl Millet (Bajra), Cluster Bean (guar), Green Gram (Mung), Sesame (Til), Cotton (Kapas) etc. in Kharif season. Mustard (Sarson), Cumin (Jeera), and Wheat (Gehun) are grown in winter season. Some farmers grow vegetables particularly cucumbers and onion during summer months. The production of crop varies according to the soil, availability of irrigated water and climatic condition. Pearl Millet (Bajra) was the major food crop and Cluster Bean (Gaur) as the major cash crop in the village. The land holding size of farmers ranges from 1 acres to 25 acres.

22

• Livestock

Villagers rear sheep, goats, cows and buffalos for different purposes. Cattle and buffaloes are the major milk producing animals. From the livestock they get income by selling milk from cows, buffaloes and goat, and selling goat and sheep kids for meat. In the past (15-20 years back), villagers practiced common grazing system, in which one person take care of all the livestock in the village. For this, the person collected money from every family depending on the number of livestock owned by the family. However, due to lack of grazing resources, this system now does not exist. Now each family takes care of their animals on their own.

In the summer season the main problem for livestock rearing is fodder and water scarcity, which leads to migration of small ruminants particularly sheep. Reduction in livestock has impacted the whole life cycle of a family. Migration of small ruminants had negative impact on agriculture because they cannot get enough manure for agriculture so they use more fertilizers, which increases the production cost. Secondly they cannot get milk and butter (ghee) for consumption, so they have to buy from other villagers, which also increase the family expenditure. The price of one liter of milk is Rs.25-30.

Goats are known for their drought tolerance is present in every household and largely seen as useful in providing nutritious food (milk) to the family and as an important income source during emergencies.

In the study, determination of decision making power was focused on the degree of consultation with women. 97% women did not have ownership on houses and lands. One third of the women have no participation in decision making in purchasing of any assets or agricultural inputs. They are not involved in purchase of land, house, plot, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, livestock and selling agriculture produce, health, and education, marriage of their children, meeting family needs, travel and voting.

In decision making joint participation of men and women is a major in several aspects including consumption needs, day to day activities, food and education of children. Though it is visible that women have participation in decision making on agricultural produce, they are not involved in direct monetary transactions.

Women’s ownership of assets like land, houses and plots is very less particularly in the villages. This shows the dependence and vulnerability of women. They can play an important role in agriculture development. But the existing inequalities and discriminations are not allowing women to exercise their full potentialities.

Whether a woman takes final decision or jointly with men is captured from household level questionnaire and presented in these tables.

Table: Demographic characteristics of selected cluster villages of Bhopalgarh tehsil, Jodhpur

Village Nagalwas Palri Ranawata Asanda Gram Panchyat Palri Ranawata Palri Ranawata Gajsinghpura Human Population , Nos Male 459 (51.63 %) 1297(53.84 %) 550 (50.97 %) Female 430 (48.37 %) 1112 (46.16 %) 529 (49.02 %)

23

SC & ST 247 630 82 Male 125 338 41 Female 122 292 41 Literacy rate , % 49.49 % 56.24 45.60 Male 33.86 36.32 30.67 Female 15.63 19.92 14.92 No. of Farm Families 229 498 245 Water Tank 1 1 1 Wells/Tube wells 30 230 150 Hand Pumps 1 2 1 Livestock Population, Nos. 772 1834 1793 Cattle 108 443 287 Buffalo 291 494 386 Goat 254 694 644 Sheep 119 203 476 Human : Livestock 1: 0.86 1: 0.76 1: 1.66 Source: Village Directory

Table: Land use pattern of selected cluster villages of Bhopalgarh tehsil, Jodhpur 2015-16

Source: Revenue record of Bhopalgarh Tehsil

Table : Gender role in livelihoods Livelihood Men Women

Crop production Ploughing, land levelling, using machines, applying fertilizers, sowing of seeds, spraying the pesticides, maintaining irrigation facilities (water supply and electrical motor pump), bag

Planting, transplanting, sowing of seed, weeding, winnowing, storage, etc.

S. No.

Particulars Nagalwas Palari Ranawata

Asanda

1. Geographic area, ha 1127 2824 1790 2. Forest area, ha 0 0 0 3. Area not available for cultivation,

ha (4+5) 60 94 187

4. Area under non-agricultural uses, ha

60 94 187

5. Barren and uncultivated land, ha 0 0 0 6. Other uncultivated land excluding

fallow land, ha (7+8+9) 34 233 32

7. Permanent pastures and other grazing land, ha

34 233 32

8. Land under mics. tree crops & groves not included in net area sown, ha

0 0 0

9. Cultivable waste land, ha 0 0 0 10. Fallow land, ha (11+12) 320 203 13 11. Fallow land other than current

fallow –old fallow, ha 164 153 5

12. Current fallow, ha 156 50 8 13. Net area sown, ha 713 2294 1158 14. Total cropped area, ha 946 2593 1773

24

filling, etc. Livestock production

Ploughing with the animals (oxen), taking livestock for grazing, vaccination, collection of milk and marketing to the dairy centre, making shed for livestock, etc.

Maintaining livestock, Grazing, washing the animals and cleaning of livestock shed, collection of dung, storage of top feeds, etc.

Labour Pruning and cutting the trees , ploughing the field, seeding, fertilizer application, pesticides spray, maintaining irrigation facilities (water supply), construction of houses ,driving tractor, watching crop from birds and wild animals

Seeding, weeding, harvesting, winnowing, and segregating the product, storage of fodder, etc.

• Gender role in agriculture

The participation of women in crop and livestock production varies according to socio-economic status and religious factors. The farm women constitute almost 50 per cent of farm workforce and play a significant role in various agricultural and allied activities besides fulfilling their responsibilities as home-makers. The extent of their participation, however, varies depending on the socio-economic and cultural background (Figure 1). The highest percentage of the farm-women was found to be participating in the home based operation in crop production. More than three quarters of livestock related tasks (care and management) are the responsibility of women. The day to day activities related to caring, feeding, watering and cleaning of shed are predominantly chores for women (Figure-2). Milking, grazing of animals in CPRs, sale of animal, and attending to sick animals including taking them to the Veterinary dispensary are men’s tasks. Activities performed by women are routine, labour intensive, repetitive, time consuming and are mostly performed within the confines of the household and immediate surroundings. Many of the roles she performs, are an extension of her every-day household activities and confined largely to the private – domain. The activities performed by men are occasional in nature, involve less time, energy, labour and largely occur in the public domain, outside the confines of the household. However, the gendered role in agricuture is rapidly changing for several reasons such as urbanization, migration of men for jobs, mechanization of agricultural and post-harvest operations, etc.

25

Figure:

Gender role in crop production

Figure :

• Gender issues in agriculture

Gender roles in livestock production

Women and men typically have different needs and interests, and face different livelihood opportunities and constraints in managing crop and livestock as well as in coping with emerging challenges such as poor access to markets, services and technical information, periodic drought, competing resource use, policies and weak institutions. Most often men control major crops and larger livestock such as cattle and buffalo, while women control minor crops, vegetables, and small stock, such as sheep and goats. In fact, their livestock is often one of the few sources of income over which women have complete control. Male members of the family have better access to training and technology, market, credits, etc however, women face a number of constraints (Figure 3 & 4). They often have cultural, traditional, financial or other restrictive issues limiting access to proper extension services, which may lead to serious production and losses. Their access to the marketing

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Women % Men % Joint %

0102030405060708090

Constructio

n of shed

Cleaning of shed

Care of Preg

Care of Calf

Milking

Vaccination AI

Treatment

Fedding

Collection of fo

dder

Grazing

Women Men Joint

Invo

lvem

ent (

%)

26

support is also poor. Credit support for purchase of inputs and animals and its maintenance is not easily available.

The results revealed that men and women do not usually have equal decision-making power. One third of the women have no participation in decision making in purchasing of any assets or agricultural inputs. Sometimes they are consulted in purchase of land, house, plot, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, livestock and selling agriculture produce. Most of the decisions related to livestock production are taken jointly; however, they are not involved in direct monetary transactions. In general, men are generally in-charge of the decision-making power in regard to cash crops whereas women are enormously influential in shaping decisions in their private family domain, on almost all matters related to family welfare, although these decisions are often expressed / acted upon in public by the men in the family.

Figure :

Access over family resources

Figure : Control over family resources

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

Access over family inputs

Men % Women % Jointly %

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

Control over family inputs

Men % Women % Jointly %

27

• Constraints and challenges faced by women

• Cultural restrictions on women mobility prevents them to participate in meetings and development pragrammes.

• Majority of farm women have no or very little land title. • Girls from poor socio-economic strata are forced to drop out of education at an

early age and are engaged in household help, agriculture and livestock production. • Women involvement in economic activities like agricultural inputs purchase, sale

or produce is very less. The household chores and agriculture work fill up the entire day for women.

• Women have very little information around market or cash transactions. They do hard work in the fields, but these are all directed by the men. Most of the decision regarding agriculture are taken jointly.

• ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut ,Uttar Pradesh (Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone)

The project was implemented in Meerut district of Western Plain Zone of Uttar Predesh.Centre selected Mandora and Jamalpur Goma village of Sardhana block .

• District Profile (including baseline data of respective districts)

Meerut district is located in western Uttar Pradesh, 72 km north-east of New Delhi. The total area of the district is 2590 sq km. It is situated between Ghaziabad and Muzaffarnagar district in North and South Moradabad and Haryana in East and West. The river Yamuna separated it from Haryana. It has an important railway junction on the Delhi-Saharanpur section of the northern railway, with a line to Khurja via Hapur and the Grand Trunk Road runs through it and also connected by roads from all directions.

Sl No Tehsil Blocks 1 Meerut Meerut, Jani, Rohta, Rajpura 2 Mawana Kharkhauda, Mawana, Hastinapur, Parikshitgarh, Machhra 3 Sardhana Sardhana, Daurala, Saroorpur

Actual Population 3,443,689 Male 1,825,743 Female 1,617,946 Area Sq. Km 2,559 Density/km2 1,346 Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 886 Average Literacy 72.84

Male Literacy 80.74 Female Literacy 63.98 Rural population 51.1% Total cropped area under cultivation 2,93,000 ha Total cropped area under irrigation 1,95,000 ha

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Horticulture occupies an important place in the district; mango, guava and peach being the important fruit crops. The agro-climatic conditions of the district are also suitable for floriculture, apiculture and mushroom cultivation. Paddy (rice), wheat, maize, sugarcane and potato are the main crops. The district with 6 sugar mills ensures adequate market linkages for the sugarcane growers. The productivity of various crops in the district, although well above the state average, but is lower than the national average. Soils are deficient in both micro and macro nutrients and having low level of organic carbon. Types of soil : 1. Alluvial soil or loam soil. 2. Fine sandy loam. 3. Sandy loam. 4. Clay loam. 5. Silty clay loam. 6. Loamy sand.

Map of Meerut district with demarcation of blocks • Survey of the village

Baseline survey of village was conducted at start of project; under our survey we collected data on all aspect of their life. Since ladies from western UP hesitate to interact with gents to provide information. Lady scientist of the team interacted with them and collected data on their dietary patter, health parameters. Based on the information provided farming families in the villages were classified into two broad groups, Crop based farming families and Livestock based farming families.

• Village Profile including baseline data of respective village

Mandora Village - location 29° 11' 57.5268'' N, 77° 44' 45.3228'' E, The total geographical area of village is 494.54 hectares.



Population 2,836 1,478 1,358

Child (0-6) 418 214 204


29



Literacy 72.83 % 86.31 % 58.06 %


Main Worker 802 0 0


Jamalpur Goma – location 29° 10' 10.2864'' N , 77° 44' 27.2976'' E, The total geographical area of village is 167.6 hectares.



Population 1,310 696 614

Child (0-6) 184 101 83



Literacy 81.08 % 91.93 % 68.93 %


Main Worker 552 0 0


• Participatory Rural Appraisal – PRA of study villages were conducted by our team during initial days of project implementation. We collected data through PRA from all sections of society. Villagers usually come to pradhans house for general discussions and we gathered almost all informations from the participation of villagers at that place. We collected data related to Social map, resource map, transect walk, time line, season map of study villages


Crop based – In crop based farming system the major source of income of the farm family comes from the crop component where they take up following cropping systems along with one cow or buffalo.

• Sugarcane -Wheat system – 50 % • Sorghum- Wheat system – 35 %

30

• Rice- wheat system – 10 %

Livestock based - In this farming system the major source of income of the farm family comes from the livestock component where they take up following cropping systems along with one cow and two buffaloes.

• Sugarcane -Wheat -Sorghum – 44 % • Sorghum- wheat – 36 %

Fig . Mean landholding size of farmers

Observations on mean landholding size of farmers (Crop based and livestock based) were recorded in both the villages and it was estimated that average land holding of crop based farmers was 1.07 hectare whereas for livestock based farmers it was 0.33 hectare.

• Categorization of farmers surveyed according to landholding size

In the surveyed villages, the categorization of farmers was done on the basis of land holding size. Crop based activities for livelihood was predominantly practiced by small farmers (94 percent) while only 6 percent marginal farmers were involved in crop based activities for livelihood. On contrary, Livestock based activities were mainly practiced by marginal farmers (94 %) followed by small farmers (6 %).

Fig . Categorization of farmers according to landholding size

• Categorization of farmers according to education in a study cluster

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In the selected villages, gender wise status of education in farm families was also recorded. Among crop based farmers, 10.0 percent male and 34.0 percent females were illiterate, 43.0 percent male farmers and 28.0 % females were educated up to 10th standard. Twenty nine percent males and thirty percent females were educated up to 12th standard. Education up to level of post-graduation (PG) was 16 and 4 percent in males and females respectively. There were only 2.0 percent male farmers which possessed any other diploma after PG level of education. Almost similar trend of education was reported in livestock based farm families where maximum 51.0 percent male farmers were educated up to 10th standard.

Fig . Categorization of farmers according to education

• Family size and structure in study cluster

Fig. Categorization of farmers according to family size

The graph above shows that the mean size of the crop based farming families are comprises of 5.74 person and livestock based families were comprised of 5.64 person.

• Categorization of farmers according to family structure

The Farmers were categorized into two groups based on their family structure.

1. Group I (Crop based families) 2. Group II (Livestock based families)

Group I have 34 % and 66% nuclear and joint families, respectively. The Group II comprised of 36% and 64 % nuclear and joint families, respectively.

32

Fig. Chategorization of farmers according to family structure

• Categorization of farmers according to category in a study cluster

The farmers may be categorized into two groups

1. Group I 2. Group II

Group I comprised of crop based farmers where 14 %, 72% and 14 % people were studied in general, OBC and SC categories of the social community. Group II comprised of the livestock farmers where studied people percentage was 22, 50 and 28 in the general, OBC and SC communities respectively.

Fig . Categorization of farmers according to caste

• Gender wise participation under major crops

It was found that the maximum participation of women was noticed in drying of harvest, seed storage, post-harvest handling and winnowing/cleaning (98-100%) as family labour for both the crop and livestock based farming systems. Threshing/shelling through hand beating for paddy and pulse crops was found to be done by women (14%) for both FS1

and FS2 as family labour whereas it was found to be done by hired women labourers (28%) in FS1. In case of weeding and harvesting of field crops participation of women was found (78-84%) as family labour and 18% as hired labour in FS2 where it was found 74 % in FS1 as family labour and 58 % has hired labour. Women’s involvement in sett cutting, sett planting and covering of sugarcane was found 50 per cent in FS1 whereas it was found 16 -22 % in

33

FS2 as family labour, whereas women’s involvement as hired labour was found 40 % in FS1

and 16% in FS2. The reason for more involvement in FS1 was due to sugarcane based cropping systems (86%) as compared to FS2(44%). Seedling uprooting and transplanting of paddy was found to be done by 12 % of women farmers in FS1 whereas it was observed 8% in FS2 as family labourers. However, women’s involvement as hired labourer 26 % and 8 % respectively for FS1 and FS2.The reason for more involvement of women in FS1 found due to existence of rice wheat cropping system (10%) as compared to was FS2 (trace). Bagging of produce was found to be done by 74 % of women farmers in FS2 and 42% in FS1 as family labourers whereas it was found to be done by 4 and 44% of hired women labours in FS2 and FS1 respectively. Transporting of FYM/compost to field by head load was found to be done by 6% of women farmers in FS1 and 22 % of women farmers in FS2 as family labourers. However in 6% of head loading was also observed in FS2by hired women labourers. More of the head loading of FYM in FS2 was noticed due to their poor socio-economic condition. Rest of the activities related to crop production viz. wheat sowing, nursery management in paddy, filling of raw material in compost pit, transporting of FYM by tractor trolley/bullock cart, spreading of FYN in the compost pit, fertilizer application at bas and top dressing, irrigation, carrying produce to home, herbicide storage, loading and unloading of harvested produce were found male dominated as given in table 8.

Table 8. Gender wise participation under major crops

Gender participation

FS1 (n=50) FS2 (n=50) Family members Hired Labourers Family

members Hired Labourers

Men (%)

Women (%)

Men (%)

Women (%)

Men (%)

Women (%)

Men (%)

Women (%)

Wheat sowing 96 4 30 - 98 4 - - Sett cutting (sugarcane)

80 50 40 40 30 16 26 16

Sett planting and covering (sugarcane)

80 50 40 40 28 22 26 16

Nursery management (paddy)

26 - 20 - 8 - 12 -

Seedling uprooting (paddy)

12 12 2 26 8 8 - 8

Transplanting (paddy)

12 12 2 26 8 8 - 8

Filling of raw material in FYM/compost pit

86 - 28 - 94 - 30 -

Transporting FYM/compost to field by headload

0 6 0 0 6 22 - 6

34

Transporting FYM/ compost to field by tractor trolley/ bullock cart

90 - 10 - 76 - 16 -

Spreading FYM/ compost in the field

90 6 10 - 92 4 14 0

Fertilizer application at basal dose

90 - 10 - 92 4 12 -

Fertilizer top dressing

90 - 10 - 92 4 12 -

Irrigation 90 10 10 92 4 8 - Manual weeding 38 74 - 58 10 84 - 18 Drying harvest - 100 - - - 100 - - Threshing / shelling by hand / beating

- 14 - 28 - 14 - 14

Winnowing / cleaning

- 98 - 10 - 100 - -

Bagging produce

56 42 14 44 74 74 20 4

Carrying produce to home

74 38 18 6 90 6 34 -

Storing seed 64 100 - - 66 82 - - Feeding thresher / sheller

100 - 100 - 100 - 100 -

Harvesting of crops

40 74 - 58 26 78 - 18

Post-harvest handling

26 100 - - 30 100 - -

Herbicide Storage

96 4 - - 98 2 - -

Loading and unloading of harvested produce (field crops / sugarcane bundles)

90 - 56 - 92 32 34 -

*FS1 = Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B), FS2 = Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B) • Gender participation in livestock production activities

It has been observed that care of new born cows, cleaning of animals before milking, milking, cleaning of shed, making of cow dung cakes and preparation and processing of livestock products were women dominated activities in both the farming systems (78-100%). However, taking animal for artificial insemination/natural service, vaccination and deworming and marketing of livestock products was found male dominated activities in both the farming systems. The male domination was found more in FS2 as compared to FS1. In

35

terms of care of animal during pregnancy women’s participation was found more in FS2

(82%) as compared to FS1 (56%). More of the joint participation was noticed for feeding and watering animals fodder collection, chopping of fodder/straw, preparation of ration for animals, health care, identification of sick animals and administrating medicines, care of sick animals etc in both of the farming systems.

• Access to and control over family assets

Data presented in table below shows that very less control of women in terms of land, hiring of labour, credit/ loan, selection of crops to be grown, power operated irrigated system, buffalo, bullock, cow was noticed in FS2 (2-4%). However, it was found somewhat better in case of FS1 (8-12%). This is due to the reason of more women headed families; better socio-economic condition and better leadership qualities amongst the women farmers of FS1 as compared to FS2. It was further noticed the joint access on the above mentioned resources for both the farming systems (74-100%), however in terms of selection of crops to be grown the joint access of women farmers of FS1 and FS2 was found 58 and 42 % respectively. In terms of hand pump, 100 per cent access and control of women was noticed for both the farming systems.

Table . Access to and control over family assets

Assets/ inputs

Access Control Men only (%)

Women only (%)

Joint (%) Men only (%)

Women only (%)

Joint (%)

FS1 FS2 FS1 FS2 FS1 FS2 FS1

FS2 FS1

FS2 FS1 FS2

Land 24 18 2 - 74 82 84 92 8 4 8 4

Hired labour 14 18 2 4 84 78 90 94 2 2 8 4

Credit/Loan 84 94 4 4 4 2 84 94 8 4 8 2

Selection of crops to be grown

38 54 4 4 58 42 84 94 8 4 8 2

Hand pump 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 100 100

Power operated irrigation system

88 94 0 4 12 2 88 94 0 4 12 2

Buffalo 0 0 0 0 100 100 88 94 0 4 12 2

Bullock 0 0 0 0 100 100 88 94 0 4 12 2

Cow 0 0 0 0 100 100 88 94 0 4 12 2

Goat - 0 - 0 - 4 - 4 - 0 - 0 *FS1 = Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B)

36

FS2 = Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B)

• Gender participation in livestock production activities

Table . Gender participation in livestock production activities

Gender participation FS1 (n=50) FS2 (n=50) Men (%)

Women (%)

Joint (%)

Men (%) Women (%)

Joint (%)

Taking animal for artificial insemination /natural service

88 6 6 92 8 -

Care of animal during pregnancy

- 54 46 - 88 12

Feeding and watering animals

- 56 48 - 10 90

Fodder collection 20 14 66 16 8 76 Chopping of fodder/straw

20 14 66 - 10 90

Preparation of ration for animals

8 8 84 - 10 90

Health care - 6 94 - - 100 Identification of sick animals administrating medicines

- 6 94 12 8 80

Milking - 78 22 - 80 20

Vaccination & Deworming

90 4 6 92 4 4

Care of sick animals - 6 94 - 8 92 Care of new born calves

- 94 6 - 96 4

Cleaning of animal before milking

- 94 6 - 80 20

Cleaning of cattle shed

- 92 8 - 94 6

Making of cow dung cakes

- 100 - - 100 -

Preparation and processing of livestock product

- 100 - - 100 -

Marketing of livestock products

74 10 16 82 8 10

*FS1 = Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B) FS2= Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B) • Women participation in decision making

Table below shows that a woman belongs to FS1 had larger extent of participation in decision making as compared to FS2. In terms of adoption of new technology/enterprise, borrowings/farm credit, use of farm income for different purposes, purchase and sale of land and animals majority of the women belongs FS1 are considered for their opinions , whereas women belongs to FS2 are not even consulted for their views. For marketing/ sale of farm produce, purchase of inputs, hiring of labours women belongs FS1 are consulted for their

37

opinions. However woman belongs to FS2 are not been consulted for their views. In terms of storage and retention of farm produce and processing of farm produce decision making in both the farming systems was found good. Final decision taken by women farmers in both the farming systems was found either in women headed families or in very few cases it was also noticed where women found active in livestock and crop production activities.

Table . Women participation in decision making

Activities Extent of women’s participation in decision making Nil (%) Only

consulted (%)

Opinion considered (%)

Final decision (%)

FS1 FS2 FS1 FS2 FS1 FS2 FS1 FS2 Farm operation 8 12 66 76 14 8 12 4 Storage/ Retention of farm produce

- - - 12 88 80 12 8

Processing of farm produce

- - - 4 64 72 36 24

Marketing/sale of farm produce

8 34 66 58 14 - 12 8

Livestock management

- - - 12 88 80 12 8

Purchase of inputs 8 58 66 34 14 4 12 4 Hiring of labour 8 34 66 58 14 4 12 4 Adoption of new technology/enterprise

- 58 - 34 88 4 12 4

Borrowings/farm credit

- 58 - 34 88 4 12 4

Use of farm income for different purposes

- 58 - 34 88 4 12 4

Purchase and sale of land

- 58 - 34 88 4 12 4

Purchase and sale farm animals

- 58 - 34 88 4 12 4

*FS1 = Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B) FS2= Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B) • Knowledge seeking behavior

The information pertaining to knowledge seeking behavior is given in table 12. It was found that the women belongs to FS1 are seeking advice mostly from advisory services/veterinary services followed by radio/TV programmes and Kisan Mela/farmers fair, whereas, women belongs to FS2 are seeking advice mostly from Radio/TV programmes followed by advisory /veterinary services and Kisan Mela/farmers fair. It has been found from the study that women belongs to FS1 having higher weighted Index as compared to the women of FS2.

Table Showing knowledge seeking behaviour of farm women in study village.

Sources of Information

Always

Some-times

Never Always

Some-times

Never Weighted Index

Rank

38

FS1 FS2 FS1 FS2 FS1 FS2 Advisory services (Agril./ Veterinary services)

6 32 11 0 8 42 1.55 0.96 I II

Farmers' Trainings

0 7 43 0 0 0 0.95 0.0 IV V

Co-operative societies & banks

0 6 44 0 4 46 0.93 0.90 V IV

Self Help Groups/ Mahila Mandals

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 VI V

KisanMela / Farmers' Fair

0 11 39 0 6 44 1.01 0.93 III III

Radio / TV programmes

2 20 28 0 9 41 1.23 0.98 II I

Newspapers/ Agricultural magazines

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 VI V

*FS1 = Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B) FS2 = Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B) , Weighted Index is calculated on 3 point scale Always =3, Sometimes = 2, Never =1. • Major constraints / issues in existing farming system

After three rounds of interaction with farmers and filling the questionnaire, we analysis of the farming system of project village and interaction with farmers, we identified some major problems in existing farming system of study area which were as follows

1. Small and fragmented land holdings – This is the major problem of farmers. Due to small holdings, they cannot grow any crop at commercial scale.

2. Unavailability of genuine quality seeds and planting materials at time of sowing – Farmers informed us that they are purchasing seeds of private companies at higher rate because seeds of government agencies is not available to them on time.

3. Problem of wild animals - Due to this problem, farmers have stopped growing pulse crops which is very important source of protein. Many farmers were willing for commercial vegetable growing due to high return with vegetables in less time but they could not start it due to wild animals menace.

4. Lack of latest agro informations – Most of the farm families are following the recommendations of pesticide dealer who provides them pesticides and other agro inputs. Very few of them use news paper as source of latest information. Participation in programmers organized by state agriculture department is nil.

5. Problem in getting organic manure and bio pesticides including bio agents for pest control - They know that by applying organic manures and bio pesticides, they can improve the quality of their farm produce but they can manage availability of FYM only up to some extent but thy are unaware about source of availability of bio pesticides, how to prepare, how to use bio control agents in sugarcane, etc.

6. Shortage of labor and lack of mechanization- This is problem of not only this area but in other parts of state also, it is important problem in farming system. Many

39

important cultural operations are delayed due to shortage of farm labour which results in ultimate poor performance of crops.

7. Poor potassium content in soils – The soils of project village were reported as poor in potassium content. Farmers are mainly using DAP as main fertilizer and they rarely apply potassium fertilizers this leads to exploitation of potassium from soils and poor quality of farm produce.

8. Unavailability of marketing chain for their farm produce – Whatever they produce on farms, they have to sale it at distress prices.

9. Inadequate storage facilities for holding their farm produce to sell at time of price rise – They have to sell out their farm produce after harvesting because there is no storage facility to wait for price hike. If stored at local level, the problem of storage pests arises.

10. Scarcity of capital is also playing major role – For small and marginal farmers, scarcity of capital money is an important problem. Some of farm families showed interest in commercial vegetable cultivation but they have no capital for fencing of their field boundaries to protect crop from wild animals. Among chemical fertilizers, Potassium plays major role but due to higher cost of potassium, they are not applying it.

• Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya , Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Central

highlands Zone) District profile of Katni district of Madhya Pradesh District HQ Katni

Actual Population 1,292,042

Male 662,013

Female 630,029

Density/km2 261

Area (km2) 4947

Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 952

Average Literacy 71.98 %

Male Literacy 81.92 %

Female Literacy 61.56 %

Rural population 79.60%

Tehsils Katni, Rithi, Vijayraghavgarh, Bahoriband, Dheemarkheda

Lok Sabha Constituencies Khajuraho

Assembly Constituencies Barwara (ST), Vijayraghavgarh, Murwara, Bahoriband

Languages Hindi

Rivers Katni, Mahanadi

40

Lat-Long 23.755182,80.363388

Travel Destinations

Statue Of Jain Teerthankar Shantinath, Cemetery Of Oliya Peeran Peer, Roopnath Temple, Sita Kund, Laxman Kund, Vijayraghavgarh, Tigavan Temple, Varah Temple, Sungarha Vaishnav Devi Mandir etc.

Government Colleges/Universities

Govt Degree College (Barhi), Govt Girls College, Govt College (Vijay Raghavgar), Govt Tilak PG College, Govt Degree College (Sleemnabad), Sanjay Gandhi College (Katni), Sh Niwas Sarawgi College (Katni) etc.

5. Baseline data of Katni district

Fig: Katni district map

About Dheemerkheda

Dheemerkheda is a Tehsil in Katni District of Madhya Pradesh State, India. Dheemerkheda Tehsil Head Quarters is Dheemarkheda town . It belongs to Jabalpur Division . It is located 43 KM towards South from District head quarters Katni. 353 KM from State capital Bhopal towards west. Dheemerkheda Tehsil is bounded by by Sihora Tehsil towards west , Kundam Tehsil towards South , Bahoriband Tehsil towards west , Katni Tehsil towards North . Umaria City , Sihora City , Murwara City , Katni City are the nearby Cities to Dheemerkheda. Dheemerkheda consist of 204 Villages and 73 Panchayats . It is in the 434 m elevation(altitude). Bandhavgarh National Park , Jabalpur (Sanskaardhaani) , Bhedaghat , Maihar , Satna are the near by Important tourist destinations to see.

Demographics of Dheemerkheda Tehsil

Hindi is the Local Language here. Total population of Dheemerkheda Tehsil is 152,005 living in 33,354 Houses, Spread across total 204 villages and 73 panchayats . Males are 78,209 and Females are 73,796.

41

Weather and Climate of Dheemerkheda Tehsil

It is Hot in summer. Dheemerkheda summer highest day temperature is in between 29

°C to 45 °C. Average temperatures of January is 16 °C , February is 21 °C , March is 26 °C ,

April is 32 °C , May is 36 °C.

The centre selected Dundi and Pipariya Sahlawan village of Dhimarkheda block from Katni district of M.P as detail given below: Village profile of Dundi village:




Child (0-6) 91 47 44



Literacy 68.66 % 83.33 % 51.61 %


Main Worker 126 0 0

Marginal Worker 125 97 28 Dundi is a medium size village located in Dhimarkheda of Katni district, Madhya Pradesh with coordinates 23° 33' 26.2044'' N,: 80° 16' 11.154'' E. Village profile of Sahlawan village:




Child (0-6) 106 49 57



Literacy 34.48 % 40.63 % 27.92 %


Main Worker 154 0 0


42

Sahlawan is a medium size village located in Dhimarkheda of Katni district, Madhya Pradesh geo coordinates 23° 33' 21.2652'' N,: 80° 17' 41.442'' E.

S. No.

Name of village

No. of farmwomen

selected

Inputs (seeds/seedlings of Vegetables) distributed for nutrition for nutritional garden development among the farmers

Rabi 2015-16 Summer 2016

Katni (Dhimarkheda block)

1 Dundi 14 1.Tomato (Pusa rubi) 2.Brinjal (Pant samrat) 3.Spinach (All green) 4.Coriander (SimpoS 33) 5.Fenugreek (RMT - 1) 6.Reddish (Japanees

white)

1.Bhindi (Parbhani kranti)

2.Kheera (Japanee long)

3.Cowpea (CP 4) 4.Karela, (Waramasi) 5.Gilki (Pusa chikni) 6.launki (Hygro

hybrid seeds) 2 Pipariya

Sahlawan 15

Objective (2): To implement integrated farming system models for nutritional and livelihood security.

To implement integrated farming system models for nutritional and livelihood security by the Collaborative Centres in different 6 agro ecosystems of the country viz., Eastern Coastal Plain Zone from Odisha; Central highlands Zone from Jabalpur; Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone from Modipuram; Northern Plain Zone from Patna; Western Plain Zone from Jodhpur and Western Coast Plain and Ghats Region from Goa various need based interventions were given along with the critical inputs to the 20 identified farm families .Findings related to implemented intervention under different integrated farming system models for nutritional and livelihood security of the 6 agro ecosystems of the country are summarised and given below: • Action research at ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture , Bhubaneswar

, Odisha (Eastern Coastal Plain Zone):

• Interventions:

1. Replacement of traditional variety of bitter gourd with improved variety i.e. Akash and Sagar :

The farmers of the selected village use to grow the Desi variety of bitter gourd which results in reduced yield and poor quality. The farmers were suggested to grow Akash and Sagar variety of bitter gourd for better yield.The farmers use to follow the line sowing method which leads to great fertilizer loss as well as heavy pest infestation. Water stagnation is also a

43

problem found in the village during bitter gourd cultivation. To combat these problems an improved method of bitter gourd sowing i.e. 3 seeds per raised heap (manda system) was suggested to the village farmers. Along with it the farmers are also suggested to follow the Trailing and Machan system for better yield.

Benefits of Trailing and Machan system:

Safety of root zone due to stagnation of water Long durational moisture availability Less requirement of fertilizer compared to broadcasting Reduced crop loss due to pest incidence and easy in harvesting

The selected farm families were provided with improved variety i.e. Akash and Sagar for better yield and quality on 10.05.16. 2. Poultry:

Socially we are having male dominating family system in which all the income generated from agricultural produce is in male partners hands. It is observed that there is always shortage of money in the hands of rural farm women. Due to social constraints the female members of the families could not go out for any work. Rural poultry production is being recognised as an important component of socio economic improvement among the weaker section of society; especially landless labour, small & marginal farm women’s. Through Rural Poultry farm women of the selected village could generate self employment, get supplementary income with protein rich food at relatively low cost.

Intervention of day old chick (Vanaraja) on 10.05.2016 to 11 selected farm families as per the requirement. Along with chicks critical inputs i.e. feeder, waterer and net for poultry shelter was also provided on 10.05.16.

Vaccination of chicks:

Name of Vaccine: Lassota (16.05.2016)

It is a vaccine given to chicks of 2-6 days old. It is given to prevent Ranikhet Disease. It can be given intra-nasal/intra-occular/with drinking water.

Name of Vaccine: IBD(Infectious Bursal Disease) (27.05.2016)

It is given to chicks of 15 days old. It is given to prevent Gumboro disease. It can be given intraoccular/intranasal

Benefits of Vanaraja chicken farming : • Vanaraja birds are attractive and multi-coloured. • Vanaraja birds have high degree of immune power, hence less disease probability.

44

• Vanaraja birds performance is quite good with low nutrition. • Vanaraja birds grow faster and produce more eggs as compared to desi hen. • Vanaraja birds produce brown egg just like desi hen. • Vanaraja birds meat is lean and tasty.

Performance of Vanaraja birds:

Economic Trait Performance Body weight (g) Six weeks 650-750 At sexual maturity 2000-2200 Egg weight (g) 28 weeks 42-44 40 weeks 52-58 Age at first egg( days) 175-180 Egg production, no. up to 1.5 yrs 100-110 Survivality % (up to 6 weeks) 98

3. Green leafy vegetable for backyard kitchen garden:

The farm women of the selected village are not much aware about the requirement of green leafy vegetables in their diet. Though women needs more iron than men, iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency found in women . Green leafy vegetables are a major source of iron and calcium for any diet. Green leafy vegetable is the store house of good amounts of many B-complex vitamins such as vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin-B1 (thiamin), vitamin-B2 (riboflavin), vitamin-B3 (niacin) and folic acid. Leafy vegetables are ideal for weight management as they are typically low in calories. They are useful in reducing the risk of cancer and heart disease since they are low in fat, high in dietary fibre, and rich in folic acid, vitamin C, potassium and magnesium. Seeds of green leafy vegetables (Green Amaranth, Red Amaranth, Vine Spinach, Leutia Saag and Coriander) was given on 16.05.16. Following are the nutritive values of green leafy vegetables:

Nutritive value of leafy vegetables:

Green leafy vegetables

Energy (Kcals)

Moisture (g)

Protein (g)

Fat (g)

Mineral (g)

Fibre (g)

Carbo hydra tes(g)

Calcium (mg

Phosphorus (mg)

Iron (mg)

Green Amaranth (Amaranthus tritis)

44 87 3 0 2 _ 7 364 52 38

Red Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)

3.2 305 3.8

45

Slender Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis)

38 82 5 0 3 6 4 330 52 19

Vine Spinach (Basella alba)

19 _ 1.80 0.30

_ _ 3.40 109 _ 1.20

Palak (Spinach oleraceae)

26 92 2 1 2 1 3 73 21 1

Coriander leaves (Coriandrum sativum)

44 86 3 1 2 1 6 184 71 1

Drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera)

92 76 7 2 2 1 12 440 70 1

Contribution of leafy vegetables for enhanced nutritional security:

Item Pods qty in

kg. Leaves

qty in kg. Pods protein

in gm (2.10g/100g

ms)

Leaves protein in gms(9.40g/

100gms)

Pods iron in gm (0.36

mg/100 gms)

Leaves iron in

gms(4.00mg/100gms)

Drumstick 10 2 210 188 0.036 0.08 Item Seed qty in gms. Avg prod. In kg. Fe in gms (2.32

mg/100g) Protein in gms (2.46 g/100g)

Amaranthus var.

150 5.55 0.129 136.5

Item Seed qty in

gms. Prod. In kg. Protein in

gms (2.98 gm/100 gm )

Calcium in gms (124 mg/100 gm )

Pottassium in gms ( 256 mg/100 gm)

Malabar spinach

25 10 298.00 12.40 25.60

Item Seed qty in gms. Prod. Of dhania

in kg Protein in gms (2.13 gm/100 gm)

Iron in gm ( 1.77 mg/100 gm)

Corriander 100 6 127.8 0.11 Item Seed qty in gms. Prod. In kg. Iron in gm (2.7 mg/100

gms) Protein in gms (2.6 gm/100gm)

Spinach 50 6.75 0.18 175.5

4. Jute (JRO 878 ) :

46

The selected village comes under low lying area and suffers from frequent flash floods. This greatly affects the yield of paddy crop which in turn hampers the farmers economic condition. So, to bring a stability in farmers economic condition some part of the paddy growing area is replaced by jute intervention.

Jute seeds was procured from ICAR-CRIJAF (Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres) , Barrackpore, West Bengal which is a premier institute on jute and allied fibre crops. Jute seeds (1Kg to each family for 5000 sq.m area ) was distributed to the selected farm families on 27.05.2016. Jute is a bast fibre crop and requires about 100 - 150 days for harvesting. From both quality and quantity part early pod formation stage has been found best for harvesting. Harvesting is done by cutting the plants at or close to the ground level with sharp sickles. The harvested plants are left in the field for 2-3 days for the leaves to shed. Next, the plants are tied into bundles 20-25cm of diameter and the branching tops are lipped off to rot in the field. This process is known as retting.

A training and demonstrations on improved microbial retting of jute by using ‘CRIJAF Sona’ was conducted in the selected village on 4.10.16 in collaboration with ICAR-CRIJAF. CRIJAF Sona is a microbial formulation which uses Bacillus pumilus to decompose the plant. This formulation is applied at a rate of 25-30 kg/ha. Dr. B.C.Behera from ICAR - CRIJAF imparted the training and interacted with the jute farmers assembled in the trainings and demonstrations. It was also explained about the benefits to the farmers that the improved microbial retting method will reduce retting duration by 6-8 days (and increase yield), improve colour (golden yellow) & lustre of the fibre and increase fibre strength; thereby improve the fibre grade at least by 1-2 grades better which will ultimately fetch higher price and increase profitability from jute farming. At the end of training programme each selected family was provided with a packet (1 kg) of CRIJAF Sona.

5. Replacement of Desi variety of Okra with improved variety Samrat :

The farmers of the selected village while already cultivating okra for commercial purpose could not reap better harvest due to poor quality of produce. This is due to use of traditional variety year after year. To overcome this issue and meet the purpose of cultivation an improved variety of okra i.e. Samrat was suggested to the selected farmers to grow. This will not only add to their economic stability but also act as better nutritional supplement to the diet of the farm families.

Specifications of Samrat variety of Okra: • Take 50 - 60 days to harvest • In warmer climates it will get a 2nd harvest • Pods are among low calorie vegetables with 30 calories per 100 g • Rich sources of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins • Rich fiber and mucilaginous content in okra pods • Rich in B-complex group of vitamins like niacin, vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine),

thiamin • Good source of important minerals like iron, calcium, manganese, magnesium

47

As per the requirement of the selected farm families, 7 farmers were provided with improved variety of Okra i.e. Samrat on 21.06.2016 to add to their nutritional and economic status.

6. Banana, Drumstick and Papaya Saplings :

The farm women of the selected village were less aware about the nutritional value of the fruit crops and their need to their diet. As per the requirement of the selected farm families , they were provided with banana (G 9 and Banthala), Papaya (Red lady) and Drumstick (Hybrid) from Mirjapur nursery located near Sankharidiha village on 21.06.2016.

Banana : There are 105 calories in a medium sized banana. Apart from this it is a good source of potassium, vitamin C and fibres. Fresh banana is a very rich source of potassium which is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure, countering harmful effects of sodium.100 g fruit provides 358 mg potassium. The fruit is also an ideal source of vitamin-C (about 8.7 mg per 100g). Vitamin-C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-free radicals.The fruit holds a good amount of soluble dietary fiber (7% of DRA per 100 grams) that helps in regular bowel movements; thereby reducing constipation problems. It's a low-glycemic food (its estimated glycemic load is 10) and it is low in saturated fat, sodium and cholesterol.

Papaya : The papaya fruit is very low in calories (just 43 calories/100 g) and contains no cholesterol, it is a rich source of phytonutrients, minerals, and vitamins. Papayas contain soft, easily digestible flesh with a good amount of soluble dietary fiber that helps to have normal bowel movements; thereby reducing constipation problems. It is also an excellent source of Vitamin-A (provides 950 IU/100 g) and flavonoids like β -carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin. Vitamin-A required for maintaining healthy mucosa and skin and is essential for healthy vision. Consumption of natural fruits rich in carotenes has known to protect the human body from lung and oral cavity cancers.

Drumstick : Fresh pods and seeds are an excellent source of oleic acid, a health-benefiting monounsaturated fat. Fresh leaves and growing tips of moringa are the richest sources of vitamin A. 100 g of fresh leaves carry 7564 IU or 252% of daily required levels of vitamin-A which is one of the fat-soluble anti-oxidant offering several benefits, including mucosal repair, maintenance of skin integrity, vision, and immunity. The greens, as well as pods, also contain good amounts of many vital B-complex vitamins such as folates,vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine), thiamin (vitamin B-1), riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and niacin. Much of these vitamin functions as co-enzymes in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Apart from this the greens (leaves) are one of the finest sources of minerals like calcium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, and magnesium. Iron alleviates anemia. Calcium is essential for bone mineralization.

7. TERAFIL Water Filter :

The selected village i.e. Sankharidiha is prone to frequent flood. This results in contamination of drinking water. Due to lack of awareness people use to drink that

https://www.verywell.com/carbs-in-bananas-2241762�

48

contaminated water which leads to break down of water borne diseases like cholera, diarrhoea etc. in the village. So to provide them pure drinking water TERAFIL water filter was intervened. A demonstration on TERAFIL water filter was given on 21.06.2016 and recorded the willingness of the village people to use the same. TERAFIL water filter was distributed to the 20 selected farm families on 27.03.17.

TERAFIL water filter is a low cost device developed by Institute of Mineral and Material Technology (IMMT), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Bhubaneswar to filter and treat turbid raw water to clean drinking water for domestic or community applications. This filter is developed to cater the needs for clean drinking water , especially when the water is rich in suspended particles , iron and certain micro-organisms causing water borne diseases.

Features of Technology:

The TERAFIL disc used in this filter is made from a mixture of red clay (silt clay), river sand and wood saw dust without using any chemicals. The dough of the mixture is sintered at a high temperature during which the wood particles are burnt and clay particles are sintered around the sand particles leaving large size pores in between. These pores are not directly connected like white ceramic filter candles but are connected through ultra - fine capillary openings. During filtration process , water flows from one pore to another through capillary openings but due to sub - micron size of capillaries suspended particles and microbes cannot enter into the capillaries. Hence, sediments and impurities are deposited on top of the TERAFIL disc. The clay found in TERAFIL disc is negatively charged. So , the soluble iron and some heavy metals are removed by ion - exchange and / or adsorption process. In this way 99 % of turbidity , 95 - 100 % of micro - organisms , 95 % of soluble iron , colour , bad odour etc. is effectively removed from the raw water by filtration through TERAFIL disc.

Maintenance of TERAFIL Water Filter :

The sediment deposits on the top surface of the TERAFIL disc are to be cleaned once in a week by mild scrubbing with an ordinary plastic scrubber followed by a rinse with cold water. Always ensure that the TERAFIL discs are fitted rigidly on the base of top container with rubber washers in proper places and not damaged in domestic filters. Care should be taken not to drop the filter / TERAFIL discs as it may cause accidental break / crack. During first use of a new filter , fill the filter with water repeatedly during first two days and drain out the filtered water. Consume the filtered water for drinking from third days onwards.

8. Fish Fingerlings : The 9 farmers of Sankharidiha village were provided with 278 nos. of Indian major

carps ( Catla, Rohu and Mrigal) on 4.10.2016 to enhance the nutritional and economic status.

Nutritive Value / 100gm edible portion :

Indian Major Carps

Energy (cal)

Carbohydrate (gm)

Protein (gm)

Fat (gm)

Calcium (mg)

Phosphorous (mg)

Iron (mg)

Catla 100 0 19.5 2.4 530 240 0.90

49

Rohu 79 0 16.6 1.4 180 1 Mrigal 98 3 19 1 350 280 1

9. Smokeless Chula:

Most of the houses of the adopted village have their kitchen outside their houses to avoid smoke inside the house. The women involved in the kitchen work are continuously subjected to the smoke emitted from traditional chula. This leads to the ill health of rural women especially Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALPI) , the most serious case of which is pneumonia. To avoid this smokeless chula was intervened in the village and the rural women were made aware about the benefits of smokeless chula over the traditional chula. The 20 selected families of Sankharidiha village was provided with smokeless chula procured from IMMT on 29.03.2017.

Smokeless Chula is a low cost device developed by Institute of Mineral and Material Technology (IMMT), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Bhubaneswar to cook in smokeless condition with reduced fuel consumption and pollution. It is a portable multifuel stove which uses variety of solid fuels such as firewood, twig, leaf, dung cake, agricultural wastes, raw coal etc. It can burn the fuel with high thermal efficiency irrespective of different physical and chemical characteristics of fuel.

Features of Technology:

This is a metallic stove contains two chambers i.e. corrugated grate and perforated combustion chamber. This stove is provided with an ash scraper to remove ash during burning of high ash fuels. Fixed carbon and volatile parts of the fuels burn separately inside the two chambers of the stove respectively. Complete combustion of fuels with less excess air is achieved due to continuous flow of preheated air, in primary and secondary streams, into the stove through natural draft. This stove facilitates to achieve clean and high temperature flame. Fuel saving over the traditional cook stoves is 50%.

Table: Details of various Interventions and Income:

Name of Intervention Quantity/No. of Seeds/Plants/Fish fingerlings

Area covered(sq.m)

Yield(kg) Yield(q/ha)

Rate/kg/q/piece

Gross Income

Replacement of traditional variety of

bitter gourd with improved variety i.e.

Akash and Sagar

40 gm 100 sq.m 320kg 320q Rs.26 Rs 8320

Replacement of Desi variety of Okra with

improved variety Samrat

100 gm 100 sq.m 130kg 130q Rs.23 Rs 2990

Backyard kitchen garden (Coriander)

100 gm 40 sq.m 1.14kg 2.85q Rs 50 Rs 57

50

Backyard kitchen garden (Khosala Red)

50 gm 250 sq.m 3 kg 1.2q Rs 20 Rs 60

Backyard kitchen garden (Khada White)

50 gm 250 sq.m 4 kg 1.6q Rs 20 Rs 80

Backyard kitchen garden (Palak/Indian Spinach)

50 gm 30 sq.m 24kg 80q Rs 20 Rs 480

Backyard kitchen garden (Leutia)

50 gm 250 sq.m 3 kg 1.2q Rs 15 Rs 45

Backyard kitchen garden (Poi/Basela)

25 gm 20 sq.m 40kg 200q Rs 10 Rs 400

Jute(JRO 878) 1 kg 5000 sq.m 1000kg 20q Rs 4500/q Rs 45000 Papaya 6 no. - 120 kg - Rs 15/kg Rs. 1800

Drumstick 6 no. - 120 kg - Rs. 40/kg Rs. 4800

Banana 6 no. - 120 kg - Rs. 20/kg Rs. 2400

Poultry 20 no. - - - Rs.160/live bird

Rs. 3200

Fish fingerlings 200 no. 500sq.m 0.75/fish - 120/kg x 180 nos

16200

Total Income Rs 85832

IFS Models implemented :

1. Crop+Vegetable+Jute - Adopted by 1 family of Sankharidiha village, Jajpur district, Odisha. ( Total Income - Rs 57432) in an area of 6040 sq.mt. 2.Crop+Vegetable+Jute+Fruit - Adopted by 6 families of Sankharidiha village, Jajpur , district, Odisha. ( Total Income - Rs 61632) in an area of 6040 sq.mt. 3. Crop+Vegetable+Jute+Fruit+Poultry - Adopted by 4 families of Sankharidiha village, Jajpur district, Odisha. ( Total Income - Rs 69632) in an area of 6040 sq.mt. 4.Crop+Vegetable+Jute+Fruit+ Fish - Adopted by 2 families of Sankharidiha village, Jajpur district, Odisha. ( Total Income - Rs 77832) in an area of 6540 sq.mt. 5. Crop+Vegetable+Fruits+Jute+Fish+Poultry - Adopted by 7 families of Sankharidiha village, Jajpur district, Odisha. ( Total Income - Rs 85832 ) in an area of 6540 sq.mt.

• Action research at ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut ,Uttar Pradesh (Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone)

Table: List of selected farm families for action research Sl. No Name Husband’s Name Village Contact No.

1. Smt. Kamlesh Sri. Om Prakash Jamalpur Goma 9058165362 2. Smt. Manju Sharma Shri. Pawan Kumar

Sharma Jamalpur Goma

3. Smt. Saroj Devi Shri. Mahipal Puri Jamalpur Goma 8954245703 4. Smt. Shashi Sharma Shri. Shiv Kumar Jamalpur Goma 5. Smt. Munni Devi Shri Ishwar Singh Jamalpur Goma 9917281142 6. Smt. Sunita Devi Shri Sabit Kumar Jamalpur Goma 8865806964

51

7. Smt. Shaimun Shri Kamakdin Jamalpur Goma 8. Smt. Gulafsa Shri Amruddin Jamalpur Goma 8650603366 9. Smt Shahida Shri Riyajuddin Jamalpur Goma 10. Smt. Shyamo Shri Rishipal Jamalpur Goma 11. Smt. Santosh

Sharma Shri Krishn Pal

12. Smt. Munesh Devi Late Shri Brij Bhushan

Mandora 8650050406

13. Smt. Shanti Devi Shri Ram Bhajan Mandora 9568529848 14. Smt. Rekha Devi Shri Raj Kumar Mandora 9410899653 15. Smt. Sheela Devi Shri Sant Ram Mandora 9756713980 16. Smt. Suman Devi Shri Babu Ram Mandora 8958487699 17. Smt. Rajdulari Devi Shri Susheel Kumar Mandora 9758763041 18. Smt. Shimla Devi Shri Rajendra Singh Mandora 9917836009 19. Smt. Suman Shri Bijendra Mandora 9927509416 20. Smt Suresh Shri Dhramveer Mandaura -

Anthropometric data using body mass indices (BMI) and household dietary diversity score (HDDS) using semi-structured questionnaire on consumption of thirteen food groups during a 24 hour recall period were administered. BMI values indicate food energy deficiency and is analysed separately for men and women. Household dietary diversity score measures the quality of food available to the household. BMI is used to classify the weight status of subjects. It was derived by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (kg/m2).

Table . Method for estimation of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED)

Sl. No. BMI Range Status of Chronic Energy Deficiency ( CED )

1. < 16.0 Severe

2. 16 – 18.4 Mild to moderate 3. 18.5 – 24.9 Normal 4. 25 - 30 Over weight 5. > 30 Obese

As per WHO standards Assessment of the nutritional status in children (5-18 years) For assessing the nutritional status in children (5-18 years) Z- score of BMI for age was calculated using new WHO growth reference standards (2007) separate for boys and girls. Children were categorized as Normal, overweight, thinness and severe thinness according to BMI for z – score.

The definitions used for the study were as follows: Normal: BMI for age z- score of < +1SD to < -2 SD Overweight: BMI for age z- score of > +1SD Obesity: BMI for age z- score of > +2 SD Thinness: BMI for age z- score of <−2SD. Severe thinness: BMI for age z- score of <−3SD.

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Table . Method for estimation of level of Anaemia by measuring Haemoglobin (Hb) level :-

Sl.No. Level of Anaemia

Men ( Haemoglobin Range ) g/dl

Women ( Haemoglobin Range ) g/dl

1. Mild 12.0 – 12.9 g/dl 10.0 – 11.9 g/dl 2. Moderate 9.0 – 11.9 g/dl 7.0 – 9.9 g/dl 3. Severe < 9 g/dl < 7.0 g/dl 4. Normal 13.0 g/dl 12.0 g/dl

Method for calculating dietary diversity in survey households

HDDS is designed to reflect household dietary diversity, on average, among all family members. The HDDS is based on the food groups proposed by FANTA (Swindale and Bilinsky, 2006). The coding into food groups was done as 0 and 1 for all the food groups for calculating HDDS.

Table . Aggregation of food groups to create HDDS

S. No. Food items Food Groups 1 Chapati/Biscuit/ Namkeen/paratha/rice Cereals

2. Black gram/green gram/lentil/pigeon pea Pulses

3. Curd/milk/butter milk Milk and milk products

4. Potato/sweet potato/colocacia Roots and tubers

5. Pumpkin/carrot/sweet potato Vitamin A rich vegetables and tubers

6. Spinach/Amaranths/Fenugreek/Mustard greens etc.

Green leafy vegetables

7. Brinjal/cauliflower/tomato/French beans etc. Other vegetables 8. Mango/Papaya Vitamin A rich Fruits 9. Orange/Banana/Apple Other fruits 10. Fish/pork/beef/poultry Meat and poultry 11. Sugar/ Jaggary Sugar and jaggary 12. Mustard oil/refined oil/ghee/butter Fats and oils 13. Beverages/spices/condiments Beverages and condiments

Gendered Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in surveyed families

Results of the study showed more vulnerability of women to under nutrition as compared to men. Data on anthropometry revealed out of total 176 individuals 16 percent as underweight (BMI <18.5). Prevalence of under nutrition was found more in women (20%) as

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compared to men (13%). On the other hand prevalence of obesity was found more in women (7%) as compared to men (1%) (BMI <30).

Table 5. Gendered Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in surveyed families

S. No. Nutrition status Male (n=91) Female (n=85) Total (n=176)

1 Severely undernourished

0 1.18 0.56

2 Mild to moderate undernourished

13.1 18.8 15.90

3 Normal 76.92 63.52 70.45

4 Over weight 8.79 9.41 9.09

5 Obese 1.09 7.05 3.97

Nutritional status of children (5-18 years) on BMI for age basis

Results of the study showed more vulnerability of female children to under nutrition as male children of same age group. Prevalence of under nutrition (Severe thinness: BMI for age z- score of <−3SD) was found in female children of 5-11years (7.7 %) whereas male children of same age group were not found under this category. Similarly 11-18 years female children were again found sufferers of severe thinness (6.25 %). Again the male children of the same age group were not found under this category.

Table . Nutritional status of children (5-18 years) on BMI for age basis

Age/Gender Overweight Normal Thinness Severe thin

Male (5-11 yrs) 0(0) 6 (83.4%) 1 (16.6%) 0(0)

Female (5-11 yrs) 1 (7.69%) 8 (66.6%) 2 (16.6%) 1 (7.69)

Male (12-18 yrs) 1 (7.6%) 10 (76.9%) 2 (15.38 %) 0 (0)

Female (12-18 yrs) 0 (0) 12 (75%) 3 (18.75%) 1(6.25%)

Total 2 (4.2) 36 (76.6) 7 (14.9) 2 (4.2) *Figures in parenthesis are percentages

Average HDDS by Selected Household Parameters, n = 100

In terms of diet diversity it was found that mean household dietary diversity score in marginal land holder families (<1 ha) was lower (5.56) as compared to small land holder families (<1ha) (7.66). Also, the score was found lower (5.74) in livestock based farming system as compared to crop based farming system (7.48). Gender differences in diet diversification pattern were also noticed which was depicted by their lower HDDS in women headed families (6.28) as compared to men headed families (6.61). Therefore, gender based nutrition education and interventions are

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needed to improve the nutritional status of farm households for holistic growth of small and marginal landholders.

Table . Average HDDS by Selected Household Parameters, n = 100

Household parameters

Category n Mean HDDS for 13 food groups

Land holding size Small (1-2 ha) 50 7.66

Marginal (< 1 ha) 50 5.56

Livelihood system Crop based (sugarcane-wheat-sorghum)/sorghum-ratoon-wheat/rice-wheat) + (0-1 C + 1-B)

50 7.48

Livestock based {0-1 C+1-2 B)} + sugarcane-wheat-sorghum/sorghum-wheat

50 5.74

Household head gender

Male 93 6.61

Female 7 6.28

Consumption Pattern of Households with less diversified Food Groups

In a selected cluster it was found that the consumption of vitamin A rich fruits including other fruits, green leafy vegetables, meat and poultry was found negligible in both the farming systems. However, the consumption of Vitamin A rich vegetables and tubers was found 22 per-cent in crop based farming systems families whereas no consumption was found in livestock based farming system families. Consumption of pulses, milk and milk products and other vegetables was found less in livestock based farming system families as compared to crop based farming system families (Fig 8).

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Fig . Consumption Pattern of Households with less diversified Food Groups Interventions with detailed findings

Based upon the identified problems interventions were planned with an objective to improve food and nutritional security, livelihood improvement, capacity building and environment protection.

1. Promotion of kitchen gardening / roof top gardening 2. Vermicomposting 3. Seeds of improved varieties for pulses along with ITK for control of Blue bull

menace 4. Trichocards for sugarcane crop protection 5. Mineral mixture for animal health 6. Exposure visit for capacity building 7. Training on processing and value addition of fruits, vegetables and jaggary

1. Concept of kitchen/roof top gardening

Utilization of space available for cultivation of vegetable crops for home consumption is called as kitchen gardening whereas utilization of roof of a building for cultivation may be termed as roof top gardening. Farmers were promoted to grow vegetables at home by utilizing the available space to minimize the economic burden of buying the vegetables from the market. In order to promote it, small seeds packets for kitchen gardening containing seeds of different crops were distributed among the identified farmers.

2. Vermicomposting

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The farmers were encouraged to adopt Vermicomposting. During one crop season a woman farmer produced around 15 quintal of Vermicompost out of which she utilized 5 quintal at her on farm and remaining sold for Rs 4000.

Vermicompost production = 15 quintal Amount consumed at own farm = 5.0 quintal Amount sold = 10.0 quintal Profit realized = Rs 4000 (@400 / quintal)

3. Seeds of improved varieties for pulses along with ITK for control of Blue bull menace

Spurious seed and blue bull is a major problem for growing pulse crop in these villages. In order to improve to improve the situation demonstration trials on introduction of pulse crop along with sesamum as border crop were conducted at the identified farmers’ field. This helps in the increasing the pulse and oil production for family consumption and improvement of soil conditions due to nitrogen fixing capabilities of legumes. On an average 4.5 quintal/ha urd bean was obtained along with 4.0 quintal/ha sesamum seed. The net income from the two crop on ha basis as follows: Table . Economic analysis of pulse and sesamum intervention

S. No.

Crop Improved practice

yield (q/ha)

Farmer practice

Yield (q/ha)

C.D. (p=0.05)

MSP (Rs/q)

Economics

1 Urdbean 4.5 2.9 0.2 Rs.5000/- Rs.8,000/- 2 Sesamum 4.0 0.0 0.14 Rs.5000/- Rs.20000/-

C.D.=Critical difference

4. Trichocard for sugarcane crop protection

Different insect-pests viz; sugarcane top borer, white grub etc. are the major problems in the sugarcane crop. In order to controlling of these problems farmers apply different chemical measures which not only increase the cost of cultivation but also add up pesticides residue in the crop. In order to minimize the pest incidence and cost incurred in insecticide and pesticides the trichocard were introduced in the villages. Due to this the yield were increased from 981 q/ha to 1341.0 q/ha. The cost of chemical for one hectare amounts to Rs. 5000/- whereas cost of application of trichocard per hectare is Rs.1000/- which means a net reduction of Rs. 4000/ha and gain of 24 q/ha too. This will yield a net gain of Rs. 104800/- which include the price of 360 quintal sugarcane sold @ Rs. 280/q and Rs. 4000 saved from the input cost.

5. Mineral mixture for animal health

During the interaction it was observed that the health of animals was also poor due to mineral deficiency. In order to improve the animal’s health the farmers were provided with mineral mixture. Very promising results were obtained after feeding the mineral mixture. Farmers reported that the there was improvement in the health of animals and

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also in the fat content in the milk. It was also reported that there was an increase in milk yield of animal from 2-2.5 kg. Milk quality was also improved as indicated by SNF content, it was increased from 80 to 85 % consequently increase in price of milk was reported @ 4 to 7 Rs per litre. Effect of mineral mixture on animal health was also reported.

6. Demonstration trial on the Mustard crop

It was observed that the varieties grown in the villages were outdated and management practices also poor. In order to improve the yield of mustard in villages the farmers were provided with the improved varieties of mustard viz: RH749 which yield around 20.85 q/ha compared to other varieties yield 14.89 q/ha grown in villages. Here apart from the variety the seed rate, spacing, nutrient, insect-pest and disease management practices were rectified.

7. Exposure visit for capacity building

One day exposure visit of 24 farmers (14 women farmers and 10 men farmers) of Mandora village, has been organised at Krishi Unnati Mela, IARI, New Delhi Meerut at Krishi Unnatti Mela 2016 at IARI, New Delhi on 20-3-2016 under the network project “Integrated Farming System for improvement of nutrition and livelihood of farm women under different agro-ecosystems”. Women farmers were exposed to various processing and value addition techniques for various fruits, vegetables, flowers, grains etc. They got informed about farming systems approach through integrated farming systems model, gender friendly farm, dairy and post-harvest equipments, new varieties of different grains, vegetable seeds, quality planting materials etc. They got an idea about starting an entrepreneurial activity through forming SHGs and women farmers groups.

8. Training on processing and value addition of fruits, vegetables and jaggary

One day training programme has been organized on Value addition of farm produce (orange and tomato) for livelihood improvement on 18-03-2016 at Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram, Meerut. Theoretical knowledge through distribution of pamphlets and practical knowledge through procedural demonstration and hands on experience for tomato ketch up and orange squash has been given to 16 (women farmers) of Madora and Siwaya village of Meerut. In the same programme women farmers were also interviewed by media persons of DD Kisan.

A demonstration cum training programme was conducted on “Value addition in

Sugarcane: Iron enriched jaggary” for up gradation of skill in enriched jaggary preparation. In the same programme awareness on nutrition education was given to the women farmers.

• Impact of the study: The impact of the study may be classified under two groups:

1) Impact on nutritional security 2) Impact on livelihood security

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Impact on nutritional security As shown in, Fig and Table. there was a deficiency of protein and iron in the diets of adopted women farmers. It was observed that the population of the study cluster depends on the vegetarian diet. Milk consumption was also found low due to fewer yields and trading of almost all the milk. Also, pulse cultivation was abandoned in the study cluster due to the blue bull menace. In order to improvise the dietary pattern about the pulses, improved variety of urdbean PU 31 (resistant to yellow mosaic virus) was introduced alongwith the sesamum as border crop to repel the blue bull which resulted into improved yield of the urdbean due to improved management practices. With this intervention farmers got pulse and sesamum for food and surplus amount for selling into market. For improving the milk yield the farmers were provided the mineral mixture and made aware about the possible impacts which resulted into the improved milk production for home consumption as well as market. Green leafy vegetables viz. Amaranthus, spinach and fenugreek and other vegetables viz. radish and fababean has been introduced in the study cluster in order to minimizing the problem of iron deficiency anemia as well as other micro and macronutrients. A training has been conducted on value added product from sugarcane using two different varieties viz. CoSe 0238 and CoSe 1434 in the form of jaggary. The Total Soluble Solids (TSS) of CoSe 0238 has been found 20.0 whereas TSS of CoSe 1434 has been found 19.0. From 60 kgs of sugarcane of variety CoSe 0238 around 35 liters of sugarcane juice had been extracted and from 40 kgs of sugarcane of variety CoSe 1434 around 20 liters of juices had been extracted.

The jaggary has been fortified with iron rich food sources viz. muskmelon seeds,

coconut powder, niger seeds, groundnut etc. Sesamum , that has already been introduced in their fields, has also been fortified for vitamin E especially γ-tocopherol and omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids for enhancing the nutritional qualities of jaggary. Both the varieties were found suitable for the preparation of jaggary. The taste and appearance of both the jaggary products was found excellent. Fortification with different nutrients will enhance the nutritive value especially iron and vitamin E in the food chain of the consumers if upscaling is done. All the twenty adopted women farmers were trained on development of iron fortified jaggary using sugarcane juice. Also, during the interaction the women were told about the importance of Vitamin A in the diet and educated regarding consumption of locally available Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables viz. carrot, pumpkin, tubers like elephant yam, mango papaya etc. For the enhancement of vitamin C in the diets of adopted women farmers guava was planted in their houushold space/kitchen gardens.

Table . Impact of nutrition interventions on Chronic Energy deficiency (CED) and haemoglobin level of women farmers

Parameters FS1 : Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B) FS2 : Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B) Pre-intervention (Mean ± SE)

Post-intervention (Mean ± SE)

t value

P value

Pre-intervention (Mean ± SE)

Post-intervention (Mean ± SE)

t value

P value

Haemoglobin level (g/dl)

8.98±0.081 9.37 ± 0.090

-3.19* 0.0024

8.05 ± 0.26 8.46 ± 0.26

-1.09 0.143

BMI (kg/m2) 21.08 ± 21.86 ± -0.79 0.21 19.58 ± 20.51 ± -0.97 0.17

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0.73 0.64 0.72 0.62 * = Significant, t-value = Calculated value of t, p= probability value for differences of two means at one tail and 5 per cent level of significance.

Data pertaining of haemoglobin estimation shows the moderate level of anaemia

amongst the women farmers of both the crop based and livestock based farming systems. Six months impact study shows the positive effect of nutrition interventions on haemoglobin level of women farmers in both the farming systems. A significant improvement (p≤.05) in haemoglobin level was noticed after consuming diversified and nutritionally enriched diet in FS1 : Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B) farming system. Similarly, in FS2 = Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B) farming system an improvement was again noticed, however it was statistically not found significant. In terms of chronic energy deficiency estimation mean values shows the normal BMI in both the farming systems but the higher values of standard error shows higher deviation from normal which shows the persistence of mild to moderate level of chronic energy deficiency especially amongst the women farmers of FS2 : Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B) farming system. Nutritional impact study shows the positive effect of nutrition interventions on BMI values amongst the women farmers in both the farming systems, however the improvement was statistically not found significant in both the farming systems (Table 15).

Data pertaining to the table reveals that the household dietary diversity scores in both the farming systems were improved after nutrition interventions. Dietary diversification with improved HDDS is required for nutrition improvement of the rural families .

Table . Impact of nutrition interventions on Household dietary diversity scores (HDDS) of women farmers Mean HDDS for 13 food groups FS1 : Crop + Livestock (0-1 C + 1B) FS2 : Livestock + Crop (0-1C + 1-2 B)

Pre-intervention Post-intervention Pre-intervention Post-intervention

7.4 9.2 5.4 8.6

Impact on livelihood security The economic part of the life is also very important as it plays a crucial role in improving the social and economic growth of a farm family. A small saving from one part may be utilized to improve the other component of farm enterprises. In the present study the commercialization of kitchen gardening, vermicomposting and inclusion of improved interventions like trichocard application and mineral mixture resulted into a net gain in the income was Rs. 1, 18,000 approximately. Whereas another intervention of utilization of sesamum along with urdbean not only reduce the blue bull menace but also resulted into generation of an income around Rs. 28000/- hectare basis. For reduction in the expenditure on oil, improved variety of mustard viz. RH749 with improved yield 20.85 q/ha compared in comparison to other varieties yield 14.89 q/ha and oil content has been introduced for attaining round the year needs of oil for cooking. Results of above project showed that confidence level of farm women’s of cluster

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village improved due to their exposure to latest tools and techniques related to their respective farming systems. After implementation of project, they got first time exposure to Institute visit, training specially for farm womens. Their existing farming system was providing them cereals, potato sugarcane and milk but there was lacking of pulses, oil crops and green vegetables in their farming system as well as in food chain. They learned how pulses and oil crops can be grown in same condition with little cultural management.. They realized that these crops (pulses, oil crops and green vegetables) can also be grown for which they were dependent on market. Nutritional security of farm women’s were also improved by simple interventions of vegetables either as roof top gardening or kitchen gardening along with consumption of pulses grown at own fields. Women farmers who started vermi-composting as an enterprise in their farming systems, they realized early and extra income by less care and least inputs. Such farmers are increasing the area under this enterprise. To enhance their skills regarding processing and value addition of various farm produce, they were trained by experts of Institute for processing of fruits and vegetables, Iron enrichment of jiggery by using indigenous techniques.. Feed back of farm womens after project related activities was also recorded which showed improvement in their farming skills.

• Action research at ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar

(Northern Plain Zone)

• Interventions with detail findings

Gender participation varied among the community. In higher class families women do not engage in agriculture or livestock related work and mostly involved in household chores. Whereas it was not so incase of lower class families, here women were also engaged in agricultural or livestock activities like men. Keeping this in view and to involve women from both the communities the following interventions were taken up:

Crop production

1. Varietal replacement of vegetables 2. Distribution of quality planting materials 3. Mushroom culture 4. Vermi-composting 5. Nursery production in winter vegetables

Livestock rearing

1. Supplementation of area specific mineral mixture ‘ Swarna Min’ 2. Scientific package of practices for improved livestock management 3. Animal health planning including awareness programme on animal health,

vaccination and deworming 4. Distribution of green fodder seeds 5. Distribution of backyard poultry

Crop production

1. Varietal replacement of vegetables

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The local variety used by the farmers is costly and very prone to insect, pest and diseases. The farmer pays Rs 3/seed and even after paying such high cost, the return is not as expected because of the biotic stresses. Therefore, varietal replacement was one of the interventions. The varieties/hybrids of vegetables provided to them were of high quality and resistance to many insect, pest and diseases with higher yield. The seeds were provided thrice a year i.e. summer, rainy and winter season vegetables. Vegetables seeds were provided mainly for kitchen gardening and family consumption. The produce obtained from the sown area were mainly consumed by the family members or distributed among the neighbors in the village. Vegetable crops seeds of bottle gourd, ridge gourd, sponge gourd, bitter gourd, amaranthus, palak, okra, cowpea, cauliflower, cabbage broccoli, brinjal tomato etc. were distributed during different seasons. The yield of some of the summer and kharif vegetables is given below:

2. Distribution of quality planting material

Unavailability of quality planting material was a major problem in the village. The farmers get cheated by the seller or the seller sells his material at a very high cost. For ex. when farmers goes to purchase mango plants, the seller sells saying that the variety which he is selling is the same which a farmers wants but when the fruiting of mango starts after 5-6 years, it used to be different variety or say local line which does not give yield and quality as expected. Therefore, mango being the major fruit crop in Bihar and also very important in terms of nutrition as well as livelihood, we have provided them good quality planting material (Amrapalli variety) which produces fruit earlier as well as is dwarf in height. The crop has already been planted by the farmers and is growing very healthy but it takes at least three years to fruit. Farmers can take advantage of it only after that.

We have also distributed papaya keeping in view the nutritional importance as it is rich source of vitamins, minerals etc and comes to fruiting within a year, so we have already distributed F1 hybrid dwarf papaya planting material which has very good yield and quality. It is yet to produce fruits.

Similar is in the case of vegetables, farmers used to purchase vegetable seed at Rs. 2-5 per seed depending upon the variety, the cost of hybrid was even more. We have distributed them good quality seeds of hybrid as well as open pollinated varieties of different crops depending upon the seasons. A very good yield has been obtained after using these varieties. Crop protection measures including pesticide, insecticide and other chemicals were distributed as and when required.

3. Mushroom cultivation to improve livelihood and nutrition

Most of the farmers in the selected village was vegetarian so mushroom cultivation was better option in terms of nutrition (especially protein), livelihood and easy handling by women farmers. After the training in 2015 more than 20 women farmers from two villages tried oyster mushroom cultivation for the first time in 2015-16, Oct- Mar. Most of them were successful and all of them also cultivated in 2016-17. In 1st year, on an average they were using 5 bags per women which they increased to 8 bags in the second year. By seeing the

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good yield, good taste and easy in cultivation many women farmers other than the trained one also started cultivating mushroom in the village. The no of women growing mushroom has doubled in two years and no of bags they are using per women are increasing, indicating that mushroom is gaining popularity among the marginal and small farm women. The mushroom was mainly used for home consumption, as growers themselves consume the produce or distribute to the neighbors, only few farmers sold their produce.

4. Vermicompost

Vermicomposting was one of the interventions in the project village because we observed that most of the dried leaves of many crops go waste or they burn it. Hence, it was one of the best options to engage farm women as it requires continuous involvement without hard manual labour and moreover the waste material of the field can also be utilized or recycled into useful manure. The simple production process and flexibility in terms of time needed to attend to the activity allowed the women to handle it comfortably together with their household chores. In order to take advantage of the skills of women in managing this activity and to convert the dung, leaves and other bio-wastes found littered in rural areas, vermicompost making was evolved into an income-generation activity as well as contributes to sustainable farming in the locality.

First of all, farmers were provided training and exposure visit to a progressive farmer in the nearby village who is doing good business out of vermicomposting. They were informed every minute details for the production process and its precautions including hands on training. Then after they were provided all the necessary materials required (vermibed, earthworm) for the vermi-culture. Farmers collected dung and leaf litter from their own farm or from the neighborhood and made the vermicompost with earthworms provided to them.

In the beginning we provided vermi bed to only three farmers but slowly by seeing the success of vermicomposting and realizing its importance in crop production as well waste recycling and also being simple activity requiring less labour, more no of farmers came forward and they are practicing it. The yield of vermicompost from the first slot of first three farmers is given below:

5. Nursery raising of winter vegetables through plug tray technology

Nursery is very important for winter season vegetables. Farmers purchase seeds at high cost from the market. The practice of traditional type nursery raising causes mortality of seedlings due to damping off. Costly seeds and seedling mortality was the reason for the intervention of plug tray nursery raising. Initially we have created 2 groups in each village consisting of five people in each group. We provided them with good quality seeds, cocopeat, plug trays, we did not provide them vermicompost as they were already producing their own. Before the intervention hands on training on how to prepare a plug tray nursery was also provided. We have asked them to sell the seedlings to other farmers of their village but at cheaper rate than the market price. By doing so, each group can earn little income as well as other farmers from the village will get good quality seedling half the price of the market. The response was quite good. They grew very nicely and also sold some of the seedlings and rest

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they used it themselves among the group. The growth, yield and quality of vegetables grown by plug tray method were significantly higher and quality produce was obtained.

Livestock production

1. Supplementation of area specific mineral mixture ‘ Swarna Min’

Field survey on the ration of lactating cattle indicated that the animals were over fed with protein and energy by their owners but under fed for calcium and phosphorus. The farmers rarely use mineral mixtures in the animal ration even though intensive farming practices have changed, suggesting need to educate them regarding positive effects of minerals in the diet on production of animal. Anestrous problem in crossbred cattle was also observed along with pica or phosphorus deficiency. All these ultimately caused reduction in milk yield of the cattle. Therefore, area specific mineral mixture Swarna Min developed by ICAR RCER, Patna was distributed to the farmers. The recommended level of mineral mixture in the ration was 50g/day for an adult animal and 30g/day for a calf. By doing so, milk production in cattle increased to approx. 20%; anestrous problem reduced to the tune of 23% while many deficiency disorders including pica were reduced to 35%. For cattle suffering from anestrous problem, herbal medicine (Janova) was recommended orally @ 3 capsule/day for two days, the same dose was repeated after 10 days. Vitamins such as A, D, E and B complex were also provided which resulted in 100% success in inducing oestrus within 7 days after treatment.

Fig. Effect of feeding Mineral Supplement ‘Swarna Min’ on milk yield

2. Scientific knowledge in animal husbandry practices

Disease problem was observed in most of the cattle of the village due to unhygienic environment and lack of knowledge on scientific management of livestock. The cattle were maintained very poorly, even the size of the manger was observed to be inappropriate which causes animals to put their legs inside it during feeding. For this, sanitation practices in milking were done: Check fore milk and udder for mastitis using strip cup or California mastitis test (CMT), cleaning and drying of the udder and teats before and after milking, they were suggested to milk the infected animal in the end when all the healthy animals have been

3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ave

rage

milk

yie

ld (k

g/da

y)

Weeks

supplemented group

Un supplemented goup

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milked, calf stimulation, hygiene of milker, control of health hazards, etc. Flies problem was reduced to 35% by proper ventilation, disinfecting the animal shed and maintaining hygiene. Overall health of the animal improved with this practiced. The manger was made of standard size which reduced the behavior of putting leg inside the manger during eating. It also reduced the wastage of feed up to 10%. They were also suggested to provide an open area for calf for exhibiting playing behavior.

3. Animal health planning: awareness programme on animal health, vaccination and deworming

Many deadly diseases such as foot and mouth in cattle, PPR in goat are major threats to profitable livestock production. Diseases reduces the production potential of livestock and also results in stunted growth. During field visits, it was observed that internal parasites in dairy cows and buffaloes was one of the cause for poor growth and poor milk yield but the farmers were ignorant for the disease and preventive measures.

After a thorough observation, animal health planning including voluntary or compulsory measures and protocols to prevent the spread of local and transboundary animal diseases was done; awareness programme by organizing animal health camp as and when required by inviting Veterinary Scientists of the institute. Vaccination and deworming health calendar for dairy cows, goats, and poultry was standardized. Deworming was planned at every 3 months interval which increased the milk yield and showed positive impact on body weight. Mortality of the livestock also reduced to upto 60%.

3. Distribution of green fodder seeds

Green fodder is the most valuable and cheapest source of food for livestock and 80-90% of nutrient requirements of livestock are met from the fodder crops. The area under green fodder crops was low with not more than 2% of the gross cropped area. Low priorities were given to fodder production and hence less availability of good quality green fodder in the village and majority of animals thus remain underfed which results in low milk yield, less reproductive efficiency, delayed maturity and poor growth rate. The farmers are unaware of the new fodder cultivars that are available in the market. Perennial and annual green fodders Hybrid Napier and Berseem were distributed to the farmers. The fodder was cultivated, cut and fed directly to the cattle or mixed with dry chopped feed. We have also created awareness on utilizing bunds of the field to cultivate perennial fodder. Milk production increased upto 100% after feeding with quality nutritional fodder. Provision of balanced nutrition perked up the animal productivity up to 50% with the existing gene pool.

4. Distribution of Backyard Poultry

For improving the nutrition especially protein and livelihood of farm women backyard poultry like Vanaraja (dual purpose) and Gramapriya (egg) was distributed on an average 7-8 nos. to the selected farmers depending upon their space for rearing in their backyard under home conditions, picking their food from the surroundings and was also supplemented by kitchen remains. The eggs produced were consumed by the family members

65

only and the birds were consumed during social events. As regards to the cost and returns of the backyard poultry keeping, it is highly subjective and difficult to quantify because this system of poultry keeping is mixed up with households as a supplementary enterprise with return as bonus.

• Action research at ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur ,Rajasthan

(Western Plain Zone) The following technological interventions were demonstrated for crop and livestock production:

• Capacity building of farm women • Introduction of improved crop varieties • Supplementary feeding of multi-nutrient block/mixture to lactating

animals • Demonstrations on fodder production (Lucerne and Hybrid Napier) • Introduction of fruit trees in kitchen garden (Ber, Gunda, Anar, etc) • Iemonstration of drudgery reduction tools and technologies (Improved

Kassi, Improved badi maker and Solar feed cocker)

• Performance of improved crop varieties at farmer’s field

Demonstrations of improved varieties of kharif crops were conducted on selected farm women field to show the yield benefits. Seed of improved variety, MPMH-17 in pearl millet, IPM 2-3 in green gram, RMO-257 in moth bean and HG-2-30 in cluster bean were provided to women farmer for increasing crop production. Results are presented in Table -4. They recorded higher grain (20.63-39.11%) and stover yield (8.08-17.63%) compared to other varieties under rain fed conditions. Farmers explained that yield of all the crops in general was good however heavy rain affected the crops yield of moth bean.

Another constraint prioritized by the farm women was the problem of green fodder availability. Therefore, Hybrid Napier and Lucerne were promoted under irrigated conditions in a smaller area alongside the farmer’s priority of their stable food crop. Improved variety of Lucerne: Almadar 3 Sali was demonstrated to the farm women at their fields to increase green fodder availability. Green fodder yield of Lucerne increased by 15 % due to adoption of improved variety.

Table : Performance of improved varieties of Karif crops at farmers field

Particulars Varieties No. of Farmers

Area/ farmer (ha)

Yield (q/ha)

Grain Yield Straw Yield Improved Local %

increase Improved Local %

increase

Pearl millet MPMH-17 29 1.00 12.13 8.72 39.11 18.28 15.54 17.63 Mung bean IPM-2-3 28 0.33 6.31 4.72 33.69 6.34 5.51 15.06 Moth bean RMO-257 23 0.16 4.62 3.83 20.63 3.52 3.13 12.46

Cluster bean HG-2-20 28 0.33 5.69 4.67 21.84 6.82 6.31 8.08

Fig. Exposure cum training programme at Ranchi, farmers holding their certificates

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• Livestock interventions

In order to improve the productivity of lactating animals, supplementary feeding of multi-nutrient block (MNB) was demonstrated to the farm women. The intake of MNB ranged from 200 to 275 g and the average intake observed was 248 ± 46.5 g/animal/day. An average 17 % and 21 % increase in milk yield of cattle and buffaloes, respectively was recorded due to supplementation of MMB during summer (Table-5 ). Besides the increase in milk production, all the animals of supplemented group showed symptoms of heat at the proper time and conceived at first service. The cost benefit ratio was 2.83. Further, they reported that by supplementing MMB, animals consumed more roughage, maintained good health and productivity even during summer months when green fodder scarcity was acute. The feeding trials of multi-nutrient mixture (MNM) were conducted on lactating goats. The MNM were offered to the goats @ 100 g/day/goat when they returned from grazing. The improvement in mean daily milk yield was 24.75 %. Besides the increase in milk production, goats also showed good health and body conditions. Table : Effect of MNB/MNM supplementation on milk production

Details Animals

Milk Yield (l/day/animal) Cattle Buffalo Goat Initial Final %

increase

Initial

Final % increase

Initial Final % increase

MNB 44 3.85 4.52 17.4 6.58 7.95 20.82 - - - MNM 44 - - - - 1.98 2.47 24.75

Observations Control UMMB

No. of cows 10 10

Body weight of cows, kg

Initial 349 ± 24 352 ± 27

Final 347 ± 30a 356 ± 17b

Change - 2.0 + 4.0

DM intake, kg/day

Green fodder 1.52±0.3 1.47±0.4

Dry fodder 5.49±0.8a 6.57±0.7b

Concentrate 2.27±0.5a 1.73±0.4b

UMMB -- 0.30±0.05

Milk yield, kg/day 4.61 ± 0.24a 5.98 ± 0.35b

B:C ratio -- 3.29 ± 0.05

• Capacity development

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Farm women cited several reasons for less participation in capacity development programmes i.e, shortage of time, not convenient to attend at the venue, organized without prior notice, etc. However, they were eager to learn about new innovations of crop and livestock production. Keeping these facts in view, capacity development programmes were designed and conducted in villages before initiation and during implementation of action research. Capacity building programme mainly focused on strengthening their existing knowledge base, addressing economic benefits as well as raising awareness amongst women about improved skills and techniques, agricultural development schemes, building leadership qualities, value addition, and helping them gain a very positive self-image about themselves as women. An exposure visit was arranged to CAZRI where they were acquainted with labour saving and drudgery reduction tools, preparation of balanced concentrate feed from locally available resources, improved crop varieties. Three on-campus and eight off-campus trainings were conducted on various aspects of crop and livestock production.

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Farming System Modules for Improvement of Nutrition and Livelihood of Farm Women Under Arid Agro-Ecosystem

Fruit plantsLime, Cordia,

Moringa, Ziziphus, Pomegranate

Seasonal VegetablesWinter-leafy

Vegetables(spinach, funegrick,) Tomato, carrot. Leady finger

Summer –bottle guard, round guard, cucumber

Drudgery Reducing implements

Improved kassi, solar animal feed cooker,

Improved sickle, Improved seed

strainer, Badi maker

Crops Kharif -Bajra,

Mung, Moth, Guar, Sesame

Rabi-Wheat ,Gram, Cumin, Mustard

LivestockFodder production: Lucerne, HN-Co-3Supplementary

feeding: UMMB, MNM

Capacity building for women

empowerment

• Action research at ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute , Goa (Western Coast Plain and Ghats Region)

1) Farm interventions in Ibrahmpur village

i) Distribution of poultry birds ‘Vanraj’ to farmers ii) Distribution of Bypass-fat feed to milk farmers

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Backyard poultry production is an age-old practice in rural India. Most of the backyard poultry production comprises rearing of indigenous birds with poor production performances. The potentiality of indigenous birds in terms of egg production is only 70 to 80 eggs/ bird/ year and meat production is also very less. However, the backyard poultry production can be easily boosted up with improved varieties of chicken and can promise a better production of meat and egg. Backyard poultry produces eggs and meat at an insignificant cost barely 20-30 % compared to the modern intensive system. About 70% of the cost involved in the intensive system is on feed. Since backyard poultry scavenges on vegetable garden and kitchen wastes hence cost incurred on feeding is less. The elaborate housing structure is also not required for them. Backyard poultry is recognized as stepping stone for the poorest households enabling them to take the first step towards breaking out of the vicious circle of poverty and deprivation. The eggs/ meat produced can be consumed by the household, thereby providing a cheap and available source of quality animal protein. While eighty per cent of the birds in China comprise rural poultry producing 100-120 eggs annually only thirty per cent of the eggs in India are produced by rural poultry. Hence, there is ample scope for increase in rural backyard poultry. Distribution of Bypass-fat feed to milk farmers Bypass fat- is a dietary fat, which is not degraded in the upper part of the digestive tract (rumen) of animal but gets digested in the lower alimentary tract is known as bypass fat. Immediate after calving, there is a huge loss of energy from dairy animals through milk but feed intake is reduced. Therefore animals remain in negative energy balances. As results of which milk production, reproductive performances and body condition of animal are adversely affected. The adverse effect is more in high producing animals. Bypass fat is a good source of energy and calcium. Thus supplementation of bypass fat improves milk production, reproductive performances and body conditions of animals. Effect of bypass fat is not similar in all types of dairy animals but tends to be greater in high yielding dairy animals (cow producing more than 15 litre milk/day). Effect of bypass fat tends to be greater in early lactation (0-90 days) than mid lactation (91-150 days) Benefits of bypass fat

1. Keeps animals in positive energy balance 2. Increase milk yield (up to 20%) 3. Increases milk fat content 4. Maximises peak milk yield and lactation days 5. Improvement in reproductive performances 6. Improves general body conditions 7. Protect from heat stress

In Ibrampur village where farmers were livestock based facing problem in milk production. Usually, their cows were facing mastitis and health of cow was weaker after parturition as result of which was directly reflecting on the milk yield of a cow. Hence bypass fat was distributed among 20 farmers and their perception and impact on milk yield was recorded.

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Sl

No

Animals (Cattle with bypass fat )

Average milk yield before bypass (lit)

Fat content before bypass (%)

Average milk yield after bypass

Fat content after bypass (%)

Overall impact/perceptions

1 5 12 3.7 14 4.5 • Increase in milk yield (2 lit/day)

• Increase in fat content of milk

• Improvement in condition of udder

2 6 8 3.8 10 4.5 • Improvement in fertility status of cow

• Increase in fat content of milk

3 5 10 3.2 12 3.9 • Increase in milk yield • Overall increase in milk

selling prise ( 4/lit/day) 4 3 8 3.2 10 3.8 • Overall increase in milk

selling prise ( 4/lit/day) • Increase in milk yield

(2 lit/day) 5 4 8 3.0 9.5 4.2 • Increase in fat content of

milk • Increase in selling price of

milk 6 8 12 3.3 13.5 3.9 • Improvement in health

conditions of cow • Increase in fertility rate of

cow 7 8 12.5 3.8 14 4.1 • Increase in milk yield

(1.5 lit/day) • Increase in bodyweight of

cow • Increased physical fitness

of cow

2) Farm interventions in Surla village i) Distribution of vegetable seeds and micro nutrient fertilizers ii) Distribution of coconut and areca nut seedlings

Distribution of vegetable seeds With the increase in the population of our country and improvement in dietary habits, the consumption of vegetable has improved. People have realized the importance of vegetable in their diet as vegetable have high nutritive values which are vital for the body. In the present scenario, the cultivable land is decreasing day by day due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and shrinking land holding. Indian society is predominantly vegetarian and

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as such consumption of meat and fish is generally avoided. Milk and fruits being costly are virtually out of reach of common man. At present, the per capita availability of vegetable in India is about 135 g which is quite less as compared to 300 g as prescribed by the dieticians. The dietary requirement of vegetable can be easily fulfilled through the concept of kitchen gardening as a vegetable can be easily raised in a small piece of land. Although urban people are quite aware of the benefits of kitchen gardening, still there are few takers of this concept amongst the rural folk. The predominant reasons for the poor adoption amongst rural people may be due to lack of technical know- how, lack of awareness and knowledge regarding vital inputs like seed, water and FYM, plant protection measures, storage and processing etc. Realizing the importance of constraints, an effort was made to identify the major bottlenecks in the adoption of recommended kitchen gardening techniques. Further, proper guidance was given for kitchen garden related management practices and its perceived impact on farmers was recorded. iii) Distribution of coconut and areca nut seedlings

It was noted that the existing established orchards of coconut and areca nut was of local germplasm and were relatively having lower average yields which were affecting the production and sustainability of the local farmers. Hence the latest high yield varieties of coconut and areca nut were distributed for upliftment of the productivity in these local areas. Following models were standardised.

1. Model 1. Lowland situations of Goa – Rice based cropping systems Holding size of the model: 0.50 ha The study included the following aspects

Integrated Farming System model for lowlands: including cropping system Rice – Vegetables (Brinjal)+ Oilseed (Groundnut)+ Commercial crop (Sweet corn) + Pulse (Cowpea)

Study on effect of rice based crops on soil fertility. Bund planting of forage grasses and integration with dairy. Border planting of banana and drumstick. Kitchen gardening with vegetables. Recycling of wastes through vermicompost unit. Initiation of integrated poultry.

Economics of the rice based integrated farming system based model models and

percent contribution of different farm enterprises:

A rice-based farming system model (crop-livestock) has been developed on 0.5 ha area for typical lowland situations of Goa. Different enterprises of the model are crops (rice followed by sweet corn/brinjal/groundnut/cowpea), forage grown bunds (Hybrid Napier), livestock, and kitchen garden. In terms of gross return (Rs. 2, 09,464) the highest % contribution was from crops (69%) followed by dairy (31%). With regards to net return (Rs. 1, 01,228) the highest % contribution was recorded from crops (89%) followed by dairy (11%).

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Benefit-cost economics of the integrated farming systems: A net return of Rs. 1.00 Lakh with benefit: cost ratio was 0.93 (agronomic point of view) was recorded for the above model.

Nutrient recycling: The total quantity of crop straw, green fodder and crop residue produced from cropping system was 8336, 4012 and 161 kg, respectively, was recycled, in the same manner, 5318 kg and 3710 liters of cow dung and urine are used within the farm. As a result, the total farm produces worth of Rs. 25606 was recycled within the system from crop production module.

Employment generation: An employment of nearly 339 man day’s worth Rs. 50870 could be generated from the model.

Lowland (rice based) integrated farming system model

Development of rice-fish based integrated farming system (IFS) for lowland situation of Goa

Rice (Vytilla)-fish (Rohu, Labeo rohita) based integrated farming system (IFS) involving different components; poultry (Gramapriya), cowpea (Goa Cowpea-3), fodder (IGFRI-3) and cucurbitaceous vegetables were tested under the lowland situation of Goa. The total area of the system was 0.07 ha (Rice - 0.06 ha, fish – a trench - 40 m2 and 1 m deep and rest of the area for fodder and vegetables). A poultry unit (Gramapriya - 4 birds) was kept above the trench so that the poultry litter will fertilise and increase the plankton production in the trench. The total annual cost including annual fixed cost and operating cost was Rs.10875. The net profit (excluding lease and labour) of Rs. 5480 was obtained from 0.07 ha area with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.37. The order of contribution of the enterprises to net profit was - fish(32%) > poultry (23%) > rice (20%) > Fodder (16%) > cowpea (5%) > cucurbits (4%).

Model 2.

Development of rice-fish based integrated farming system (IFS) for lowland situation of Goa

A rice (Vytilla)-fish (Rohu, Labeo rota) based integrated farming system (IFS) involving different components; poultry (Gramapriya), cowpea (Goa Cowpea-3), fodder (IGFRI-3) and cucurbitaceous vegetables were tested under the lowland situation of Goa. The total area of the system was 0.07 ha (Rice - 0.06 ha, fish – a trench - 40 m2 and 1 m deep and rest of the area for fodder and vegetables). A poultry unit (Gramapriya - 4 birds) was kept above the trench so that the poultry litter will fertilise and increase the plankton production in the trench. The total annual cost including annual fixed cost and operating cost was Rs.10875. The net profit (excluding lease and labour) of Rs. 5480 was obtained from 0.07 ha area with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.37. The order of contribution of the enterprises to net profit was - fish(32%) > poultry (23%) > rice (20%) > Fodder (16%) > cowpea (5%) > cucurbits (4%).

Model 3. Upland (Plantation) based integrated farming system model

A model of area 0.8 ha comprising of enterprises – plantation crops: (Cashew (variety Bhaskara) + Pineapple (Variety Giant Kew)), Coconut+ Pineapple+ Papaya+Noni, Arecanut

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+ Banana), piggery, poultry, vermicompost unit, compost unit was evaluated for upland situations of Goa. After the fifth of the year of start, the total cost of cultivation (inclusive of the farm labor employed) of the system was around Rs. 1.26 Lakhs whereas the net profit was Rs. 0.92. The highest contribution to net profit was from the cashew nut pineapple (39%) system as both the components started yielding. The contribution of the piggery component to the net profit was 22%. Objective (3): To assess impact of climate change on the livelihood security of farm women. To assess impact of climate change on the livelihood security of farm women by the Collaborative Centres in 6 different agro ecosystems of the country viz., Eastern Coastal Plain Zone from Odisha; Central highlands Zone from Jabalpur; Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone from Modipuram, Northern Plain Zone from Patna; Western Plain Zone from Jodhpur and Western Coast Plain and Ghats Region from Goa, interview of households and PRA was conducted..Findings related to impact of climate change on the livelihood security of farm women of the 6 agro ecosystems of the country are summarised and given below: • ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture , Bhubaneswar , Odisha (Eastern

Coastal Plain Zone): Timeline of Shankharidiha village of Jajpur District

Sl. No. Year Events

1 2006 Floods

2 2007 Floods

3 2008 Floods with very high magnitude

4 2009 Normal

5 2010 Flood

6 2011 Census, flash floods

7 2012 Normal

8 2013 Flood

9 2014 Flood, Building of pucca road to village started

10 2015 Building of pucca road finished

Parameters Increased (%) Decreased (%) Constant (%)

Economic status 100 0 0

Soil fertility status 5 90 5 Crop yields 95 5 0 Ground water level 0 100 0

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Water quality 0 100 0 Fertilizer use 94 6 0 Pesticide use 100 0 0 Use of bio-ferti. 0 0 0 Burning of crop residues

0 0 0

Temperature (Min-Max)

100 0 0

Rainfall amount 40 60 0 Rainfall distribution 10 90 0 Forest cover 0 100 0 Community land area

0 100 0

No. of village water ponds

0 100 0

Wild animals 100 0 0 Change in crops 80 0 20 Change in cropping system

80 0 20

Change in farming system

80 0 20

Impact of climate change was assessed through the interview of households and during PRA conducted to create resource maps showing the location of houses, resources, infrastructure and terrain features-useful for analyzing certain community level problems. Due to Climate change traditional varieties are shifting towards high yielding varieties , incidence of pest and diseases are increasing and forcing for increased cost of cultivation on chemical fertilizer and pesticides, land holdings are getting fragmented, shortage of farm labour is increasing and rice farming system is gradually changed to crop - vegetable-livestock based farming systems.

Scientist-Farmer Interface

A Scientist-Farmers interface was organized on 15.09.2015 in the village. The interface was fruitful to understand problems of farm families especially women and their needs through which need based interventions were identified. It was identified that the farm families while already cultivating bitter gourd for commercial purpose could not reap better harvest due to poor quality of produce. Other issues identified with the farm families were lack of balanced nutrition in their diets and under utilization of their resources .

• ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar (Northern Plain Zone) Timeline of the selected village last 10 years Increased (%) Decreased (%) Constant (%)

Economic status 96 4 0

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Soil fertility status 1 95 4 Crop yields 94 4 2 Ground water level 0 99 1 Water quality 3 5 92 Fertilizer use 94 2 4 Pesticide use 93 4 3 Use of bio-ferti. 0 0 0 Burning of crop residues 2 75 23 Milch animals per farm 6 91 3 Temperature (Min-Max) 91 8 1 Rainfall amount 50 50 0 Rainfall distribution 4 96 0 Forest cover 0 100 0 Community land area 2 73 25 No. of village water ponds 0 96 4 Wild animals 26 74 0 Wild birds 6 94 0 Change in crops 90 0 10 Change in cropping system 85 5 10 Change in farming system 70 10 20 Assessment of Climate Change Impact/ Timeline:

The maximum and minimum age of the respondent was 70 years and 52 years, respectively.

1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015 Have you heard of climate change

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

0 100 15 85 90 10 100 0

List of crops grown during the year

1980-90 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015

Wheat, Paddy, Gram, Lentil, Maize, Mustard, Khesari, Potato, Ragi, Sugarcane,Grasspea, Sorghum, Millets, Red Gram, Bakla, Mudwa.

Wheat, Paddy, Gram, Lentil,Maize, Mustard, Khesari, Potato, Ragi, Sugarcane, Grass Pea, Sorghum, Pigeon Pea

Wheat, Paddy, Gram, Lentil, Maize, Mustard, Potato, Pigeon Pea, Sugarcane


List of the animals tamed during the period

Buffalo, ox, cow, goat Buffalo, ox, cow, goat (Goat decreased)

Buffalo, ox, cow (ox decreased)

Buffalo, cow

List of the feed/fodder supplied to the animals

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Wheat Straw, Paddy Straw, Jowar, Mushuriya, Green Fodder, Darra

Wheat Straw, Paddy Straw, Jowar, Mushuriya, Green Fodder, Darra, Berseem

Wheat Straw, Paddy Straw, Jowar, Mushuriya, Green Fodder Berseem


Considerable change in

the weather Summer Winter Rain Flood Drought

1980-90 Feb, Mar Oct, Nov 15th June, July

July-Aug every yr NA

1990-2000 Feb, Mar Oct, Nov 20th June, July

July-Aug every yr NA

2000-2010 Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Increased 2010-2015 Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Increased

Water Table 1980-90 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Wells (m) 12.0 24.0 12.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.0

Tube wells (m) 4.5 8.0 6.0 9.0 7.5 10.0 7.5 10.0

Pond water level - - - - - - - -

Lakes water level - - - - - - - -

Major shift in agricultural practices (%)


Leaving Traditional practices 35 65 50 50 50 50 85 15 Adoption of new practices 15 85 50 50 75 25 80 20 Adoption of new crops 85 15 50 50 70 30 80 20 Adoption of new varieties 40 60 50 50 70 30 95 5 Use of advanced technologies (%)


Pump 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 Tractors 5 95 30 70 30 70 40 60 Sprayers 10 90 35 65 100 0 100 0 Have you been experiencing the following due to climate change? (%)


Ill health 85 15 55 45 100 0 100 0 Excessive heat 95 5 90 10 0 100 0 100 Change in environment 30 70 55 55 100 0 100 0 Pollution of the environment 10 90 30 70 90 10 100 0

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What do you do for a particular weather/climate to get normalized? (%)


Be religiously committed 100 0 65 35 85 15 100 0 Enlightenment campaign 0 100 15 85 100 0 100 0 Be prepared to face it 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 Intensify research efforts 0 100 0 100 100 0 100 0 Stop air pollution 0 100 10 90 60 40 100 0

• ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut ,Uttar Pradesh (Northern Plain and Central Highlands Zone)

Timeline of selected village last 10 years (2006-2016)

Data related to timeline of village in last 10 years was gathered in both the villages during PRA. Maximum developments related to their social life such as electricity, tractor, tube well, rotavator disc harrow, spraying machine, motor car, motor cycle, LPG, television, radio were common in households before year 2006.

Year Activity in Mandaura Village

Activity in Jamalpur Goma Village

2006 Basic phone Change of electricity lines and addition of transformers from 1 to 5 (under state government Lohia scheme)

2007 - - 2008 Smart phone - 2009 - Construction of RCC road in village 2010 - - 2011 - - 2012 Construction of RCC road First smart phone and Internet connection in village

Assessment of climate change impact In order to assess the impact of climate change, a scientist and farmers interaction was conducted in both the villages. Based on the discussion, it was observed that the sugarcane and maize were the predominant crops during spring and summer season since 1980s to till date. There was no change observed in their sowing dates. During the rabi season, the major crops were chick pea and wheat. There was a considerable change in the animals kept at the farm (cow, buffalo, ox) as the work used to be done by ox has been taken up by machinery. The cultivation of feed and fodder has been reduced. The major feed and fodder were barseem, binola, mustard cake, dry fodder. There has been a considerable change in the weather condition during 1980s to 2010. The rainy period has been reduced from 4 to 2 months. In 1980s the duration of flood was 4 times out of 10 years, three times out of 10 years during 1990 to 2000 and no flood from 2000 onwards.

Drought occurred after every third year during the period of 1980s to 2000, whereas, the number of droughts were increased 2000 onwards. The water table is going down after each

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decade. During the 1980s to 1990 the water table was at 20 meter depth which has been increased 28 meter and 35 meter after completion of each decade.

There is a major shift occurred in agriculture practices from 1980s to 2000 onwards. During the period of 1980s the farmers followed the traditional practices and there was negligence towards adoption of new practices, new crops and new varieties. From 1990s onwards, farmers developed interest in learning about new practices, crops and varieties. Primary storage structure for seed were earthen pots and to protect the seed from storage insects-pests, neem leaves were used but from year 2000 onwards the seed storage structures were replaced by tin tanks and neem leaves was replaced by mugdha rosa tablets containing mercury and calcium carbonate.

During 1980s the food consumed in daily diet were composed of chick pea flour, potato, brinjal, onion, jaggery and wheat. This dietary pattern was improvised during 1990s where apart from the mentioned food, pulses oil seeds, leafy vegetables. wre also introduced. 2000 onwards, this improvisation was sidelined by menace of wild animals. The cultivation of pulses was completely abandoned. Also due to aberrant climatic conditions and poor management practices, the incidence of pest and disease incidence were aggravated from 1990s onwards.

• ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute , Goa (Western Coast Plain and Ghats Region)

Timeline of the selected village a) Ibrahmpur village

Year Events Description 1966 Primary school was started in village 1966 Gram Panchayath started 1975 Electricity connection was provided 1976 Banana cultivation started 1976 Sugarcane cultivation started 1980 Road and transport started 1981 Mining activity started 1981 First bike (Rajdoot) was introduced 1981 Agricultural cooperative society was started 1982 Bus service started 1984 Private school started 1986 TV cable service started 1986 Drinking water facility started 1986 Post office started 1987 Forest office started 1990 Milk centre started

1991 Water supply from canals was started 1991 Drip irrigation was started 1996 Jersey cow was introduced 1996 Biogas plant was started 2000 Truck was introduced 2006 Tractor was introduced 2012 Jaya paddy variety was introduced

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2013 Milking machine was introduced 2014 Jyoti paddy variety was started 2015 Jaikisa-62 (okra) and Nisha-212 (chilli) introduced

b) Surla village Year Events Description 1963 Gram panchayat started 1963 Post office started 1963 Primary school was started in village 1963 Agricultural cooperative society was started 1986 TV cable service started 1980 Electricity connection was provided 1985 Drinking water facility started 1995 Govt. secondary school started 1996 Truck was introduced 2002 Surla co-operative milk society started 2010 Jaya paddy variety introduced 2011 Hybrid variety of cashew introduced 2013 Surla farming co-operative society started 2015 Hybrid variety of areca nut introduced

Assessment of Climate Change Impact/ Timeline:

Climate change seems to have a prominent effect on the crops grown in the locality from past several decades. Usually, the cereals and pulses crops are more affected. It can be clearly seen that cultivation of chickpea, urid, culit and mung was on priority during 1980-90 and as the time advanced this crops were dropout from the cultivation in the locality however, the plantation and vegetable crops remains constant in cultivation. The pattern of daily food consumption has remained unchanged along the types of tamed animals. In early 1980 most of the cattle were grazed on the open pastures and feed with local materials, this scenario seems to be changed where cultivation of fodder grass and feeding cattle with different commercially available feeds.

The water table is also depleting, the winter season has decreased and summer has increased. Rainfall intensity is also increased which yield heavy showers for a specific period and other periods of monsoon with a dry spell. Peoples are also adjusting on the context of climate change by leaving traditional practices and adopting new technology and practices. Peoples are acclimatizing new crops along with new varieties. People are emphasizing on the use of FYM and urea over the past decade. People are purchasing tractors to increase their efficiency over the desi plough. People are also giving stress on farm machinery such as pump set and sprayers. By using this improved technologies and practices the quantity in terms of yield has increased in past decade. People are also experiencing certain problems due to climate change and on the contrast, they have religious commitments and active campaigns to prevent adverse effects of climate change.

Farmers’ perception about the climate change The maximum and minimum age of the respondent was 70 years and 52 years, respectively.

Have you heard of climate 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015

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change Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 0 100 15 85 90 10 100 0 Impact of climate change on crops grown / animals/ feed/fodder for livestock

List of crops grown during the year

1980-90 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015

Wheat, Paddy, Gram, Lentil, Maize, Mustard, Khesari, Potato, Ragi, Sugarcane,Grasspea, Sorghum, Millets, Red Gram, Bakla, Mudwa.

Wheat, Paddy, Gram, Lentil,Maize, Mustard, Khesari, Potato, Ragi, Sugarcane, Grass Pea, Sorghum, Pigeon Pea



List of the animals tamed during the period

Buffalo, ox, cow, goat Buffalo, ox, cow, goat (Goat decreased)

Buffalo, ox, cow (ox decreased)

Buffalo, cow

List of the feed/fodder supplied to the animals

Wheat Straw, Paddy Straw, Jowar, Mushuriya, Green Fodder, Darra

Wheat Straw, Paddy Straw, Jowar, Mushuriya, Green Fodder, Darra, Berseem



Considerable change in the

weather

Summer Winter Rain Flood Drought

1980-90 Feb, Mar Oct, Nov 15th June, July July-Aug every yr NA 1990-2000 Feb, Mar Oct, Nov 20th June, July July-Aug every yr NA 2000-2010 Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Increased 2010-2015 Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Increased

Water Table 1980-90 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Wells (m) 12.0 24.0 12.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.0

Tube wells (m) 4.5 8.0 6.0 9.0 7.5 10.0 7.5 10.0

Pond water level - - - - - - - -

Lakes water level - - - - - - - - Major shift in agricultural Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

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practices (%) Leaving Traditional practices 35 65 50 50 50 50 85 15 Adoption of new practices 15 85 50 50 75 25 80 20 Adoption of new crops 85 15 50 50 70 30 80 20 Adoption of new varieties 40 60 50 50 70 30 95 5 Use of advanced technologies (%)


Pump 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 Tractors 5 95 30 70 30 70 40 60 Sprayers 10 90 35 65 100 0 100 0 Have you been experiencing the following due to climate change? (%)


Ill health 85 15 55 45 100 0 100 0 Excessive heat 95 5 90 10 0 100 0 100 Change in environment 30 70 55 55 100 0 100 0 Pollution of the environment 10 90 30 70 90 10 100 0 What do you do for a particular weather/climate to get normalized? (%)


Be religiously committed 100 0 65 35 85 15 100 0 Enlightenment campaign 0 100 15 85 100 0 100 0 Be prepared to face it 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 Intensify research efforts 0 100 0 100 100 0 100 0 Stop air pollution 0 100 10 90 60 40 100 0 About 80 per cent of farmers have perceived that ground water level is degraded while 72 per cent has stated that water quality is degraded. In recent years forest area has been increasing which is perceived by 72 per cent of farmers. As the forest area is increased there is an increase in the tendency of wild animals (45 %) and wild birds (30 %) to damage the agricultural crops and their forage areas have increased in the vicinity of the locality. Farmers also observed there is huge pressure on agricultural land as some of these have been converted into community land (40 %). Farmers also observed that there is an increased in the agricultural inputs such as bio fertilizers (72 %), fertilizers (65 %), pesticide (42 %) as well as burning of crop residues is also increased (45 %). Water is the main necessity for successful agriculture production hence farmers have perceived that there is an increase in the number of water ponds in the village (35 %) which are exploiting more amount of ground water.

Major constraints/issues in existing farming system

Different ranks were given for different constraints according to its severity. Rank 1 means no constraints, 2-very low, 3- low, 4-moderate, 5-high and 6- very high. Individual farmers were asked to rank their problem according to their perception. Based on the individual farmer ranking the major problem identified was following in the descending order:

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• Non availability of quality seed/planting material • High incidence of pest and diseases in crops • Non availability of high yielding variety (technology) • High cost of inputs • Mineral nutrient deficiency in livestock • Problem of infertility in cattle • Low milk yield • Non availability of improved breed of livestock • Low priorities to fodder production • Phosphorus deficiency in animals • Smaller and fragmented land holdings • Scarcity of farm labour (higher wage rates)

Adaptation strategies to Climate change Farmers are using farm management as well as income management strategies to tackle the climate change. The adaptation strategies practiced by farmers were analyzed using Garrett Ranking Technique which identify and rank various strategies based on the calculated mean score. The prime advantage of this technique over simple frequency distribution is that the strategies are arranged based on their importance from the point of view of respondents. Hence, the same number of response on two or more strategies may get different ranks. Garrett’s formula for converting normal rank into percent was given by: Per cent position = 100 x (Rij – 0.5)/Nj where, Rij = rank given for ith factor by jth individual; Nj = number of factors ranked by jth individual. The per cent position of each rank is converted into scores referring to the table given by Garrett & Woodworth. For each strategy, the scores of individual respondents are added together and divided by the total number of the respondents for whom scores are added. These mean scores for all the factors are arranged in descending order, ranks are given and most important factors are identified. Details of technology developed

(Crop-based; Animal-based, including vaccines; Biological – biofertilizer, biopesticide, etc; IT based – database, software; Any other – please specify)

In the farming system models traditional bitter gourd variety was replaced with high yielding short duration variety Aakash and Sagar. Trailing and Machan system was implemented for higher yield. An average gross income of Rs 8320.00 was recorded from 100sq mt area. High yielding Okra Samrat variety was introduced to enhance the availability of vegetables and nutritional status. An average gross income of Rs 2990.00 was recorded from 100sq mt area. Green leafy vegetables viz; green amaranth Amaranthus tritis, red amaranth Amaranthus cruentus, vine spinach (poi) Basella alba, Slender Amaranth (leutia saag) Amaranthus viridis and coriander Coriandrum sativum the store house of good amounts of many B-complex vitamins such and folic acid were introduced for kitchen garden. Banana- G 9 and Banthala , papaya - Red lady and drumstick Moringa oleifera - Hybrid seedlings were provided to add vitamins and minerals to diet of the farm families. Intervention of day old chick (Vanaraja) was given for additional income and to supplement their diet with protein rich food item. Jute JRO 878 was introduced as additional source of income in low lying land . An average gross income of Rs . Rs 45000 was recorded from 5000sq mt area. Fish fingerlings viz; Catla, Rohu and Mrigal were also provided as a source of protein rich food and for

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increased income. TERAFIL water filter a low cost device developed by Institute of Mineral and Material Technology (IMMT), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Bhubaneswar was provided to cater the needs for clean drinking water , especially when the water is rich in suspended particles , iron and certain micro-organisms causing water borne diseases. TERAFIL water filter is fit to remove 99 % of turbidity , 95 - 100 % of micro - organisms , 95 % of soluble iron and bad odour . Smokeless Chula a low cost device was also provided to the selected farm families to cook in smokeless condition with reduced fuel consumption and pollution. It is a portable multifuel stove which uses variety of solid fuels such as firewood, twig, leaf, dung cake, agricultural wastes, raw coal etc. It can burn the fuel with high thermal efficiency. Fuel saving over the traditional cook stoves is 50%.

• Following five crop based and poultry based integrated farming system models were implemented with the 20 farm families: Sl. No

Name of the model Area No of families

Total income

1. Crop+Vegetable+Jute 6040 sq.mt

1 Rs 57432

2. Crop+Vegetable+Jute+Fruit 6040 sq.mt

6 Rs 61632

3. Crop+Vegetable+Jute+Fruit+ Poultry

6040 sq.mt

4 Rs 69632

4. Crop+Vegetable+Jute+Fruit+ Fish

6540 sq.mt. 2 Rs 77832

5. Crop+Vegetable+Fruits+Jute+Fish+Poultry

6540 sq.mt

7 Rs 85832

• Impact of climate change was assessed through the interview of households and during

PRA conducted to create resource maps showing the location of houses, resources, infrastructure and terrain features-useful for analyzing certain community level problems. Due to Climate change traditional varieties are shifting towards high yielding varieties , incidence of pest and diseases are increasing and forcing for increased cost of cultivation on chemical fertilizer and pesticides, land holdings are getting fragmented, shortage of farm labour is increasing and rice farming system is gradually changed to crop - vegetable-livestock based farming systems.

a. Trainings/demonstrations organized • Organised training programme on nutrition and demonstration of Smokeless Chulha

to the adopted farm families under IFS collaborative project and provided technological suport in the form of Smokeless Chulha at Sankharidiha village of Jajpur district on 29.3.17 in which more than 50 farmers/farmwomen/ childen and adolscent girls participated.

• Organised training programme on installation of Terafill Water Filter and provided 20 Terafill Water Filter as technological suport to the 20 farm families of

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Sankharidiha village of Jajpur district on 27.3.17 under the project. Likage developed with IIMT and CIPET Bhubaneswar

• Organised training programme as a part of the one month Certificate Course on Vermicompost Producer jointly with Regional Centre of Organic Farming , Bhubaneswar , Govt. of India on 16.3.17 and 17.3.17 at ICAR-CIWA , Bhubaneswar in which 18 number of Trainees participated. Vide letter No. 5-5/2016/RCOF/BBSR/125 dated 1.2.2017 of Regional Director RCOF , Bhubaneswar.

• Organised FLD on Improved Retting Techniques of Jute with CRIJAF Sona on 4.10.2016 in collaboration with ICAR – Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres , Barrackpore, Kolkata, Funded by NFSM Commercial crops (Jute), Govt. of India at Sankharidiha Village of Jajpur district in which more than 50 farmers/farmwomen participated.

• Organised Capacity development / Skill development programme for the vaccination of chicks with IBD (Infectious Bursal Disease) on 27.05.2016 in which more than 50 farmers/farmwomen/ childen and adolscent girls participated. Vaccine was given to the 15 days old chicks to prevent Gumboro Disease. It was given intraoccular/intranasal .

• Organised Capacity development / Skill development programme for the vaccination of chicks with Lassota on 16.05.2016 in which more than 50 farmers/farmwomen/ childen and adolscent girls participated.. Vaccine was given to the 2-6 days old chicks to prevent Ranikhet Disease. It was given intra-nasal/intra-occular/with drinking water.

• Show cased various Women friendly technologies, drudgery reducing tools, gender sensitive extension models and literature developed by the Institute w.e.f. 20-22 February 2016 in Agri- Horti Fair, during the visit of hon,ble Prime Minister of India Sri Narendra Modi Ji at Bargarh, Odisha.

• More than 100 farm women were exposed to various technologies on 17th February, 2016 Foundation Day at ICAR-CIWA.

• Show cased various Women friendly technologies, drudgery reducing tools, gender sensitive extension models and literature developed by the Institute during 10-12 February in Golden jubilee of Orissa Horticulture Society at OUAT Bhubaneswar.

• Show cased various Women friendly technologies, drudgery reducing tools, gender sensitive extension models and literature developed by the Institute during 27-28 January, 16 in ICAR-SAUs-State Departments Interface Meet at OUAT , Bhubaneswar.

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• Show cased various Women friendly technologies, drudgery reducing tools, gender sensitive extension models and literature developed by the Institute during 11th National Symposium on Innovation in Coastal Agriculture – Current Status and Potential under Changing Environment w.e.f Jan 14-17, 2016. Organized by Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research, ICAR-CSSRI, Regional Station Canning Town, West Bengal in collaboration with ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar.

• Celebrated 'Jai Kisan Jai Vigyan' Week w.e.f. 23rd to 29th December, 2015 on the birth anniversary of two former Prime Ministers Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Late Shri Chaudhary Charan Singh. in three villages namely Kadua, Chamarpada and Bandhahata of Puri and Cuttack district of Odisha. The scientist-farmer interface, debate competition for farmwomen and quiz competition for children were organized. A report is published in ICAR REPORTER October- December 2015 issue at Page No.23.

• Organized Women in Agriculture Day on 4th December 2015 at ICAR-CIWA, BBSR . More than 200 farm women were participated. A farmer-Scientist interface was organized to discuss the problems in agriculture and solutions were given by the expert scientists of ICAR-CIWA and OUAT Bhubaneswar. Dr Prasanna Kumar Patasani , Hon,ble Member of Parliament , Bhubaneswar was the Chief Guest and Dr S.K.Ambast, Director , ICAR -IIWM Bhubaneswar was the Guest of Honour. Progressive Farm women of different villages were invited and awarded on the Occassion.

• Organised 5 awareness programmes of Swachch Bharat Mission in 5 disticts of Odisha at village level viz; Sankharidiha village of Jajpur district , Harekrushnapur village in Dhenkanal district, Palli village of Bhadrak district, Tarajodi village a tribal pocket of Mayurbhanj district and Ottarkera village of Puri District .

• Show cased various Women friendly technologies, drudgery reducing tools, gender sensitive extension models and literature developed by the Institute during 15-27 November, 2015 in India International Trade Fair - 2015 ( IITF - 2015 ) at Pragati Maidan New Delhi

• Organised Scientists-Farmers interface programme at Sankharidiha village of Jajpur district in Odisha on 9.11.15. More than fourty two farmers/farmwomen had participated .

• Show cased various Women friendly technologies, drudgery reducing tools, gender sensitive extension models and literature developed by the Institute on 16th October 2015 in the celebration of 60th anniversary of Bharat Krishak Samaj, New Delhi and observation of ‘World Food Day’ organized by Orissa Krishak Samaj, Bhubaneswar. The programme was inaugurated by Mr. Ajay Vir Jakhar, Chairman Bharat Krishak Samaj, New Delhi in the presence of Mr. Bishnupada Sethi, IAS, Commissioner-cum-

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Secretary, Fisheries and ARD Departments, Government of Odisha More than 700 farmers and farm women visited the stall and provided technological knowledge.

• Showcased various women friendly technologies , extension strategies and drudgery reducing tools developed by ICAR-CIWA on 20th July ,2015 in the Zilla Krushak Sammelan , organized by KVK-Khordha, ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar .

• Showcased various women friendly technologies , extension strategies and drudgery reducing tools developed by ICAR-CIWA in the exhibition at ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack on the occasion of its 69th Foundation Day on 23rd April, 2015 .The stall was visited by the Chief Guest, Sri Debi Prasad Mishra, Honourable Minister of Industry and School & Mass Education, Government of Odisha alongwith other dignitaties and the technologies were appreciated. About 2000 farm women/farmers visited the stall.

5. (a) How the output is proposed to be utilized?

• Outcome of the project are helpful in formulating gender based policy

recommendations for the empowerment of women.

• Various intervention provided in various agro ecosystems enhanced Nutritional and

livelihood security of farm women along with income security and employment

generation

• Various intervention provided in various agro ecosystems are beneficial for drudgery

reduction.

(b) How it will help in knowledge creation?

• Gender issues and technological needs of farm women in crop production of 6

different agro eco system viz; Eastern Coastal Plain Zone from Bhubaneswar , Odisha

; Central highlands Zone from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh; Northern Plain and Central

Highlands Zone from Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh; Northern Plain Zone from

Patna,Bihar; Western Plain Zone from Jodhpur ,Rajasthan and Western Coast Plain

and Ghats Region from Ela, Old Goa are highlighted.

• Various capacity building programmes of farm women,introduction of

improved crop varieties, supplementary feeding to lactating animals,

demonstrations on fodder production, introduction of fruit trees

,demonstration of drudgery reduction tools and technologies ,scientist farmers

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interface etc were organised for the Empowerment of the farm women of different

agro eco system.

• Database of 600 families from 6 different agro ecosystems of the country are of high

practical utility for understanding the performance of gender based technological and

social interventions in different agro eco system

(16) Expected benefits and economic impact(if any):

Green leafy vegetables viz; green amaranth Amaranthus tritis, red amaranth Amaranthus cruentus, vine spinach (poi) Basella alba, Slender Amaranth (leutia saag) Amaranthus viridis and coriander Coriandrum sativum the store house of good amounts of many B-complex vitamins such and folic acid were introduced for kitchen garden. Banana- G 9 and Banthala , papaya - Red lady and drumstick Moringa oleifera - Hybrid seedlings were provided to add vitamins and minerals to diet of the farm families. Fish fingerlings viz; Catla, Rohu and Mrigal were also provided as a source of protein rich food and for increased income. In the farming system models traditional bitter gourd variety was replaced with high yielding short duration variety Aakash and Sagar. Trailing and Machan system was implemented for higher yield. An average gross income of Rs 8320.00 was recorded from 100sq mt area. High yielding Okra Samrat variety was introduced to enhance the availability of vegetables and nutritional status. An average gross income of Rs 2990.00 was recorded from 100sq mt area. Intervention of day old chick (Vanaraja) was given for additional income and to supplement their diet with protein rich food item. Jute JRO 878 was introduced as additional source of income in low lying land . An average gross income of Rs . Rs 45000 was recorded from 5000sq mt area. Improved Retting Techniques of Jute with CRIJAF Sona was also adopted by the farm families which further supported to fetch higher market price of Jute. TERAFIL water filter a low cost device developed by Institute of Mineral and Material Technology (IMMT), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Bhubaneswar was provided to cater the needs for clean drinking water , especially when the water is rich in suspended particles , iron and certain micro-organisms causing water borne diseases. TERAFIL water filter is fit to remove 99 % of turbidity , 95 - 100 % of micro - organisms , 95 % of soluble iron and bad odour . Smokeless Chula a low cost device was also provided to the selected farm families to cook in smokeless condition with reduced fuel consumption and pollution. It is a portable multifuel stove which uses variety of solid fuels such as firewood, twig, leaf, dung cake, agricultural wastes, raw coal etc. It can burn the fuel with high thermal efficiency. Fuel saving over the traditional cook stoves is 50%.

integrated farming system for improvement of nutrition and livelihood … · 2019-03-27 · 3...

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