integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through … · 2016. 5. 10. · unity...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN

TECHNOLOGY Volume-5,Issue-5 (May-16)

ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

All rights reserved by www.ijrdt.org

62

Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability

through landscaping:

A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology,

Bangladesh __________________________________________________________________________________________

Audity Biswas1, Jannat Ara Ferdousi

2, Bijoy Dash Gupta

3

123Lecturer,

2Co-author,

3Co-author

123Department of Architecture, PUST

ABSTRACT: Sustainable university campus should be a

healthy campus environment, with a successful economy

through energy and resource conservation, waste reduction

and an efficient environmental management. A balance

between economic, social and environmental aspects can be

provided within sustainable university (Newman, 2006).

Sustainability has become an important issue of global

concern. As Pabna University of Science & Technology is

still under construction phase, we should highly concern

about its sustainable environment from the beginning to

improve human and built environment relationship through

landscaping for its sustainability. For this reason conscious

effort should made to retain the focus of the design to create

natural elements not only for aesthetics but also with its

utility, heat control, waste management & water recycling

system by maintaining a balanced Eco-System through

landscape. Sustainable university campus having a master

plan with sound environmental plan & guideline for its users

are compatible with safe environment, biodiversity &

ecological balance. This paper hopes to shade some light on

the concept of sustainability in campus, a review of the

widely used practices for achieving sustainability and

mapping the directions towards a sustainable campus.

KEY WORDS: Sustainability, Landscape, eco-System,

Ecological balance

1. INTRODUCTION:

―Plan not in terms of meaningless pattern or cold form, Plan,

rather, a human experience .The living, pulsing, vital

experience, if conceived as a diagram of harmonious

relationships, will develop its own expressive

forms.‖(Simonds, landscape Architecture (1961) P.229.The

landscape design plays an indispensable role in campus

planning. It relates aesthetics to visual and physical essences,

study areas, circulation, habitation, social interaction and

recreation.

Unplanned building setup with abandoned and bare land areas,

undefined water bodies and surrounding creates a haphazard

circulation; lack of plantation invites heat and pollution, which

acts horrible effects from the very begging of summer, so

many negative spaces are bared and unused at the Pabna

University of Science & Technology Campus. Therefore,

Impacts caused by human activities negatively influence our

global climate, the resources used and changes in the earth‘s

ecosystems. We have to search for ways to address this issue

and efforts from all levels of need to contribute to the

attainment of a sustainable environment. This study provides

information on elements of landscape, influencing the

environmental pillars of sustainability within Facilities

Management. These elements, including their goals and

initiatives, comprise energy, water, biodiversity, pollution

management, carbon foot printing, green procurement,

green buildings and green maintenance through

landscaping to achieve a sustainable and remarkable

landmark.

2. Basic Elements of Landscaping

The principles of landscape design include the elements of

unity, scale, balance, simplicity, variety, emphasis, and

sequences of spaces as they applied by line, form, texture and

color. Landscape design is a process of developing practical

and pleasing outdoor living space blended with its adjacent

Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh

ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 63

buildings. Formulation for an environmentally and

ecologically sustainable campus, the study have focused

largely on existing problems and requirements ,so that the

gaps exist and need further research in order for this to

become a sound and comprehensive environment.

2.1. Unity

Unity is the Quality of Oneness. Unity attracts and holds

attention. It organizes view into orderly groups with emphasis.

Unity develops from the story line. Here in ―Lalbagh Fort‖,

Dhaka (Fig: 01) a story line around "Master plan gardening"

creates unity with the feeling of peace and tranquility.

2.2. Line

Line connects and defines the space, creating outdoor

territory .Linear patterns are used to direct physical movement

and to draw attention to areas in garden. Lines are a powerful

design element that define rooms and connect people to the

landscape. For a professional touch, use sweeping bold lines

and curves rather than small zigzags and small wavy curves.

Lines develop through Steps in the design process; delineate

Soft cape and hard cape area creating outdoor rooms. The path

(primary line) invites you into the Spaces. (Fig : 02)

Fig: 01 (Lalbagh Fort)

Fig: 02 (Lalbagh Fort)

2.3. Form

Form includes the three-dimensional mass. Form can be

expressed through built objects or trees and shrubs of various

shapes and sizes, which create natural patterns. Form is

determined by the line, direction and arrangement of branches

and twigs .The resulting mass influences the scale .For unity,

repeat the topography from in plant forms.

Horizontal and spreading forms emphasis is the lateral

extent and breathes of space. They are comfortable because it

corresponds with the natural direction of eye movement.

Rounded forms are most common in plant materials. They

allow for easy eye movement and create a pleasant undulation

that leads itself to plant groupings. Vase – shaped trees define

a comfortable ―People space‖ beneath the canopy. Weeping

forms lead the eye back to the ground. What is below the

weeping form often becomes a focal point. Pyramidal forms

direct the eyes upward, so use sparingly. Grouping pyramidal

will soften the upward influence. They will look more natural

in the surroundings with foliage to the ground.

2.4. Texture

Texture may be fine/Coarse, Heavy/light, Thin/Shade. Texture

could define the relationship between the foliage and twig size

and the mass of the plants. Close-up, texture comes from the

size and shape of the leaves, the size of twigs, spacing of

leaves and twigs, the colors and shading, the gloss of dullness

of leaves .At a distance, texture comes from the entire mass

effect of plants and the qualities of light and shadows. Texture

changes with distance. Up close, texture comes from the size

and shape of leaves and twigs, plus the coloring and shading.

At a distance, it comes the mass and play of light.

2.5. Color

Color gives greatest appeal, and evokes the greatest response.

Color is powerful in creating mood and feeling. – It is

important to use a complementing color scheme throughout

the yard. Sometimes Contrast can create some interest and

excitement. Color therapy is a popular topic in our rapid paced

modern world. moods and feelings do various colors create for

campus residents or What colors work for the story line or

What moods & feelings do need in the garden of a university

or Is it a room for relaxation and healing or a room for action



activities-these question should be understand clearly to

design a sustainable campus landscaping. Color is the most

powerful element of the design elements. So it should be

Chosen carefully to create the mood desire in the story line.

Cool Colors: Less conspicuous, restful, recede, suggest

distance, low scale. Warm colors: Conspicuous, Cheerful,

Stimulating, Come forward, High scale.

2.6. Scale

Scale evokes emotional connection and is closely related

color. Absolute scale relates to the comparative value of

landscape elements to a structure. The outdoor design should

balance the size of the buildings or established plants it

surrounds, while maintaining a comfortable human

environment for the individuals who will use the area.

Relative scale relates to comparative sizes or ―values‖ of

objects in the landscape .Relative scale is very emotionally

charged and closely linked to color. It may create a feeling of

relaxation and peacefulness or one of energy and action.

Relative scale compares the size or ―value‖ of the landscape

elements. Perception of tree size is based on the relative size

of the person. Being emotionally charges, relative scale can

create feelings of action or relaxation. High Scale promotes

action. It is used around large buildings and in large spaces to

fill the space. Use of high scale in small spaces makes the

space feel smaller. The action feeling of high scale helps move

people through. Low scale is relaxing and calming. It is used

in the home landscape to give a feeling of peace & relaxation.

2.7. Balance

Balance is equilibrium on left and right sides. Formal

balance (Fig: 02-Lalbagh Fort) repeats the same left and right,

giving stability, stateliness, and dignity. Informal balance

differs from left to right giving curiosity, movement, and feels

alive. it gives the ―feeling‖ desired by the story line and

design.

2.8. Simplicity and Variety

Simplicity and variety work together to balance each other.

Simplicity is a degree of repetition rather than constant in

form, texture, and color preventing monotony. For simplicity,

repeat some plant material in sweeps and groupings. For

variety, fill in with other plants. In this park, people enjoyed

talking pictures of the various flowerbeds. However, they did

not take pictures of this zipper planting (same elements

repeated over and over again ) finding it monotonous.

2.9. Emphasis dominance and subordination of elements

If we look at a proper landscape design from any direction, we

find that its dominance and subordination of various elements

make it environment healthy and sound for human being who

belongs to it. If we do not understand the elements of

landscape by proper match, it may withdraw life from the

landscape. Again, suffer with too many dominating elements

screaming to be the focal point. Emphasis can be achieved

thorough different sizes, bold shapes, groupings and the

unusual or unexpected. An ornamental plant often adds

emphasis to a garden spot.

3. Sustainable Landscape

Sustainable Landscape, also known as beneficial landscaping,

harnesses aesthetic, economic and environmental benefits

through a mixture of varying practices. These Practices

include, but are not limited to : using native species instead of

annuals and foreign species when planting , planting shade

trees and wind breaks, limiting the use of power maintenance

equipment, harmful chemicals and fertilizers and recycling

green waste to reduce pollution impacts of landscaping.

Sustainable landscape can be traditional or contemporary.

4. Resources of Sustainable Landscape Design

According to the Santa Barbara County Water Agency,

"sustainable landscaping asks us to examine the input and

output of our landscaping and find ways to minimize

both." .The main goals of sustainable landscape design are to

conserve water and energy, reduce waste and decrease runoff.

In order to achieve these goals it should treat water as a

resource, value soil, preserve existing plants and conserve

material resources.



4.1. Energy

With regard to energy, this emphasizes that investment in

renewable and energy-efficient projects is necessary to reduce

the greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the impact on resources

caused by hard surfaces due to its consumption of heat gain.

Goals include a reduction in GHGs and energy consumption,

the expansion of buildings while adhering to the electricity

capacity, have a try to at least 50% energy usage from clean

renewable sources by 2025.

4.2. Water

A sustainable landscaping approach would be to treat water as

a valuable resource. The emphasis on water resources at

fountains, ponds, water bodies, canals, use for irrigation, and

the more efficient and wiser use of water can make a

sustainable landscape architecture. Water supplied may used

for human consumption, sanitation, in heat reducing process

and the cleaning of buildings and equipments. Water-

conservation initiatives are thus inevitable and part of the

efficient use of water resources, Water-conservation initiatives

include water-saving devices, the reuse and recycling of water

and improvement in water quality. As we also know that, a

better landscape environment reduces water-operating costs.

4.3. Biodiversity in landscaping

The part on biodiversity and landscaping includes habitat

fragmentation and green belts, sustainable landscapes and land

conservation and environmental areas. Green belts act as

shelter for and enable the movement of wildlife, purify the air,

protect aquifers, which enable water to be absorbed into the

ground, enable carbon-dioxide sequestration and form

important ecological zones that cool the surrounding

environment. The layout of landscapes needs to change into a

more integrated soft and hard landscape with water wise

species, thus reducing impact on resources. Goals include 80%

indigenous trees, 50% low water-use plants and 20% endemic

veldt types and hard landscaping materials to use in new and

upgraded landscapes. Environmental areas of concern need to

manage in such a way that can meet the advantage of fauna

and flora and that serves the recreational and educational

purposes of the community. Goals include the conservation of

indigenous vegetation in demarcated areas, the zero tolerance

of invasive species, a reduction in erosion encompassing 90%

of the area and the attraction of wildlife. With regard to green

procurement, ecological ignorance drives the unsustainable

exploitation of resources and the non-environmentally friendly

processes, which can effects on social balance. Activities

include sustainable landscaping, natural-area management and

restoration, the introduction of green roofs, storm-water

management, campus farming and carbon sequestration.

4.4. Pollution Management

The issues- air or soil pollution, a reduction in carbon

emissions from vehicles and land dust, includes the

measurement of air quality and the management of waste. The

measurement of carbon dioxide and oxygen ratios, and dust

quantities will provide data that can manage to fall within

legislative and environmental limits for air quality. The part

on waste describes the importance of taking responsibility for

a reduction in biological and for sorting for the recycling and

the safe disposal of such waste, resulting in the minimization

of the volumes destined for landfill sites.

The construction of green buildings is important, as buildings

have influence on resources, use energy and water and

produce waste and carbon emissions. Implementing guidelines

that incorporate some of the principles of the Green Public &

Education Building rating tool in planning and development

phases will provide the opportunity to use resources more

efficiently in the creation of healthier and more productive

landscape environments. In respect of green maintenance,

focusing on methods and materials used for greater

sustainability includes materials that are more energy and

water efficient and more environmentally friendly. A program

for the reduction and recycling of building waste will

contribute to the efforts of a more sustainable campus.

4.5. Soil- Earth Materials

/Carbon Foot Printing

Its definition can be defined

as-total amount of greenhouse

gasses produced directly and



indirectly from different human activities. The concept name

of the carbon footprint originates from ecological footprint,

discussion, which was developed by Rees and Wackernagel in

the 1990s which estimates the number of "earths" that would

theoretically be required if everyone on the planet consumed

resources at the same level as the person calculating their

ecological footprint. However, given that ecological footprints

are a measure of failure, Anindita Mitra (CREA, Seattle)

chose the more easily calculated "carbon footprint" to easily

measure use of carbon, as an indicator of unsustainable energy

use Carbon footprints are much more specific than ecological

footprints since they measure direct emissions of gases that

cause climate change into the atmosphere.

4.6. Green procurement

While using the Products used in landscape design those may

have a wide variety of potential human health and

environmental impacts including: Toxic ,Air pollution ,Water

pollution ,Climate change ,Natural resource use (e.g., energy,

water, materials),Waste disposal, damages. Environmentally

preferable means "products or services that have a lesser or

reduced effect on human health and the environment when

compared with competing products or services that serve the

same purpose,"- this comparison applies to raw materials,

manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation,

maintenance, and disposal.

4.7. Green maintenance

Maintaining plant health will eliminate most pest problems. It

is best to start with pest-free plant materials and supplies and

close inspection of the plants upon purchase are also

recommended. Establishing diversity within the area of plant

species will encourage beneficial organism populations (e.g.

birds, insects), which feed on potential plant pests. Because

plant pests vary from plant to plant, assessing the problem

correctly is half the battle. The owner must consider whether

the plant can tolerate the damage caused by the pest. If not,

then does the plant value justify some sort of treatment: While

pesticides are often chosen to solve the problem, physical

barriers and repellents may help. If pesticides are the chosen

method, selective organic or natural pesticide is often better

because it has less impact on non-target species.Proper

pruning will increase air circulation and decrease the

likelihood of plant diseases. However, improper pruning is

detrimental to shrubs and trees. Hedging, topping and shearing

of landscape plants cause excessive plant growth. In addition,

topping is a hazardous practice which creates a hazardous tree

which is highly susceptible to wind damage. Natural pruning

techniques during the proper season, on the other hand

promotes healthier, more stable plants. In temperate areas,

deciduous plants should be pruned during dormancy. Plants

should never be pruned at the end of a growing season because

growth is stimulated and such new growth will be too tender

to survive winter freezing temperatures.

5.EXISTING MASTER PLAN STUDY

5.1. ACCESSIBILITY (Pedestrian access & Vehicular

access)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_footprint

https://www.epa.gov/learn-issues/learn-about-air

https://www.epa.gov/learn-issues/learn-about-water

https://www.epa.gov/learn-issues/learn-about-water

https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/

https://www.epa.gov/smm

https://www.epa.gov/learn-issues/learn-about-waste



In the master plan, Vehicular access & pedestrian access are

not defined. Heavy vehicles especially university buses have

no distinguish loop, even there is no provision for parking. As

there is no parking defined space for buses, motor bikes, and

cycles, during schedule time of buses it causes a haphazard

situation from main entrance to academic building entrance.

The roads connectivity has no significant relationship with the

adjacent open spaces. Pedestrian and vehicular roots are not

organized and not well defined.

5.2. OPEN SPACE & GREEN AREA

According to the master plan the open spaces can be divided

in two types – Defined open space & undefined open spaces.

But in spite of having these open spaces, the user can‘t be

utilized in a proper way because lack of the relationship

between the built form & open spaces. The play ground which

located at the right side of the main entrance, have no buffer

from main road which causes disturbance. Lack of

connectivity with building internal courtyard & built form as

well as the outer open spaces, which can make relationship

between roads & build form.

5.3. WATER BODY

Existing water bodies have no significant territory and acting

as negative spaces. There is no connectivity between the water

bodies and adjacent built form.

5.4. Plantation & Vegetation

In the master plan the ratio of vegetation & plantation in

according to building structures is not sufficient which causes

the huge temperature in the campus during day time. The lack

of vegetation & hard surface of the pathway also increasing

the heat.

5.5. GATHERING SPACES

As university is a place for sharing ideology and learning

ideas, there should be significant areas for gathering; this is

also breathing space for a university. In PUST campus these



absence of gathering spaces can affect psychological

development of students as a result, they might be unsocial.

5.6. SITE SORROUNDINGS

Surroundings are open and vast green fields with rural

settlements. By the main road - Dhaka pabna road, the

urbanization is increasing through the roadside .nearest

buildings are technical training institute, Cadet College, calico

cotton mills and so on.

6. Contemporary case study

The character of the landscaping elements has carefully

chosen. There is a dream garden created in the park-like

setting of the Research Centre. At the Illinois institute of

technology, the seating arrangements are an invitation to have

a lunch break. The landscape brings life to the built

environment and there is a constant change associated with the

growth of and the seasonal change of plants. The water pools

with the fountains introduce the element of motion to the

otherwise static environment. Sculptures can act as accents in

courtyards. Sometimes the seats look like sculptures and

sometimes the sculpture poses like a human .The material sed

include stone, reinforced concrete , timber, alloys and steel.

6.1. CASE STUDY: 01

THE MUREDHA PARK PROJECT

It has been a great source of satisfaction to have created such a

natural space in the crowded city, which the public can enjoy,‘

says landscape architect Suunil Sundrani. Inspired and created

by the Southern Command Community and developed b the

pune Cantonment Board (PCB) , Suunil‘s design has realized

the full beauty of the site.

The 350 meter long stretch that spreads across 150,000 square

feet on either side of a canal running through the length of this

part unfolds like a surprise package, Spreading Banyan trees

with aerial roots long embedded in the earth, a variety of water

bodies, colorful landscape banks of the canal and variety of

birds and butterflies create a pocket of nature rarely seen in the

midst of growing cities. And to engage & invite people to

enjoy the quite green spaces, jogging paths, a gazebo, tree

house, and benches. An architect by training Sundrani a nature

aficionado found his true calling lay in landscape designing, as

he realized he preferred working with nature rather than

concrete, And when the PCV approached him to transform a

wasteland into a clean & green zone. He was only too happy

to involve himself in the project. The Muredha Park project

encompasses four distinct zones and sketches across almost

two kilometers and 25 acres of Pune cantonment. At present,

only one zone of about 150,000 square feet is already and

opens to the public.―Conscious efforts have been made to

retain the original green cover as well as enhance it with

extensive planting. We selected plants that would blend into

the scheme, add color in the ground, as well as be easy to

maintain. Moreover, while the focus of the design is to

recreate nature, we have added elements for aesthetics, utility

and canal purification while maintaining the balance

ecosystem. Once again care has been taken to blend these

amenities into the landscape, use eco-friendly materials and

leave nature undisturbed. The irrigation system has been

designed for optimum watering, ‗explain Sunnil. Walking &

jogging path have been designed around trees, ensuring that

the trees roots were left untouched. Bridges to connect the two

banks of the canal , benches for relaxing , a tree house for

children to lose themselves in the canopy , and a gazebo to

practice yoga have been made in ferrocrete with a wood finish

to save on the use of wood.

The slopping water canal has been stepped so that it will not

run dry completely in summer and is easier to clean. A

waterfall gurgling across boulders runs into a large pool filled

with fish, which help to keep the water clean even as they add

a touch of life to the soothing water body. The canal bed has

also been left untouched and not been cemented – so that

natural life can flourish. Plans are underway for working on

the other zones of the Muredha Nallah Park. A butterfly park,

an open space for cultural activities, an open air amphitheatre,

a Japanese style garden, an acupressure zone ( the floor of

which will be laid with materials of different textures to offer

acupressure benefits when walked on bare foot), and a cycle

track are planned for one area. Another area will allow one to

experience ‗Rutu Charka‘ the mood of the year will be planted

so that visitors can enjoy the natural beauty of each season.

‗We could say that this park along the nallah is one of its kind

– it could be called a complete health park as it includes



facilities for walking, jogging, meditation, acupressure and

aromatherapy with a variety of green spaces and natural life

blending together aesthetically. Visitors feel at peace here as

they experience nature in its pure form. These natural

elements have been missing from our lives in recent years and

the park offers an opportunity to enjoy them‘. The natural

green environs of the Muredha Nalla Park truly offer a treat to

city residents and reflect the generosity of the in opening up

this natural space to the public. It also conveys that the vision

and dedication of committed people can transform space and

the quality of life of the city dwellers.

6.2. CASE STUDY: 02

Western Washington University

Western Washigton University is also located in Bellingham

and thus provides a good example of landscaping practices

that are working towards becoming more sustainable at a

location near NWIC.WWU has decreased its reliance on

chemicals in recent years. Grounds staff study ways to control

pests without pesticides at WWU during annual integrated

Pest Management training from the Washington State

Department of Agriculture (WSDA). Insecticide is not used,

with the exception of the rose garden, and herbicide is used

sparingly. Organic fertilizers are used on all areas except

athletic fields , which are treated with conventional fertilizers.

Vinegar is used in warmer weather for weed control.

Cardboard from Western‘s recycling center and wood chips

are used as mulch, while compost is made from leaves ,

branches , and like. Water conservation is also encouraged

through the usage of drought tolerant vegetation. Drip

irrigation is installed in the rose gardens. The grounds crew is

currently converting from two-stroke to four-stroke engines to

increase the fuel efficiency of their equipment as well as

changing to low decimal blowers to reduce noise pollution.

Some signage is used, such as that in front of the Viking

Union building, which states ―Pesticide free‖.Western has a

farm on campus called the outback Outdoor Exceptional

learning program. This farm has been in existence science the

1970s, and is composed of four main areas, the community ,

members work in the gardens as volunteers or through work-

study. Classes such as ethno botany and restoration ecology

take place in these gardens class II wetland is located on site.

The Wetland is in the process of being restored by groups such

as learning environment Action Discovery (LEAD).LEAD is a

Western based program through which students can received

extra credit through experiential restoration work.

Case study analysis: Western Washington University

Western‘s outback farm provides a good example of local

sustainable landscaping programs. This program allows

students the freedom to work in the gardens in classes or on

their own time, while providing peer mentors for gardening

and restoration projects .Program like this could enable

students at NWIC to participate in hands-on learning, while

improving their campus landscape. Work parties are an

important tool of the Outback program, as they provide the

chance for a diverse section of the student population to

participate in projects. Yet, it will likely also be useful to have

a coordinator for such programs in order to organize people

and materials for work parties. In either Winter quarter or

spring quarter , students from both classes may take a tour of

the Outback in order to get a hands-on perspective with some

of the projects offered through such sites.

6.3. CASE STUDY:3

A sustainable campus (Princeton)

Campus plan recommends strategic to decrease Princeton‘s

‗carbon footprint ‘during this period. Famous for its science

greenery, Princeton‘s walk able campus will soon become

even ―greener‖ through greater emphasis on transportation

initiatives, recycling, conservation education, and better water

management.

Sustainability at Princeton: Becoming a dynamic working

laboratory to help inspire exemplary global citizenship.

Princeton has declared the persuit of sustainability an

institutional priority in its campus plan.The University has

developed a comprehensive framework to bring that priority

into focus on areas that represent its major sustainability

challenges. The framework is organized into three themes that

complement the existing operational and academic structure:

1) Greenhouse gas emission, 2) resource conservation, and 3)

Education, research, and civic engagement.

Principles



Reduce campus greenhouse gas emission by implementing

alternative energy technologies , energy conservation

programs, green building techniques, transportation demand

management strategies, and commuter alternatives , while

increasing the size of the campus by two million square feet.

Improve natural resource conservation by taking an eco-

systems approach to development, integrating landscape and

storm water management strategies.

Foster civic engagement by representing sustainability

principles in the built environment, as well as the social,

academic, and research environments on campus.

Addressing greenhouse gas emission

Scientific consensus indicates that developed nations must

control emissions within the next decade and reduce emissions

dramatically by 2050 to avoid the worst consequences of

climate disruption. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions on

campus involves all areas of campus operations, but is

primarily focused on heating cooling, electricity, and

transportation. The goal sustainability efforts in this arena are

to reduce emission to 1990 levels while the campus expands

dramatically.

Energy efficiency

The Campus Plan recognizes that the first step toward curbing

emission is conserving the energy resources the University

currently uses. Examples include: lighting retrofits featuring

specialized sensors and more efficient bulbs , research into

advanced technologies such as solar concentrator skylights,

window upgrades , replacement of leaking steam traps , steam

and chilled water pipe insulation , installation of low-flow

bathroom fixtures , and upgrades metering .Princeton‘s

conservation programs benefit from additional programmatic

support provided by many student educational initiatives such

as ―Pull the plug‖ a program encouraging students to turn off

all sources of power in their rooms when leaving for breaks.

Alternative energy

The campus will soon benefit from aggressive research into

zero-or low-carbon energy sources such as geothermal ,

biodiesel from sustainable sources, and solar electric power. In

addition to the geothermal system at Lawrence Apartments,

Princeton has already committed to a 400- kilowatt solar panel

array on one of its Forrestal Campus ware-houses. Consultants

are conducting a ground source heat pump (geothermal) study

for the main campus to assess its potential for increasing

heating and cooling capacity without burning additional fossil

fuels. The University is also testing the feasibility of including

biodiesel as a fueling option for the central plant.

Transport

Commitment to a sustainable transportation infrastructure

will impact not only the quality of the campus environment,

but also that of the region. Commuter miles, all University-

related travel, and the on-campus fleet are included in

Princeton‘s transportation emissions inventory as well as

small motors used in vehicles caring for the grounds. Cars

and delivery vehicles contribute pollutants, require large

amounts of impervious paved surfaces, infringe on

pedestrians, and cause expensive deterioration of

roadways. However, vehicles are also essential, especially

for emergency needs, so careful transportation planning is

critical as the campus becomes denser. To this end, the

Campus Plan has recommended ways to discourage single-

occupant diving, enhance links to public

transportation , support carpools and emergency ride

home programs, and implement transportation demand

management strategies.

Conservation

Green construction and renovation

The University requires sustainability performance in its

new buildings and major renovations as outlined in the

Sustainable Buildings Guidelines. These guidelines require,

among other things, a minimum level of energy

performance in the building design that is 50 percent better

than national code requirements (ASHRAE 90.1). The

benefits of an efficient building include downsizing all

mechanical systems, reducing the energy demands of the

building, and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. The

guidelines also require life cycle cost analysis of major

proposed building systems and innovative green design

options as well as evaluation of all aspects of building

design and performance, from storm water management

to materials choices. The University currently uses the



U.S. Green Building Council‘s Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design (LEED) checklist to help guide that

process, with the goal that every building and major

renovation achieve, at minimum, the equivalent of LEED

Silver.

Creating high-quality pedestrian and

cyclist environments

Promoting quality pedestrian and cyclist environments

across the campus not only reduces dependency on vehicles

and pollution in the air and on the ground, but also

encourages increased physical activity for better health. To

achieve these improvements the Campus Plan proposes:

extending the existing pedestrian and cyclist circulation

network to new areas of campus and employee residential

clusters near campus; improving the network in areas

where it is deficient; enhancing existing pathways; and

instituting an extensive program of landscape design and

way finding improvements.

Growing vibrant landscapes

Natural and cultivated landscapes across campus play a

critical role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem. While

plantings and vegetation keep soils healthy, they also

contribute to cleaner air and water, provide shading and

improve energy efficiency for buildings, and provide habitat

for New Jersey wildlife. The Campus Plan embraces the

opportunity to integrate the campus more fully into the local

natural landscape through restoration efforts and additional

plantings. Robust natural landscapes provide pervious

surfaces, thereby improving groundwater recharge,

preventing soil and stream bank erosion, and protecting

nearby surface waters. The Campus Plan proposes an

extensive series of design improvements that include

strategic woodland plantings in degraded areas and stream

restoration. Historically, Princeton has irrigated minimally

on campus, instead relying on robust plantings that require

little maintenance, chemical input, and watering. This

approach is a historically sustainable one, requiring far less

fossil fuel input than extensive annual or sensitive specialty

plantings. While limited specialty plantings are an integral

part of the campus character, Princeton will maintain its

traditional approach to general landscaping. Goals will

emphasize preserving native soils, increasing pervious

surfaces, installing plantings adapted to the local climate

and soil types that require minimal maintenance, favoring

organic approaches, and irrigating as an exception rather

than a rule. The result is a campus landscape resilient to

most weather fluctuations and therefore more sustainable,

efficient, and cost-effective. In keeping with these goals,

new buildings on campus are being strategically placed over

existing parking lots to enhance green spaces and minimize

impervious surface area.

Improving water quality and ecological balance

The Campus Plan identifies storm water management as

one of the most critical and strategic means to promote

campus sustainability. Although the campus looks and

feels very ―green,‖ large areas of impervious parking lots,

roadways, and roofs contribute to increasingly overtaxed

storm water basins, eroded stream banks, polluted water,

puddles on campus pathways, and flooding. The proposed

landscape-based approach to storm water management

relies on bio-engineered techniques rather than hard

infrastructure that disturb the landscape. Dining services

and sustainable food systems Dining Services has set

specific targets for purchasing improvements. Current

initiatives include buying: ecologically friendly seafood in

partnership with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood

Watch program; traded and socially responsible coffee;

expanded organic produce selections; hormone-free and

grass-fed meat options; and more local Jersey Fresh

produce. Dining Services also intends to minimize landfill

waste by diverting food scraps to a local pig farm, using

Green Seal Certified cleaners, and installing high-

efficiency dishwashing equipment. The department has

also been a key partner, working closely with students and

the Office of Sustainability, in the launching of Princeton‘s

first student- run organic garden. Students were

instrumental in creating the campus‘ first farmers market,

initiated in 2007.

Green purchasing



Procurement of goods for the campus is a vital part of

operations. It is also a source of influence on the consumer

market. One of Princeton‘s most aggressive green

purchasing initiatives is its 100 percent post-consumer

chlorine-free recycled paper policy for all standard printing

and copying on campus. The goal is to reach 90 percent

campus compliance in 2008 with this policy, up from a

2007-compliance rate of about 72 percent. In 2007, this

program resulted in an emissions savings equivalent to

keeping 40 cars off the road per year.

Conservation of potable water resources

Drinking-quality water is typically used for a wide range of

functions on campus, from irrigation and toilet flushing to

water fountains and showers. As the campus grows, unless

the University conserves, the campus will increase its

demands on local resources. The goal of the Campus Plan is

to conserve potable water and test alternatives. At the new

Chemistry and Butler College building projects, Princeton is

installing rainwater capture and reuse systems for, in the

case of Butler, irrigation, and in Chemistry, for flushing

toilets. Other conservation efforts in all new construction

and renovations include installation of low-flow

showerheads, toilets, and faucet fixtures, as well as water-

free and ultra-low-flow urinals. Students in Water Watch

and Greening Princeton are actively involved in water

conservation education in the residence halls and in the

larger campus community.

Recycling and reuse

Princeton currently recycles approximately 38 percent of all

household items, including bottles, cans, cardboard, paper;

scrap metal, and food scraps. The goal is to reach at least

50 percent by 2012. Strategies to increase recycling rates

include introducing more uniform and visible labeling for all

containers, expanding receptacle locations, and augmenting

year-end recycling services for student move-out. With a

38 percent recycling rate, the University consistently

performs better than any other Ivy League school in total

recycling and per capita recycling. Contributing to these

efforts, Forbes and Mathey colleges recently chose to

refinish rather than replace most of their dining hall

furniture. Student ecology representatives (―Eco-Reps‖)

also help in the effort through active leadership in the

residential colleges.

COMMUNICATING SUSTAINABILIT Y

Sustainability initiatives are never fully successful until local

and national communities learn about them and what they

can achieve. In an effort to engage the student body in

communicating its experiences in sustainability, the Office

of Sustainability began the Princeton Student

Environmental Communication Network (SECN) in the fall

of 2006. Students learned how to produce professional-

level radio programs that were subsequently aired

nationally and on regional radio networks. The program is

being developed into a spring 2008 student-initiated

course that will cover radio and video production as well as

academic study of ethics in journalism and the

development of the environmental communication field.

The long-term SECN goal is to establish a true network,

engaging institutions of higher education across the nation.

The ―Sustainability at Princeton‖ website was launched in

2007 and can be found at

www.princeton.edu/sustainability.

7. DESIGN GUIDELINES TO CREATE A VIBRANT

LANDSCAPE

The design goal for the sustainable campus is for its visitors

and campus family to feel they have entered a built

environment, which is eco friendly, and user friendly. Where

people come to learn about wondrous built environment and

landscape to enjoy breathing spaces not only for this

university but also for Pabna city. This area is made up of

several neighborhoods like ―villages‖, each village—may be

mentioned like - academic, residential, administration, sports

or other—should be an image of its own which fits

comfortably within the total visual fabric of the Pabna

University of Science & Technology in the context of

Bangladesh.

A beautiful sustainable campus can teach. It can inspire those

who have learned in it to seek the same goals of beauty, grace,

preservation of the environment and much more in the settings

within which they work, play, worship and live. This is a

http://www.princeton.edu/sustainability



matter of practicality as well as of principle. On a mature

campus, the landscape acts to unify the variety of buildings

and other campus elements into a beautiful and seamless

environment. Thus, it is important that the landscape at Pabna

University of Science & Technology should be given strong

and adequate emphasis.We should very consciously build our

campus to reflect the natural environment. This means leaving

as much native vegetation as possible intact and even

deliberately adding more species that are native. While we

clearly need some formal gathering quads like on a traditional

campus. We also need some resting and gathering places that

intermingle with the green, the water body, and the built

environment. We can design great pathways.

To achieve an attractive, sustainable and cost effective

landscape at PUST, a more detailed LANDSCAPE

MASTER PLAN must be prepared.

7.1. Native landscape

The native vegetation is both beautiful and sustainable. Where

appropriate, use of the native landscape must be continued.

Where vehicular or pedestrian ways cross water body, bridges

must be utilized; their design will harmonize with the

landscape setting and they will permit uninterrupted passage

of water and species life below them as well as continuation of

the natural landscape.

7.2. Man made and urban landscape

The landscape will be treated with as much respect as the

buildings. Landscape is thus elements of a mature campus

which creates visual impact and continuity; not the buildings.

In heavy use areas of the campus where a formal landscape is

desired, it must be man-made or urban. The urban landscape

must take every possible advantage of the tree and shrub

species that nature has already determined will survive on the

PUST campus. Ground covers may be hardy but they must

also be site related and suitable for their purpose.The urban

landscape must consider how the land is used. There must be

tranquil areas for reflection and quiet activities, large open flat

lawns for recreation and social uses, sidewalks, entry

landscape features and more. Select planting materials to

provide year-around color on the campus. Use native drought-

tolerant plantings where appropriate. Arrange trees and other

Plantings to frame and enhance distant and nearby views,

courtyards, building entrances, and other campus features.

Enliven campus spaces with flowers, specialty gardens and

where environmentally feasible water features, Use grass,

herbs and other landscape elements to control erosion.

7.3. Campus Edges

Campus edge landscape design must maintain a sense of

continuity, soften views of perimeter parking lots, frame long

views into the campus and improve safety for all modes of

movement along the interconnections with the community. As

with the rest of the campus, edge landscaping must mix the

native and urban landscapes, as appropriate, to the adjoining

land uses within the campus.

7.4. Campus Entrances

Entrances to the campus, like the campus edges, play a major

role in the creation of a favorable early impression to visitors.

Entrances to the campus must be planned to work well and to

look inviting. The vehicular/pedestrian entrances to the

campus are the ―front door‖ of the University. Exceptional

inviting landscape, understandable and tasteful signing and

attractive paving will create positive responses. Signage at

campus entrances must follow guidelines to be set in a

professionally designed SIGNAGE MASTER PLAN.

Primary entrance streets with landscaped entry features and

signage to establish gateways and reinforce the sense of

arrival. Street design should include center islands and

protected turning lanes. Do not allow parking along these

streets. Provide sidewalks on each side of the primary

entrances and a landscaped buffer between the sidewalk and

street edge. May develop one or more secondary entrance as

undivided, two-lane streets to reflect their secondary

importance. The entry feature and signage should be smaller

in scale than the primary entrances. Provide sidewalks, if

appropriate, parallel to the entrance streets.

7.5. Campus Circulation Ways

Roadways, pedestrian ways and bicycle trails are the

―circulation systems‖ that permit people to move about the

campus. As PUST campus grows, they will become more

important than ever. Order and safety on campus will be

achieved by establishing clearly separated intercampus



circulation systems for vehicles and pedestrians. Pedestrian

crossings of vehicular ways will be minimized and where they

are necessary, they will be carefully designed. Building zones

will become the domain of the pedestrian and vehicular ways

will be excluded as far as possible.

i. Roadways

Campus roadways provide circulation routes for automobiles,

service and emergency vehicles and bicycles. Where there are

roadways crossings, pedestrians must be given the right of

way over all traffic other than emergency vehicles.

The STRATEGIC PLAN is to establish and describe roadway

categories as a perimeter loop streets for the Campus. Take

measures for fire service department regulations in the design

of roadways to provide emergency access to buildings. On

campus bus routes, provide a bus stop lane and attractive

shelters to protect waiting passengers from the weather.

Provide pick-up lanes as required by heavy building use.

Design of roads, bicycle ways and pedestrian walks will be a

real challenge.

ii. Pedestrian Ways

A. Primary Walks

Sidewalks must be exciting places for the pedestrian. Consider

the viability of sidewalk cafes and even shops. Remember this

will be an urban campus soon and the customer base may be

students. Sidewalks should be designed for use by a variety of

vehicles including wheelchairs, bicycles, service and delivery

trucks (which can be scheduled for times when pedestrian

traffic is light. Safety, day and night, must be planned.

Attractive lighting of walks is essential; building entrances

and other destinations should be highlighted. Walkway widths

should be appropriate for the anticipated volume of the traffic.

The surface should be concrete. Areas of colored or patterned

concrete will be considered. Provide attractive way-finding

signs along the route.

B. Secondary Walks

These walks connect primary walks to such destinations as

parking lots.

C. Plazas

Provide small plazas at scenic locations with appropriate

seating and lighting.

D. Bicycle Ways

An increasing population of students living on campus and

longer on-campus travel distances design of bike lanes on

selected roads, bicycle paths, and bike rack locations

throughout the campus. Routes for convenient and safe use of

bicycles should be provided.

7.6. Surface Parking

01. Vehicles

While surface parking will increase, as building density will

increases on the campus, economic necessity will dictate that

much surface parking needed. Views of surface parking lots

should be minimized by landscaping and earth beams at their

perimeter. Areas should be planted in grass to minimize

erosion and trees should soften the visual impact of asphalt.

Landscaped islands should be provided at ends of parking

rows and small planters for trees should occur within rows. In

designing surface parking lots, consideration should be given

to the possibility they will be built over by multi-level parking

structures in the future.

02. Bicycles

As the use of bicycles on the campus increases, there will be a

growing need to provide convenient bicycle parking areas.

Provide properly sized bicycle ―parking lots‖ at destination

points such as academic, administrative, residential and for

sports buildings or spaces. Provide bicycle racks having large

capacity in the smallest possible area.

7.7. Signage, Site Furnishing, Lighting

Regulatory and way-finding signs contribute to the imageof

the PUST campus should be created for safety. Furnishings

used along pedestrian walks, in building courtyards and plazas

and elsewhere on the campus including benches, tables,

umbrellas, trash receptacles, planters, etc. Lighting fixture

types include those used to illuminate entrances, streets,

parking facilities, pedestrian ways and other areas. Design

guidelines for these items are in Appendix B. They shall be

used campus wide.

7.8. The indigenous Village Concept



The Village Concept should be extended from the Central

independence square as thinking a core begins from there.

Independence square, it relates our culture, community and the

values of nationality. Whereas the Independence square built

not only to remember suddenly on a day related to our national

important days, but also designed as a gathering place for

sharing ideas and ideology, using planter boxes to have places

of different native plantation areas like krisnochuras,

kathgolap and so on. From this essence, the land use plans of

PUST campus have to be compiled with land use pattern of

our rural settlements for sustainable environments also to

compete with our climate and regionalism. There should be

touch of water body, plantation and circulation which merges

the concepts of our village environments, because they are

examples of the most sustainable form and environments.

7.9. Buildings / Sustainable Design

There are many definitions of the characteristics a building

must have to become ―sustainable.‖ One area of agreement is

that sustainability differs from one region to another. A

building that is green in India will certainly be different from

another in Bangladesh as the values of climate, culture, living

pattern, lifestyle and customs have a great impact on this. As

The Committee on the Environment of the American Institute

of Architects (AIACOTE) uses TEN criteria which to measure

the sustainability of buildings, we must comply with these

goals of sustainability as the buildings are the parts of our

landscape:

Land use, Site ecology, Community design and

connections,

Water use, Energy performance, Energy security,

Materials and construction,

Light and air,

Bioclimatic design, long-life/loose-fit

7.10. Buildings / Architecture

The following general guidelines should be applied to

buildings campus-wide:

1. Each building must contribute to the ideas of Sustainability

is be a special place to avoid negative places.

2. Each building must relate to the philosophic hierarchy of

buildings on the PUST campus so as to visually present the

goals of the University.

3. Each building must relate to the educational needs of a

dynamic society. These needs will change as the years go by

and the buildings that serve them must be capable of changing

as they do. This means designs must allow for possible

horizontal or vertical building expansion.

4. Each building and its related site development must connect

effectively with the fabric of the campus within which it is

located. Often, this involves the preparation of a Micro Master

Plan for that portion of the campus, including study of

circulation ways, parking needs, storm drainage, utility

locations, locations of other buildings, and much more.

5. Growing enrollments will require a more urban campus.

Individual buildings must use less land and increased heights

are likely. Building density should be increased within an

environmentally sustainable framework.

6. The design of each building must incorporate the standards

of architectural continuity, materials and colors presented in.

Design vitality, so necessary to an attractive campus, must

come from the way materials and colors are used on each

building and from its massing, form and detailing. Each

building must relate to the human scale. This is especially

important at the sidewalk or ground floor level of the building.

Building entrances should be inviting and clearly identifiable.

There might be colonnades, arcades, cloisters, and galleries

along portions of buildings at or near sidewalks. Signage and

landscaping add interest. Courtyards and ―out of the way‖

seating areas can be integrated into the building design.

Spaces between building wings should often become ―people

places‖. Moreover, there should be a sense of delight.

7. Orientation of buildings must control solar gain though this

is somewhat mitigated by recent technology of high

performance glazing such as neutral color solar control glass.

The preferred building orientation places the long dimension

on an east/west axis.

8. Select the most appropriate material for windows based

upon interior space use. Using high performance and low-

emissary coated glass or wooden materials. Place glass to



provide for day-lighting to minimize energy use and cost of

artificial illumination.

9. As it is a mixture of facilities like learning, technology,

performing arts, social, dining, retail boutique shops and

residential living. It is the kind of high building density

capable of generating the population mass and mix that makes

for an exhilarating sidewalk experience …a true ―people

place‖ - Living in University Village will give students a more

urban experience. Sidewalks should be close to the streets and

buildings close to sidewalks. Interior courtyards should

provide an outdoor living environment. Thus the way we can

blend landscape to the building, which already built, or to be

build, to have a sustainable environment and by this way, we

can provide zero negative space.

10. University Village perimeter buildings must have two

―front doors,‖ one to the Village Center side and the other

toward the campus it serves. The landscape at University

Village will be more formal than at other campus locations.

There will be grass, flowers and deciduous and coniferous

trees. A micro-master plan should be prepared for University

Village before designs for any individual building are

prepared.

11. During the summer, the ground has a higher temperature

than ambient. Thus, the excess heat of a building can be

dissipated to it, providing passive cooling of the spaces. The

opposite heat flow can occur during the winter period as

ground may be warmer than the ambient air and thus may

supply heat to the building or contribute to decrease its

thermal losses. Heat can be dissipated to the ground either by

direct contact or by means of earth-to-air heat exchangers. In

the first configuration, a high part of the building envelope is

in contact with the ground.

12. Landscaping can have a big impact on the overall climatic

quality of a site, and the performance of buildings within it.

Plants can provide wind shelter, shade and evaporative cooling

on hot days. Water features can give additional cooling, while

use of high reflectance materials can reduce heat absorption.

Trees, bushes, walls, fences and ground profiling mounds can

all contribute to wind shelter, in addition to their value in

providing summer shade For maximum benefit, landscape

elements need to be designed in conjunction with the

arrangement of buildings, following many of the same

principles, avoiding channeling or funneling of ground-level

winds. Vegetation, being permeable to the wind, is less

inclined to generate downdraughts than buildings, solid fences

or earth banks; tall trees, suitably placed, can therefore offer

substantial wind protection.

13. Ponds and fountains are the effective air-conditioning

systems in open spaces because of their ability to keep water

temperatures lower than air temperature and their low

reflectivity. Ponds have a reflectivity of approximately 3% at

times of maximum solar radiation, and therefore reflect little

solar radiation towards occupied zones. They absorb a lot of

solar radiation: up to 80% depending on the depth of pond.

Not all this solar radiation however produces a significant

increase of water temperature because of the pond‘s thermal

inertia and evaporation at its surface. The water pond inertia is

directly proportional to water mass and therefore to its depth.

With increasing water pond inertia, the water temperature

decreases. The daily range of water temperature (difference

between maximum and minimum) is reduced and there is a

phase shift between air and water temperatures.

When the pond is in shadow, the incoming solar radiation is

reduced, with a reduction in water temperature. This

temperature reduction increases with increased shading of the

pond. As water evaporates from a drop its temperature

decreases. Evaporation is proportional to the air-water contact

surface area, so incorporating fountains and sprayers produces

a large decrease in water temperature. The smaller drops are,

the greater the air–water contact surface is, increasing

evaporation. With a constant flow rate, the contact surface

produced by a nozzle is 100 times greater than from a sprayer.



Figure 03: Variation in pond temperature with air

temperature. © University of Seville

14. Guiding campuses to restore clean water and healthy

habitats, by managing storm water and nutrient pollution,

restoration, and conservation, focused campuses will greatly

benefit its ecosystems. In addition to creating sustainable

environments in which both humans, plants and wildlife can

thrive, by landscaping the campus as a whole it may provides

several other advantages educational opportunities, economic

value, public recognition and sustainability certifications.

15. Sustainable landscape reduces long-term maintenance

costs. Choosing a sustainable landscaping plan will reduce

fertilizer, pesticide, and water consumption. Planting native

perennials that survive from year to year and require less

maintenance avoids the costs of planting short-lived, care-

intensive annuals. Native plants use less water because they

are adapted to climate conditions, reducing the need for

irrigation systems. Their extensive root systems filter toxins

and sediments before they reach lakes, rivers, and creeks.

These strong root systems can effectively hold soil and reduce

erosion, important in keeping natural habitats intact.

Proposed design suggestion for internal court (prototype)

Concentrate the gathering at four-corner point 2. Generate

Piezoelectricity through seating and soft paves 3. Control the

pruning of tree for shading to avoid excessive heat.

*It is needed to design with professionals to prepare a detailed

LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN.

8. Conclusion

One important part of sustainable landscaping is plant

selection. A local plant, which has adapted to local climate

conditions, will require less work on the part of some other

agent to flourish. In addition, by choosing native plants, one

can avoid certain problems with insects and pests because

these plants will also be adapted to deal with any local

invader. The bottom line is that by choosing the right kind of

local plants, a great deal of money can be saved on

amendment costs, pest control and watering. If the

surrounding trees are chosen to produce edible fruit, they can

provide a sustainable food source for the occupants. Plants

used as windbreaks can save up to 30% on heating costs in

winter. The larger and more leafy the plant, the most water

vapor it produces. Additionally, the presence of trees is crucial

in the creation of stable, healthy and productive ecosystems.

An intelligent choice for direct energy conservation would be

the placement of broadleaf deciduous trees near the east, west

and optionally north-facing walls of the campus buildings.

Such selection provides shading in the summer while

permitting large amounts of heat-carrying solar radiation to

strike the campus in the winter.

Another intelligent choice would be that of a dense vegetative

fence composed of evergreens near that side from which cold

continental winds blow and that side from which the

prevailing winds blow. Since north winds are most cold and

water moist air blow most often, such choice creates an

effective winter wind barrier that prevents very low

temperatures. Calculations show that placing the wind brake at

a distance twice the height of the trees can reduce the wind

velocity by 75%. It then follows that, with some planning,

both arrangements (deciduous and evergreen) can be applied

simultaneously.

9. Acknowledgement

We like to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. Al-Nakib

Chowdhury who has generously and most kindly helped us

during the different phases of this study. Then valuable advice,

thoughtful suggestions and went a long way in achieving our

goal. For this article, we would like to acknowledge the local

people who helped me a lot by providing different types of

information. We are also thankful to some of my students who

helped me at the time of site survey. Finally, I would like to

thanks my parents whom I owe the most.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windbreak

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heating_costs&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevailing_winds



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