intech-air pollution determination using remote sensing technique

8/3/2019 InTech-Air Pollution Determination Using Remote Sensing Technique

1/22

#KT2QNNWVKQP&GVGTOKPCVKQP7UKPI4GOQVG5GPUKPI6GEJPKSWG

:


+6/LP0=0DW-DIUL.$EGXOODKDQG&-:RQJ

6FKRRORI3K\VLFV8QLYHUVLWL6DLQV0DOD\VLD8603HQDQJ0DOD\VLD

+PVTQFWEVKQP

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


2/22

#FXCPEGUKP)GQUEKGPEGCPF4GOQVG5GPUKPI

VHQVRULQWZRZD\VUDGLRPHWULFDOO\DQGJHRPHWULFDOO\7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKH\FDQPRGLI\WKHVLJQDOVLQWHQVLW\WKURXJKVFDWWHULQJRUDEVRUSWLRQSURFHVVHVDQGLWVGLUHFWLRQE\UHIUDFWLRQ6LIDNLVDQG'HVFKDPSV

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

DQGFRORXUFRGHGIRUYLVXDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ

%HIRUH


3/22


D

6RXUFHYLQFHQWFKRZ

6RXUFH7KH'LJLWDO$ZDNHQLQJ+D]HLQ3HQDQJ

$IWHU

%HIRUH


4/22


E

6RXUFH7KH'LJLWDO$ZDNHQLQJ+D]HLQ3HQDQJ8SGDWHDP)LJ$LUSROOXWLRQZDVIRXQGDWD.XFKLQJDQGE3HQDQJ0DOD\VLD

4GOQVG5GPUKPI

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

$IWHU


5/22


)LJ5HPRWHVHQVLQJLQVWUXPHQW-HQVHQ7KHUHDUHWZREDVLFW\SHVRIVHQVRUVSDVVLYHDQGDFWLYHVHQVRUV)LJXUH3DVVLYHUHPRWHVHQVRUVGHWHFW UHIOHFWHGHQHUJ\IURPWKH VXQ EDFN WRWKH VHQVRU WKH\GRQRW HPLWHQHUJ\LWVHOI%XWDFWLYHVHQVRUVFDQHPLWHQHUJ\RUSURYLGHLWVRZQVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\DQGGHWHFWWKHUHIOHFWHGHQHUJ\EDFNIURPWKHWDUJHW


6/22


D

E)LJ D 3DVVLYH VHQVRU DQG E $FWLYH VHQVRU )XQGDPHQWDOV RI 5HPRWH 6HQVLQJ KWWSZZZFFUVQUFDQJFFDUHVRXUFHWXWRUIXQGDPSGIIXQGDPHQWDOVBHSGI

5VWF[#TGC

7KHVWXG\DUHDLVWKH3HQDQJ,VODQG0DOD\VLDORFDWHGZLWKLQODWLWXGHVR1WRR1

DQGORQJLWXGHV R

(WRR

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


7/22


:LNLSHGLD 7KH LVODQG DQG WKH PDLQODQG DUH OLQNHG E\ WKH NP ORQJ 3HQDQJ%ULGJHDQGIHUU\3HQDQJ,VODQGLVSUHGRPLQDQWO\KLOO\WHUUDLQWKHKLJKHVWSRLQWEHLQJ:HVWHUQ+LOOSDUWRI

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

)DX]LDKHWDO

)LJ7KHVWXG\DUHD


8/22


5CVGNNKVG4GOQVG5GPUKPI&CVC

)RU RXU UHVHDUFK LQ860ZHXVH VDWHOOLWH LPDJHV IURP SDVVLYH VHQVRUV LQRXU DQDO\VHG

,PDJHVDFTXLUHGE\/DQGVDW702Q0DUFK1$6$ODXQFKHG/DQGVDWZHUHXVHGLQ WKLV VWXG\ WKH DJHQF\V ODVW RULJLQDOO\ PDQGDWHG /DQGVDW VDWHOOLWH /DQGVDW ZDVGHVLJQHG DQG EXLOW DW WKH VDPH WLPH DV /DQGVDW DQG FDUULHG WKH VDPH SD\ORDG WKH0XOWLVSHFWUDO6FDQQHU6\VWHP066DQGWKH7KHPDWLF0DSSHU70LQVWUXPHQWV

)LJ/DQGVDW6DWHOOLWH70

#NIQTKVJO/QFGN

7KHDWPRVSKHULFUHIOHFWDQFHGXHWRPROHFXOH5ULVJLYHQE\/LXHWDO

YV

UU

U

35

PP

W

4

:KHUHU5D\OHLJKRSWLFDOWKLFNQHVV

3U4 5D\OHLJKVFDWWHULQJSKDVHIXQFWLRQY&RVLQHRIYLHZLQJDQJOHV&RVLQHRIVRODU]HQLWKDQJOH


9/22


:H DVVXPH WKDW WKH DWPRVSKHULFUHIOHFWDQFHGXH WRSDUWLFOH5D LVDOVROLQHDUZLWK WKH D>.LQJHWDODQG)XNXVKLPDHWDO@7KLVDVVXPSWLRQLVYDOLGEHFDXVH/LXHWDODOVRIRXQGWKHOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQERWKDHURVRODQGPROHFXOHVFDWWHULQJ

YV

DD

D

35

PP

W

4

ZKHUHD$HURVRORSWLFDOWKLFNQHVV

3D4 $HURVROVFDWWHULQJSKDVHIXQFWLRQ

$WPRVSKHULFUHIOHFWDQFHLVWKHVXPRIWKHSDUWLFOHUHIOHFWDQFHDQGPROHFXOHUHIOHFWDQFH5 DWP9HUPRWHHWDO

5DWP5D5U

:KHUH5DWPDWPRVSKHULFUHIOHFWDQFH5DSDUWLFOHUHIOHFWDQFH5UPROHFXOHUHIOHFWDQFH

44

YV

UU

YV

DD

DWP

335PP

WPP

W

> @

44

UUDD

YV

DWP 335 WWPP

7KHRSWLFDOGHSWKLVJLYHQE\&DPDJQLDQG6DQGURQLDV LQHTXDWLRQ )URPWKHHTXDWLRQZHUHZULWHWKHRSWLFDOGHSWKIRUSDUWLFOHDQGPROHFXOHDVHTXDWLRQ

VVUW

:KHUHRSWLFDOGHSWKDEVRUSWLRQVILQLWHSDWK

UDWWW

&DPDJQLDQG6DQGURQL


10/22


VUUU

UVW D

VSSS UVW

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

> @

44 UUUDDDYV

DWP V3V35 UVUVPP

> @

44 UUUDDDYV

DWP 33V

5 UVUVPP

> @

OOVOOVPP

O 44UUDD

YV

DWP*333

V5

> @

OOVOOVPP

O 44UUDD

YV

DWP*333

V5

OO DWPDWP 5D5D3

:KHUH3 3DUWLFOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ30* 0ROHFXOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ5DWPL $WPRVSKHULFUHIOHFWDQFHLDQGDUHWKHEDQGQXPEHUDM DOJRULWKPFRHIILFLHQWVMDUHWKHQHPSLULFDOO\GHWHUPLQHG

&CVC#PCN[UKUCPF4GUWNVU

5HPRWH VHQVLQJ VDWHOOLWH GHWHFWRUV H[KLELW OLQHDU UHVSRQVH WR LQFRPLQJ UDGLDQFHZKHWKHUIURPWKH(DUWKVVXUIDFHUDGLDQFHRULQWHUQDOFDOLEUDWLRQVRXUFHV7KLVUHVSRQVHLVTXDQWL]HGLQWRELWYDOXHVWKDWUHSUHVHQWEULJKWQHVVYDOXHVFRPPRQO\FDOOHG'LJLWDO1XPEHUV'17RFRQYHUWWKHFDOLEUDWHGGLJLWDOQXPEHUVWRDWDSHUWXUHUDGLDQFHUHVFDOLQJJDLQVDQGELDVHVDUHFUHDWHGIURPWKHNQRZQG\QDPLFUDQJHOLPLWVRIWKHLQVWUXPHQW

5DGLDQFH/%LDV>*DLQ['1@

ZKHUH EDQGQXPEHU

/LVWKHUDGLDQFHH[SUHVVHGLQ:PVUPP


11/22


7KHVSHFWUDOUDGLDQFHDVFDOFXODWHGDERYHFDQEHFRQYHUWHGWRDWVHQVRUUHIOHFWDQFHYDOXHV

TOOSUFRV/

(

G

:KHUH 6HQVRU5HIOHFWDQFHYDOXHV

/O $SSDUHQW$W6HQVRU5DGLDQFH:PVUPPG (DUWK6XQGLVWDQFHLQDVWURQRPLFDOXQLWV

^FRV>'@`ZKHUH'GD\RIWKH\HDU

(O PHDQVRODUH[RDWPRVSKHULFLUUDGLDQFH:PPP

VRODU=HQLWKDQJOHGHJUHHV 7KHUHVFDOLQJJDLQDQGRIIVHWYDOXHVIRU/DQGVDW70XVHGLQWKLVSDSHUDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH&KDQGHUHWDODQG6RODU([RDWPRVSKHULFVSHFWUDOLUUDGLDQFHVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH&KDQGHUDQG0DUNKDP

/DQGVDW70

5HVFDOLQJ*DLQDQG%LDV

3URFHVVLQJ'DWH

0DU0D\

0D\$SU

$SU3UHVHQW

$FTXLVLWLRQ'DWH

0DU0D\

0D\$SU

0DU'HF

-DQ3UHVHQW

%DQG *DLQ %LDV *DLQ %LDV *DLQ %LDV *DLQ %LDV

7DEOH5HVFDOLQJJDLQVDQGELDVHVXVHGIRUWKHFRQYHUVLRQRIFDOLEUDWHGGLJLWDOQXPEHUVWRVSHFWUDOUDGLDQFHIRU/DQGVDW70

8QLW(681:PPP%DQG /DQGVDW70

7DEOH6RODU([RDWPRVSKHULFVSHFWUDOLUUDGLDQFHVLQ:PPPIRU/DQGVDW70


12/22


/DQGVDW70VDWHOOLWHGDWDVHWZDVVHOHFWHGFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHJURXQGWUXWKPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHSROOXWLRQOHYHOV7KH3&,*HRPDWLFDYHUVLRQLPDJHSURFHVVLQJVRIWZDUHZDVXVHGLQDOOWKHDQDO\VHV7KH/DQGVDW70VDWHOOLWHLPDJHVZHUHDFTXLUHGRQWK)HEUXDU\

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

VDWHOOLWHPXOWLVSHFWUDOVLJQDOV

)LJ5DZ/DQGVDW70VDWHOOLWHLPDJHRIWK)HEUXDU\


13/22


)LJ5DZ/DQGVDW70VDWHOOLWHLPDJHRIWK-DQXDU\

)LJ5DZ/DQGVDW70VDWHOOLWHLPDJHRIWK0DUFK


14/22


)LJ5DZ/DQGVDW70VDWHOOLWHLPDJHRIWK)HEUXDU\,W VKRXOG EHQRWHG WKDW WKH UHOIHFWDQFHYDOXHV DW WKH WRS RIDWPRVSKHUU LVWKH VXP RI WKHVXUIDFH UHIOHFWDQFH DQG DWPRVSKHULF UHOIHFWDQFH 7KH VLJQDOV PHDVXUHG LQ HDFK RI WKHVHYLVLEOH EDQGV UHSUHVHQW D FRPELQDWLRQ RI VXUIDFH DQG DWPRVSKHULF HIIHFWV XVXDOO\ LQGLIIHUHQW SURSRUWLRQV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH DWPRVSKHUH 7KHUHIRUH LW LVUHTXLUHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH VXUIDFH FRQWULEXWLRQ IURP WKH WRWDO UHIOHFWDQFH UHFHLYHG DW WKH

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


15/22


5V75U 5DWP 5V5U 5DWP

ZKHUH5V UHIOHFWDQFHUHFRUGHGE\VDWHOOLWHVHQVRU5U UHIOHFWDQFHIURPVXUIDFHUHIHUHQFHV5DWP UHIOHFWDQFHIURPDWPRVSKHULFFRPSRQHQWVDHURVROVDQGPROHFXOHV7 WUDQVPLWWDQFH,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHUHOIHFWDQFHYDOXHVDWWKHWRSRIDWPRVSKHUHZDVWKHVXPRIWKHVXUIDFH UHIOHFWDQFH DQG DWPRVSKHULF UHOIHFWDQFH ,Q WKLV VWXG\ ZH XVHG $7&25 LPDJHFRUUHFWLRQ VRIWZDUH LQ WKH 3&, *HRPDWLFD LPDJH SURFHVVLQJ VRIWZDUH IRU FUHDWLQJ DVXUIDFHUHIOHFWDQFHLPDJH$QGWKHQWKHUHIOHFWDQFHPHDVXUHGIURPWKHVDWHOOLWH>UHIOHFWDQFH

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


16/22


)LJ0DSRI30DURXQG3HQDQJ,VODQG0DOD\VLD%OXHJP*UHHQJP


17/22


)LJ0DSRI30DURXQG3HQDQJ,VODQG0DOD\VLD%OXHJP*UHHQJP


18/22


)LJ0DSRI30DURXQG3HQDQJ,VODQG0DOD\VLD%OXHJP *UHHQJP


19/22


)LJ0DSRI30DURXQG3HQDQJ,VODQG0DOD\VLD%OXHJP *UHHQJP


20/22


#EMPQYNGFIGOGPVU

7KLV SURMHFW ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI 6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG ,QQRYDWLRQ RI

0DOD\VLD XQGHU *UDQW 6) (QYLURQPHQWDO0DSSLQJ 8VLQJ 'LJLWDO &DPHUD,PDJHU\ 7DNHQ )URP $XWRSLORW $LUFUDIW DQG DOVR VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 8QLYHUVLWL 6DLQV0DOD\VLDXQGHUVKRUWWHUPJUDQW'LJLWDO(OHYDWLRQ0RGHOV'(0VVWXGLHVIRUDLUTXDOLW\UHWULHYDO IURP UHPRWH VHQVLQJ GDWD :H ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH WHFKQLFDO VWDII ZKRSDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKLV SURMHFW 7KDQNV DUH DOVR H[WHQGHG WR 860 IRU VXSSRUW DQGHQFRXUDJHPHQW

4GHGTGPEGU

&DPDJQL36DQGURQL62SWLFDO5HPRWHVHQVLQJRIDLUSROOXWLRQ-RLQW5HVHDUFK&HQWUH,VSUD,WDO\(OVHYLHU6FLHQFH3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\,QF

'XERYLN2+ROEHQ%(FN7)6PLUQRY$.DXIPDQ2QOLQH@DYDLODEOHKWWSZZZWDPHVLGHJRYXNDLUTXDOLW\

)DX]LDK $KPDG $KPDG 6KXNUL


21/22


3RSS & 6FKOlSIHU ' %RMLQVNL 6 6FKDHSPDQ 0 ,WWHQ . , (YDOXDWLRQ RI$HURVRO0DSSLQJ0HWKRGVXVLQJ$9,5,6,PDJHU\5*UHHQ(GLWRUWK$QQXDO-3/ $LUERUQH (DUWK6FLHQFH:RUNVKRS -3/ 3XEOLFDWLRQV0DUFK 3DVDGHQD

&$4XDLGUDUL+GDQ9HUPRWH()2SHUDWLRQDODWPRVSKHULFFRUUHFWLRQRI/DQGVDW70

GDWD5HPRWH6HQVLQJ(QYLURQPHQW5HWDOLV $ 6LIDNLV 1 *URVVR 1 3DURQLV ' 6DULJLDQQLV ' $HURVRO RSWLFDO

WKLFNQHVV UHWULHYDO IURP $9+55 LPDJHV RYHU WKH $WKHQV XUEDQ DUHD >2QOLQH@DYDLODEOHKWWSVDWVSDFHQRDJUUVHQVLQJGRFXPHQWV,*$566B$9+55B5HWDOLVHWDOBZHESGI

81(3$VVHVVPHQW5HSRUW3DUW,7KH6RXWK$VLDQ+D]H$LU3ROOXWLRQ2]RQHDQG$HURVROV>2QOLQH@DYDLODEOH

KWWSZZZUUFDSXQHSRUJLVVXHVDLULPSDFWVWXG\3DUW,SGI

8QJ$:HEHU&3HUURQ*+LUVFK-.OHLQSHWHU-:DOG/5DQFKLQ7D$LU3ROOXWLRQ0DSSLQJ2YHU$&LW\9LUWXDO6WDWLRQV$QG0RUSKRORJLFDO,QGLFDWRUV3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP 7UDQVSRUW DQG $LU 3ROOXWLRQ6HSWHPEHU%RXOGHU&RORUDGR

8QJ$:DOG/ 5DQFKLQ7:HEHU&+LUVFK - 3HUURQ*.OHLQSHWHU - E6DWHOOLWHGDWDIRU$LU3ROOXWLRQ0DSSLQJ2YHU$&LW\9LUWXDO6WDWLRQV3URFHHGLQJRIWKH WK($56H/ 6\PSRVLXP2EVHUYLQJ2XU (QYLURQPHQW)URP6SDFH1HZ6ROXWLRQV )RU$1HZ0LOOHQLXP 3DULV )UDQFH 0D\ *HUDUG %HJQL(GLWRU$$%DONHPD/LVVH$ELQJGRQ([WRQ3$7RN\RSS>2QOLQH@DYDLODEOHKWWSZZZFHQHUJFPDIU3XEOLFWKHPHVBGHBUHFKHUFKHWHOHGHWHFWLRQWLWOHBWHOHB

DLUWLWOHBWHOHBDLUBSXEVDWHOOLWHBGDWDBIRUBW6LIDNLV1'HVFKDPSV32QOLQH@DYDLODEOH KWWSZZZSHWHUWDQFRPEORJKD]HLQSHQDQJ7KH 'LJLWDO $ZDNHQLQJ+D]H LQ 3HQDQJ 8SGDWH DP >2QOLQH@ DYDLODEOH

KWWSZZZSHWHUWDQFRPEORJKD]HLQSHQDQJXSGDWHDP

9LQFHQWFKRZ$YDLODEOH2QOLQHKWWSZZZYLQFHQWFKRZQHWKD]HLQPDOD\VLD9HUPRWH( 5RJHU - & $GYDQFHV LQ WKHXVH RI 12$$$9+55GDWD IRU ODQG

DSSOLFDWLRQ5DGLDWLYHWUDQVIHUPRGHOLQJIRUFDOLEUDWLRQDQGDWPRVSKHULFFRUUHFWLRQ.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV'RUGUHFKW%RVWRQ/RQGRQ

9HUPRWH( 7DQUH''HX]H -/ +HUPDQ00RUFUHWWH - - 6 XVHU JXLGH9HUVLRQ 6HFRQG 6LPXODWLRQ RI WKH VDWHOOLWH VLJQDO LQ WKH VRODU VSHFWUXP 6>2QOLQH@DYDLODEOH

KWWSZZZJHRJWDPXHGXNOHLQJHRJKDQGRXWVVVPDQYB3SGI


22/22


intech-air pollution determination using remote sensing technique

Documents