INT J CURR SCI 2013, 8: E 133-144

RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN 2250-1770

Mushroom cultivation and vermicompost production: A complementary for each other

and modern tools for social upliftment of downtrodden people

Jagatpati tah

Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Department of Botany

The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan-713 104, West Bengal, India

Corresponding author: prof.tahcasbotbu@rocketmail.com / jt_botbu2012@yahoo.in

Abstract

Till-to-date, more than seventy percent people are dependent on agricultural practices for their livelihood. Out of this

seventy percent, more than sixty percent people are small and marginal farmers. Indeed, the cultivable land is not increasing

as the human population increasing recurrently. As a result, the volume of land lord is sub-dividing and ultimately

converting marginal farmers. On the other hand, rather, cultivable land is decreasing due to urbanization and

industrialization. Naturally, the tough competition is rising towards more and more production of food stuff from a unit area

of land. Though, the landless people are trying to encroach the forest/vested land for their shelter and collection of their own

food. Forest department is still facing difficulties for managing the forest administration work day to day. Considering all

these constraints, scientists are being pressurized by national leaders for exploring scientific know-how in a easy way for

producing more and more quality food stiff from minimum land area. Keeping all these views in mind, this write-up has

been made to highlight the self reliant programme for undertaking small scale industry by incorporating modern scientific

approaches of mushroom cultivation and vermicompost production as it is made for each other. The aims and objects of this

write-up are to draw attention of the private and public sectors to think about the composite complementary project to root

out unemployment not only to earn the money but also to give a delectable gift to society.

Keywords: marginal farmers, way for producing, self reliant, composite complementary

Received: 20th

July; Revised: 06th

August; Accepted: 24th

August; © IJCS New Liberty Group 2013

Introduction

Mushrooms as such have been recognized by UN

Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) as a food

contributor of protein-rich nutrition to those parts of the

world which depend predominantly on cereal diet.

Nutritionally edible mushrooms can take place of green

vegetables of bean, meat etc. and enriched in high protein

and vitamins as balanced diets. Mushrooms cultivation in

India has been receiving particular attention these days as it

is considered as a good source of foreign exchange earner.

In our tropical plains, four types of mushrooms are

generally cultivated for general commercial purposes viz.

(i) Pleurotus sp. (ii) Volvariella sp. Agaricus sp. and iv)

Calocybe sp. out of these, Volvariella and Calocybe sp. is

the most temperature tolerant species (25-43oC) and the

Agaricus sp. is the cold tolerant species (15-25oC).

Naturally, the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus

sp.) and milky white (Calocybe sp.) mushrooms have

become popular in the tropical part in India. In India Bose

(1921) had first marked out the cultivation of mushrooms.

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Later, Su and Seth (1940), Thomas et al. (1943) have first

cultivated the paddy straw mushroom species has been

done in several parts of India viz., Himachal Pradesh, West

Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam

etc. Though mushroom substrate plays an important role

for yield component and healthy fruit body of mushroom.

But in some cultivars have the physiological as well as

anatomical capability to resist heavy metallic ions from the

substrate to store it in the pileus. Heavy metallic ions,

anatomical features of different parts of three different

classes of mushroom cultivars heave been cited in this

context. The rejected substrate is a good organic carbon

rich component for vermicompost production which can

work miracles in restoring degraded soil in the tea gardens

of the Nilgiris, rice plantations and agro industry (Rai,

1997).

Earthworms as a resource in tropical

agroecosystems experimented by Senapati (1998). Keeping

an eye on the present agricultural scenario, we can see that,

at present, the major portion of the agricultural production

and yield in India is running on chemical fertilizers. In

India, chemical fertilizers came into use a few years after

independence that is by the end of 1950’s and the

beginning of 1960’s. At this period, there became a huge

food scarcity in India. In order to meet up this huge

demand of food, first time, ammonium sulphate was used

in the agricultural fields to boost up the nitrogen source in

soil for plant growth and development. Ammonium

sulphate constituted of 20 to 22% of nitrogen. By this time,

some high yielding varieties of crops and vegetables were

also introduced in India. After a quite long use of

ammonium sulphate, the soil stopped responding to this

fertilizer. By the end of 1970s’, urea was introduced in the

agricultural fields instead of ammonium sulphate. This new

chemical fertilizer (urea) constituted of 44 to 46% of

nitrogen, which was just double of the previous one.

Continuous and enormous use of urea ultimately made the

soil completely polluted and sterile. The agricultural fields

totally lost their potentiality of producing crops and the soil

becomes silted. Sometimes, farmers use the super

phosphate for soil treatment to make the homogeneous

semi-solid mixture. But, super phosphate compound is

constituted by sulfuric acid which helps to increase acidic

property of the soil. In a word, farmers do not to use the

balance quantity of NPK for each crop. Soon it was

discovered that due to the excess use of chemicals, the

plants and crops lost their natural features and immune

system. The greenish canopy of plants got boosted; the

tissues and cells got enlarged, became swollen and soft. As

a result, pests and harmful insects injected their antenna

into the mesophyll tissues of the crop and ultimately it is

becoming ruin. As a result low output is achieving against

high investment. In order to prevent this new-born

problem, more chemicals in the form of

pesticides/fungicides came into the market, got sprayed

over the plants and then entered into our digestive system

in the form of food. This gave birth to not only many minor

diseases but also to some major and fatal diseases like the

deadly cancer or any unknown new short of disease. This is

because of the chemicals which are used as pesticides or

fungicides consist of heavy metallic components among

which some components are highly carcinogenic. The

International Scientist, Charles Darwin had introduced the

concept of organic fertilizer named, Vermicompost (an

organic fertilizer) a long ago during 1858. After almost

over a century, when chemical fertilizers had already

destroyed the agricultural fields of the developed countries

and the superpowers like the United States of America and

Composite farming at a glance

Mushroom

Culture

Vermiculture

Technolgy

Kitchen

gardening

Rhizome

crops

Floricultural

Nursery

Recipes

Preparation

Pulvarizer

Unit

Office Room

Pond digging

Fishery

Store room

Duckery

[upto 500

ducks]

Distillation

plant

Store room Store room

Poultry

(500/lot

Goatery [in

10 yrs’

period]

Horticultural

Nursery

Aromatic

Plants

Medicinal

Plant

Store room Layering

(500/lot)

the USSR, these countries started manufacturing

vermicompost on a commercial scale and took the

initiative to save their fields, crops and their own health

without any hazards.

India being a developing nation, started to take the

initiative of commercial manufacturing of vermicompost

almost thirty years late, that is, by the end of 1980’s and

the beginning of 1990’s. Some agricultural fields were

saved but surprisingly, still now in 2012 also, 55% of

India’s agricultural fields are running completely on

chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Still now, 60% of the

Indian farmers are not even interested to use organic

fertilizers because some of them still don’t understand the

harmful effects of the chemicals and some of them are not

able to procure the balanced NPK status of organic

fertilizers. In the present agricultural scenario, the major

problem which is occurring is that vermicompost is coming

at the market at a very high price which is not at all

affordable by the riff-raff farmers (Tah, 2012). On the

other side, the agricultural fields have lost all their fertility

and balanced nutritional contents. All the fields are now

needed to be properly conditioned by using vermicompost

in a proper quantity on regular manner.

Materials and Methods

After proper spawning the mushroom bags were

kept in mushroom cropping house for incubation till pinnae

formation. The poly bags were exposed in defuse light

condition i.e. in room light condition just after pin

formation of each treatment of bags for availing

fructification of mushroom. The data of different metrical

traits viz. i) days to 1st pin formation, ii) days to 1st

fructification, iii) yield of 1st fructification, iv) days to 2nd

pin formation, v) days to 2nd fructification, vi) yield of 2nd

fructification, vii) days to 3rd pin formation, viii) days to 3rd

fructification ix) yield of 3rd fructification were observed

and recorded them properly. The DNA and RNA content

of mushroom fruit body and the heavy metal consumed by

the mushroom fruit body were also measured by suitable

laboratory method and noted all these metrical and

biochemical parameters for taking into consideration for

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further computation following standard statistical model.

Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) is grown in tropical

environment round the year by selecting suitable species

and cultivars .It grows in dead and deck organic substrate

having a specific C:N ratio. But it is surprising that

mushroom can provide a good amount of balanced

nutrients source as well as component that’s why it is

called medicinal crop. It is interesting to measure the

chemical components including heavy metallic ions. When

it grows in heavy metallic contaminated substrate status the

heavy metal is absorbed by oyster mushroom fruit body.

These fruit body were taken for estimation of heavy

metallic ion by AAS instrument and the anatomical

features were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope

(SEM).

The experimental poly bags were considered in the

mushroom cropping house following Randomized Block

Design (RBD) having proper uniform schedule

measurements. However, our observations were

concentrated towards yield attributes of the agri-

horticultural crops. Random samples of mushroom fruit

body were considered for metrical and biochemical

analysis. The fruit body samples were analyzed and

estimated its mineral contents like sodium, potassium,

copper, calcium, manganese, magnesium, chromium, iron,

copper, zinc, lead, calcium, mercury and arsenic by atomic

absorption spectrometry (AAS). In mushroom fruit body

samples though metals like sodium, calcium, copper, lead,

potassium, mercury and cadmium are below their

permissible limit but it has been found that the presence of

magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc and arsenic have been

exhibited above their maximum limit. There are many

variety as well as species are available, but from that we

have selected only three verity of Pleurotus sp. for our

experiment, which are as follows: Oyster Mushroom

(Pleurotus sp.) (i) P. sajor-caju (ii) P. flabellatus (iii)

P. sacaya.

The spawn was allowed to incubate on different

composition substrates viz, (1) Paddy straw, (2) Wheat

bran, (3) Sugarcane straw and (4) Saw dust.

Fig. M1. Different substrate before mixing

These four basic types were again mixed with each

other as noted below: i)1x2, ii) 1x3, iii) 1x4, iv) 2x3, v)

2x4, vi) 1x2x3, vii) 1x2x4, viii) 1x2x3x4, ix) 2x3x4 x)

3x4.

Fig. M2. Mixing of substrate after sterilization

The use of a pressure cooker to sterilize Pleurotus

substrate is not recommended since sterilization kills

beneficial micro organisms (Changs and Hayai, 1978)

which are present in the substrate, as well as the harmful

ones. Mushrooms are cultivated on substrate without

trappings (Arnold Ralph, 1996). In addition, nutrients in

the compost are broken down by sterilization into forms

Fig.1. Some photographs on the uses of Vermicompost

Fig. M-3. Incubation Fig. M-4. Fruiting Fig. M-5. Spawn packet

Fig. M-6. Unopened bag Fig. M-7. Fruitbody in bags Fig. M-8. Fruitbody in bed

Fig. M-9. A bunch of fruit body Fig. M-10. A single pin Fig. M-11. Fruitbody(Calocybe indica)

Fig. M-12. Calocybe fruit body in spawn

bag

Fig. M-13. Calocybe fruit body in

polyjar

Fig. M-14. Calocybe fruit body in

polyjar

more favorable for the growth and development of

competing micro organisms (FAO, 1983). Thus, substrates

that are sterilized are easily contaminated unless spawned

under very aseptic conditions, as in media and spawn

preparation. Steaming at 100oC (pasteurisation) is more

acceptable because the cost is lower (the steamer may only

Fig. V-1. Calocybe indica in

vermicompost

Fig. V-2. Calocybe indica in

vermicompost

Fig. V-3. Volvariella sp. in vermicompost

Fig. V-4. Coprinus sp. in vermicompost Fig. V-5. TCP in vermicompost Fig. V-6. After releasing of verms

Fig. V-7. Before harvesting Fig. V-8. Effect on marigold Fig. V-9. Effect on rose

Fig. V-10. Vermicompost use in

Strawberry crop in Bangladesh

Fig. V-11. Propagules with

vermicompost in Bangladesh

Fig. V-12. Hardening of TCP in

Bangladesh

to be an ordinary large-capacity casserole or a drum) and

substrates thus steamed are less susceptible to

contamination. The substrate is steamed for 2-3 hrs,

depending on the volume and the size of the bags. When

using a lower temperature (60-700C) as in the case of room

or bulk pasteurisation, the substrates, whether in bulk or

already packed in bags, are steamed for at least 6 to 8 hrs.

Plate shows a range of low-cost steamers designed for the

tropics (Oei, 1996).

• Spawning is carried out aseptically; preferably using

the same transfer chamber or the same inoculation

room as is used in spawn preparation.

• Grain or sawdust spawn is commonly used to

inoculate the substrate in bags.

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With grain spawn, the bottle is shaken to separate the

seeds colonized with the white mycelium. After lifting

the plug and flaming the mouth of the bottle, a few

spawn grains (about 1 to 2 tsp.) are poured into the

substrate bag. Both the plug of the spawn and the

plug of the compost bag are replaced and the next

bags are then inoculated. The newly inoculated bags

are slightly tilted to distribute the grains evenly in the

shoulder area of the bag around the neck.

Instruments and techniques

Standard solutions of different metal ions were

prepared using chemicals of analytical reagent grade. A

Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Model AA

646) with flame absorption, emission and arsenic analyzer

was used to determine the metal ion concentration under

specified conditions (Nag and Das, 1992). The metal

parameters were measured using standard techniques

recommended by ‘A practical guide to physico-chemical,

chemical and microbiological water examination and

quality assurance’ Fresenius et al. (1988). Protocol for

heavy metal measurement: Slow digestion by nitric acid >

Volume make up by dist. Water > Preparation of standard

soln > Measurement of absorbed heavy metals by AAS.

Results

Yield

Yield ranges from 100-125% of the dry weight of

the substrate and depends on the substrate quality and

combination as well as the way in which the substrate has

been managed during the fruiting season. From the

experimental observations, the richer the combination and

the whiter and denser the mycelium, the greater will be the

mushroom yield. The heavy metallic contents absorbed by

mushroom fruit body were analyzed by appropriate

methods as stated below for assessing the total quantity

within the fruit body. Using a nap sack plastic sprayer, the

water was sprayed on the surface of the open bags of

mushroom as and when required.

Discussion

Each and every character has been observed very

minutely and data of all recorded characters have been

analysed following ANOVA Model of Singh and

Chaudhury (1942), Panse and Sukhatme (1967). Anova

was tabulated in each case which has been exhibited in a

combined table to understand the significance of variety or

treatment at a glance. From this table it is easily visible that

the value of variance ratio of all the characters found to be

significant either in P 0.05 or P 0.01 level except the

characters days to 3rd fructification and weight (g) in 1st

fructification. The value of variance ratio were found to be

significant at 1% level in case of the characters i) Days to

2nd fructification, ii) Length of Stripe in 1st fructification

(Table 1), iii) Length of stripe in 2nd fructification, iv)

Length of Pileus in 1st fructification, v) Breadth of Pileus in

2nd fructification (Table 1), vi) Breadth of Pileus in 2nd

fructification and vi) Total Yield (Table 1). The values of

variance ratio were found to be significant in all remaining

characters viz. i) Length of Pileus in 3rd (Table 1), ii)

Length of Stripe in 3rd Fructification, iii) Weight of fruit

body in 3rd fructification, iv) Days to 2nd fructification

(Table 2) and v) Days to 1st fructification (Table 1). The

present study follows the observations of the significant

difference in the yield of sporophore in the presence

case could be due to difference in composition of the

substrate or presence or absence of stimulatory

subatances in the substrate that promote growth of

mushroom. This present observation also lend support

from Zadrazil (1978) who established the fact that

mushroom yield depends upon the nature if substrate used.

Flow Chart for Vermicompost Production Unit

Collection of raw materials i.e. green-garbage, biodegradable any garbage, cow dung, chaps grains of cereal, excretory

product of any animal etc. and stored in the fermentation chamber

↓

Allow it to neutralize the pH for a couple of weeks by means of artificial manipulation if need

↓

Transfer the neutralized mixture to experimental vats

↓

Release the earthworms in to these experimental vats

↓

Make turn up the compost 2/3 times week-1 and maintain required moisture level by adding extra water so that earthworms

cannot get any stress condition for about a month

↓

Observe the vermicompost mixture then allow it for harvesting

↓

Sieve the mixture and separate the earthworms from the compost

↓

Transfer earthworms for rearing again

↓

Make packets/sacs of vermin product as per need of quantity in each sac/packet

↓

Keep the packets/sacs in the store room for selling it in the market

Table 1. Combined ANOVA of different species of Pleuratus sp

Character Source of

variation

df MS F value Remarks

Days to 1st fructification Replication 2 4.33 1.3659

ns

Treatment 2 24.33 7.6750* Sig. at 5%

Error 4 3.170

Days to 2nd fructification Replication 2 6.33 3.499ns

Treatment 2 22.33 12.1689* Sig.at 5%

Error 4 1.835

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Days to 3rd fructification Replication 2 32.33 2.7317ns Not sig.

Treatment 2 67.00 5.6611ns

Error 4 11.835

Total weight in 1st fructification (g) Replication 2 283.11 0.4602ns Not sig.

Treatment 2 353.44 0.5745ns

Error 4 615.15

Total weight in 2nd ructification (g) Replication 2 38.11 1.2450ns

Treatment 2 1615.44 52.7749** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 30.61

Total weight in 3rdfructification (g) Replication 2 241 1.4770ns

Treatment 2 1940.66 11.8942*

Error 4 163.16

Length of Stripe of fruit body in 1st

fructification (cm)

Replication 2 0.98 6.5333* Sig.at5%

Treatment 2 10.9 72.66** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 0.15

Length of Stripe of fruit body in 2nd

fructification (cm)

Replication 2 0.24 1.0909

Treatment 2 12.40 56.3636** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 0.22

Length of Stripe of fruit body in 3rd

fructification (cm)

Replication 2 0.16 0.32

Treatment 2 8.34 16.68** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 0.05

Length of Pileus in 1st fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.18 2.7692

Treatment 2 22.24 342.1538*

*

Sig. at 1%

Error 4 0.065

Length of Pileus in 2nd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.195 3.75ns

Treatment 2 19.37 372.5** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 0.052

Length of Pileus in 3rd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.14 0.666ns

Treatment 2 18.97 90.33**

Error 4 0.21

Breadth of Pileus in 1st fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.02 0.16666ns

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Treatment 2 4.81 40.0833** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 0.12

Breadth of Pileus in 2nd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.0033 0.0379ns

Treatment 2 4.75 54.5977** Sig.at 1%

Error 4 0.087

Breadth of Pileus in 3rd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.005 0.0515ns

Treatment 2 3.88 40.00** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 0.97

Total yield of mushroom fruit body in three

fructifications(g)

Replication 2 1472.22 7.21* Sig. at 5%

Treatment 2 9228.11 45.211** Sig. at 1%

Error 4 204.11

Table 2. Estimation of nucleic acids from Pileus (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)

Var. RNA DNA

P. sajor caju 0.64 0.118

P. flabellatus 0.67 0.130

P. sacaya 0.71 0.142

Table 3. Estimation of heavy metal (µg/gm) (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)

Var. Cu Zn Fe

P. sajor caju 1.62 5.01 20.51

P. flabellatus 1.02 4.12 28.00

P. sacaya 1.15 4.36 19.85

Var. Cu Zn Fe

Table 4. Estimation of nucleic acid (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)

Treatment DNA content RNA content

1 0.207 0.065

2 0.207 0.061

3 0.207 0.061

4 0.206 0.064

5 0.208 0.066

6 0.206 0.066

7 0.204 0.063

8 0.208 0.069

Table 5. Estimation of heavy metallic ions (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)

Treatment Cu Zn Fe

1 1.62 5.01 20.51

2 1.52 5.03 20.49

3 1.55 5.03 20.53

4 1.02 5.07 20.52

CD: 5.0939

Krishnamoorthy and Muthusamy (1997) while analyzing

chemical constituents of different substance before

cultivation of milky white mushroom also found variation

in carbon content in different substrates. Our observation

also lends support from Wavare et al. (2006) who also

decreasing carbon content from 5.5-14.8% in different

substrate after Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivation. Yadav

(1995) also reported reduction in carbon content of spent

substrate upto 20.2% after Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivation.

Increase in nitrogen content of the spent substrate has also

been reported earlier (Brisaria et al., 1987; Nalathambi

and Marimuthu, 1993; Waver et al., 2006). This

observation is also in agreement with the observation made

by earlier researchers (Geeta and Shivaprakasam, 1994;

Kumar et al., 2000; Wavare et al., 2006). The present

observation lend support from Wang et al. (1993) who

observed that H. marmoreus completely decomposed

cellulose and hemicellulose, but decomposed lignin

partially, indicating it to be a brown rot fungus. Tomvolk

(2003) is also in agreements to the present observation and

reported that H.ulmarius was first named as, Pleurotus

ulmarius and letter moved out of the genus Pleurotus and

out under genus Hypsizygus as Pleurotus species cause

white roy and Hypsizygus cause brown rot. It has been

found that the substrate combinations were Treatment (iii),

(v), (vii) and (x) and the less survivalist were found

Treatment (vi) and (ix). In case vermicompost it is said that

use vermicompost and then see the result and show the

result, which are exhibited in Figs.V-1 to V-12. This was

experimented in several crop plants in India and

Bangladesh since a decade (Tah and Bhattacharyya, 2012).

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