instrumentation ctd dissolved oxygen sensor adcp/ current meters oxygen titrations
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Circulation and Chemical Tracer Distribution Physical Oceanography Chemical Oceanography. Instrumentation CTD Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ADCP/ Current Meters Oxygen Titrations Nutrient Concentrations. Units. Temperature: °C - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Instrumentation CTD Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ADCP/ Current Meters Oxygen Titrations Nutrient Concentrations
Circulation and Chemical Tracer Distribution Physical Oceanography Chemical Oceanography
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UnitsTemperature: °C
Salinity: no units; defined by 1978 Practical Salinity Scale (PSU)
Pressure: db (decibars)Density
Density (ρ) is a function of T, S, and pρ(4°C, 0, 1 atm) = 1 g cm-3 = 1000 kg m-3
Potential Density of Seawater (corrected for compressibility) ranges from 1022 kg m-3 to 1028 kg m-3 in the open ocean
Sigma Theta (σθ) = ρ(T, S, 1 atm) - 1000 [kg m-3]
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We prefer concentration Units of mol/kg
Dissolved Oxygen Units??Puget Sound Scientific Literature:
mg/L, mg-at/L, mL/L, μmol/kgConversion Factors:
1 mole O2 = 32 g O2 = 22.414 L O2 = 2 g-at O
1 L seawater = 1000 cm3 = (0.001 m3)×(density of SW)
Density of SW [kg/m3] = 1000 + sigma theta
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An estuary is...A place where river(s) meet the ocean that has surrounding land and a limited opening...
Puget Sound is an estuary; it is connected to the Pacific Ocean through the Straits of Juan de Fuca.
Coastal Plain or Drowned River Valley Estuary
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Fjord estuaries
– Sill blocks exchange of deep water with ocean Little water movement below sill depth
Strong vertical stratification
Fig 12.35
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Solid = SurfaceDashed =
Deep
Schematic Diagram of the Flow in Puget Sound
Estuarine Circulation:
Surface Outflow,Deep Inflow
Driven by river input,mixing, and deep water intrusions
Port Susan
Saratoga Passage
WHIDBEY BASIN
Admiralty Inlet
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PROCESSES THAT CONTROL CIRCULATION:--Wind Forcing--Density Stratification
Freshwater inflow at the surface--Tides--Flushing events from the open ocean
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Stratification
How does it change from rivers to Main Basin?How does change in stratification affect biology?
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Measured Currents are dominated by the tides Estuarine flow revealed only when tides are
removed
Tides ≈ 5-10 × Strength of Estuarine Flow
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Current Meter Measurements in the Main Basin -- Averaged over the interval indicated -- With the Tidal currents removed
Level of no motion?
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Episodic Intrusions of Deep Water
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Numerical Modeling
20 layers350-m resolution in Puget SoundRiver flow - 15 major river, USGSAtmosphere - 6-hour avg from MM5Eight tidal components
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Water Residence Times
Box Model(1992-2001)
Numerical Model(2006)
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Cycles of Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Silica in Puget Sound waters
Tracers of Biological Production and Respiration
REDFIELD RATIOS: ∆P : ∆N : ∆C : ∆O2 1 : 16 : 106 : -153
For diatoms: NO3- : Si ratios: ∆N : ∆Si 1 : (1-3)
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Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus, DIP vs Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen, DINIn the Ocean
REDFIELD STOICHIOMETRY OF LIFE: P : N : C : O2 = 1 : 16 : 106 : 153
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Sections of Oxygen, Phosphate, and Nitrate in Whidbey Basin, Oce 220, 2010
O2 (μmol kg-1)
PO43-
(μmol kg-
1)
NO3- (μmol kg-
1)
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Nitrate : Phosphate ratios in Port SusanCompilation from recent data (Oce 220 ,
2010)
AOU (Apparent Oxygen Utilization) = [02
sat] –[O2]
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RATES: NET OXYGEN PRODUCTION -- PHOTOSYNTHESIS Oxygen Supersaturation in Puget Sound Surface waters Oce 220 2010
( Percent Supersaturation)
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RATES OF NET BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN PRODUCTION = ∆O2/ ∆C (153/106) X NET CARBON PRODUCTION (NCP)
OXYGEN FLUX TO THE ATMOSPHERE ~ NET BIOLOGICAL O2 PRODUCTION FO2 = - GO2 {[O2]-[O2]sat}
{[O2]-[O2]sat}The Gas Exchange Mass Transfer Coefficient, G, is a function of wind speed
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Rates of Respiration in Waters Below the Surface
Oxygen Utilization Rate (OUR) = Respiration Rate
= AOU / t
t = time since water was at the surface
In Whidbey Basin deep water
t = time since water came into the basin from outside
RATES: NET O2 CONSUMPTION-- RESPIRATION
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Knudsen’s Equations
Water Balance:Tin + R = Tout
Salt Balance:SinTin = SoutTout
Solve for Tout:
Tout = R×Sin/[Sin - Sout]
Can add temporal variability, mixing between layers
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Main Basin