M13/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

GeoGraphyhiGher level paper 2

Wednesday 15 May 2013 (morning)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CaNdIdaTES

do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.answer three questions. Each question is worth [20 marks].Each question must be selected from a different optional theme, a – G.do not answer two questions on the same optional theme.Use case studies, examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant.a copy of the Geography Paper 2 Resources Booklet is required for this paper.The maximum mark for this examination paper is [60 marks].

2 hours

12 pages© International Baccalaureate Organization 2013

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Answer three questions. Each question must be selected from a different optional theme. (Do not answer two questions on the same optional theme.)

Wherever possible, answers should include case studies and examples, and where relevant, large, well drawn maps and diagrams.

Optional Theme A — Freshwater – issues and confl icts

1. Thediagramshowssomeofthefactorsaffectingfloodriskinadrainagebasin.

Factors that affect floodrisk

Basin size

Precipitation

Basin shape

Physical factor C

Physical factor D

Human factor B

Human factor A

Rocktype

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2013]

(a) IdentifypossiblehumanfactorsAandBandpossiblephysicalfactorsCandD. [4]

(b) Explain how two physical factors other than precipitation can affect the magnitudeoffloods. [3+3]

(c) “River management strategies always result in unwanted impacts.”Usingexamples,discussthisstatement. [10]

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2. (a) Describetwocharacteristicsofnaturallevées. [2+2]

(b) (i) Definethetermwetlands. [2]

(ii) Explaintworeasonswhysomewetlandsareprotected. [2+2]

(c) “Multi-purposeschemesresult inmorebenefits thanproblems.” Discuss thisstatement,referringtobothphysicaland humanimpacts. [10]

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Optional Theme B — Oceans and their coastal margins

3. If you choose to answer this question refer to the diagram on page 2 in the Resources Booklet.

The diagram shows one interpretation of an area of marine pollution (commonly referred to as an oceanic“garbagepatch”)andsomeoceancurrentsinthenorthernhemisphere.

(a) Describethesizeandlocationoftheoceanic“garbagepatch”shown. [2+2]

(b) Explainwhymosttypesofoceanpollutionoccuralongcoastalmargins. [6]

(c) Comparetheconflictsthatariseincoastalareasfromhabitatrestorationschemeswiththosethatarisefromaquaculture. [10]

4. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 3 in the Resources Booklet.

Themapshowsthesurfacesalinityoftheworld’ssouthernoceans(thenumbersrefertothepracticalsalinityscale(PSS)).

(a) Describethepatternofoceansalinityshownonthemap. [4]

(b) (i) ExplainwhatismeantbytheLaNiñaphenomenon. [2]

(ii) Usingexamples,analysetwoeconomicimpactsassociatedwithLaNiña. [2+2]

(c) Examinetheroleofoceansasastoreandsourceofcarbondioxide. [10]

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Optional Theme C — Extreme environments

5. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on pages 4 and 5 in the Resources Booklet.

ThemapextractshowstheareaaroundBekejoinEthiopia.Thescaleofthemapis1:50000.Thecontourintervalis20metres.

(a) (i) IdentifythevegetationtypesfoundatAandB. [2]

(ii) Usingthemapextractandkey,suggesttwo reasons why the area shown couldbeconsideredanextremeenvironment. [2+2]

(b) BrieflyexplaintwoweatheringprocesseslikelytooperateinareaConthemap. [2+2]

(c) For one namedtypeofextremeenvironment,examinetheimpactsoftourismonthenaturalenvironment. [10]

6. (a) (i) Identify onetypeofcoldextremeenvironment. [1]

(ii) State threephysicalcharacteristicsofthecoldextremeenvironmentthatyouidentifiedin(a)(i). [3]

(b) Explainwhysemi-aridareasareconsideredtobeextremeenvironments. [6]

(c) “Global climate change will prevent people from living in extreme environments.”Discussthisstatementwithreferencetoone or moreextremeenvironments. [10]

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Optional Theme D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response

7. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 6 in the Resources Booklet.

ThemapshowsthepopulationexposedtotectonichazardsinsouthandeastAsia.

(a) Describethepatternofhighpopulationexposuretotectonichazardsshownonthemap. [4]

(b) Suggestthreereasonswhycommunitiesoftenunderestimatetheprobabilityofatectonichazardeventoccurringintheirlocality. [2+2+2]

(c) Examine the ways in which vulnerability to either earthquake or volcanic hazardscanbereduced. [10]

8. (a) (i) Identifyascaleusedtomeasurethemagnitudeofonehazardtype. [1]

(ii) Describethemainfeaturesofthescaleyouidentifiedin(a)(i). [3]

(b) Explaintheoccurrenceofhurricanes(tropicalcyclones,typhoons)inanamedarea. [6]

(c) “The economic impact of disasters is increasing while related deaths are decreasing.”Discussthisstatement,withreferencetoexamplesofdisasters. [10]

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Blankpage

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Optional Theme E — Leisure, sport and tourism

9. ThegraphshowstheimpactofhostingtheOlympicGamesontheGNIofacountry.

ChangeinGNI

Perc

enta

ge c

hang

e fr

om lo

ng-te

rm a

vera

ge G

NI 2

1.5

1

0.5

0

– 0.5

–1

pre-Olympic Games

post-Olympic Games

–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Oly

mpi

c G

ames

long-term average GNI

Yearsbefore(–)andafterOlympicGamesyear

[Source: International Monetary Fund]

(a) State the change in GNI:

(i) during the year of the Olympic Games; [1]

(ii) oneyearaftertheOlympicGames. [1]

(b) Describewhatismeantbythesphere of influenceofasportingevent. [2]

(c) Suggestreasonswhyacountry’sGNIincreasesbeforeandduringtheOlympicGames. [6]

(d) Examinethechangesintheinternationaltourismindustrythathaveledtothedevelopmentofmoreremotetourismlocations. [10]

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10. Thegraphshowsresponsesfromhikerstothequestion“Howmanypeoplewouldyouliketoencounterduringahike*?”fortworurallocations,AandB.

55 %

50 %

45 %

40 %

35 %

30 %

25 %

20 %

15 %

10 %

5 %

0nobody 1 to 10

people11 to 20 people

21 to 50 people

do not care how many

“How many people would you like to encounterduringahike*?”

locationA

location B

[Source:ThisfigurewasadaptedfromanarticlefirstpublishedinMountain Research and Development (MRD):BollerF,HunzikerM,ConederaM,ElsasserH,KrebsP.2010.Fascinatingremoteness:Thedilemmaofhikingtourismdevelopmentin

peripheralmountainareas.Mountain Research and Development30(4):320–331.http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00018.1.]

* Hike:aleisuretimewalkinthecountryside

(a) (i) Definethetermcarrying capacity. [1]

(ii) StatewhetherlocationAorBhasthehigherperceptualcarryingcapacityandjustifyyouranswer. [1+2]

(b) Explainthreefactorsthataffectthedistributionofsportsfacilitiesinurbanareas. [2+2+2]

(c) Examine the effectiveness of using sport and recreation to promote urbanregeneration. [10]

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Optional Theme F — The geography of food and health

11. The diagram shows a simplified fair trade system for the export of peppers fromKerala, India, toconsumersinGermany.

Key: pepperscertificatesandadvertising

Arrows indicate the direction offlow

advertisin

g to as

sure consumers

that produce

is organic

certification

certification

certification

exportsto

VillagefarmersinKerala,India

Independentcertification,basedinGermany

Consumers

Food processingcompanies

Group of organic farms in Germany

Indian crop-trading company owned byalocalchainofhotels

Supermarkets

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2013]

(a) (i) Describewhatismeantbyfair trade. [2]

(ii) Referringtothediagram,identifytwofeaturesofthissystemthatmakeitanexampleoffairtrade. [2]

(b) Explainhowfairtradecanhelptoalleviatelocalfoodshortagesinregionswherefoodcropsaregrown. [6]

(c) “Foodmilesareanexcellentindicatorofagriculture’senvironmentalimpact.”Discussthisstatement,referringtoexamples. [10]

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12. (a) (i) Brieflydescribewhatismeantby“diseasesofaffluence”. [2]

(ii) State twoexamplesofdiseasesofaffluence. [2]

(b) Explainwhyhealth-adjustedlifeexpectancy(HALE)isabetterwaytoquantifythehealthofacommunitythaninfantmortality. [6]

(c) Towhat extent have themanagement strategies forone named disease beensuccessful?Refertoonecountryorregioninyouranswer. [10]

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Optional Theme G — Urban environments

13. Thediagramshowstheurbanecologicalfootprintfortwocities,AandB.

(a) (i) Definethetermurban ecological footprint. [2]

(ii) Referringtothediagram,statewhichcityhasthelargerurbanecologicalfootprintandjustifyyourchoice. [1+3]

(b) Explaintwowaysinwhichurbanairpollutioncanbereduced. [2+2]

(c) Referringtoexamples,comparethepatternsofformalandinformaleconomicactivitiesinurbanareas. [10]

14. (a) (i) Definethetermmegacity. [1]

(ii) Explaintwoprocessesresponsibleforpopulationgrowthinmegacities. [2+2]

(b) Using only an annotated diagram, explain the operation of a sustainable urbansystem. [5]

(c) Examinetheeffectsofhumanactivityontheclimateofurbanareas. [10]

Diagramremovedforcopyrightreasons.