Instructional Objective:1.Learn about organic and inorganic compounds

2.Learn the different types of hydrocarbons.

Organic chemistry is the study of the properties of the compounds of

carbon Organic substances are obtained from living

things. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that

can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds.

Inorganic Chemistry is the study of the properties of the compounds

with out carbon Inorganic substances are obtained from nonliving

things.

Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization

The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.

A monomer • would be the individual linkA polymer is a macromolecule in which all of the

molecules that repeats itself again and again.

• Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different.

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms.

include the alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons

are insoluble in water burn in oxygen, carbon dioxide and

water are produced. obtained from fossil fuels--coal,

petroleum, and natural gas

meth- 1 C hex- 6 C eth- 2 C hept- 7 C prop- 3 C oct- 8 C but- 4 C non- 9 C pent- 5 C dec- 10 C

name MolecularFormula StructuralFormula

Methane CH4 CH4 Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3

Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3

Butane C4H10 CH3(CH2)2CH3

Pentane C5H12 CH3(CH2)3CH3

Hexane C6H14 CH3(CH2)4CH3

Heptane C7H16 CH3(CH2)5CH3

Octane C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3

Nonane C9H20 CH3(CH2)7CH3

Decane C10H22 CH3(CH2)8CH3

are Organic Compounds Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and

Nitrogen. Proteins are made up of smaller units

called AMINO ACIDS.  (The Monomer Building Blocks of Protein. )

Are the construction materials for the body parts such as muscles, skin, and blood.

Our cells need proteins to make other proteins, such as enzymes.

Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins. 

All these proteins are made from about 20 Different Amino Acids.

The Different shapes allow Proteins to perform many different roles in the Chemistry of Living Things.

Two Amino Acids bond to form a DIPEPTIDE.

Two Amino Acids form a Covalent Bond, called a PEPTIDE BOND.

Amino Acids can Bond to Each Other one at a time, forming a long chain called a POLLYPEPTIDE.

Proteins are compose of one or more polypeptides. Some proteins are very large molecules, containing hundreds of

Amino Acids.

Enzymes work by a Physical Fit (Lock and Key) between the Enzyme Molecule and its SUBSTRATE, the Reactant being Catalyzed.

The Fit of Enzymes on a Substrate Weakens some chemical bonds, which reduces the Activation Energy for the Chemical Reaction to occur.

After the Reaction, the Enzyme is Released and is Unchanged, so it can be used many times.

Catalysts can Speed up some reactions by more than a

billion fold. Ex: RNA or Protein molecules help control

Chemical Reactions by acting as  BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS.

 

Lipids are Large, nonpolar Organic Molecules that DO NOT Dissolve in Water.

Lipids store Energy Efficiently.  They have Large Numbers of Carbon

to Hydrogen Bonds, which store More Energy than Carbon to Oxygen Bonds common in other Organic Compounds.

The Two Ends (HEAD AND TAIL) of a Fatty Acid molecule have different properties:

    A. The Carboxyl End (HEAD) of the Fatty Acid Molecule is POLAR, and Attracted to Water Molecules. ( HYDROPHILIC, WHICH MEANS "WATER LOVING".)

    B. The Hydrocarbon End (TAIL) of the Fatty Acid Molecule is Nonpolar, and tends Not To Interact with Water. (HYDROPHOBIC, OR "WATER FEARING". )

Fatty Acids are Classified as either SATURATED OR UNSATURATED. 

The classification depends on the proportion of Hydrogen Atoms to Carbon -

Carbon Bonds in the molecule. (The FEWER the Hydrogen Atoms the MORE Double Bonds there will be

connecting the Carbons. )

UNSATURATED FAT. * FATS WITH DOUBLE BONDS

MOST UNSATURATED FATS ARE A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

ARE USUALLY REFERRED TO AS OILS.   FATS WITH MANY DOUBLE BONDS IS A

POLYUNSATURATED FAT.

the ability to do work or cause change.

Energy can occur in various forms. one form of energy can be converted

to another form. Some forms of energy important to

living things include CHEMICAL ENERGY, THERMAL ENERGY, ELECTRICAL ENERGY, AND MECHANICAL ENERGY.

the Energy in a system that is available for work.  For example, in a Cell, it is the Energy that is available to Fuel Cell Processes.

As Energy Flows through an organism, it may be converted from one form to another-

Ex:the Food you eat is changed by your body from the Chemical Energy found in Food into Thermal and Mechanical Energy, to be used by your body.

EXERGONIC REACTIONS. Chemical Reaction that involve a Net

Release of Free Energy . Ex: Cellular respiration ENDERGONIC REACTIONSReactions that involve a Net

Absorption of Free energyEx: Photosynthesis

Chemical Reactions that help Transfer Energy in living things involve the TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS.

These Reactions in which E- are Transferred Between Atoms are known as OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS, OR REDOX REACTIONS.  The Formation of Table Salt

REDUCTION REACTION:

a Reactant GAINS One or more E-, Becoming more NEGATIVE IN CHARGE. 

Contain Genetic or Heredity Information)

Nucleic Acids use a System of FOUR Compounds to store Heredity Information. 

NUCLEOTIDES. Contain a PHOSPHATE GROUP, A FIVE-CARBON SUGAR, AND A RING SHAPED NITROGEN BASE.