institutional archives for research: experiences and projects in open access iss, roma 30 nov.-1 dec...
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Institutional Archives for Research: Experiences and Projects in Open AccessISS, Roma 30 Nov.-1 Dec 2006
Access to Scientific Knowledge: The Relationship Between Society and Science
Adriana Valente
Science Communication and Education
National Research Council, Institute of Research on Population and Social [email protected]
Science Must be Communicated…
…but is it possible to participate in the scientific debate?
Yes, of course!
…is science social or antisocial?
Participating in Science:Being an Object of an Announcement
I agree
Not very much
Not at all
Don’t know
It is right that scientists be indipendent and responsible for
choosing the topics and methods of research
M 51,9 34,8 8,1 5,2
F 51,1 34,4 7,4 7,2
It is right to share scientific results universally
M 79,5 11,9 3,2 5,5
F 77,9 12,9 2,5 6,7
It is right that research be commissioned according to
specific market requirements
M 22,2 38,4 33,3 6,1
F 17,7 39,1 32,8 10,4
It is right that researchers receive economic benefits from the patents resulting from their
work
M 42,5 25,0 12,2 20,4
F 35,7 25,0 11,9 27,5
It is right that developing countries have full access to
research and its results
M 76,9 12,9 4,4 5,9
F 75,8 13,4 4,5 6,3
Source: CNR surveys 2004- 2005- 2006Ethics and Polemics
A. In order to proceed with theirobjectives, scientists must alsocommunicate outcomes to society.
Agree with A Agree with B Agree with both86,3 7,6 6,0
Demand for the Engagement of Scientists in Science Communication
Source: IRPPS-CNR survey - Giovani e Scienza, 2004In A. Valente, M. C. Brandi, L. Cerbara, M. Misiti, Youth and Science in Italy: between enthusiasm and indifference, Journal of Science Communication (Jcom), giugno 2005, vol. 4 (2). http://jcom.sissa.it/archive/04/02
B. Scientific research must continue;scientists are not responsible forcommunicating outcomes to society
Who should take part in the decision-making process on the use of S&T applications?
Ogm Electrosmog SpaceM F M F M F
Directly involves scientists 41 47 40 39 52 62Scientific community 14 14 32 38 14 13Politicians (gov. and parl.) 5 3 2 3 4 4Producer/patent-holder(ind.) 0 3 3 0 2 4Citizens 23 16 11 9 8 4Bioethics committees 0 8 2 2 4 4Environmental groups 5 3 6 9 5 4Consumers/users groups 4 6 3 2 4 2Other groups 4 0 0 0 3 3Non-Gov. Organizations 4 0 0 0 3 1
Source: CNR surveys 2004- 2005- 2006
In A.Valente(ed.), Science, from specialists to students and back again, Biblink 2006
Common Model of Interaction Between Science and Society
..I give you references and evidences, you must be convinced
..why they don’t understand us
We are communicating…
Some of the Main Problems in the Public Communication of “In Progress Science”
• considering “in progress science,” must experts be an expert of all aspects involved?•does the citation system represent an effective way to cope with the complexity of the different points of view of science?• do non specialistic sources and textbooks accurately represent “in progress science,” and do they stress that there are different points of view on the subject?
• the speed of scientific development: a resource, a problem…
Three Main Issues in Gathering Scientific Documentation for Public Communication of “In Progress Science:”
“open” access (interoperability and free access)
easy-to-understand language
different points of view
…but answers to these questions may be different and not go in the same direction…
different points of view
A. within the scientific community
B. at interspecialistic level (interdisciplinary)
C. contextual knowledge (bottom-up)
D. enlargement of participation in the creation of collective wisdom
A. Depending on the evolution of peer review and evaluation methodsB. May facilitate. but also Garfield: “a multi disciplinary, cover-to-cover index to
eliminate the uncertanties of the selective discipline oriented services”C. Generally not consideredD. May be counterproductive:
from a problem of cultural egemony to a problem of costs? Or both?
In conclusion,
it would not be so bad for Gregorio Magno to be distracted by the world