institute for lifecycle environmental assessment energy and land use impacts of sustainable...
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![Page 1: Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment Energy and Land Use Impacts of Sustainable Transportation Scenarios Boyd H. Pro University](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e0c5503460f94af5cfc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Energy and Land Use Impacts of Sustainable Transportation
Scenarios
Boyd H. Pro
University of Washington
Roel Hammerschlag
Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Why Land Use?• Current power production not land use intensive:
Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, etc.
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Future scenarios:
• Land use will be a ‘new’ environmental impact.
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
“Future Cars”• What sort of energy carriers will the cars of the
future utilize?
• Hydrogen fuel cell• Electric Battery• Bio-fuels
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Coming up with land use….
• Any renewable resource has some form of solar radiation as its original source of energy
• This leads to a clear evaluation of the land occupied to acquire a given amount of energy
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Solar Radiation
• Solar constant = 1367 W/m2 incident on Earth’s atmosphere
• Typical radiation levels on Earth’s surface: approximately 200 W/m2 (in the U.S.)
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Energy conversion:• Example: 15% efficient
solar cell would generate
15%*200 = 30W/m2
• To generate 1 kW = 1000 watts:
1000/30 = 33 m2
This implies one panel of size 33 m2
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What about wind and Biomass?
• Wind turbines don’t rely on direct solar radiation in their location.
• An arbitrary value used for power produced: 5W/m2 • A farm of larger turbines may generate 20W/m2
• Corresponding efficiencies = 2.5% - 10%
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Biomass• Plants convert sunlight into energy via
photosynthesis.
• Typical conversion efficiencies: <1%• Some crops convert up to 4%.
![Page 10: Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment Energy and Land Use Impacts of Sustainable Transportation Scenarios Boyd H. Pro University](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e0c5503460f94af5cfc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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So…..plants in fuel tanks?
• Any conversion process has various steps with associated energy losses.
• Well to wheel principle:
“Well to wheel” “sunlight to motor” + vehicle efficiency
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4 process paths:#1: Electrolytic Hydrogen: Renewable Electric Generation H2 production Fuel cell electric vehicle
#2: Electricity: Renewable Electric Generation Battery electric vehicle
#3: Bio-Hydrogen: Biomass production Direct H2 conversion Fuel cell electric vehicle
#4: Biofuels: Biomass Production Liquefaction On-board H2 conversion Fuel cell
electric vehicle
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Transportation demands• Current national light vehicle demands: 4 trillion vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) per year
• 1999: gasoline-powered light vehicle fleet consumed 16.7 EJ in primary fuel.
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Electric Vehicle Speculation:
• Modern electric vehicles: approximately 4 times as fuel efficient as gasoline vehicles.
• Therefore, 4 trillion VKT in an electric vehicle would consume ¼ of 16.7 EJ, approximately 4.2 EJ.
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Renewable ElectricGeneration:
PV, wind
ElectricalTransmission
H2 generation:Electrolysis
H2 filling/transferto vehicle
On-board fuel-cell:electricity
generation
Renewable ElectricGeneration:
PV, wind
Battery Storage
BiomassProduction: growth
of feedstock
Feedstock harvest
Gasification toHydrogen
H2 distribution:pipeline,
compressed gastank
On-board fuel cell:electricity
generation
BiomassProduction: growth
of feedstock
Feedstock harvest
Liquefaction:gasification,
fermentation, etc.
Storage andDistribution of
biofuel
Biofuel reformer/fuel-cell
combination:electricity
generation
PV: 10%-16%Wind: 2.5%-10%
85%-90%
Approx. 100%
60%-65%
1%-3% 1%-3%
Gasification: 60%-70%Fermentation: 50%-60%
Approx. 100%
60%-70%
91%-93%
ElectricalTransmission
Path #1:ElectrolyticHydrogen
Path #2:Electricity
Path #3:Bio-Hydrogen
Path #4:Biofuels
PV: 10%-16%Wind: 2.5% -10%
91%-93%
90%
PV: 4.64%-8.70%Wind: 1.16%-5.44%
PV: 7.74%-13.39%Wind: 1.93%-8.37%
0.18%-1.37% Methanol: 0.12%-0.95%Ethanol: 0.09%-0.72%
Overall solar tomotor efficiency:
Overall solar tomotor efficiency:
Overall solar tomotor efficiency:
Overall solar tomotor efficiency:
60-65% Methanol: 40%-45%Ethanol: 45%-50%
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
ResultsLand use to fuel U.S. light vehicle fleet
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
PV tohydrogen
PV toBattery
Biohydrogen Biofuel
1000 k
m2
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Land use to fuel U.S. light vehicle fleet
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
PV Wind Wind+biomass
Wind+PV
PV Wind Wind+biomass
Wind+PV
1000
km
2
Electrolytic hydrogen Battery electric
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Cause of land use
Fuel Production
Fuel Production
Roads & parking
Roads & parking
FuelDelivery
FuelDelivery
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PV to hydrogen Biohydrogen
1000
km
2
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Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessmentwww.ilea.org
Conclusions…..• For large scale applications, we hope to
minimize the land occupied.
• Path #2, electricity, has the lowest associated land intensity.
• The Biomass paths have the greatest associated land use.
![Page 19: Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment Energy and Land Use Impacts of Sustainable Transportation Scenarios Boyd H. Pro University](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e0c5503460f94af5cfc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
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• Biomass = BAD? No, but for large scale application, it is
quite land use-intensive.
• Hydrogen = “the future”? Maybe, but it may not be the best solution
Main idea: land use will be the largest environmental impact