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Insights on India’s Energy & Climate Science and Policy Landscape
Shonali Pachauri, IIASA ENE Program
27 March 2019, BMBWF, Vienna
Overview
• National circumstances and challenges
• Indian Ministries shaping energy & climate policy
• India’s climate pledge
• Objectives and highlights of India’s INDCs
• Initial analysis of feasibility of achieving INDCS
• Indian research institutes working on energy & climate issues
3
National Circumstances & Challenges
• India: 2.4% of world surface area
17% of world’s human population
18% of world’s cattle population
• Poverty: 30% of the population lives in poverty
• Housing : 20% of population without adequate housing
• Electricity: 20% without reliable electricity
Per capita use 1/10th of developed world
• Drinking Water: 7% without safe drinking water
• Human Development Index: 0.640, Global rank of 130
• India’s priority: Poverty eradication & sustainable growth
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Indian Ministries Shaping Energy & Climate Policies
Source: Modified from IEA, India Energy OutlookMinistry of Agriculture
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Current Climate Pledge
•Current voluntary pledge by India (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution – INDC):
Share of non-fossil fuel in the total installed capacity to be 40% by 2030
Emission intensity of GDP to reduce by 33–35% by 2030 from 2005 levels
Create additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 BTCO2 through additional forest cover by 2030
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Objectives of India’s INDCs
Include both adaptation & mitigation policies, requirements for
finance, technology transfer, & capacity building
Considers rapid growth till 2030 - a population of ~ 1.5 billion, 40%
urbanized
Incorporate development priorities such as:o Electricity for all
o Housing for all
o Poverty eradication
o Infrastructure for Education & Health for all
o Make in India
o Infrastructure development
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Highlights of India’s INDCs (1)
• Fuel Mix:Increase share of renewables (wind, solar, bioenergy) installed power capacity cumulatively from 30 GW currently to 175 GW by 2022Raise nuclear capacity from its current 5.8 GW to 63 GW by 2032Upgrade efficiency of 144 thermal coal plants, require that all new coal plants employ supercritical technology
• Infrastructure:National Smart Grid Mission: $6 billion for Green Energy Corridor projects for RE powerIncrease share of railways in total land transportation from 36 percent to 45 percentCreate two freight corridors that over 30 years will reduce CO2 emissions by 57 million tonsSmart Cities Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation projects targets infrastructural improvements in 600 cities
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Highlights of India’s INDCs (2)
• Efficiency:National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) to eliminate 20 GW of capacity additions, corresponding to 23 million tons of CO2
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Program to save 50 million tons of avoided CO2 emissions
• Forests/Green Cover:National Mission for Green India - enhance and restore forests, tree cover, biodiversity with carbon sequestration as a co-benefit
• Finance:A carbon tax on coal of INR 200 ($3.20) per ton to contribute to the National Clean Environment Fund
National Adaptation Fund setup with initial allocation of INR 3,500 million ($55.6 million)
Cut subsidies and increased taxes on fossil fuels (petrol and diesel). Fuel subsidies to be disbursed through direct cash transfers
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Highlights of India’s INDCs (3)
• Adaptation Components:
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana - organic farming
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana - efficient irrigation.
Neeranchal - watershed development.
Namami Gange – clean Ganga river plan
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
Bureau for Water Use Efficiency
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Feasibility of Achieving India’s INDCs (1)
Source: WRI 2017 – Pathways for Meeting India’s Climate Goals
Quadrupling of installed RE capacity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042
TWh
Hydro
Imports
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Gas
Coal
Biomass
Source: NITI Aayog 2018 - India’s Energy and Emissions Outlook
Electricity Generation
Without improvement in technical efficiency, capacity addition in RE translates into a lesser than proportionate increase in generation from these sources
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Feasibility of Achieving India’s INDCs (2)
0,0000
0,0020
0,0040
0,0060
0,0080
0,0100
0,0120
0,0140
0,0160
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047
Kg/
INR
of
GD
P
MtC
O2
CO2_Baseline CO2_NDC EI_Baseline EI_NDC
Source: NITI Aayog 2018 - India’s Energy and Emissions Outlook
EI drops by 41% in the NDC scenario by 2032, relative to 2017 level and 80% compared to 2005 level, but decline is slow, as it gets dampened due to cumulative increase in absolute emissions
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Non-Governmental Indian Research Institutes
• Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)
• Centre for Policy Research (CPR)
• Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
• Center for Study of Science, Technology & Policy (CSTEP)
• Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW)
• Initiatives in Health, Energy, Learning and Parenthood (Prayas)
• The Energy Research Institute (TERI)
Thank you very much for your attention!
This presentation is licensed undera Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Questions?Comments? Shonali Pachauri
Senior Research Scholar – Energy Program
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)Laxenburg, Austria