inside the cell yellow –headings red – vocabulary purple – important stuff
TRANSCRIPT
PROKARYOTES• UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS
• LACK OTHER ORGANELLES
• EXAMPLE= BLUE-GREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM
Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped
bacteria.
INSIDE THE CELL• CYTOPLASM:
– B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE
– WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED
CYTOSOL:– GELATIN-LIKE FLUID
THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES
NUCLEUS:– LARGE
– NEAR CENTER OF CELL
– CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO
– DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL
• NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS
• CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome)
• CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN
• NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT)
• NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION
MITOCHONDRIA• THE “MIGHTY
MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!!
• CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA
• SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE
• NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE
• TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S
• ATP = (AdenosineTriPhosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY
• CAR (MITOCHONDRIA)• GASOLINE (CHEMICAL
RXN)• GAS + ENGINE = CAR
STARTS (ATP MADE)• CAR RUNS (ENERGY)
MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL
• SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES– OUTER & INNER
• CRISTAE:– THE LONG FOLDS
INSIDE THE INNER FOLD
– ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE
– CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE
RIBOSOMES• MOST NUMEROUS
ORGANELLE IN THE CELL
• NO MEMBRANE
• 60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S
• PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS
• Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. antibodies– transported and used
elsewhere in the organism• WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE
ATTACHED TO ER:– PROTEINS INSERTED TO
MEMBRANES
– PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL
Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes
operate in chains when translating a mRNA.
Proteins being made by DNA
Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can
be used by the body.
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PROTEIN CHAIN
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RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)• A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES• INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY”
– MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER• 2 TYPES OF ER:
– SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes)
– ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES)
ROUGH ER:• IN CELLS THAT
MAKE A LOT OF PROTEINS
• USED FOR EXPORT OUT OF THE CELL
• ALSO TO BE INSERTED INTO THE CELL MEMBRANE
SMOOTH ER: • INVOLVED IN
PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) OF STEROID GLAND CELLS
• REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS
• BREAKDOWN OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY LIVER CELLS
GOLGI APPARATUS• PROCESSING• PACKAGING• SECRETING
ORGANELLE• SYSTEM OF
MEMBRANES “PANCAKES”
• SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL
• MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL
LYSOSOME• SMALL• SPHERICAL ORGANELLE • ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I
SINGLE MEMBRANES• DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS.,
LIPIDS, DNA, RNA– SOMETIMES DIGEST:
OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED
• RARE IN PLANT CELLS
• LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:
1. NUCLEUSa. NUCLEOLUS
2. ER a. THE 2 TYPES
3. RIBOSOME
4. MITOCHONDRIA
a. CRISTAE
5. LYSOSOME
6. GOLGI APPARATUS
CYTOSKELETON• NETWORK OF LONG
PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL
• NO MEMBRANE• AIDS IN MOVEMENT
OF ORGANELLES • MICROFILAMENTS:
– THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN.
– SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON
MICROTUBLES:• LARGEST STRANDS • HOLLOW TUBES• WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL
SPINDLE FIBERS:
• THICK BUNDLES
• ASSISTIN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION