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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure 1

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Page 1: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

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Page 2: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Objectives: 9. 13.1 Know that atoms are made of a nucleus consisting of neutrons, and protons,

surrounded by electrons in orbit shells.9.13.2 Define and use the terms proton number, mass number and isotope, and represent isotopes symbolically using the numbers.9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number of electrons and this explain the structure of the periodic table. 9.13.4 Know the charges and approximate masses of the proton, neutron and electron and use these to calculate the mass and overall charge of any atom or ion.

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Key WordsElectron ا�ل�ك�ت�ر�و�ن�Neutron ن�ي�و�ت�ر�و�نProton ب�ر�و�ت�و�ن�Shell م�د�ا�ر�

Charge شح�ن�ة�Neutral م�ت�ع�ا�دل�ة�

ك�ه�ر�ب�ا�ئ�ي�ا�

Page 3: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

The word atom comes from a Greek word meaning something which can't be split.

ل�الن�قس�ا�م� ق�اب�ل� غ�ي�ر� و�ت�عن�ي� �، ا�إلغ�ر�ي�ق�ي�ة� إ�ل�ى ذ�ر�ة� ك�ل�م�ة� أ�ص�ل� .ي�ر�ج�عINSIDE THE ATOMThere are 3 types of particles inside an atom. These are protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are found squashed together in the middle of the atom. The middle, called the nucleus, is incredibly small and dense. The tiny electrons whiz around the nucleus.

Figure 1وا�إللك�ت�ر�ونات� 3هن�اك� و�الن�ي�وت�ر�ونات� ا�لب�ر�وتو�نا�ت ه�ي و الذ�ر�ة دا�خل الج�سي�م�ات م�ن تو�جد�. أن�و�اع

ف�ي معا والن�ي�و�تر�ون�ات صغي�ر�ة� الذ�رة�نو�ا�ة الب�ر�وتو�ن�ات هي� حو�ل . وثق�يل�ة�,،و� اإللك�ت�رون�ات وتد�ور�.بس�رعة� كب�ي�رة� الن�و�اة�

Table 1 shows the charge and mass of the particles in an atom.الذرة 1جدول لجزئيات والكتلة الشحنة يوضح

الجسيم Particle

الشح�نة Charge

ا�ل�ك�ت�ل�ة�Mass

(in atomic mass units)

Proton 1 + 1Neutron 0 1

Electron 1 - 0 (almost) Table 1Things to notice :

Protons and neutrons have the same mass.The electrons are so light that you can ignore their mass.In fact it takes almost 2000 electrons to weigh the same as a proton or a neutron.Remember the charge on each particle like this:Protons are positive,Electrons are negative.Neutrons are neutral.

: م�الح�ظ�ات�

ا�لك�ت�ل�ة� ن�ف�س� له�ا و�ا�لن�ي�و�ت�ر�ون�ا�ت� .ا�لب�ر�وت�و�ن�ات�ت�ج�ا�ه�ل�ه�ا وي�م�ك�ن� جد�ا� ص�غ�ي�ر�ة� لأللك�ت�ر�و�ن�ا�ت ا�ل�ك�ت�ل�ة� .ت�عت�ب�ر�

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Page 4: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

ب�ر�وت�و�ن� كت�ل�ة� =� ا�لك�ت�ر�و�ن� 2000كت�ل�ة� أ�و� .ن�ي�و�ت�ر�ون�م�و�ج�ب�ة� ش�ح�ن�ة� ا�ل�ب�ر�و�ت�و�ن� ش�ح�ن�ة� ( +�)� ي�ح�م�ل� م�ت�ع�اد�ل( ا�لن�ي�و�ت�ر�و�ن� ا�م�ا(-�) س�ا�لب�ة� وا�ألل�ك�ت�ر�ون�

).�ا�لش�ح�ن�ة�

THE OVER ALL CHARGE OVER AN ATOM : ا�ل�ش�ح�ن�ة� ا�ل�ن�ه�ا�ئ�ي�ة� ع�ل�ى� ا�ل�ذ�ر�ة�

Atoms are neutral. The positive charges are cancelled out by an equal number of negative charges.

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I'm the Electron and I'm pretty quick .I fly round the nucleus at a fair ole lick!The proton and I, we tend to attract .

I'm negative you see and that's a fact!

I'm the Proton and I'm pretty large .I'm considered a plus, with my positive charge .My friends and I, in the nucleus we huddle.It's nice and cosy with neutrons to cuddle!

I'm the Neutron and I'm pretty heavy .I'm fat and lazy and take things steady .You could call me "cheap" – I have no charge at all .I really am just a dense neutral ball!

Page 5: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

So the number of protons (+) in a neutral atom will always equal the number of electrons (—}.

كهربيا . متعادلة الموجبة الذرة الشحناتالذرة في الشحنات دائما للبروتونات تساوي

لأللكترونات المتعادلة السالبة الذرة في .

ELECTRON STRUCTURE ا�ل�ت�ر�ك�ي�ب� ا�أل�ل�ك�ت�ر�و�ن�ي�

Electrons first fill the shell closest to the

nucleus.

Electrons orbit the nucleus in pathways called shells.

The first shell may contain up to two electrons.The second and third shells may contain up to eight electrons.The number of electrons in the outer shell indicates the group that the element belongs to. So, the electron structure shows how the atom will react chemically.

طاقة االلكترونات االقل المدار بملء النواة , تبدأ من باألقرب .تبدأعلى الكترونين يستوعب األول .األكثر المدار

الثاني األكثر 8يستوعب والثالث المدار على .الكترونالتي المجموعة رقم على يدّل الخارجي المدار في االلكترونات في ينتميعدد العنصر لها

الدوري التركيب االلكتروني يوضح كيف تتفاعل الذرة كيميائيا, الجدول

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Figure 2: Model of electron shells

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

LITHIUM• Number of protons = 3.• Number of electrons = 3.• The electron structure is 2, 1.

MAGNESIUM• Number of protons = 12.• Number of electrons = 12.• The electron structure is 2, 8, 2.

You don't need to draw pictures of atoms every time. You can use a short-hand called the electronic structure. This just shows the number of electrons in each shell, working outwards from the nucleus.

رسم بالضرورة يمكن ليس ولكن وقت كل في للذرات ذرة صورة لكل األلكتروني التركيب رسمالذرة طبيعة المدار , لفهم في األلكترونات عدد كتابة األمثلة اتباألمكان في كما بالترتيب

السابقة

THE ELECTRON STRUCTURE OF THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS

ألول األلكتروني الدوري 20التركيب الجدول في عنصر

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Write the technical term that matches each description : 7

SymbolElementElectronsElectron structureGroup

HHydrogen111

HeHelium222

LiLithium32,11

BeBeryllium42,22

BBoron52,33

CCarbon62,44

NNitrogen72,55

OOxygen82,66

FFluorine92,77

NeNeon102,8ONaSodium112,8,11

MgMagnesium122,8,22

AlAluminum132,8,33

SiSilicon142,8,44

PPhosphorus152,8,55

SSulphur162,8,66

ClChlorine172,8,77

ArArgon182,8,8OKPotassium192 ,8 ,8 ,11

CaCalcium202 ,8 ,8 ,22

Page 8: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

الوصف يطابق الذي المصطلح اكتب

1- Negatively charged particle in an atom-----------------------------الذرة في سالبة كهربائية شحنة ذات جسيمات

2- Positively charged particle in an atom------------------------------الذرة في موجبة كهربائية شحنة ذات جسيمات

3- A place where an electron is most likely to be found------------------االلكترونات فيه يوجد الذي المكان

Complete the following التالي اكمل

1-The small dense core of an atom is called---------------------------يسمى الذرة مركز

3- A proton and ----------------------------have the same mass ------------------ الكتلة نفس لهما و البروتون

Complete the table below الجدول : اكملElectronic Structure

االلكتروني التركيبNo of electrons

االلكترونات عددElementالعنصر

2,1Lithium

2Helium

7Nitrogen

9Fluorine12Magnesium

Label the following diagram given below

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Page 9: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Explain: Why is an atom is neutral? : كهربائيا متعادلة الذرة علل

Objectives:

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Page 10: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

1. Define the terms atomic number, mass number and isotope2. Represent isotopes symbolically using the numbers.

Key Words

Atomic number

العددالذري

Mass number

العددالكتلي

Isotopes النظائر

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Elements and ATOMIC NUMBER الذ�ري العناصر و العدد� Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom is called "atomic number". The atoms of each element are different because each element has a different atomic number.

الب�روتونات من مخ�تلفة أعداد لديها المخت�لفة العناصر� نواة . ذرات في الموجود�ة البروتونات عد�ديسمى الذ�ري "الذ�رة� كل ". العدد� له ذرات العناصر من عنصر� كل ألن مخت�لفة العناصر من عن�صر

يميزه ذري عد�د

Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

الذ�ري النواة� = العدد� في البروتونات مت�عادلة (عد�د لذرة األلك�ترونات عد�د (يساوي

MASS NUMBER الك�تلي العدد�You already know that protons and neutrons are the heavy particles which make up an atom's mass. The mass number tells us how many of these protons and neutrons there are in an atom.

Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number = the number of protons + the number of neutrons

الك�تلي والنيو�ترونات هوالعدد� البروتونات عد�د الذرة مجموع نو�اة في .You can work out the number of neutrons from this, as long as you know the atomic number.Number of neutrons =mass number — number of protons.Remember, the atomic number equals the number of protons.

MORE SHORT-HAND!The atomic number and mass number can be shown using chemical short-hand. The information about lithium can be shown as in the example The top number is the mass number. The bottom number is the atomic number.

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

اليسار : العنصرناحية رمز تحت الذري العدد يكتب , اختصارااليسار ناحية فوقه الكتلي العدد و

Can you work out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in .

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

ISOTOPES النظائر The number of protons in atoms of the same element is always the same. So isotopes must have different numbers of neutrons. Let's look at this example:

من مختلف عدد علي تحتوي ولكنها نفسها تكون العنصر نفس ذرات في البروتونات عدد

.النيوترونات

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Page 13: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

The isotopes are exactly the same, apart from their numbers of neutrons.Isotopes of an element have the same chemical reactions this is because their electrons are arranged in exactly the same way.Isotopes are sometimes written showing just their mass numbers. In the example above the isotopes can be written as carbon-12 and carbon-14.

النيوترونات عدد عن النظر بغض العنصر، نفس تماما هي .النظائرفيها   اإللكترونات ترتيب ألن الكيميائية التفاعالت نفس لها العنصر نظائر

متشابه.بأرقام   النظائر عن التعبير :كتلتها.يتم أعاله للمثال النظائر كتابة ويمكن

-12الكربون – . 14 والكربون Can you find the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in

these two isotopes of chlorine

Define: عرف

1- Atomic number الذري العدد------------------------------------------------------------ 2- Mass number الكتلي العدد

---------------------------------------------------------------3- Isotopes النظائر

---------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------- 4-Complete the following table ( use periodic table ):

التالي الجدول الدوري أكمل الجدول مستخدماً Neutron

s Electron

s ProtonsMass

Number

Atomic number

Element

NNeFK

5 -Hydrogen )atomic number =1) has 3 isotopes13

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

They can be represented as H-1, H-2, and H-3 What is the difference between the 3 isotopes? النظائر بين الفرق ماهو

للهيدروجين الثالث

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------6-Hydrogen reacts with chlorine in sunlight, forming hydrogen chloride. Would you expect the same reaction for each isotope of hydrogen? Why?نظائر . تتفاعل ان تتوقع هل الشمس ضوء في الكلور مع الهيدروجين يتفاعل

علل ؟ الطريقة بنفس ؟الهدروجين

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------7- Use the following terms to create a concept map )on A4): atom, nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, atomic number, and mass number

Standard9.13.5 Know that how a full outer leads to the lack of reactivity of the group VIII elements and know that the uses of the group VIII element drive from their lack of chemical reactivity.

Objectives1. Know how a full outer shell leads to the lack of reactivity of group 8.2. Know how the uses are related of the lack of reactivity.

Key Words

Un-reactive نشط غي�ر14

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Inert خام�لDensity كثافةBoiling Point الغل�يان درجة

The Inert GasesLook at group 18 of the periodic table. What do the elements of in group 18 have in common? All of the elements in group 18 are gases. They are called inert or noble gases. The word "inert" means "inactive ". The noble gases are not chemically active . They do not combine readily with other elements in chemical reaction .This is because they all have a full outer shell of electrons.

الغازات النبيلة هي غازات غير نشطة وتسمى أحيانا بالخاملة لعدم تفاعلها ، ألنها لديها مدار:خارجي ممتليء.

Common Inert GasesThe name of some of the inert gases may be familiar to you. The names and chemical symbols of the six inert gases are listed in table 1. All the noble gases are found in small amount in the earth' atmosphere.

Table 1: Inert GasesElement SymbolHelium HeNeon NeArgon Ar

Krypton KrXenon XeRadon Rn

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Page 16: INSIDE THE ATOM - Web view9.13. 3 Know that electron shells can contain a fixed number ... The word "inert ... What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?

Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Figure 1: The outer shell of the noble gases Atomic No Element No. of electrons/shell

2 helium 2

10 neon 2, 8

18 argon 2, 8, 8

36 krypton 2, 8, 18, 8

54 xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8

86 radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8Table 2: Electron structure of Noble Gases

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NOBLE GASES الفيزيائية الصفاتالنبيلة للغازات

All the members of Group 0 are gases at room temperature. If they are cooled down they can become liquids and eventually solids. In a solid state they are brittle and crumbly (typical for non-metals). They are also poor conductors of both

electricity and heat.

.كلها غازات في درجة حرارة الغرفة .ممكن تحويلها الى سوائل أو مواد صلبة بالتبريد.هشة وسهلة التفتت في الحالة الصلبة .رديئة التوصيل للكهرباء والحرارة

THE TRENDS IN THE NOBLE GASES النبيلة الغازات في الاتجاهات As you go down the group: (See Figure 2)

* Density increases * Boiling point increases They are colorless, monatomic gases and they

exist as individual atoms. كلما اتجهت لألسفل.

.تزداد الكثافة.تزداد درجة الغليان

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

عديمة اللون و أحادية الذرة (توجد في الطبيعة على شكل ذرات أحادية أكثرمن الغازات

(.األخرى التي تتواجد على شكل جزيئات ثنائيةUses of noble gases النبيلة الغازات إستخدامات

Answer the following questions

1- Where are the inert gases located in the periodic table?الدوري الجدول في النبيلة الغازات موقع ما

---------------------------------------------------------------------------2- What is the meaning of the word inert?

خاملة كلمة معني ما----------------------------------------------------------------------------3-How do the inert gases behave in chemical reactions?

الكيميائية التفاعالت في النبيلة الغازات سلوك ماهو----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4- What are the physical properties of noble gases?

النبيلة للغازات الفيزيائية الخصائص هي ما------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ألنه أقل كثافة من الهواء وغيرقابل لإلشتعال مثل الهيدروجين.

النيون: يستخدم في انابيب التفريغ الكهربائي

في األعالنات الضوئية.

الكربتون:يستخدم في الليزر.

Figure 2

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- Based on the position of helium in the periodic table, why does a helium balloon float in air?

الهواء؟ في الهيليوم بالون يطفو لماذا ، الدوري الجدول في الهيليوم موفع على بناءً---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 6- Radon is used in treating cancer cells. Why do you think radon is useful in fighting cancer?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Standard 9.13.6 Know how atoms combine using ionic )electrovalent) or covalent bonds

Objectives:

Know how atoms combine to form an ionic bond.

Key WordsIon أي�و�ن�

Outer shell ال�م�دا�ر�ال�خ�ا�ر�ج�ي�

Full outer shell

خ�ا�ر�ج�ي� م�دا�ر�م�م�تل�ي�ء�

Lose ي�ف�ق�دGain ي�ك�ت�سب�

Crystal ب�ل�و�ر�ة�Crystal lattice

ب�لو�ر�ي�ة� شب�ك�ة�

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

When we look at the Periodic Table, we find a group of elements with almost no reactions at all. Can you remember the name of this group? What can you say about the arrangement of electrons in their atoms?We have seen that the atoms of these very stable Noble Gases all have full outer shells of electrons.All other atoms would also like to have full outer shells.In this lesson we will see how metals and non-metals bond together in compounds to obtain a full outer shell.IONIC BONDING الايوني الارتباط

األيونية الروابطوالالفلزات الفلزات بين .تتكون

Let's look at Sodium Chloride as an example Figure 1:

Figure 1

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Both atoms would be more stable if they had full outer shells. They will always take the easiest way to fill their outer shell with electrons. Notice that sodium has just 1 electron in its outer shell. How do you think it could get a full outer shell? Would it be easier for sodium to lose just 1 electron, or to gain 7 electrons?

كمثال الصوديوم كلوريد الى ننظر الذرتين . دعونا من كل كامل خارجي مدار لديهم كان إذا استقرارا أكثر .تكون

الخارجي المدار لملء طريقة أسهل دائما تتخذ وسوفعلى . باإللكترونات يحتوى للصوديوم الخارجي المدار أن الحظ

واحد مدار . اإللكترون على الحصول يمكن أنه تعتقد كيف فقط الصوديوم على السهل من سيكون ؟هل ممتليء ان خارجي

االلكترونات 1يخسر يكسب أو ، ؟7اإللكترون Look at the chlorine atom above:It has 7 electrons in its outer shell. How do you think it could get a full outer shell? Would it be easier for chlorine to lose 7 electrons, or to gain just 1 more electrons?

الكلور ذرة الى أعاله بالنظر :الخارجي 7لديه غالفه في ممتلىء؟ . إلكترونات خارجي مدار على الحصول يمكن أنه تعتقد كيف تفقد هل ان الكلور على السهل من أو 7سيكون ، فقط تكتسبالكترونات واحد ؟1 إلكترون

When sodium reacts, it loses its 1 outer electron. This leaves a full shell. Where sodium’s electron does go to?Chlorine accepts the electron from sodium. It gains the 1 electron it needs to fill its outer shell. Look at the diagram 2.

Remember that all atoms are neutral. They have an equal number of positive protons and negative electrons. So the charges cancel out.However, after sodium has given an electron to chlorine, the electrons and protons in both atoms no longer balance.

كل أن تذكر الذرات

المتعادلة.21

Figure 2

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

) ( كل يلغي بحيث ، والسالبة الموجبة الشحنات وااللكترونات البروتونات من متساوي عدد لديها . متعادلة غير الذرة تصبح إلكترون الصوديوم ذرة تفقد أن بعد ولكن اآلخر .منهما

When an atom gains or loses electrons it becomes an ion. When the number of electrons is different from the number of protons in an atom, the atom has an electric charge. An atom with electrical charge is called an ion. If a neutral atom gains electron, it becomes a negative ion. If a neutral atom loses electron, it becomes a positive ion as shown in Figure 3:

أيون تصبح اإللكترونات الذرة تكتسب او تفقد عدد . عندما يختلف اإللكترونات عدد يكون عندماكهربائية شحنة الذرة تحمل الذرة في كهربائية . البروتونات شحنة تحمل التي الذرة وتسمى

ايون . أيون تصبح اإللكترون الذرة تفقد وعندما ، سالب ايون تصبح اإللكترون الذرة تكتسب عندماالشكل في مبين هو كما 3موجب

Figure 3

The Na+ ions and Cl- ions are strongly attracted to each other. This attraction sticks the ions together, and is called an ionic bond. Millions of ions bonded together form crystals.

األيونية الرابطة وتسمى والسالبة الموجبة األيونات بين قوية رابطة األيونات . تتكون من الماليين البلورات تكوّن ببعضها .المرتبطة

Crystals: بلورات The force of attraction in an atomic bond is very strong. Many compounds that contain ionic bond form crystals .A crystal is a solid that contains ions

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Ion: an atom with electrical charge.

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

arranged in a regular pattern. The pattern of negative and positive ions forms a crystal lattice..

تحتوي . . التي هي البلورة بلورات تكون ايونية روابط على تحتوي التي المركبات من العديد . بلورية شبكة تشكل والموجبة السالبة األيونات من نمط منتظم نمط في مرتبة ايونات .على

Figure 4: Sodium Chloride crystals

1- Fill in the blanks: الفراغات أكمل1- Ionic bonds form between-----------------------.&-------------------------------

بين ال تتكون االيونية و----------------روابط ----------------------2- Atoms would be more stable if they have --------------------------------

لديها كان إذا مستقرة الذرات -------------تكون3- The atoms will always take the …………. way to fill their outer shell

دائما تتخذ الخارجي -------------الذرات المدار لملء طريقة4-A--------------is a solid that contains ions arranged in a regular pattern.

2- For Each atom below, write the number of electrons it must gain or lose to have 8 electrons in their outer shell. Then calculate the charge of the ion that would form

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

على لتحصل تفقدها او تكتسبها ان يجب التي اإللكترونات عدد إكتب ، االسفل في ذرة 8لكل المتكون . االيون على الشحنة احسب ثم الخارجي المدار في .اإللكترونات

a) Calcium, Ca--------------------------------------------------------------------b) Nitrogen, N-------------------------------------------------------------------C) Aluminum, Al----------------------------------------------------------------d) Phosphorus, P-------------------------------------------------------------------

3) Explain: Why ionic compounds are neutral even though they are made up of charged particles?

مشحونة جسيمات من مكونة أنها رغم متعادلة األيونية المركبات تكون ؟لماذا-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4- Draw the dot and cross diagram to show the bonds between Magnesium (Mg: atomic number 12) and Oxygen (O atomic number 8) in magnesium oxide compound (MgO). Draw arrows to show the movement of the electrons.

Standard

9.13.6 Know how atoms combine using ionic )electrovalent) or covalent bonds

9.13.8 Know the number of bonds formed by the elements hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen in covalent compounds and be able to represent compounds of these elements diagrammatically

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Objectives:

1.Know how atoms combine in the covalent bond.2.Know the number of bonds formed in the

covalent compounds.3.Learn to represent the bond diagrammatically.

Key WordsCovalent Bond ت�س�ا�ه�م�ي�ة� ر�ا�ب�ط�ة�Double Bond ث�ن�ا�ئ�ي�ة� ر�ا�ب�ط�ة� Triple Bond ث�الث�ي�ة� ر�ا�ب�ط�ة�

Share ا�ش�ت�ر�ا�ك

Atoms can complete their outer energy level by losing and gaining electrons .The result is an ionic compound. Elements also form compounds when their atoms share electrons to form a molecule. This type of bonding is called a covalent bond. Two non-metal atoms can both gain electrons by sharing!.

Covalent bond: bond that forms when atoms share electrons.التساهمية باإللكترونات : الرابطة الذرات تتشارك حينما تتكون رابطة

Examples of Covalent bondLet's look at the smallest hydrocarbon, Methane. Its formula is CH4.

Look at Figure 1 :

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms overlap like this:Count the electrons in the outer shell of each carbon and hydrogen atom in methane.Are they all full?Can you see that the carbon now has 8 electrons in its outer shell?How many electrons does each hydrogen atom have?Is hydrogen stable with this arrangement?

We can represent covalent bonds like this;

This 'ball and stick' diagram shows the 4 single covalent bonds between C and H atoms.

ويبين ' والعصي الكرة التخطيطي الرسم الهدروجين 4هذا بين أحادية تساهمية روابط والكربون

Let's look at another example of covalent bonding. Chlorine gas does not exist as single atoms. Remember, that a chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer shell. It needs 1 more electron to fill it. How can it manage to do this?Like many gases, it is di-atomic. Two chlorine atoms bonded together to make a C12 molecule. Look at the diagrams below Figure 2 of the Cl2 molecule:

التالي المثال في هو كما الذرة ثنائية جزيئات لتكوين البعض بعضها مع تتساهم الكلور .ذرات

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Figure 1

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

DOUBLE BONDS الرابطةالتساهمية الثنائية

Oxygen is molecule which contains a double bond. Look a t Figure 3:ثنائية رابطة على يحتوي األكسجين جزيء

Figure 3

How many electrons are in the area of overlap?التداخل؟ منطقة في االلكترونات عدد كم

How many electrons are in the single covalent bonds in CH4 and Cl2?في األحادية التساهمية الرابطة في اإللكترونات عدد ؟ CH4 Cl2 & ما

Each pair of electrons in the overlapping shells is a covalent bond.تساهمية رابطة هي المتداخلة المدارات في اإللكترونات من زوج كل

Can you see why we call the bond between 2 oxygen atoms a double bond?

Can you draw the bonds in the nitrogen molecules? النيتروجين؟ جزيئات في الرابطة رسم يمكنك هل

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Figure 2: The diagram shows the three ways to represent the covalent bond in Cl2. The right-hand one is a 'dot and cross' diagram (showing the outer electrons only)

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Complete the following ِ -A - 1 -A covalent bond forms when atoms -----------------------electrons

الذرات عندما التساهمية الرابطة باإللكترونات -------------------------------------------تتكون2 -Most gases exist as ---------------------------------molecule

الغازات معظم ----------------على شكل جزيء تتواجد3 -The type of bond in Oxygen molecule is -------------------------bond

هي األكسيجين جزئ في الرابطة ------------------------------------نوع4 -Water ( H2O ) is an example of --------------------------bondالرابطة على مثال الماء ----------------------------------------جزئ

B- Answer the following question.1- How many atoms are in a diatomic molecule? جزئ في الذرات عدد كم

الذرة ثنائي---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2- How can atoms complete their outer shell? مدارها الذرات تكمل كيف

؟الخارجي ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Predict type of bond each of the following pairs of atoms would form

االتى من كل في الرابطة نوع اذكر a- Oxygen O, and nitrogen , N--------------------------------------------- b- Phosphorus ,P, and oxygen, O------------------------------------------- c- Magnesium Mg, and chlorine Cl----------------------------------------

4- Which of the following models correctly represents the compound Phosphorus Tri chloride )PCl 3)?

صحيح بشكل يمثل التالية النماذج من ؟ ( PCl3) أي

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

5 - Draw the dot and cross diagrams to show the bonds between hydrogen (H atomic number 1) and oxygen (O atomic number 8) in

water molecule ( H2O) .الماء جزئ في األوكسجين و الهيدروجين بين الرابطة لتوضح تخطيطي رسم ارسم

Standard

9.13.9 Explain the difference in the physical properties of ionic and covalent compounds in terms of their bonding.

Objectives:

1. Explain the differences in the properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

Key Words29

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

Crystalline ب�ل�ّو�ر�يInter molecular Forces

ا�ل�ج�ز�ي�ئ�ي�ة� ا�ل�ق�و�ا�ت� ا�ل�د�ا�خ�ل�ي�ة�

THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS الأيونية المركبات خصائص

1. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.لها األيونية .عالية وانصهار غليان درجات المركبات

For example:

This is because the ionic bonds are very strong, so it takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice. Room temperature is not nearly high enough to do this, so all ionic compounds are solid at room temperature.Note that magnesium oxide has a far higher melting and boiling point than sodium chloride does. That's because it’s ions have double the charge (Mg2+ and O 2- compared with Na+ and CL-) so its ionic bonds are stronger. Figure 1

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

حرارة الى وتحتاج قوية ألنها الغرفة حرارة درجة في صلبة األيونية المركبات ونقطة إنصهار درجة لديه المغنيسيوم أكسيد أن تذكر. الرابطة لكسر عالية لديه الماغنسيوم أكسيد الن وذلك . الصوديوم كلوريد من بكثير أعلى غليانالصوديوم كلوريد شحنة ضعف

2. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water.الماء في تذوب اإليونية المركبات

The water molecules can attract the ions away from the lattice. The ions can now move freely, surrounded by water molecules.

وينيجة . البلورية الشبكة من بعيدا لها، األيونات تجذب أن الماء جزيئات تستطيع بحرية تتحرك أن اإليونات تستطيع لذلك .

Figure 23. Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they are

melted or dissolved.المركبات. الذائبة او المنصهرة الحالة في للكهرباء جيدة موصلة اإليونية

A solid ionic compound will not conduct electricity. But when it melts the lattice breaks up and the ions are free to move. Since they are charged, this means they can conduct electricity.

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

The ions also move freely when the compound is dissolved in water. So the aqueous solution of an ionic compound conducts too.

في يذوب أو ينصهر عندما ولكن الكهرباء، يوصل ال الصلب األيوني المركب الكهربائي التيار شحنة،فتوصل وتحمل الحركة، حرة األيونات تكون الماء .

لوجود وذلك الكهرباء توصل الماء في االيونية المركبات تذاب وعندما المحلول في حرة األلكترونات .

Figure 3THE PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

التساهمية المركبات خصائص

RememberMany molecules are made of non-metal atoms joined by strong covalent bonds. Oxygen (O2), water (H2O), and ammonia (NH3) exist as molecules.

من العديد تتكون الجزيئات ، األوكسجين جزئ ذلك على مثال . التساهمية بالرابطة تتربط الفلز ذرتي بين

االمونيا وجزئ ، الماء وجزئ . Molecular solids الجزيئات الصلبة Iodine is a good example of a molecular solid. Each iodine molecule contains two atoms held together by a strong covalent bond.

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

ذرتين على يحتوي جزيء كل. الجزيئية الصلبة المواد على جيد مثال هو اليود قوية تساهمية برابطة ارتبطت اليود من

Figure 4All

molecular solids have a similar molecular structure. The molecules are held in a regular pattern in a lattice. So the solids are crystalline. The forces between the molecules (the intermolecular forces) are weak.

بشكل هذه وتربط . مشابهة بنية تمتلك الجزيئية الصلبة المواد جميع الجزيئات ضعيفة( الجزيئات قوى (الجزيئات بين والقوى. بلورة لتكون منتظم

Some properties of molecular solids : بعض الصلبة الجزيئية المواد خصائص1. Molecular solids have low melting and boiling points.

منخفضة وانصهار غليان درجات لها الصلبة الجزيئية الموادMolecular solids have low melting and boiling points this is because the forces between the molecules are weak. In fact many molecular substances melt and even boil below room temperature, which is why they are liquids or gases at room temperature.

منخفضة وانصهار غليان درجات لها الصلبة الجزيئية في االمواد موجودة نها ضعيفة الجزيئات بين الموجودة القوة ألن والغازية السائلة الحالة في الطبيعة

الغرفة حرارة درجة في بسهولة .وتتكسر

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

2. Molecular solids do not conduct electricity. موصلة غير للكهرباء

Molecules are not charged, so molecular substances cannot conduct electricity even when melted. But not all covalent solids are molecular.All the substances in this table have covalent bonds.

المنصهرة الحلة في كانت ان حتى الكهرباء توصل فال شحنة تحمل ال ألنها But just compare their melting points:

Table 1 Clearly diamond

and silica in table 1 are not molecular solids, with a weak lattice. Their melting points are far too high for that. In fact they form giant covalent structures rather than molecules.

. نقطة لديها ، الجزيئية الصلبة المواد من ليست والسيليكا الماس ان الواضح ومن . من بدال عمالقة تساهمية هياكل تشكل أنها الواقع في لذلك جدا مرتفعة انصهار

الجزيئات

Figure 5

Answer the following questions التالي األسئلة على ةأجب

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Grade 9 Unit M.1 – Atomic and Molecular Structure

1- Ionic compounds have high melting &boiling point عالية وانصهار غليان درجة لديها اإليونية المركبات

Because-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-All ionic compounds are solid at room temperature

الغرفة حراره درجة في صلبة اإليونية المركباتBecause----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- Ionic compound can conduct electricity when they are ------------or------------only, because --------------------------------------------------------------------

او-------------- في تكون حينما الكهرباء توصل اإليونية المركبات الحالة ------------------

4-In covalent compounds the force between molecules is called …………………..force.

بين القوة تسمى التساهمية المركبات في ....... ..................................................................الجزيئات

5-Molecular solids have low ……………&…………….. Because the force between the molecules are …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

بسبب منخفضة-------------و ----------------درجة لها الصلبة الجزيئات ---------------------

6-Explain: Covalent compounds are liquids or gases at room temperature. Why?

الغرفة حرارة درجة في السائلة او الغازية الحالة في تكون التساهمية المركبات : علل……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7- Compare: How are ionic and covalent compounds the same? How are they different?

واالختالف التشابه اوجه حيث من والتساهمية اإليونية المركبات بين قارن---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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