Inshore Fisheries Management

Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries

VOLUME2

Series editor:

Jennifer L. Nielsen U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division Anchorage, Alaska

Inshore Fisheries Management

Edited by

David Symes Department of Geography University of Hull, United Kingdom

and

Jeremy Phillipson Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle, United Kingdom

a..•

'' SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C .I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-5874-4 ISBN 978-94-017-1892-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1892-9

Printed on acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

General Series Preface

Reviews: Methods and Technology in Fish Biology and Fisheries published by Kluwer Academic Publishers is a book series dedicated to the publication of information on advanced, forward-looking methodologies, technologies, or perspectives in fish and fisheries. This series is especially dedicated to relevant topics addressing global, international concern in fish and fisheries. Humans continue to challenge our environments with new technologies and technological applications. The dynamic creativity of our own species often tends to place the greatest burden on our supporting ecosystems. This is especially true for aquatic networks of creeks, lakes, rivers and ocean environments. We also frequently use our conceptual powers to balance conflicting requirements and demands on nature and continue to develop new approaches and tools to provide sustainable resources as well as conserve what we hold most dear on local and global scales. This book series will provide a window into the developing dynamic among humans, aquatic ecosystems (both freshwater and marine), and the organisms that inhabit aquatic environments.

There are many reasons to doubt the increasing social and economic value technology has gained over the last two centuries. Science and technology represent stages in human development. I agree with Ernst Mayer when he said in Toward a New Philosophy of Biology (1988) that "endeavors to solve all scientific problems by pure logic and refined measurements are unproductive, if not totally irrelevant." Living aquatic systems are extremely complex environments that appear alien to most human beings. We only "go there" in a limited capacity and for relatively short periods of time. To reduce these biological systems to simple physio-chemical processes that can be controlled by technology, and made subject to arbitrary management decisions or broad arm-waving policies is to deny their unique nature. That is certainly not what is meant by "Methods and Technology" in this series. Rather, I want to provide a forum for discussions on the living systems themselves and the organisms inhabiting them through new applications of science and technology with special emphasis on aspects of fish and fisheries under-represented in the current literature.

Our understanding of aquatic biology in freshwater and marine environments demands a careful and protracted approach ranging broadly from studies of genes, regulatory processes, isolating mechanisms, individual behavior, population structure, biodiversity, to interactive ecosystems. The tools and technologies that allow these investigations change rapidly, always removing old uncertainties and creating new ones. The intent of this series is to monitor that change and document perspectives and developments that mark a fundamental re-evaluation of nature in aquatic habitats and its role in relationship to human society and resource management.

Dr. Jennifer L. Nielsen, Series Editor Reviews: Methods and Technology in Fish Biology and Fisheries

US Geological Survey, Biological Resource Division Alaska Biological Science Center Anchorage, Alaska

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures ix

List of Tables Xl

List of Contributors xiii

Series Editor's Preface XV

Preface xvn

INTRODUCTION

1. Inshore Fisheries in Europe at the Turn of the Century David Symes 3

PART I: NATIONAL STUDIES

2. Finland Kjell Nybacka 27

3. Sweden Gunnar Thoresson 43

4. Denmark Eva Roth 61

5. The Netherlands Rob van Ginkel 79

6. Great Britain Jeremy Phillipson and David Symes 97

7. Ireland Nathalie Steins 119

8. France Katia Frangoudes 139

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PART D: COMMON THEMES: ACROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF INSHORE FISHERIES

9. The Social Organisation and Reproduction oflnshore Fishing David Symes and Katia Frangoudes 159

10. Inshore Fishermen: Cultural Dimensions of a Maritime Occupation Rob van Ginkel 177

11. An Economic Rationale for Inshore Fishing: Simple Commodity Production and the Life Mode Approach Kirsten Monrad Hansen and Thomas Hejrup 195

12. Institutional Organisation and Regulatory Systems: Locality Versus Centre Driven Approaches to Inshore Fisheries Management Jeremy Phillipson and Mireille Thorn 207

PART Ill: MANAGEMENT ISSUES

13. The Role of Aquaculture in Inshore Fisheries Nathalie Steins and Eva Roth 223

14. Inshore Fisheries, Marine Wildlife Conservation and an Ecosystem Based Approach to Management David Symes 239

15. Multi-use Conflicts in Inshore Waters Rob van Ginkel and Nathalie Steins 257

16. Integrated Coastal Zone Management: The Swedish Example Laura Piriz 275

PART IV: CONCLUSION

17. A Future Strategy for Inshore Fisheries Management Jeremy Phillipson and David Symes 297

Index 311

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 The national studies 14

2.1 Commercial and recreational fisheries in Finland 1980- 28 1999

2.2 The seasonality of selected coastal fisheries in Finland 31

3.1 Sweden's inshore fisheries 48 3.2 The institutional framework for fisheries policy in Sweden 53

4.1 Denmark: regional pattern of inshore fisheries 66 4.2 Denmark: regional pattern of inshore fisheries (continued) 67 4.3 Limfjord: (a) protected areas (b) areas closed to mussel 74

production 4.4 Limfjord fisheries 1981-1996: (a) landings of finfish; (b) 75

production of blue mussels

5.1 The Netherlands: fishing limits and coastal fishing waters 80

6.1 UK inshore waters and Sea Fisheries Districts 98 6.2 UK landings, 1989-1998 99 6.3 Landings in England and Wales, 1989-1998 101 6.4 Landings in Scotland, 1989-1998 111

7.1 Ireland: the fishing fleet, 1998 (a) vessel size; (b) date of 123 construction

7.2 Ireland: fishing regions and fishing dependent areas 125 7.3 Ireland: age profiles (a) skippers; (b) crew members 126 7.4 Ireland: structure of fisheries management 128

8.1 France: principal landing ports, 1998 144 8.2 France: comites des peches 149

9.1 Evolution of kin based crews 163

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12.1 Regulatory regimes for inshore fisheries

16.1 Sweden: The Natural Resources Act, 1987 16.2 Perceived threats to coastal fisheries

17.1 A zonal management system for EU fisheries

213

279 288

306

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Catches by professional fishermen in coastal fisheries, 32 1996

2.2 Catches by professional fishermen in all waters, 1999 32 2.3 The Finnish fishing fleet, 2000 33 2.4 Fishermen 1997 according to level of income derived 34

from fishing 2.5 A SWOT analysis of inshore fisheries in Finland 38

3.1 Sweden's fishing fleet, 1970-1995 45 3.2 Sweden's fishing fleet, 1997 by vessel size 45

4.1 The Danish fishing fleet 1996-1999 62 4.2 Denmark's inshore fisheries in 1997 64 4.3 Aquaculture production in 1998 68 4.4 Export of trout from freshwater aquaculture in 1996 68

5.1 Size structure of the Dutch fishing fleet 79 5.2 Value of shellfish and crustacean landings 83

6.1 Inshore fisheries and gear types in England and Wales 102 6.2 Legal instruments with particular influence on inshore 103

fisheries in England and Wales 6.3 Variations in the management of lobster fisheries in 107

inshore waters of England and Wales

7.1 Ireland: fishing methods and inshore fisheries 121 7.2 Ireland: landings by vessels under 15 m 121 7.3 The Irish inshore fleet, 1997 122 7.4 Ireland's fisheries dependent regions, 1991 124

8.1 The French fishing fleet 1998 by vessel length 143

12.1 Comparison of Sea Fisheries Committees and Comites des 215 Peches

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13.1 Positive interactions among aquaculture and other uses of 226 the coastal zone

14.1 Listed habitats and species (Natura 2000) 241 14.2 Inshore waters: key habitats, target species and fishing 242

gears

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Katia Frangoudes OIKOS Environnement -

Ressource 65, rue de Saint Brieuc, CS 84215 35042 Rennes Cedex, France

Thomas Hojrup Department of Archaeology and

Ethnology University of Copenhagen Vandkunsten 5 1467 Copenhagen K Denmark

Kirsten Monrad Hansen Thorup Strandvej 267 DK - 9690 Fjerrits1ev Denmark

KjeU Nybacka Ostrobothnia Employment and

Economic Development Centre (Fisheries Section)

Hovraettsesplanaden 19 A P.O.Box 131, FIN-65101 Vasa Finland

Jeremy Phillipson Centre for Rural Economy Dep't of Agricultural Economics

and Food Marketing University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl 7RU United Kingdom

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Laura Piriz National Board of Fisheries SUCOZOMA Programme Box423 40126 Goteborg Sweden

Eva Roth Department of Environmental and

Business Economics University of Southern Denmark Niels Bohrs vej 9, 6700 Esbjerg Denmark

Nathalie Steins Dutch Fish Product Board Postbus 72 2280 AB Rijswijk The Netherlands

David Symes Department of Geography University of Hull Hull HU67RX United Kingdom

Mireille Thorn Ceol-an-Uillt Nethybridge Inverness-shire PH25 3EQ United Kingdom

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Gunnar Thoresson National Board of Fisheries Institute of Coastal Research G:a Slipvagen 19 S-7 40 71 Oregrund Sweden

Rob van Ginkel Department of Anthropology University of Amsterdam Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185 1012 DK Amsterdam The Netherlands

SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE

All countries with a coastline have multiple inshore fisheries falling under direct federal or state management. These fisheries tend to be small, both in harvest and economic value, in comparison with large demersal and pelagic species harvested in offshore waters. Most of these fisheries are localised activities where fishers have limited knowledge of factors leading to distribution, abundance, and behaviour of the target species in relation to larger scale species and ecosystem issues. These fisheries are frequently small, family-owned activities or cooperatives that persist through significant changes in resource abundance and the economic value of their harvest because the fishery is rooted in community and social values that spread far beyond the effects of the fishery alone. In that sense, inshore fisheries are a social-biological phenomenon not linked to the economic avarice of larger scale fishing for aggregate resources in the open ocean. That does not mean the different aspects of inshore fisheries are of "small" concern, indeed recent literature in fisheries policy and science has held up inshore models as case studies of how traditional, community-policed fisheries can help provide sustainable harvests. Society as a whole, however, has put a low priority on research and assessment of inshore stocks, at least until that is all that is left to harvest after broad scale depletion of other, more economically viable fisheries.

The diverse mosaic of legal and political jurisdictions controlling this fishery in Europe confounds the management of inshore fisheries. There has also been a recent movement to implement a more global approach, in the European context, to fisheries policy and management. This volume represents the first thorough approach at documentation of the diversity of management structures for inshore fisheries in Europe. As such it portrays all of the deficiencies, myths, and lack of clear scientific data associated with inshore fisheries found throughout Europe. To address these deficits various authors suggest a more integrated approach that balances the social, economic and environmental needs across large ecosystem scales for the management of this important European fishery. Because of the long history of inshore harvest and the deep cultural ties to fishing found throughout Europe, the "reinvention" of inshore fisheries management in this area may well serve as a model for future fisheries in transition throughout the world.

Dr. Jennifer L. Nielsen, Series Editor Reviews: Methods and Technology in Fish Biology and Fisheries

US Geological Survey Biological Resource Division Alaska Biological Science Center Anchorage, Alaska

XV

PREFACE

This volume has its origins in two workshops held under the auspices of the European Social Science Fisheries Network (ESSFiN), a Concerted Action funded by the European Commission under the FAIR Programme. During the earlier stages of the Concerted Action frequent reference had been made to the importance of inshore fisheries in Europe but no attempt had been made to document the nature of these fisheries and their management. As a result, a small working group was convened in Gruissan in southern France in March 1998 with the purpose of comparing the nature and status of inshore fisheries and the characteristics of their management in seven west European countries. The results of this initial exercise came as something of a surprise. Not only were Europe's inshore fisheries subject, as expected, to huge diversity, but there was considerable variation in the institutional arrangements for their management, with a somewhat stronger level of central direction than many of us had anticipated and relatively weak involvement by fishermen themselves. But possibly the most surprising feature was the lack of consensus over the definition of inshore fisheries and a consequent inability in most countries to put a precise value on their contribution to the fisheries sector. The group met again in September in Amsterdam, partly to review the earlier findings but mainly to search for common denominators and to identify some key issues facing the management of inshore fisheries.

The chapters which make up the volume have evolved from presentations at the two workshops, with considerable rewriting and updating of the original drafts. The editors would like to record their gratitude for the unfailing promptness and civility with which the authors responded to requests for additional information and recommendations for changes to the text, often under what may have appeared at times to be undue provocation. We would also like to pay tribute to the contributions to the two workshops by members not represented among the authors of individual chapters -Karine Dusserre of the Projet du Pare Nature I Regional du Pays Narbonnais, Duncan Mcinnes of the Western Isles Fishermen's Association and Erland Eklund of the University of Helsinki - and also express our appreciation of Keith Scurr's draughtsmanship in preparing the maps and diagrams for publication. Finally, we must acknowledge the financial assistance of the

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European Commission through its grant establishing the Network (F A1R CT95-0070) under the Fourth Action Programme.

David Symes Jeremy Phillipson The University of Hull The University of Newcastle