Submitted to: Submitted By:

Dr. J.P.SINGH Mr. Satish Kumar H.O.D.(Hoticulture) M.Sc.(Ag.) HorticultureDepartment of Horticulture 2nd Semester

MO-07500700815 Roll No.- J0826110024

COLE CROPS

(Cauliflower, Cabbage, Knol-Khol, Brussels Sprout, Sprouting Broccoli, Kale, Rutabaga etc.)

Mustard saw fly (Athalia proxima)Nature of damage

The insect feeds on the leaves of young seedlings. The infested leaves curl and fall on the ground.

Control Collect caterpillars and destroy them. Dust with endosulfan.

Dimond black moth (Plutella maculipensis)Nature of damage

The caterpillar maks holes inside the leaves tussue and feeds on the leaves.

Control Spray Cartap hydrochloride @ 500 g a.i./hectare. Spray Bacillus thuringiensis @500 g a.i./hectare.

Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)Nature of damage

Suck the sap from tender leaves of plants. The leaves are distorted.

Control Spray 0.2% Metasystox or Rogor.

Painted bug (Bagrada cruciferarum)Nature of damage

They suck the cell sap and retard the growth of plants.Control

Spray 0.2% Rogor.

CUCURBITS

Red pumpkin beetles (Raphidopalpa foveicollis)Nature of damage

In case of early attack during seedling stage, the insect feeds away entire foliage of plants leaving veins and veinlets.

In case of severe attack, the plants fail to grow.Control

Summer ploughing of the field to kill soil hidden larvae and pupae of insect. Dust the crop with kerosenized ash or pyrethrum dust @ 5-6 kg./hectare.

Fruit fly (Dacus cucurbitae)Nature of damage

The insect punctured the young developing fruits and lays eggs inside. The infested fruits are deformed and rot.

Control Collect and destroy affected fruits. Poison baits prepared by protein hydrolysate 0.5 kg + 1.25 kg of 50% malathion

wp + 200 g of molasses should be placed at 10 spots/hectare after keeping it in open mouthed container.

POTATO

Tubermoth(Ghorimoschema opercullela)Nature of damage

The insect is primarily problematic in storage. It makes tunnel, feeds inside and causes damage to the tubers. It also attacks in the field. The insect mines the leaves, bores the tender shoots and the developing tubes.

The infested tubers are attacked by fungi and bacteria and ultimately rot.Control

Keep the tubers covered in the field by proper earthing up. Dust the tubers with endosulfan.. Fumigation of stre house using EDB. Protective dusting of bags with malathion 5%.

Cut-worm (Agrotis ipsilon)Nature of damage

Larvae cut the tender stem of young plants and feed on leaves. In grown up plants, they cut the branches and cause retardation in growth.

Control Drenching of soil using 0.2% Endosulfan. Poison bait prepared by 125 ml insecticide, 2 kg jaggery, 1 litre water in 25 kg

wheat bran is effective in control of insect.

Leaf hoppers (Amarasca biguttula biguttula)Nature of damage

The nymph and insect suck the sap from the under surface of the leaves. The affected leaves show yellowing, curling, bronzing and finally drying up of

plants.

Control Spray 0.05% Phosphamidon.

Brinjal

Shoot and Fruit borer (Laucinodes orbonalis)

Nature of damage It bores the terminal shoot as a result it withers and dries. It bores the fruit also. Affected fruits are deformed. Severely affected fruits rot.

Control Spray metasystox 0.2% during early stage of crop and 0.05% Endosulfan during

later stage.

Epilachna beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata)

Nature of damage The insect feeds voraciously on the leaves and tender portion of plant. As a result

of feeding on green chlorophyll, characteristic skeletonized patches appear which give lace like appearance on the leaves.

The affected leaves dry away.

Control Spray 0.05% malathion. Grow resistant varieties like arka shirish, hissar sel.1-4.

Tomoto

Fruit borer (Heliothis armigera)

Nature of damage Defoliation of leaves. The insect cuts holes and burrow into the fruits. The affected fruits become unfit

for consumption.

Control Spray cypermethrin @ 50 g a.i./hectare flowering stage.

Epilachna beetles

Nature of damage and control.- As described in case of brinjal.

White fly (bamisia tabaci)

Nature of damage The insect sucks the sap from tender portion of plants like leaves and

inflorescence. The larves are curled. The insect acts as a vector for leaf curl disease.

Control Spray Dimthoate 0.02% during vegetative stage.

Root-knot Nematode (Meloidagyne incognita)

Nature of damage

Swelling of roots takes place. As a result spheroid gall formation appears on root. Foliage turns pale. The plants show wilting symptom during hot dry weather.

Control Grow resistant varieties like Nematax, SL-120. Follow crop rotation. Apply Nemagan @ 230 kg/hectare or Karani or Neem cake @ 25 g/hectare.

Chilli

Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)

Nature of damage The insect sucks the sap causing curling of leaves. The affected plants are stunted.

Control Spray 0.15% metasystox.

Aphid (aphis gossypii)

Nature of damage The insect sucks the sap from leaves and petioles and reduces the yield

considerably.

Control Spray Monocrotophos 0.1%.

Okra

Shoot and fruit borer (Erias vittela)

Nature of damage The insect bores into the growing points as well as young fruits of plants. The affected portion of shoot dry and fruits are deformed. The excreta of insect

can be seen after cutting the fruits. The affected fruits become unfit for consumption.

Control Spray Metasystox 0.02% during vegetative stage and just after flowering.

Jassid (Amarasca buguttula biguttula)

Nature of damage The insect sucks the sap and inject toxic material, as a result, the leaves curl

upward and turn pale. In case of severe attack, the leaves show burnt appearance and fall down.

Control Spray 0.1% Monocrotophos.

Root-knot Nematode (Meloidagyne spp.)

Nature of damage Swelling of roots takes place. As a result spheroid gall formation appears on root. Foliage turns pale. The plants show wilting symptom during hot dry weather.

Control Grow resistant varieties like Nematax, SL-120. Follow crop rotation. Apply Nemagan @ 230 kg/hectare or Karani or Neem cake @ 25 g/hectare.

Peas and Beans

Pod borer (Heliothes spp.)

Nature of damage The insect bores into the pod and feeds on the seed. The damaged pods become

unfit for consumption.

Control Spray 0.2% Malathio.

Aphids (Macrosiphum pisi)

Nature of damage The insect sucks the sap from growing tip and leaves. As a result, the leaves show

curling. The pods have rough spot fail to fill.

Control Spray 0.2% Methyl parathion.

Stem fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli)

Nature of damage The insect bores into the stem and causes death of young plants.

Control Spray 0.02% Monocrotophos.

Onion and garlic

Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Heliothrips indicus, Scirtothrips dorsalis)

Nature of damage Among the various species, Thrips tabaci is a major damaging pest. They feed on

leaves. As a result, pale white blotches appear. Severely affected leaves dry.

Control Spray 0.2% Nuvacron.

Leafy vegetables

Aphids

Nature of damage The insect sucks the sap causing curling and yellowing of leaves.

Control Spray 0.2% Malathion.

Pointed bug (bagrada cruciferarum)

Nature of damage It causes damage by sucking the sap from the plants.

Control Dusting with Endosulfan dust is helpful in controlling the pest.

Diseases

COLE CROPS

(Cauliflower, Cabbage, Knol-Khol, Brussels Sprout, Sprouting Broccoli, Kale, Rutabaga etc.)

Black-rot (Bacteria Xanthomonas compestris)

Symptoms Margin of the leaves turn yellow. Veins of the leaves become dark. Vascular discoloration in the stem.

Control Follow crop-rotation Seed treatment with 0.1% Streptocycline solution. Hot water treatment of seed at 50o C for 30 minutes.

Club-rot (Fungus Phasmodiophora brassicae)

Symptoms Swelling of the roots giving a clubbed appearance. Flagging or wilting of diseases during sunny days. Turning the plants dwarf.

The disease is more prevalent in acid soil.

Control Crop-rotation without cruciferous crop. Liming @ 25 kg/ha. of the field. Treatment of seedlings with 0.2% mercuric chloride solution.

Leaf spot (Fungus Alternaria brassicicola)

Symptoms Appearance of dark colour spots on the leaves. Turning of cauliflower to brown.

Control Hot water treatment of seed at 50o C for 30 minutes. Spray of 0.5-0.7% copper oxychloride.

Cucurbitaceous crops

(Bottle Gourd, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Pointed Gourd, Pumpkins, Cucumber, Watermelon, Muskmelon etc.)

Powdery mildew (fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum, sphaerotheca fuliginea)

Symptoms Appearance of white powdery substance on stem and leaves. Premature defoliation of leaves. Stunted growth of plants. Small sized fruits.

Control Dust sulphur at 25-30 kg/ha. or spray 0.05% solution of sulphex or karathane.

Downey Mildew (fungus Psedoperonospora cubensis)

Symptoms Appearance of yellow spots on the upper surface of the leaves. Appearance of purplish spots on the lower surface of the leaves.

Control Spray 0.02% Copper sulphate.

Anthracnose (fungus Colletorichum sp.)It is commonly seen in watermelons and munkmelons.

Appearance of reddish brown or black spots on leaves and fruits. Scorched appearance of the leaves. Rotting of the fruits.

control Collect and burn the affected portion. Don’t use seed from diseased fruits. Spray with Bordeaux mixture (5:5:50) or 0.2% Benlate. Sugar baby variety is resistant to disease. Hence, it should be preferred for

cultivation.

Mosaic (fungus Cucumis vinus)It is especially problematic in cucurmber and disseminated by aphids.

Symptoms Young leaves are first affected resulting in stunted growth of the plants. Mottling of leaves. Appearance of v-shaped lesion on older leaves extending from margin to mid-rib. Dwarfing of internodes.

Mottling and deformity of fruits.

Control Spray rogor 0.04% to control aphid. Uproot the affected plants and burn.

Root and Stem Crops

Radish and turnip

White rust (fungus Albugo candida)

Symptoms Appearance of irregular oval white postules on the leaves, stem and flower. Stopped growth of affected plants.

Control Uproot the affected plants and burn. Follow crop rotation avoiding cruciferous crop for 2-3 years. Spray mancozeb at 2%

Leaf spot (Fungus Alternaria brassicae)

Symptoms Appearance of black spots on growing stem. Arrested growth of the plants.

Control Similar to white rust.

PotatoLate blight (fungus Phytophora infestans)

Symptoms Appearance of small brown lesions on the leaves, leaflets and stem. Rotting of crown of the plant. Brown or purple discoloration of tuber.

Control Spray 0.02% Dithane Z-78. Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Moti, Kufri Jeevan, Kufri Khasi-Garo etc. are resistance to

disease.

Early-blight (fungus Alternaria solani)

Symptoms Small pale grown spots appear on leaves. Later on the spots turn dark brown to

black with concentric rings. Lower leaves dry up and drop down. Appearance of dark, sunken and irregular shape spots on tubes. Rotting of affected tuber during storage.

Control Spray 0.2% Dithane Z-78 or Zineb 2 kg in 1000 liters of water/ha.

Scab disease (fungus Streptomyces scabies)

Symptoms Formation of small brown spots on tubers which enlarge in size and irregular

corky area develops on tubers. Covering of entire tuber withcorky spots. Maintain good drainage.

Control Use healthy tuber for sowing. Dip the tuber in 0.2% emissan solution for 10 minutes. Irrigate the crop at definite intervals. Avoid use of acid fertilizers in infected field. Use elemental sulphur in the soil.

Onion and garlicPurple blotch or blight (fungus Alternaria porri)

Symptoms Appearance of white spots with purple centre on the leaves. Girdling of the leaves and flower stalks and falling over of it. Decay of bulb in storage.

Control Spray with 1% Borrdeaux mixture.

Smut (fungus Urocystic cepalaee)

Symptoms Appearance of numerous raised blisters near the vase of the scales of older plants. Apperanace of black powdery mass of spores upon exposing the blisters.

Control Treat the seeds @ 2-3 g Agrosan per kg seeds. Store only dry bulbs.

Downey mildew (fungus Peronospora destructor)

Symptoms Appearance of violet furry growth on the surface of leaves and seed stem. Breaking os seed stalk due to the weight of umble.

Control Spray Dithane M-45 at 0.2%.

Basal rot (fungus Fusarium oxysporum)

Symptoms Wilting and dying-black of veaves at the time of maturity of plants. Turning of roots to pinkish. Rotting of the roots. Softening and semi-wateryh decay of the bulb is observed.

Control

Follow crop rotation avoiding onion and its relatives for 5 year. Varieties White Large, Poona Large, Patnarad, Udaipur-103 etc. are resistant to

disease.

Leafy vegetables

Leaf spot --fungus cercospora traversinia in fenugreekC. baticola in poi.C. spinacea in spinach.C. chenopodi in Bathua.

Symptoms Appearance of brown, dead spots on the leaves.

Control Spray blitox 0.2%. Follow crop rataion.

White rust (fungus Albugo candida)

Symptoms Appearance of white bleister like circular or irregular spots on the upper surface

of the leaves. Development of yellow patches on the upper surface of the leaves.

Control Follow up crop rotation. Spray Dithan M-45 0.2%.

Downy mildew (fungus peronospora sp.)

Symptoms Appearance of light yellow area on the surface of the leaves. Crinkling of leaves.

Control Spray Dithane Z-78 0.2%.

Fruit vegetables

OkraYellow vein mosaic (virus: Hibiscus virus I )Vector: whit fly insect Bamesia tabaci.

Symptoms Turning of leaves and fruits to yellow. Petioles remains stunted. Very sparse fruiting.

Control Spray 0.02% Rogor. Abelmochus manihot is immune to disease. It can be used for developing resistant

varieties Grow resistant v\arieties like Arka Abhay and Arka Anamika.

Powdery mildew (fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum)

Symptoms White grayish powdery coating is seen on the under surface of the leaves. Later

on the white spots also appear on the upper surface of the leaves. Turning of severely affected leaves to yellow followed by dropping of th leaves.

Control

Dust 25-30 kg sulphur per hectare or spray Karathane 0.05%.

Peas and beans

Powdery mildew (fungus Erysiphe polygoni)

Symptoms White powdery substance appears on both the surfaces of the leaves and also on

the stems and pods. Malformation of leaves and stteem. Drying of leaves.

Control Dusting of the crop using Sulfex at 3 kg./ha.

Downey mildew (fungus peronospora sp.)

Symptoms White cottony patches are formed on the lower surface of the leaves. Appearance of yellow spots on the upper surface of leaves. Drying of leaves.

Control Spray the crop with 0.2% Dithane Z-78 or Dithane M-45.

Anthracnose (fungus Colletorichum lindemuthianum)

Symptoms Black, sunken spots with yellowish or reddish margins appear on leaves, stems

and pods.

Control Treat the seeds with Agrosan GN @ 2 kg/kg seeds before sowing. Spray the crop with 0.2% Zineb.

Brinjal

Damping off (fungus Pythium sp., Phytophthora sp., Rhizocronia sp., Fusarium sp.)

Symptoms Rotting of seedling at ground level. Toppling down of seedling at ground.

Control Treatment of seed with Bavistin @ 1g/kg . Spray Blitox 0.2%. \Avoid same site for raising nursery continuously.

Phomopsis blight (fungus Phomopsis vexans)

Symptoms Appearance of brown, circular or oblong spots on the fruits. Rotting of severely affected fruits.

Control Seed treatment with Ceresan @ 2g/kg seed. Hot water treatment of seed at 50o C for 30 minutes. Varieties like Florida Market, Pusa Bhairab and Pant Samrat are resistant to

disease.

Bacterial wilt (bacteria Pseudomonas solanacearum)

Symptoms Wilting, stunting and yellowing of the foliage. Dying of entire plant. Oozing of grayish whte bacterial ooze upon squeezing of vascular portion of the

stem.

Control Dip seedling into 25 ppm streptocycline.. Rouge out affected plant. Varieties like Pusa Purple Cluster and Annamali are resistant to disease.

Little leaf (Mycoplasma)Cector: leaf hopper insect Cestius sp.

Symptoms Production of numerous small leaves and deformation of flower.

Control Uproot affected plant. \spray 0.02% Rogor to control the insect. Grow resistant variety like Pusa Purple Culuster.

Bushy stunt disease

Symptoms Reduction in leaf area. Peduncle and calyx length of flower increases.

Control Uproot the affected plant.

Tomoto

Damping offSymptoms and control similar as described under the crop brinjal.

Fusarium wilt (fungus Fusarium oxysporum)

Symptoms Turning of lower leaves yellow. Dropping of petioles of the leaves. Affected plants wilt and die.

Control Follow crop rotation. Treat the seeds with Bavistin @ 2.5 g/kg seed. Grow resistant variety like Marglobe, Manalucie.

Early blight (fungus alternaria solani)

Symptoms Appearance of black spots on leaves and stems. The spots have concentric rings. Defoliation of leaves.

Control Spray Dithane Z-78 0.2%.

Late blight (fungus Alternaria solani)

Symptoms Appearance of brown spots on leaves, stems and fruits. Rotting affected portion of fruits. The rotten portion looks dark blotchy. The

unaffected part of the fruit remains firm and ripe.Control

Spray 0.2% Dithane Z-78.

Fruit rot or Buck eye rot (fungus phytophthora sp.)

Symptoms Brownish spot appear on the fruit on the ground touching portion. The affected fruits rot.

Control Maintain proper drainage in the field. Support the plants with stakes and plat them on the ridges. Wpray with 0.5% Blitox.

Mosaic (virus)Vector: insect thrips tabaci, Bemisia gossipiparaidda.

Symptoms Appearance of light or dark green mottled spots on the leaves. Smalling, puckering and curling of the leaves. Stunted growth of plant and poor fruit setting.

Control Uproot and burn the affected plant. Spray Rogor 0.2% to control insect vector. Hot water treatment of seeds at 50o C for 30 minutes.

Chilli

Damping-offAs decribed earlier

Anthracnose (fungus Colletorichum capasici)

Symptoms Appearance of grey spots on half ripe fruits. Drying, shriveling and premature dropping of fruits.

Control Seed treatment with ceresin @ 2 g/kg seeds. Spraying the crop with Bordeaux mixture.

Leaf curl or Mosaic disease (virus)

Vector :thrips and aphids.

Symptoms Curling of leaf margins. Falling down of leaves.

Control Uproot the affected plants. Spray 0.2% Rogor. Grow resistant varieties like Puri Red, Jwala.

Wilt (fungus Fusarium oxysporum)

Symptoms Turning of leaves to yellow. Upward and inward rolling of leaves. Wilting of the plant.

Control Soil treatment using Bavistin. Treatment of seed using Vitavax/Bavistin @2g/kg seed.