input output framework workshop industry accounts …
TRANSCRIPT
Input Output Framework
Workshop
Industry Accounts Division
Statistics Canada
Fabienne Leclerc
Calgary
December 4, 2008
Industry Accounts Division
2
Outline of the Workshop
• Overview of the I-O accounts
-Mandate
-Production cycle
• Structure of the I-O tables
-Why Regular?
-Industry and Commodity dimension
- Industry and commodity Account Balance
• Example
• Case study: The clothing industry
• Valuation: difference between purchaser and producer
• The I-O Framework
• Applications
• Regionalization of the IO model
- Assumptions
-Outputs of the model
-Confidentiality constraints
• Simulations – case studies
• Multipliers and ratios
3
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND
ANALYTICAL STUDIES
BUSINESS AND TRADE STATISTICS
SOCIAL, INSTITUTIONS AND LABOUR
STATISTICS
INFORMATICS AND METHODOLOGY
MANAGEMENT SERVICES
COMMUNICATIONS AND OPERATIONS
4
SYSTEM OF NATIONAL
ACCOUNTS
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FINANCIAL
FLOWS
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
INDUSTRY ACCOUNTS DIVISION (Merge of “INPUT-OUTPUT” and “INDUSTRY MEASURES AND
ANALYSIS” Divisions)
ENVIRONMENT ACCOUNTS AND
STATISTICS
5
Mandate of the division
The mandate of the Industry Accounts Division (IAD) is to
develop provincial annual and monthly national production
accounts for Canada. Annual input-output tables for Canada in
current and constant prices serve as the foundation for national
monthly measures of constant price GDP by industry, while the
inter-provincial input output tables perform this function for the
annual current and constant price measures of GDP by industry
for the provinces and territories
In addition, the IAD supplies benchmark data for other modules
of the Canadian System of National Accounts by way of annual
national Input-Output (I/O) tables in current and constant prices,
annual provincial Input-Output tables as well as interprovincial
trade flows in current prices, supplementary tables on GDP by
industry, taxes and other margins by commodity and industry.
6
The information provided by IAD is critical to the ability
of governments and the private sector to make well
informed economic decisions.
Because the monthly GDP program provides the most
timely measure of the status of the Canadian economy, it
is a key indicator used by the Bank of Canada in setting
monetary policy. Like the Bank of Canada, the
Department of Finance also monitors the evolution of
the economy, in its case to plan the federal budget and
formulate macroeconomic policies.
7
This information is used by provincial and territorial
governments (for example, by their finance and industry
ministries) in tracking industrial sources of economic
growth or contraction, and in their budgetary planning.
The statistics allow them to assess the impact of
economic events, and of their economic development
programs on particular sectors of their economies.
8
The I-O tables are also used by fiscal authorities to
allocate and forecast commodity taxes
•by way of taxable proportions of personal expenditures,
by province and by category, for HST revenue allocation
(these are necessary for estimation of HST applicable
level of spending for personal expenditures);
•by way of levels of taxable expenditure subject to HST
for industries engaged in the production of tax-exempt
supplies by province;
•by way of national estimates of trade, transport and tax
margins (13 types in 1996) by commodity and type of
user
9
The I-O table production process also serves to perform a
measure of quality assurance audit to statistics provided
by data supplying Divisions as well as providing regular
feedback to these Divisions. This role is made possible
through the integration of numerous data sources used
in the construction of the Input-Output tables.
The IAD also provides services on a cost-recovery basis
to clients in government, business and academic
communities, through direct sales of customized data
bases and by performing economic impact simulations
with internally developed input-output models on
specifications provided by the client.
The bulk of the data needed to calculate aggregate
productivity measures and other performance indicators
also comes from the I-O tables.
10
Input-Output Production Schedule
• National tables are produced June each year with a 30
month lag from the reference year
• Provincial tables are produced and released together
with the national tables in November of each year with a
34 month lag from the reference year
Relationship between the I/O Framework and the SNA
National Input-Output Tables
Satellite Accounts
Income and
Expenditure
Accounts
Productivity
Estimates
National GDP
by industry
Balance of
Payments
Accounts
Environmental
and resource
accounts
Provincial
Economic
Accounts
Provincial
Input-Output
Accounts
Provincial
GDP by
Industry
Accounts
Interprovincial
Trade Flow
Accounts
12
BASIC STRUCTURE OF CANADIAN
INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES
• Rectangular Input-Output Tables developed at Statistics Canada
• Inputs and Outputs of industries are presented in separate rectangular
tables, showing Industry by commodity detail, (number of commodities
exceed number of industries)
• Input-Output tables consist of 4 matrices
1. Make Matrix (Outputs) 303 industries 727 commodities
2. Use Matrix (Inputs) 303 industries 727 commodities
3. Final Demand Matrix 172 categories 727 commodities
4. Trade flows 727 commodities
13
Why rectangular I-O tables?
They admit detail as available from economic records.
Meaning of each entry straightforward - observed
transactions not combined with fictitious transfers.
Serve as a statistical audit for consistency, integrity and
comprehensiveness.
14
Industry Balance Account level S (year 2005) example
The total production value of any or all industries in the output table equals the sum of the intermediate inputs plus Gross Domestic Product inputs in the inputs table.
As an example, industry 5 for mining and oil and gas extraction, shows a production total value of 155,827.6 million dollars in the 2005 outputs table. The same value of total inputs of this industry of 155,827.6 million dollars is shown as the column total of the 2005 inputs table. The Gross Domestic Product inputs (at market price) shows as rows 52-
59 is 111,390.0 million (71.5 % of total) and the intermediate
inputs of goods and services is 44,437.6 millions (28.5 % of total) shown as rows 1-51.
15
Input-Output Identities Gross Domestic Product Market Price
(2005) Inputs table total column
– sum of rows 52 to 59
– GDP market price inputs 1,284,596.9
Plus Final Demand table total column
– sum of rows 52-59
– GDP Market price Final Demand 88,030.9
Equals GDP market price
– Income side 1,372,627.7
Equals expenditures on GDP
– grand total of Final Demand
16
Industry Dimension
I/O Industry structure is NAICS-based
- 6-digit NAICS Industries (over 900) linked to I/O Industry (303)
- I/O Industries are on establishment concept
- Universe is based mainly on the Statistics Canada Business
Register
- (BR is generally used as a survey frame by survey divisions)
- I/O Industry includes Input costs and Output values (similar to
profit and loss statements of businesses; outputs akin to
revenues, inputs akin to expenses incurred to generate
revenues)
- Data sources include Surveys, Administrative data, annual
reports, etc.
17
I/O Industries (con’d)
• All Survey and admin data can be linked to NAICS which in turn is linkable to I/O Industries
• There are issues related to consistent Industry linking (company vs establishment vs enterprise) which causes data confrontation issues
• I/O analysts review survey methodologies and results focussing on such things as universe, coverage, response rates, imputations, edits; production may be under/over reported, imports and exports may be improperly valued, commodities may be misclassified.
• Time-series require significant interaction and feedback to survey division
• Survey results are compared to other data where available such as: administrative data for wages (T4), GIFI (General Index of Financial Information), (corporate income tax file from CRA), Net income (T1)
18
Detail of the 303 industries and the 172
categories of final demand
287 Industries (Business sector)
16 Industries (Non-business sector)
303
52 categories of consumer expenditures
52 categories of current investment in machinery and equipment
53 categories of current investment in construction
4 categories of changes in inventories
1 category of domestic exports
1 category of re-exports
1 category of imports
6 categories of Federal, Provincial and Municipal expenses
1 category of interprovincial imports
1 category of interprovincial exports
172
19
The Input-Output structure of the Canadian Economy 2001- 2002
Hierarchical classification according to Naics*
Identification code and title Naics definition
1A 111, 11211A 111, 112
11A0 111, 112
111400 Greenhouse, nursery and floriculture production 1114
111A00 Crop production (except greenhouse, nursery and floriculture production) 1111-1113, 1119
112500 Animal aquaculture 1125
112A00 Animal production (except animal aquaculture) 1121-1124, 1129
1B 113113 113
1130 113
113000 Forestry and logging 113
1C 114114 114
1140 114
114000 Fishing, hunting and trapping 114
1D 115115 115
1150 115
115100 Support activities for crop production 1151
115200 Support activities for animal production 1152
115300 Support activities for forestry 1153
Support activities for agriculture and forestry
Support activities for agriculture and forestry
Fishing, hunting and trappingFishing, hunting and trapping
Fishing, hunting and trapping
Support activities for agriculture and forestry
Table I. Naics-Based Small (S), Medium (M), Historical Link (L) and Worksheet (W) Aggregation-level Industries
for use with the System of National Accounts, for 2002 onwards*
Crop and animal productionCrop and animal production
Crop and animal production
Forestry and loggingForestry and logging
Forestry and logging
20
The Input-Output structure of the Canadian Economy 2001- 2002
Hierarchical classification according to Naics*
Small (S) level sequential code and category title Medium (M) level sequential code and category title
Historical link (L) level sequential code and category title
Worksheet (W) level sequential and mnemonic code and category title
Categories at the W level highlighted in yellow represent an alternative W structure for use with the public files.
Identification code and title Naics definition
Business sector
' W ' Naics
code
1 1A Crop and animal production 111, 112
1 11A Crop and animal production 111, 112
1 11A0 Crop and animal production 111, 112
1 111400 Greenhouse, nursery and floriculture production 1114
2 111A00 Crop production (except greenhouse, nursery and floriculture production) 1111-1113, 1119
3 112500 Animal aquaculture 1125
4 112A00 Animal production (except animal aquaculture) 1121-1124, 1129
2 1B Forestry and logging 113
2 113 Forestry and logging 113
2 1130 Forestry and logging 113
5 113000 Forestry and logging 113
3 1C Fishing, hunting and trapping 114
3 114 Fishing, hunting and trapping 114
3 1140 Fishing, hunting and trapping 114
6 114000 Fishing, hunting and trapping 114
4 1D Support activities for agriculture and forestry 115
4 115 Support activities for agriculture and forestry 115
4 1150 Support activities for agriculture and forestry 115
7 115100 Support activities for crop production 1151
8 115200 Support activities for animal production 1152
9 115300 Support activities for forestry 1153
Table II. Naics-based small (S), medium (M), historical link (L) and worksheet (W) aggregation-level industries
for use with the Input-Output Tables, Make and Use Matrix, from 2002 and onwards*
21
Commodity Dimension
Industries produce and sell commodities which are either
goods or services.
Input-Output goods commodities are concorded to the
International Harmonized System (HS) standard
classification of goods (SCG).
Input-Output service commodities are specified by type
and will be concorded to the international Central
Product Classification (CPC) (yr. 2007).
22
Commodity Balance Account Level S (year 2005) example
The production of a commodity (supply) equals the sum
(demand) of intermediate use (inputs table) plus final
demand (final demand table)
The domestic production from Canadian industries of the
row commodity 23, motor vehicle, other transportation
equipment & parts is 133,576.6 millions for all industries
in the outputs table.
The Inputs table shows a total use of 68,504.4 millions of
this commodity plus final demand total use of 65,072.2
millions equals 133,576.6 millions
23
The relationships above are shown
schematically (year 2005)
Inputs Final Demand Total
Row 1
2613
Row 51
Row 52
1373
GDP
Row 59
Total 2613 1373
1328 1,285
Intermediate
1,285 88
24
NAICS 1859-Other clothing acc.
National level
Category Io Table
2001F
2002F
2003F
2004P
Supply Output 661366 647452 740231 629001
Margins 1089916 1124741 1142300 1171553
Imports 1244452 1280111 1135184 1279154
Supply Total 2995734 3052304 3017715 3079708
Demand Input 469081 526001 533671 531721
Final Demand 2526653 2526303 2484044 2547987
Demand Total 2995734 3052304 3017715 3079708
Balance 0 0 0 0
25
The Input-Output Structure of the Canadian Economy 2001- 2002
Small (S) level sequential code and category title
Medium (M) level sequential code and category title
Historical link (L) level sequential code and category title
Worksheet (W) level sequential and mnemonic code and category title
Categories at the W level highlighted in yellow represent an alternative W structure for use with the public files.
Mnemonic '
W ' code
1 Grains1 Grains
5 Wheat, unmilled
5 0071 Wheat, unmilled, excluding imputed feed
6 0072 Wheat, unmilled, imputed feed
6 Corn, barley, oats and other grains
7 0081 Grain corn, excluding imputed feed
8 0082 Corn fodder, imputed feed
9 0083 Barley, excluding imputed feed
10 0084 Other grains, excluding imputed feed
11 0085 Other grains and fodder, imputed feed
2 Other agricultural products2 Live animals
1 Cattle and calves
1 0010 Cattle and calves
2 Hogs
2 0030 Hogs
3 Poultry
3 0040 Poultry
4 Other live animals
4 0059 Other live animals
3 Other agricultural products7 Fluid milk, unprocessed
12 0090 Fluid milk, unprocessed
8 Eggs in the shell
13 0100 Eggs in the shell
TABLE III. Hierarchical Structure of the Input-Output Commodity Classification
Small (S), Medium (M), Historical Link (L) and Worksheet (W) Level Aggregations
26
The Input-Output Structure of the Canadian Economy 2001- 2002
Small (S) level sequential code and category title
Medium (M) level sequential code and category title
Historical link (L) level sequential code and category title
Worksheet (W) level sequential and mnemonic code and category title
1
1
28
29 PE028 New and used (net) motor vehicles
29
30 PE029 Motor vehicles parts and accessories
2
16
17 PE016 Furniture and floor covering
18
19 PE018 Household appliances
3
35
36 PE035 Recreation, sporting and camping equipment
40
41 PE040 Jewellery and watches
24
4
5 PE004 Men's and boy's clothing
6
7 PE006 Women's and children's clothing
8
9 PE008 Footwear
Personal expenditures, clothing and footwear
Personal expenditures, men's and boy's clothing
Personal expenditures, women's and children's clothing
Personal expenditures, footwear
Personal expenditures, other durable goods
Personal expenditures, recreation, sporting and camping equipment
Personal expenditures, jewellery and watches
Personal expenditures, semi-durable goods
Personal expenditures, motor vehicles parts and accessories
Personal expenditures, furniture and household appliances
Personal expenditures, furniture and floor covering
Personal expenditures, household appliances
Personal expenditures
Personal expenditures, durable goods
Personal expenditures, motor vehicles and parts
Personal expenditures, new and used (net) motor vehicles
TABLE IV. Hierarchical Structure of the Input-Output Final Demand Categories
Small (S), Medium (M), Historical Link (L) and Worksheet (W) Level Aggregations
Categories at the W level highlighted in yellow represent an alternative W structure for use with the public files.
27
DIMENSIONS AND
CONFIDENTIALITY CONSTRAINTS NAICS’s based Classifications:
“W” “L” “M” “S” Industries 303 117 62 25
Commodities 727 476 111 59
Final Demand Categories 172 120 39 16
• Interprovincial I-O table adds final demand categories for
Exports and Imports with each province/territory
• National I-O tables are published at “S” level. The “S”, “M” and
“L” levels are available on CANSIM.
• Interprovincial I-O tables are only publicly available at “S” level
• Confidentiality constraints make it difficult to release provincial
data at more disaggregated levels
• Simulation model services are available using “W” level detail
28
BASIC STRUCTURE OF INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES
MAKE
719 X 303
Commo
dities
= + USE
719 X 303
Final Demand
719 X 172 =
Gross output
of
commodities
Categories are reflected through all 13 provinces/territories
+
=
+
+ =
=
= Industry use of
primary factors
8 X 303
Final use of primary
factors
8 X 172
GDP income
based
Gross output
of industries
Total use of
industries GDP
expenditure
based
=
Industries Industries Categories
29
ACCOUNTING IDENTITIES
• Commodity balance:
Production + imports = intermediate use
+ domestic final use
+ exports
• Industry balance:
- Total output of an industry (gross output) =
its intermediate inputs + primary inputs
- Gross Domestic Product (expenditure
based) =
Gross Domestic Product (income based)
30
PROVINCIAL AND
INTERPROVINCIAL INPUT-OUTPUT
TABLES
• A Provincial Input-Output table looks identical
to the National
• An Interprovincial Input-Output table accounts
for economic linkages among the provinces
and territories, adding 24 final demand
categories for exports and imports for each
province and territory
31
PROVINCE/
TERRITORY EXPORTS IMPORTS
Newfoundland
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Québec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
Yukon Territories
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Government Abroad
Ix P
xi I
M P
Mi
Ix =International exports
Pxi=Provincial exports
Im=International imports
Pmi=Provincial imports
Categories reflect 719 commodities
and indirect taxes
on products by province.
Interprovincial Trade Flow Matrix
32
Interprovincial Trade Flows
In addition to international exports and imports, we show provincial exports and provincial imports.
This introduces three additional constraints.
A) Across regions, total regional imports equal total regional exports, net (interregional) trade balances of regions sums to zero.
B) Sum of foreign exports (foreign imports) of regions equal total national exports (imports).
C) Across regions, total supply equals total disposition.
33
CONVENTIONS FOR
INTERPROVINCIAL FLOWS
1. Exports can originate from a region if the goods or services are produced in that region or are withdrawn form inventories of establishments in that region. A regional export also occurs when services (e.g. hotel accommodations, meals or entertainment) are purchased within a region by a non-resident while staying in that region.
2. Imports are defined for a region if the goods or services are destined for the region's current expenditure, for capital formation in the region, used as intermediate inputs by establishments in that region, or make up additions to inventories.
34
I/O treatment of imports and
exports
Contrast this concept with imports and exports by
port of lading or custom clearance. They are in many
cases not consistent with true origin and destination.
Since goods and services are valued at approximate
basic prices, interregional imports and exports are
more complex as goods imported from another
region may lead to import of various margins from
other regions or abroad.
35
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT BASIC PRICE
The values are now published on basic price (CANSIM).
Here is an example as a comparison between the different concepts.
Total of the economy 2004 (millions of dollars)*
Inputs Fin. Dem. TOTAL BASIC PRICE FACTOR COST MARKET
Indirect Taxes on products 20735.6 84731.9 105467.5 105467.5
Subsidies on products -15629.3 -15629.3 -15629.3
Subsidies on production -870.6 -870.6 -870.6 -870.6
Indirect taxes on production 59866.0 59866.0 59866.0 59866.0
Wages and Salaries 570195.1 570195.1 570195.1 570195.1 570195.1
Supplementary Labour Income 84762.3 84762.3 84762.3 84762.3 84762.3
Mixed income 84143.0 84143.0 84143.0 84143.0 84143.0
Other Operating Surplus 402894.0 402894.0 402894.0 402894.0 402894.0
TOTAL 1206096.1 84731.9 1290828.0 1200989.8 1141994.4 1290828.0
* Includes taxes in final demand
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
36
SOME DEFINITIONS
Supplementary Labour Income:
This category consists of expenditures incurred by employers on account
of labour that can be regarded as payment for employees' services.
Employers' contributions to pensions, welfare, employment insurance and
workers' compensation programs are included in this category. In addition
to these contributions, employers give "severance pay" or "termination
pay" "early retirement bonuses" etc.
Mixed Income:
It consists of payments to owners of unincorporated businesses (e.g. self-
employed persons and farmers). the payments represent combined
remuneration to both capital and labour which are employed in the
production process.
Other operating surplus includes:
Profits generated by corporations and government business enterprises
before taxes and dividends.
Capital consumption allowances (depreciation) for both the corporate and
unincorporated sectors.
Inventory valuation adjustment of non-farm inventories.
Interest and miscellaneous investment income.
Bad debt, charitable donation
37
VALUATION OF INPUT-OUTPUT
CELLS • All Cells must be valued consistently in order for tables to
balance
• For Analytical Uses I-O tables are valued at producer prices
• Producer Price = selling prices at boundary of the
producing establishment (in manufacturing,
“factor gate” price) excluding all taxes
• Purchaser Price = valuation of commodities purchased by
industries and final demand sectors
• Margins = There are 7 types of margins that are used to
convert between purchaser and producer price
valuations: retail , wholesale, tax, transport, gas,
storage and pipeline
• I-O tables are first balanced in purchaser prices and
subsequently in producer prices
38
TYPES OF TAXES ON GOODS AND SERVICES
Federal Trading Profits on Lottery and Race Track
Federal Gasoline tax
Federal Excise Tax
Federal Excise Duties
Federal Air Transportation Tax
Provincial Wine and Liquor Gallonnage Tax
Provincial Trading Profits on Liquor and Lottery
Provincial Gasoline tax
Provincial Amusement Tax
Local Amusement tax
Local Retail sales tax
Federal Goods and Services Tax
Provincial Retail sales tax (including liquor and tobacco)
Provincial Harmonized Sales Tax
39
Producer to Purchaser valuation for
a commodity Value
Domestic plant produce a good g3 60
Good is transported to a wholesaler 1
Good is bought by a wholesaler 61
Good is sold by the wholesaler to a retailer 68
Wholesale margins 7
At point of sale tax is levied 12
Final purchaser value to the buyer sold by
retailer plus tax 80
40
Purchaser to producer price
valuation of Inputs to a buyer
Suppose the good valued at 80 is a input to an
industry which also buys other goods and
services and GDP components
The purchaser price to producer price maybe
shown
41
Inputs for an Industry
Purchaser Tsp Whls Tax Producer
g1 10 1 2 1 6
g2 30 1 2 27
g3 80 1 7 12 60
s1 10 10
s2 20 3 17
Tsp margin 3
Wholesale margin 11
Tax Margin 16
GDP (factor) 50 50
Total 200 3 11 16 200
42
National Valuation of Personal Expenditure Category: Household Appliances in $thousands
Commodity description Purchaser Retail Wholesale Tax Transport Producer
price margin margin margin margin price
Household clothes washers & dryers 649,500 150,588 72,011 77,278 3,236 346,387
Household dishwashers 280,364 67,472 35,144 32,881 2,247 142,620
Mowers, snowblowers, sprinklers, etc. 900,237 210,820 97,498 106,054 15,828 470,037
Non-electric furnaces & heating equipment 182 40 0 19 0 123
Bulldozers, farm & garden tractors 218,225 43,594 18,369 25,198 2,465 128,599
Other agricultural machinery 1,239 0 220 140 23 856
Fans & air circulation units, not industrial 77,925 19,246 5,000 9,398 985 43,296
Air conditioning equipment, wall & window 99,187 26,787 8,416 11,936 908 51,140
Microwave ovens 250,749 74,033 42,759 29,880 7,608 96,469
Small household appliances 1,467,926 350,628 151,615 176,002 13,685 775,996
Electric furnace & other electric heating equipment 28,543 4,430 4,249 3,339 628 15,897
Household refrigerators & freezers 981,700 246,917 109,615 117,299 5,014 502,855
Household cooking equipment, excl. microwave ovens 853,151 302,492 112,172 101,224 7,700 329,563
Telephone & related equipment, incl. facsimile 275,297 72,404 43,512 33,532 795 125,054
Wholesaling margins 0 0 0 0 0 700,580
Retailing margins 0 0 0 0 0 1,569,451
Transportation margins 0 0 0 0 0 61,122
Indirect taxes on products 0 0 0 0 0 724,180
Total 6,084,225 1,569,451 700,580 724,180 61,122 6,084,225
43
Commodity Balance
01300 Fruits, Fresh, Ex. Tropical
PURCHASER RETAIL WHOLESALE TAX T.S.P. GAS PRODUCERS
INTERMEDIATE INPUTS
16 MEAT/MEAT PROD. (EXC. POULTRY) 336 0 53 0 11 0 272
18 FISH PRODUCTS INDUSTRY 351 0 52 0 14 0 285
19 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INDUSTRIES 85776 0 13400 0 2761 0 69615
20 DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES 12992 0 2052 0 458 0 10482
25 BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PROD. IND. 689 0 107 0 27 0 555
27 SUGAR CONFECTIONERY IND. 514 0 82 0 25 0 407
33 WINE INDUSTRY 21949 0 3471 0 708 0 17770
182 WHOLESALE TRADE INDUSTRIES 1090 0 177 0 34 0 879
199 ACCOMMODATION SERVICE IND. 5453 0 852 0 198 0 4403
200 FOOD & BEVERAGE SERVICE IND. 39968 0 6245 0 1454 0 32269
212 CAFETERIA SUPPLIES 17062 0 2666 0 622 0 13774
TOTAL INTERMEDIATE INPUTS 186180 0 29157 0 6312 0 150711
OUPUTS
2 AGRICULTURE, FIELDCROP 0 0 0 0 0 0 279419
TOTAL OUTPUTS 0 0 0 0 0 0 279419
FINAL DEMAND
1 CE FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEV. 756162 172953 91945 0 20363 0 470901
121 INV. RAW MATERIALS & G.P.R.S. -22998 0 0 0 0 -22998
128 DOMESTIC EXPORTS 55724 0 4159 0 1869 0 49696
129 RE-EXPORTS 4886 0 0 0 0 0 4886
130 IMPORTS -373777 0 0 0 0 0 -373777
TOTAL FINAL DEMAND 419997 172953 96104 0 22232 0 128708
TOTAL INPUTS + FINAL DEMAND 606177 172953 125261 0 28544 0 279419
TOTAL OUTPUTS - TOTAL INPUTS -606177 -172953 -125261 0 -28544 0 0
Exports: purchaser’s price vs producer’s
price
The exports are valued at the border (purchaser’s price) which includes a transport margin.
Ex: export of a good produced in a factory in Ontario
Purchaser’s price: $15,000.00
Producer’s price (factory in Ontario): $10,000.00
Transportation margin (transporter from Manitoba) $ 5,000.00
Then: export at purch. price = $15,000.00
But: export from Ontario = $10,000.00 (good)
export from Manitoba = $ 5,000.00 (transport margin)
Conclusion: Only the producer’s price shows the true transactions.
45
APPLICATIONS
46
The National Input-Output
Model
47
Fictive example
Example of Impact of $10 Demand For Exports of Manufactured goods
Assume we have 3 commodities: Manufactured goods, other goods, services.
We want to know the direct and indirect effects of an increased demand for export of $10 worth of
manufactured goods, but no units of the other commodities.
So we have a final demand, which can be denoted as:
Com 1 10
e = Com 2 0
Com 3 0
48
Suppose we have a market share matrix :
Com 1 Com 2 Com 3
Ind. 1: 1.0 0.5 0.3
D =
Ind. 2: 0 0.5 0.7
What this tells us is that:
Industry 1 is the only industry producing manufactured goods.
Industries 1 and 2 each produce half of the output of commodity 2,
other goods.
Industry 1 produces 30% of the output of commodity 3 (services), and
industry 2 produces 70% of services.
49
Now that we know that industry 1 is required to produce $10 of output, how
does it go about it. It has to bring together a number of goods and services in
order to do this. Hence we go to the matrix of technological coefficients, B,
which is derived from the Use matrix.
Ind 1 Ind 2
Com 1: 0.2 0.1
B= Com 2: 0.4 0.1
Com 3: 0.2 0.4
Primary Coefficients
0.2
0.4
50
To produce $10 of output industry 1 will require
$2 of commodity 1,
$4 of commodity 2 and
$2 of commodity 3.
Where will these commodities come from? The industries which produce
them.
To find that out we must return to the market share matrix D. From this we
can see that:
51
Industry 1 produces all of commodity 1: $2, as well as half of commodity 2:
$2, and 30% of commodity 3: 60 cents, for a total of $4.60.
Industry 2 produces half of commodity 2: $2, and 70% of commodity 3:
$1.40, for a total of $3.40.
At this point industry 1 has produced $14.60 (the original $10 plus $4.60),
and industry 2 has produced $3.40.
The process does not stop here. We need to go back to the matrix of
technological coefficients to find out what inputs are required to produce
$4.60 of industry 1’s output and $3.40 of industry 2’s output.
52
For $4.60 output of industry 1, we need:
.92 of com 1
1.84 of com 2
.92 of com 3
For $3.40 output of industry 2, we need:
.34 of com 1
.34 of com 2
1.36 of com 3
53
Again, we want to know what industries produce these commodities:
Industry 1 will produce all of commodity 1: .92 + .34 = 1.26,
$1.09 of commodity 2, and .68 of commodity 3, making a total
of $3.03.
Industry 2 will produce $1.09 of commodity 2 (.92 + .17), and
$1.60 of commodity 3, making a total of $2.69.
54
At this point industry 1 has produced a total of $17.63 and industry 2
has produced $6.09.
To arrive at these figures we took the initial output of $10 and made
successive additions for each round of production. Notice that with
each round the output decreases, because the intermediate inputs
required to produce a dollar of output is less than a dollar.
We can continue to work through the various rounds of production
until the additions are so small that we reach a limit. This should be
about $24 (24.814815) for industry 1 and $12 (12.592593) for
industry 2. We know from the original parameters that the primary
factor coefficients are respectively 0.2 and 0.4 for industries 1 and 2.
If we multiply these coefficients by the output of the corresponding
industries the weighted sum is equal to 10.
55
Output generated (Without leakages)
Industry 1 Industry 2
Initial demand 10
first round 4.6 3.4
second round 3.034 2.686
third round 2.12086 1.91794
…… … …
…… … …
Total 24.814815 12.592593
x .2 x .4
GDP 4.962963 5.0370372 Sum = 10
56
The mathematical expression of the accounting balance
between total supply and total disposition
q + m + v = Bg + e* + XD + XR
where
q is the total commodity output vector
Bg is the intermediate input vector
m is a vector of the values of imports
v is a vector of the values of withdrawals from inventories
XD is a vector of the values of domestic exports
XR is a vector of the values of re-exports
e* is a vector of the values of the following
final demand categories:
PE + FCF + VPCA + NGCE
57
COMMODITIES
(719
commodities)
INDUSTRIES
(300
industries)
FINAL DEMAND
CATEGORIES
TOTAL C I I
N
V
G X
I
X
P
M
I
M
P
COMMODITIES
(719 commodities)
Intermediate
inputs
Gross
Output by
Commodity
INDUSTRIES
(300 industries) Production
Gross
Output by
Industry
Indirect taxes on products
Primary
inputs
GDP
(income
based)
Indirect taxes on production
Subsidies on products
Subsidies on production
Wages and salaries
Supplementary labour income
Mixed income
Other operating surplus
Total Gross Output
by Commodity
Gross
Output by
Industry
GDP (expenditure based)
Accounting framework for the
Canadian Provincial Input-Output
Accounts
Categories are reflected through all 13 provinces/territories
C = Consumption (personal expenditure)
I = Investment INV = Inventory Change
G = Government current expenditure
XI = International exports MI = International imports
XP = Provincial exports MP = Provincial imports
58
Technological coefficients
Derived from the INPUT matrix
1ˆ gUB technological relationship
Represents the direct input requirements of intermediate inputs
59
Market share coefficients
Derived from the OUTPUT matrix
1ˆ qVD
Industry shares of production of each commodity are fixed
60
BASIS FOR DERIVING THE
IMPACT MATRIX Matrix of Market Share Coefficient
• Calculated from MAKE MATRIX
• Industry shares of production of each commodity
• g=DTq
Matrix of Technological Coefficients
• Calculated from USE MATRIX
• Inputs required to produce a dollar of industry output
• Ui=Bg
Assumptions
• Each industry has fixed market share of any commodity
• Technical coefficients of each industry are fixed
61
DERIVING THE IMPACT
MATRIX (Simplified version) (i) g =DTq
(ii) Ui = Bg
(iii) q = Bg + e
q is the total commodity output vector;
Bg is the intermediate input vector
and e is the total final demand input vector exogenously specified by users
(q = Bg + e is the accounting balance between the supply
and total disposition of each and every commodity)
Multiply both sides of equation (iii) by D:
We obtain (iv) Dq = DBg + De
From equation (i) Dq = g we substitute Dq by g in (iv)
g = DBg + De and we isolate g
(I-DB) g = De to obtain the impact equation:
g = (I-DB)-1 De This is a simplified version of an economy without leakages (Imports, etc.)
62
THE NATIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT
“OPEN” MODEL
• (I-DB)-1 D represents an open IO model in a
closed economy with no imports of goods and
services and no inventory stocks
• Leakages flows originating from outside the
business sector or from production in a
previous year
1. Imports (µ)
2. Withdrawals from inventory ()
3. Other, e.g., disinvestment of machinery
and equipment as scrap
63
REFORMULATING THE MODEL
• To account for leakages the solution is re-
written as:
g = [I-D(I--)B]-1D
• And the impact matrix becomes:
[I-D(I--)B]-1 per dollar of industry output
[I-D(I--)B]-1D per dollar of commodity output
64
Output generated (With
leakages) *
Industry 1 Industry 2
Total 16.318246 7.540682
x .2 x .4
GDP 3.2636492 3.0162728 Sum = 6.3
*Manufactured goods 0.2
Other goods 0.1
Services 0.03
65
Regionalization of the
I/O Model
66
Shows the links between final demands and total industry outputs A simple regional IO model
g = [I - DRB] -1 D(Rf + x)
g = gross outputs by industry (ind. by prov.)
D = market share matrix (ind. by com. by prov.)
B = input coefficients (com. by ind. by prov.)
R = regional import coefficients (com. by prov. by prov.)
f = domestic final demands (com. by prov.)
x = exports (com. by prov.)
Inter-industry transactions Industrial dimension of final expenditures
exports Domestic final
expenditures
Regional imports
coefficients
67
OUTPUTS OF MODEL • Direct Impacts - Industry output delivered to final
demand, the value-added associated with this output
as well as other supply to final demand directly
• Indirect Impacts - Industry output delivered to other
industries, the value-added associated with this
output as well as other supply to industries
• Total Impact = Direct + Indirect Impacts
Impacts can be expressed in terms of:
- Production (Gross Output) - Value-added (GDP)
- Labour Income - Imports
- Employment - Resources
• Multiplier - Ratio of total impact to exogenous shock
68
Input-Output simulation of an expenditure of $100 and the impact on the business sector
$45.00$36.82
$81.82
$30.00
$24.55
$54.55
$25.00
$20.45
$45.45
$0.00
$50.00
$100.00
$150.00
$200.00
Direct effects Accumulated indirect effects Total Impact
leakages (imports)
Value Added (GDP)
Business sector produced
inputs
69
AAFC I/O Model
70
No Code Industries (W)
1 111400 Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Production
2 111A00 Crop Production (except Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Production
2a 111A01 Wheat
2b 111A02 Feed grain
2c 111A03 Oilseed
2d 111A04 Potatoes
2e 111A05 Fruits & Vegetables
2f 111A06 Other Crops
3 112500 Animal Aquaculture
4 112A00 Animal Production (except Animal Aquaculture)
4a 112A01 Dairy
4b 112A02 Cattle
4c 112A03 Hogs
4d 112A04 Poultry and eggs
4e 112A05 Other livestock
7 115100 Support Activities for Crop Production
8 115200 Support Activities for Animal Production
71
Statistics Canada
System of National Accounts
Input-Output Division
Consulting and Marketing *NOTE: DETAIL MAY NOT ADD PROPERLY DUE TO ROUNDING AND SUPPRESSION OF CONFIDENTIAL COMMODITIES
2001 Output table modified basic price (industries # 1 to # 142) preliminaryNAICS
Public aggregation level W
Current dollars (in millions)
National public table
Industries
No. 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 3 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 5
Code 111400 111a01 111a02 111a03 111a04 111a05 111a06 112500 112a01 112a02 112a03 112a04 112a05 113000
Commodities Description
Greenhouse
, Nursery
and
Floriculture
Production
Wheat Feed grain Oilseed Potatoes Fruits &
Vegetables
Other Crops Animal
Aquaculture
Dairy Cattle Hogs Poultry and
eggs
Other
livestock
Forestry
and
Logging
No. Code Description
1 0010 Cattle and calves 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7976 0 0 0 0
2 0030 Hogs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3850 0 0 0
3 0040 Poultry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1760 0 0
4 0059 Other live animals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 344 0
5 0071 Wheat, unmilled, excluding imputed feed 0 2842 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0072 Wheat, unmilled, imputed feed 0 173 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0081 Grain corn, excluding imputed feed 0 0 717 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0082 Corn fodder, imputed feed 0 0 148 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 0083 Barley, excluding imputed feed 0 0 479 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0084 Other grains, excluding imputed feed 0 0 172 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0085 Other grains and fodder, imputed feed 0 0 1244 0 4 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 0090 Fluid milk, unprocessed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4154 0 0 0 0 0
13 0100 Eggs in the shell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 551 0 0
14 0110 Honey and beeswax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 0
15 0130 Fresh fruit, excluding tropical 0 0 0 0 0 544 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 0141 Potatoes, fresh or chilled 0 0 0 0 675 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 0142 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled 865 0 0 0 0 596 704 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 0151 Hay and straw, excluding imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 0152 Hay and straw, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 2143 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0169 Seeds, excluding oil seeds 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 0170 Nursery stock, flowers, and other horticulture products 1749 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 0181 Canola 0 0 0 1257 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 0182 Soybeans and other oil seeds 0 0 0 593 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
72
Statistics Canada
System of National Accounts
Input-Output Division
Consulting and Marketing *NOTE: DETAIL MAY NOT ADD PROPERLY DUE TO ROUNDING AND SUPPRESSION OF CONFIDENTIAL COMMODITIES
2001 Input table, modified basic price (industries # 1 to # 142) preliminaryNAICS
Public aggregation level W
Current dollars (in millions)
National public table
Industries
No. 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 3 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 5
Code 111400 111a01 111a02 111a03 111a04 111a05 111a06 112500 112a01 112a02 112a03 112a04 112a05 113000
Commodities Description
Greenhouse
, Nursery
and
Floriculture
Production
Wheat Feed grain Oilseed Potatoes Fruits &
Vegetables
Other Crops Animal
Aquaculture
Dairy Cattle Hogs Poultry and
eggs
Other
livestock
Forestry
and
Logging
No. Code Description
1 0010 Cattle and calves 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 1310 0 4 8 0
2 0030 Hogs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 8 0
3 0040 Poultry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 367 26 0
4 0059 Other live animals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0071 Wheat, unmilled, excluding imputed feed 1 31 45 49 26 27 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0072 Wheat, unmilled, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 113 31 7 4 0
7 0081 Grain corn, excluding imputed feed 0 10 15 16 9 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0082 Corn fodder, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 43 34 21 3 0
9 0083 Barley, excluding imputed feed 0 8 12 13 7 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0084 Other grains, excluding imputed feed 0 3 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0085 Other grains and fodder, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 229 693 250 94 26 0
12 0090 Fluid milk, unprocessed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 0100 Eggs in the shell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
14 0110 Honey and beeswax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 0130 Fresh fruit, excluding tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 0141 Potatoes, fresh or chilled 0 5 7 8 5 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 0142 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled 148 8 5 10 5 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 0151 Hay and straw, excluding imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
19 0152 Hay and straw, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 455 1001 441 202 44 0
20 0169 Seeds, excluding oil seeds 36 3 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 0170 Nursery stock, flowers, and other horticulture products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
73
Statistics Canada
System of National Accounts
Input-Output Division
Consulting and Marketing *NOTE: DETAIL MAY NOT ADD PROPERLY DUE TO ROUNDING AND SUPPRESSION OF CONFIDENTIAL COMMODITIES
2001 Final Demand table, modified basic price (preliminary)NAICS
Aggregation level W
Current dollars (in millions)
National public table
Categories
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Code PE0011 PE0012 PE002 PE003 PE004 PE005 PE006 PE007 PE008 PE009 PE010 PE011
Commodities Description
Personal
expenditure
s, food and
non-
alcoholic
beverages
Personal
expenditure
s, food
(imputed)
Personal
expenditure
s, alcoholic
beverages
bought in
stores
Personal
expenditure
s, tobacco
products
Personal
expenditure
s, men's
and boy's
clothing
Personal
expenditure
s, men's
and boy's
clothing,
repair and
alterations
Personal
expenditure
s, women's
and
children's
clothing
Personal
expenditure
s, women's
clothing,
repair and
alterations
Personal
expenditure
s, footwear
Personal
expenditure
s, shoe
repair
Personal
expenditure
s, gross
imputed
rent
Personal
expenditure
s, gross
rent paid
No. Code Description
1 0010 Cattle and calves 0 237 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0030 Hogs 0 98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0040 Poultry 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0059 Other live animals 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0071 Wheat, unmilled, excluding imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0072 Wheat, unmilled, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0081 Grain corn, excluding imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0082 Corn fodder, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 0083 Barley, excluding imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0084 Other grains, excluding imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0085 Other grains and fodder, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 0090 Fluid milk, unprocessed 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 0100 Eggs in the shell 296 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 0110 Honey and beeswax 56 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 0130 Fresh fruit, excluding tropical 1140 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 0141 Potatoes, fresh or chilled 233 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 0142 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled 1723 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 0151 Hay and straw, excluding imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 0152 Hay and straw, imputed feed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0169 Seeds, excluding oil seeds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 0170 Nursery stock, flowers, and other horticulture products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 0181 Canola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Statistics Canada’s
SPSD/M
The Social Policy Simulation
Database and Model
75
The SPSD/M
• Statistics Canada’s SPSD/M is an integrated database and tax/transfer simulation model
The SPSD/M concentrates on calculating the first round impacts of Canadian tax/transfer policy on individuals and families
Income taxes, payroll taxes, cash transfers, and commodity taxes.
It makes use of I/O data and modelling techniques to estimate the distributional impact of commodity taxes on families and individuals
http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=89F0002X
76
Models based on I-O Tables
1. Output Models
a) The Open Model
b) Closed Models
c) Interprovincial Model:
Requires (a) input-output tables for each
province.
(b) a matrix of commodity flows
between provinces.
2. Price models: cost push type models.
3. Market analysis models
77
SUMMARY OF USES OF INPUT-OUTPUT
ACCOUNTS(1)
Benchmarks for GDP by industry.
Measurement of real growth of:
(i) industry output
(ii) commodity output or use
(iii) final demand
Development of measures of multi-factor productivity.
78
SUMMARY OF USES OF INPUT-OUTPUT
ACCOUNTS(2) Impact analyses:
(i) Output.
(ii) Intensity studies,
Energy
employment
taxes, etc.
Analysis of the industrial structure of the economy..
Effective tariff studies.
Studies of price movements.
Other.
79
References
• Hoffman et al., User’s Guide to Statistics Canada Structural Economic Models, Input-Output Division, Statistics Canada, 1980.
• Miller, E. Ronald and Blair, Peter D., Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1985.
• United Nations, Handbook of Input-Output Table Compilation and Analysis, Series F, No. 74, New York, 1999.
80
Documents which may be consulted (1):
1. Statistics Canada Catalogue 15-510-XPB, The Input-Output Structure of the
Canadian Economy, 1961-1981 (Occasional).
2. Statistics Canada Catalogue 15-511-XPB, The Input-Output Structure of the
Canadian Economy in Constant Prices, 1961-1981 (Occasional).
3. Chenery, H. B., and Clark, P.G., Inter-Industry Economics, Wiley, New York, 1959.
4. Miernyk, W.M., The Elements of Input-Output Analysis, Random House,
New York, 1965.
5. O’Connor, R., and Henry, E.W., Input-Output Analysis and Its Applications, Hafner
Press, New York, 1975.
6. Lal, K., “Compilation of Input-Output Tables: Canada”, in J.V. Skolda (ed.),
Compilation of Input-Output Tables, Proceedings of 17th General Conference of the
International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, 1981.
7. Lal, K., “Canadian Input-Output Tables and their Integration with Other Sub-
Systems of the National Accounts” Vienna, Austria, 1985.
8. Statistics Canada Catalogue, 13-589-XPE, Guide to the Canadian System of
National Accounts.
81
Documents which may be consulted (2):
9. Statistics Canada Catalogue, 15-201-XIE, The Input-Output Structure
of the Canadian Economy 1999-2000 (Annual).
10. Statistics Canada Catalogue, 15-546-XPE, Interprovincial and
international Trade in Canada, 1992-1998 (Occasional).
11. Statistics Canada Catalogue, 15-601-XPE, No. 2: Service Industries in
the Canadian Input-Output Accounts, Sources of Data and Methods of
Estimation. (Occasional).
12. United Nations, System of National Accounts, 1993.
13. Erik Poole, A Guide to Using the Input-Output Model of Statistics
Canada, Technical Series, #58, Input-Output Division.
14. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 15FOO77GIE, Systems of National
Accounts, A Guide to Deflating the Input-Output Accounts – Sources
and methods 2001.
15. The Derivation of Provincial (Inter-regional) Trade Flows: The
Canadian Experience, Technical series #98 by Pierre A. Généreux and
Brent Langen, Statistics Canada
82
The International Input-Output Association (IIOA) http://iioa.org/index.asp
United Nations: About the System of National Accounts 1993
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/introduction.asp
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA): U.S. Economic Accounts
http://www.bea.doc.gov/
Statistics Canada : Input-Output Accounts
http://www.statcan.ca:8082/english/themes/sna-scn/sub/io.htm
83
Selected articles from Statistics Canada
Sport Utility Vehicles: Driving Change by Erik Magnusson Manufacturing, Construction and
Energy Division; Catalogue no. 11-621-MIE2005020
http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2005020.htm#3
The Soaring Loonie and Prices: Lower Inflation for Consumers? by Radu Chiru,
Prices Division Catalogue no. 11-621-MIE2004014
http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2004014.htm
Multipliers and Outsourcing: How industries interact with each other and affect GDP; by Philip
Cross and Ziad Ghanem
http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=11-010-X20060019000
Rising energy prices: How big a shock to consumers and industry? by Philip Cross and Ziad
Ghanem
http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=11-010-X20050118806
Canada's natural resource exports by Philip Cross and Ziad Ghanem
http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=11-010-X20050057894
Offshoring and Employment in Canada: Some Basic Facts by Anick Johnson and René
Morissette
http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11F0019MIE/11F0019MIE2007300.htm