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Innova&ve financial instruments for mi&ga&ng flood risks Fabio Castelli University of Florence Marcello Galeo< Inter‐University Centre for Actuarial Sciences and Risk Management Giovanni Rabi< University of Milano Bocconi

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Page 1: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Innova&ve financial instruments 

for mi&ga&ng flood risks 

Fabio Castelli  University of Florence 

Marcello Galeo<  Inter‐University Centre for Actuarial Sciences                                                       and Risk Management 

Giovanni Rabi<     University of Milano Bocconi 

Page 2: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Introduc&on  The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring 

financial resources from damage covering to damage preven&ng, assuming that:    

1.   Some preven&ve measures exist whose cost is by far less than the cost of 

covering the damages they prevent.    2.   These preven&ve measures require 

target investments (project costs), whose amount cannot be sustained by a 

Central Public Administra&on (CPA) normal economic programming .    3.   The 

above CPA aversion to investment on preven&ve measures is even worsened (not 

diminished!) by the frequent occurrence of catastrophes. In many cases, in fact, a 

catastrophe occurrence triggers a nega&ve financial flow, in the sense that 

resources previously allocated for preven&on projects are diverted toward 

damage coverage.    Points 1) and 2) are the main mo&va&on for issuing project 

op&ons (which may be subscribed by local public administra&ons, LPA) to support 

and finance risk preven&on measures.    Points 2) and 3) are the main mo&va&ons 

for accompanying the project op&ons with a second financial instrument, similar 

to catastrophe bonds (which can be acquired by poten&al investors, PI), that: a) 

reinforces the remunera&on of virtuous LPAs in terms of gains (not simply loss 

reduc&ons) subsequent to risk reduc&on; b) assures the CPA for the damage 

coverage in case of catastrophe, so that re‐alloca&on of resources is not required. 

Page 3: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

A case study: flood risk for Arno river 

•  Fabio Castelli, a professor of Civil 

Engineering, has conducted a technical 

study on the risk factors and costs 

rela&ve to Arno river (recall the Florence 

flood of 1966!) 

•  Parameters values of our model derive 

from that study. 

Page 4: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

•  Poten&al damages: urban micro‐scale 

Page 5: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage
Page 6: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

•  Poten&al damages: urban micro‐scale 

Danni non mone?zzabili (e.g. i beni culturali) 

Cortesia di Bernardo Mazzan& 

Autorità di Bacino del Fiume Arno 

Page 7: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

The basin scale 

Page 8: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Poten&al damages and mi&ga&on costs 

S?ma a scala comunale  

(CIMA & AdB Arno, 2007) 

Totale comuni bacino 

dell’Arno: 

Residenziale  

0.26%     49÷103�€/���� 

Industriale‐commerciale 

0.21%    12÷38 

Page 9: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

~0.4 ��↑2  ~4,000 residen& 

Edifici 

3.5 �€/anno 

Cont. abitazioni 

1.7 �€/anno 

Commercio 

0.5 �€/anno 

Poten&al damages and mi&ga&on costs: from 

urban to basin scale 

Residenziale  

0.26%     49�€/����  Tot 

0.20%      13�€/����FI 

Industriale‐commerciale 

0.21%       12  Tot 

0.04%         2FI 

FI  ~103 ��↑2  FI  ~356,000 residen& 

×1.8 S?ma rischio idraulico (beni 

mone?zzabili) per il bacino 

dell’Arno 

~110 �€/anno 

Page 10: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Poten&al damages and mi&ga&on costs: 

from urban to basin scale 

~110 �€/anno (+ non monet.+ indir.) 

~200 �€ 

stralcio 

 

~900 �€ 

Completamento 

a Tr 200 

 

 

Ammortamento su 50 

anni con interesse al 4% 

~41 �€/anno 

Page 11: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Financial instruments 

•  There exists a vast literature on the topic  “market 

incen&ves for risk management” and many 

instruments have been proposed (some&mes 

adopted): catastrophe bonds, environmental op?ons, 

project bonds etc..  

•  The pabern we suggest assumes a dynamic 

interac&on among three types of agents: a central 

public administra&on, CPA (state, region); some local 

administra&ons, LPAs (municipali&es, districts) in 

areas exposed to risk; a popula&on of possible 

private investors, PIs. 

•  From the point of view of decision making, the 

instruments we propose behave like risk measures 

(or  coverages), and the benefit of subscribing them, 

for a given &me horizon, can be evaluated through a 

comparison among suitable expected pay‐offs. 

 

Page 12: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

•  The central public administra&on (CPA) fixes 

as a target a maximal threshold of risk level 

for the occurrence of a catastrophic event. 

•   The target must be reached through local 

preven&ve works and the progress in its 

achievement, within a given &me period, is 

cer&fied by an independent Agency (or 

Authority). 

The model 

Page 13: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Market incen+ves for environmental protec+on policies 

 

Castelli and Galeo< (2013): first proposal of this combina&on of 

financial instruments. 

Resilience bonds (Swiss Re, 2015): CAT bond + project finance 

 

Differences among the two proposals in mechanisms and finali&es: 

1. the CPA is both sponsor and issuer of the nancial assets; 

2. two dis&nct instruments, instead than one, addressed to 

different popula&ons of agents (LPAs and PIs), whose 

interac&on is substan&al to the effec&veness of the nancial 

mechanism; 

3. under suitable condi&ons, such interac&on leads to an op&mal 

scenario (from the CPA's point of view), while in the resilience 

bonds scheme such op&mal goal is never achieved. 

Page 14: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

On such a basis the CPA offers two one‐

period (e.g., yearly) contract proposals, 

one addressed to local administra&ons 

(LPA) and one to private investors (PI), 

denoted, respec&vely, as project op)ons 

and catastrophe bonds (see,e.g., 

Winkelvos et al. “Accuracy etc.” JRI, 2013) 

Financial incen&ves 

Page 15: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Project op&ons 

•  What we call project op&on is, in fact, an incen&ve‐deterrence pabern. 

•  The CPA proposes to LPAs a contract compelling the 

underwriter to accomplish, in the given period, some determined preven&ve works of a cost CP. 

•  In case the fixed target of risk reduc&on in the region is 

achieved, the subscribing (virtuous) LPA receives a full reimbursement plus a reward. 

•  If, instead, a catastrophe occurs, the non‐virtuous LPAs must 

fully contribute to damage costs, while the virtuous ones will contribute so much the less as less numerous they are, in order not to discourage contract subscrip&on. 

Page 16: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Project Op&ons: expected pay‐offs 

[ ]PCxxHxxEP )(')1(

1µβ −−−=

Let us denote by EP1 and EP0 the expected pay‐offs (at the 

end, say, of the year) of, respec&vely, virtuous and non‐

virtuous LPAs.  

Let 1 be the normalized number of LPAs and x the number 

(ra&o) of virtuous ones, 0≤x≤1. 

Simplifying, the probability of a catastrophe, within the 

period, will be given by H(x)= HT[1+c(1‐x)] and the 

probability of reaching the pre‐fixed target  will be set 

equal to x. 

In other words, by extreme simplifica&on, we could say 

that the target is reached if x increases. 

The following formulas hold: 

PCxHEP )(''

0µ−=

1''',0 >>≈≈> µµµβ

Page 17: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Catastrophe Bonds (Cat‐Bonds) 

The ahermath of Hurricane Andrew 

The CPA  offers to a popula&on of private investors 

(PI), whose number is again normalized to 1, the 

possibility of purchasing a type of one‐year, say, 

zero‐coupon bond with an a_rac?ng return α in 

case a catastrophe does not occur, while in the 

opposite case no interest is paid and the capital 

itself is reimbursed for a frac&on so much lower as 

lower is the investors’ number. 

 

Page 18: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Cat‐Bonds: expected pay‐offs 

•  Let us denote by y the number (ra&o) of possible investors 

buying the cat‐bonds. In order to compare expected pay‐offs, 

we pass, say, from a physical to a risk‐neutral probability 

measure, so that we have to insert a risk‐premium. 

•  Moreover we pose equal to 1 the unitary price of cat‐bonds, 

so that the works cost is also measured by cat‐bond uni&es. 

We set the rela&ve cost of damage preven&on projects CP=ρ 

 

0≤ε≤1, r>0 fixed return, π>0 risk premium 

 

( ) ( )

rEC

yxHxHEC

=

−−−−=

0

1 1)()(1 πεα

Page 19: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

•  Let us set 

 

•  Parameter values (case of Arno river) 

 

Mutually dependent incen&ves 

( ) ( )ynxml

xd

yd

−+−+=

−=

+=

11

max

min

π

αα

ββ

α

β

( )

( ) ( )

( )xr

x

y

cHxH

HxH

T

T

−+=+

−=

+=

=

=

=

=+==

===

1015.003.0

06.008.0

06.004.1

85

2.0

33.0

50110

20011

π

α

β

µ

ε

ρ

Page 20: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Introducing the above financial instruments causes a 

dynamic interac&on among CPA and the two popula&ons 

of LPAs and PIs, which we can represent as an 

evolu&onary game. For sake of simplicity we assume the 

game to be con&nuous (the fixed period is instantaneous) 

and the dynamics to be replica?ng (replicator dynamics), 

meaning that in each popula&on those strategies spread, 

at the expense of the others, whose pay‐off is higher than 

the average one. 

 

Dynamics 

Page 21: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

System equa&ons 

By the above assump&ons the dynamics, taking place in the square [0,1]2, is given by the following equa&ons: 

 

 

 

 

That system could in general exhibit up to a maximum of 12 equilibrium points and 4 abractors. However a reasonable choice of parameters, such as the one we adopted, notably reduces these possibili&es. 

 

( )( )

( )( )01

.

01

.

1

1

ECECyyy

EPEPxxx

−−=

−−=

Page 22: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

One instrument alone is not enough! 

•  We can assume the ul&mate aim of CPA to be 

that all LPAs become virtuous, so that cat‐bonds 

(contribu&ng to public debt) would be no more 

necessary, i.e. that (1,0) be the only abractor of 

the above system. 

•  However, as the following slide shows, 

without issuing the cat‐bonds such a goal might 

not be achievable, unless virtous LPAs were, 

since the beginning, rather numerous. 

Page 23: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Abractor 

�=0

� =�(1−�)[��↓1 (�)−��↓0 (�)] 

Abractor Repellor 

x – LPAs underwri&ng Project Op&ons 

Page 24: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

� – Proj. Opts. 

� – Cat‐Bonds 

Abractor Saddle 

� =�(1−�)[��↓1 (�,�)−��↓0 (�,�)] 

� =�(1−�)[��↓1 (�,�)−��↓0 (�,�)] 

P(1)=3; % c=P(1); 

P(2)=0.33; % rho=P(2); 

P(3)=0.2; % eps=P(3); 

P(4)=0.005; % HT=P(4); 

P(5)=0.08; % a1=P(5); 

P(6)=0.06; % da=P(6); 

P(7)=1.04; % b0=P(7); 

P(8)=0.06; % db=P(8); 

P(9)=0.02; % rl=P(9); 

P(10)=0.015; % mm=P(10); 

P(11)=0.0; % nn=P(11); 

P(12)=82; % mu=P(12);  % 82 

P(13)=0; % k=P(13); 

 Cat‐bonds allow to bypass the block 

Page 25: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Bifurca&ons 

•  With the chosen expressions the isoclines 

 

are represented in the square (0,1)2 by the graphs , respec&vely, of y=f(x), having a maximum at x*, and 

y=g(x) increasing. 

•  If the laber graph intersects the x‐axis  to the leh of x* (but where f(x)>0), then, varying the parameter ε (i.e. the ra&o of capital reimbursed to 

an investor in case of catastrophe), two bifurca&ons 

may occur. 

0 and 0 ==••

yx

Page 26: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

•  When ε increases the curve y=g(x) can intersect the 

side x=1 of the square. When this happens, (1,1), 

besides (1,0), is abrac&ng and there is a separatrix 

between the two abrac&on basins. 

Abractor 

Abractor 

� – Proj. Opts. 

P(1)=3; % c=P(1); 

P(2)=0.33; % rho=P(2); 

P(3)=0.8; % eps=P(3); 

P(4)=0.005; % HT=P(4); 

P(5)=0.082; % a1=P(5); 

P(6)=0.06; % da=P(6); 

P(7)=1.04; % b0=P(7); 

P(8)=0.06; % db=P(8); 

P(9)=0.02; % rl=P(9); 

P(10)=0.015; % mm=P(10); 

P(11)=0.0; % nn=P(11); 

P(12)=82; % mu=P(12);  % 82 

P(13)=0; % k=P(13); 

Two abractors 

Page 27: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Two abractors and one cycle 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Cycle 

Abractor 

� – Proj. Opts. 

P(1)=3; % c=P(1); 

P(2)=0.2; % rho=P(2); 

P(3)=0.34; % eps=P(3); 

P(4)=0.005; % HT=P(4); 

P(5)=0.08; % a1=P(5); 

P(6)=0.06; % da=P(6); 

P(7)=1.02; % b0=P(7); 

P(8)=0.25; % db=P(8); 

P(9)=0.025; % rl=P(9); 

P(10)=0.025; % mm=P(10); 

P(11)=0.0; % nn=P(11); 

P(12)=68; % mu=P(12);  % 82 

P(13)=0; % k=P(13); 

Vice‐versa if, star&ng from the ini&al value, ε decreases, an 

interior abractor (besides (1,0)) eventually arises, whose basin is 

bounded by a repelling cycle (subcri&cal Hopf bifurca&on).   

Abractor 

Page 28: Innovave financial instruments for mi&gang flood risks · Introduc&on The overall objec&ve is to mi&gate the flood risk in a region by transferring financial resources from damage

Comments and conclusions 

The parameters ε, decided by the CPA and establishing the CAT‐bond value in case of catastrophe, and m, measuring the PIs risk aversion, are the cri&cal parameters.  

In par&cular ε can't be too high (in order not to permanently increase CPA's debt) and can't be too low (if we want to encourage the PIs to buy CAT‐bonds and avoid 

sub‐op&mal cases 3,4). 

For a balanced ε op&mal scenarios can be directly produced. 

Vice‐versa, if ε is too high, the CPA's goal can be achieved at two condi&ons: 

•  the number of virtuous LPAs at the beginning of the emission must be suffciently high; 

•  the quote of emibed CAT‐bonds must be carefully monitored by the CPA: it must be sufficiently high as to convince non‐virtuous LPAs to become virtuous, and at the same &me it must be sufficiently low in order to prevent the LPAs from 

       remaining virtuous only if an excessive bonus, financed by CAT‐bonds, is 

       awarded.