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Innovative Sediment Decontamination Processing/Management and their
Application to Integrated Sustainable Systems
Eric A. SternU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 2 - New York USA
Mid-Atlantic Contaminated Sediments/Soils SymposiumJersey City, New Jersey
24 March 2010
Contaminated Sediment Management Integrated – Hybrid Approaches
• Environmental Precision Dredging– Geophysical surveys – debris fields / removal– Mechanical, Hydraulic
• Materials Handling (most critical step - economics)– Pumping slurries– Dewatering (passive – geotubes): mechanical (filter presses)– Transport / C footprint
• Capping – Active/Reactive Core Mats – specialized caps (organoclay, TLC)
• Stabilization/Solidification (portland cement) + (oxidation)– H202, KMNO4, NaS2O8
Multi complex contaminants – Urban Environments(TCDD, PAHs, Pb, Hg, Cr, TBT…..)
• Confined Disposal Facility (upland & nearshore)• Confined Aquatic Disposal (aquatic)• Containment Islands • Landfills (significant transport – C footprint)• Mine Reclamation
Ex-situ / In-Situ Innovative Sediment Technologies ThermalNon-thermals In-Situ Stabilization (cement injection) / caps
• In-Situ Bioremediation– Mudflats
• Monitored Natural Attenuation
INTEGRATE PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ALL ALTERNATIVES
LANDFILL CAPACITY in the U.S.
US < than 20 years of disposal capacity
CDFs
Urban / Port Impacts • Contaminants in sediment:
– Pose an ecological and human health risk in the river and contributes to risk harbor-wide;
– Contribute to contaminant loading in the harbor (on-going sources)
• Regional Sediment Management (Watersheds)– Impact dredged material and port
management– Impact future waterfront development
opportunities (weak link)
Urban Rivers
Restoration
Navigation
Maintenance Dredging and Deepening
Complex
Multi-Contaminant
Urban/Ports
Economic Redevelopment
Restoration
Urban Rivers
Restoration
Superfund
(remediation)
Water Programs
(Stern, 2009)
Brownfields
Watershed/Basin Management
Pollution Prevention
Regional Sediment Management-Solution Orientated-
• System-based (watershed) approachthat seeks to solve sediment-related problems by designing solutions that fit within the context of a regionalstrategy and sediment systemRecognizes sediments as a resourceSediment processes (coastal/estuarine)
• Integral to environmental / economic vitalityEngage StakeholdersAchieve long-term balance and sustainable
solutions
www.hudsonriver.org
National
Regional Sediment Management
Regional Sediment Management(watershed)
Urban
Sediment Management
Sediment QualityQuantity
Dredged Material Management
Sustainable
Sediment Management
Long – Term Implementation / Monitoring (NRC)
Federal – State – City
Port Authority
Environmental –Public
Cross-Program
Contaminated Sediments
Ports and Waterways
EU
SedNET
Design / Build(Stern, 2009)
[Urban] Sediment ManagementSustainability (long-term)
Ecopsychology (Urban Sed. Mgmt.)Behavioral understanding of moving forward
Open to Change– Urban – City / Port Environment – Leadership– Education (K-12) / Outreach – Different brain wiring (political) – short vs. long-term
Integrated Sediment ManagementHybrids – Holistic – Treatment Train Approaches
– Multi Contaminants / MediaRegional Sediment Management (watersheds/basins)
Beneficial UseUn-renewable resources (economic re-development)
RSM Sediment Sustainability
Historical –Economic Engine Present
FutureLinkage between sediment remediation / restoration and upland economic development
Gowanus Canal – Brooklyn, New York
TMDLs
CSOs
• Programs that address sediments (global) – Sediments are cross-program
• Dredged Material (USACE Navigation) – HTRW (USACE) (sec. 312b Env. Dredging)
• Regional Sediment Management (USACE/EPA)• USEPA Superfund (Remediation)• OSWER – Land Revitalization (USEPA)
– Urban Rivers Restoration Initiative (old) / Urban Waters (new)• Water Programs
– Storm water, TMDLs, Pesticides– National Estuary Program
• Aquatic Brownfields (Superfund)• RCRA• Solid Waste (NYS) • Enforcement• Remediation/Clean-up – [technologies]
Use of Innovative Technologies
Positioning for the FutureEnvironmental SustainabilityEnvironmental Manufacturing
Beneficial UseSediments are a resource……
Environmental Sustainability• Long-term maintenance of ecosystem components
and functions for future generations– Don’t mess-up big….. (prepare for mitigation)
• Making the needs of the present w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Encompasses keeping population densities below the carrying capacity of a region, facilitating the renewal of renewable resources, conserving and establishing priorities for the use on non-renewable resources, and keeping environmental impact below the level required to allow affected systems torecover and continue to evolve.
Apply to Sustainable Sediment Management
Comprehensive (Integrated) approach for addressing the long-term management / conservation of sediments within a watershed to maintain current (and future?) beneficial useswhile addressing regional Environmental,Economic, and Social (and Political) concerns (challenges…).
David Moore, Shelly Anghera, Jack Word*, Matt Wartian and Kurt Frederick –Weston Solutions, Inc. *Newfields Northwest, LLC. – Presented at SETAC, Milwaukee 2007
(Stern)
• ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY– Psychological problem
• Human interference – social imbalance• NIMBY – send it someplace other then where I
live– Out of state – out of country
• Taking responsibility of our “waste”
• UN-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Postioning for the Future• Life Cycle Assessment
– What is the cost associated (long-term)?• Environmental, economic, social and political
– Of not (environmental sustainability)• Diminishing natural resources• Waste minimization• Landfill Closures for most contaminated sediments• Lack of real-estate (CADs/CDFs)
– Loss of Benthic Habitat / wetlands / channel configuration– Long-term monitoring– Capacity
• Short vs. long-term vision (political)
Application of Innovative Decontamination Technologies with Beneficial Use
• Beneficial Use• Environmental Restoration • Economic Revitalization• Social Consciousness
• Behavior–Shrinking Natural (Un-renewable)
Resources–Short vs. Long-term vision
• Consistent with SedNet (Watershed / Basin Management
3rd International SedNet Conference25-26 November, 2004 – Venice, Italy
Contaminated Sediments - European River BasinFinal Recommendations
• Stimulate innovation to more efficient treatment technologies:– sustainability
• To date treatment technologies are too costly• Large amounts of sediments• Dredging and processing rates can’t keep up
• Technology itself is not the problem• Diversity of technologies are available
New York/New Jersey Sediment Decontamination Technologies Demonstration Program
• Program initiated in 1993 under the Water Resources Development Act
• Partners: US EPA Region 2, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and New Jersey (NJ) Department of Transportation Office of Maritime Resources
• Develop and demonstrate technologies from bench-, pilot-, to full-commercial scale– Meet desired treatment efficiencies– Cost-effective compared to other placement options
(S/S)– Achieve commercial-scale capacity of 385,000 m3/yr– Saleable beneficial use product from post-treated
material• In 1998, NJ provided further funding to the program ($20M)• $42 million in Federal and State resources, combined with
private investment
• What did we learn? (applies to the waste industry in general)
• Too expensive – compared to what? (dumping?)• Critical comments welcomed – but.. Now that
you’ve told me everything we can’t do…• No one wants to be # 1 - #2, # 3 is OK
– Risk aversion – You haven’t built it…• Technology companies competing – but not
understanding the sediment or waste business• No long term contracts
– No Venture Capital• Not too many friends in innovative
technology development– it’s lonely….Treatment used to counter other alternativesNone or very little integration
USEPA - NJDOT Innovative Sediment Decontamination Technology Development
1993-2009Re-Invent – Develop the Program
FRONT END MATERIALS HANDLING
POST TREATED
BENEFICIAL USE?
TECHNOLOGY
BLACK BOX
Basic vs Applied Research
Proof of Concept
BenchPilot
Full-scaleCommercial
Impediment to Technology Development
outside the box
The Re-invention• Treatment train (organics/inorganics)• Integrated / hybrid approaches
– Encourage treatment firms teaming agreements• Basic and Applied Research
– Phase 1 TIEs (specific contaminant/technology)• Navigational dredged material to Superfund contaminated
sediments• Siting / Regulatory Permitting / Design/Build engineering plans for
treatment processing facilities• Regional to Global Interests
– Pilot Scale – Port of Venice, Italy, Norway, Latvia, China, S. Korea..• Economics have caught up after 15 years as other alternative
costs are increasing• Bench-Pilot-Full/Commercial Scale Demonstrations (20)• Continue to work on innovative technologies outside the program in
all components of sediment management (treatment train)• Alternative platforms – barge mounted systems• Beneficial Use
– Economic redevelopment/revitalization• Multi-Media
Technologies with Beneficial UseCement-Locktm Technology*Commercialized by Volcano Partners LLC– Thermo-chemical rotary kiln (cement and co-gen)
BioGenesis Enterprises*– Sediment washing (soils, bricks, polymer coating)
• Upcycle / BayCycle Aggregates +– Existing Rotary Kiln (light-weight aggregate)
• Harbor Resource Environmental Group, Inc +– Solidification/stabilization/oxidation (structural fill)
• Westinghouse/The Solena Group + *– Plasma-arc vitrification (glass tiles / co-generation /
gasification)* Full Scale + Pilot Scale
NY/NJ Harbor Sediment Decontamination Program Demonstrations : 2005-2008Bayshore Recycling Processing Facility – Keasbey, NJ (Raritan River)
Darling International Raritan River Arthur Kill
Harbor Resources Environmental
Stabilization/OX
BioGenesisSediment Washing
Gas Technology Institute/Volcano PartnersThermo-Chem/Rotary Kiln
Geotechnical Fill
January 2005
Manufactured Soil MSU / Bridgeport Port Authority
Construction GradeCement – Ecomelttm
MSU
2006
3,418 yd3 scow storage
Passaic River, NJ
Dec.
2005
8,866 yd3
(8,866 yd3)
2,269 300 yd3
dewatered
Navigational Dredged MaterialSuperfundContaminated Sediments
250 yd3
BioGenesis Sediment Washing
BioGenesisSM Sediment Washing Technology
USEPA SITESoil Washing
Demonstration
Environment Canada
Harbor Sediment
WRDA Bench Studies
BNL 1
WRDA Bench Studies
BNL 2WRDA Bench
StudiesBNL 4
WRDA Bench Studies
BNL 3
EPA Pilot Demonstration
SOIL WASHING SEDIMENT WASHING BENCH STUDIES
Venice Pilot Demonstration
NJDOT Demonstration
Kai Tak, Hong Kong
Bench Study
SEDIMENT WASHINGDEMONSTRATION STUDIES
BioGenesis Technology Development
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
South KoreaBench Studies
GE-Housatonic River
Bench Study
1994 1999
2004 - Venice
Sand
Passaic River, NJ Sediment
BioGenesis Sediment Washing Process
+ Lime
Montclair State University Manufactured Soil Demonstration 2008-2009
New York / New Jersey Harbor Sediment Decontamination &
Beneficial Use Demonstration ProjectCement-Lock® Technology
Sponsored By:• Gas Research Institute
• U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency Region 2U.S. Department of EnergyBrookhaven National LaboratoryU.S. Army Corps of Engineers(New York District)– funding from the federalWater Resources DevelopmentAct (WRDA)
• New Jersey Office of MaritimeResources– funding from NJ Environmental
Bond Issue
Technology Developer:Gas Technology Institute
Site Host:International-Matex TankTerminal – Bayonne
General Contractor:RPMS ConsultingEngineers
Equipment Manufacturer:Andersen 2000 Inc.
Technology Licensor:Cement-Lock Group, L.L.C.
IMTT
Cement-Lock® Technology
MODIFIERS
REACTIVEMELTER
2400° - 2500°F1316-1371C
Natural AIR/O2Gas Feed GRINDER/
PULVERIZER/BLENDER
SECONDARYCOMBUSTION
Passaic River SedimentsStratus Petroleum
WASTEHEAT
BOILER
High QualityCONSTRUCTION-GRADE CEMENT
ADDITIVES
STEAM TO POWERGENERATION
ECOMELT QUENCH
FLUE GASCLEAN UP
CLEAN FLUE GAS
WTE
Screened/dewatered
Cement-Lock Demo PlantIMTT - Bayonne, NJ
EcoMelt
Pulverized EcoMelt –30% Replacement for Portland Cement
ECH
Flexural Strength TestConcrete from Ecomelt
Uncertainties in Developing Long -Term Business Models for Technologies
(incl. capping, S/S)• Unpredictable dredging volume estimates
– One built project• Unpredictable dredging cycles
– Fish migratory windows• Superfund Construction Schedules
– Remedial Investigation Process (years)• Litigation (lawyers)• Long-Term Contracts• Government Risk Sharing• Siting / Permitting• Confidence• Industry perception
Financing Conclusions
Largest ScaleFacility
LargerInvestment
GreaterFinancing
Long TermCommitmentOf Sediment
Lowest Price
Facts of Life
EPA Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) - Chicago
• Great Lakes CDFs are nearing capacity– Raising structural CDF walls are a possibility
to increase volume – Landfill placement of contaminated sediments
are expensive (>$120 m3) and space limited– GLNPO developing cost/benefit analysis of
paying more for treatment remediation vs CDF – landfill as being more environmentally sustainable (LCA)
Partner with GLNPO (Legacy Act) to provide non-federal cost share (65-35%)
Dredge, decontaminate, recycle to useful products instead of storing in CDF or placement in landfill
Process at central locations Combine several AOCs for
sediment volume throughput: Regional facilities (Lake Michigan/Erie)
Standardized materials handling approach
Improved efficiencies
Sustainable reclamationof a non-renewable resource
EPA R2 – GLNPO Regional Sediment Treatment Program
Long Term Disposal and Placement Options
CDFs nearing capacity
Landfills?
Long-term monitoring
LEGACY?
Renewable CDF
• Construct treatment processing facility(s) with beneficial use applications adjacent to CDF
• CDF renews itself by having continuous capacity by recycling the contaminated sediments
Direction of Ex-Situ Sediment Treatment [ Management]
• Develop Long-term Self Sustaining Enterprises in the Environmental Management of Sediments– Integrate Technologies (front and back end)
–Non-competitive • Urban centers / waste priorities
–Regional Processing Centers–Mainstream (combine) regional
sediment remediation / restoration projects
• Combine timelines/critical paths
Conceptual Regional Processing
Region 2
Environmental Manufacturing
• Treatment Train Concept vs. Black Box
• Beneficial Use – Resource– Regional Markets
• Multi-Media Processing– Steady Stream of Material– Sustainability
• Environmental Manufacturing
• Long-Term Self-Sustaining Enterprises– Venture Capital
Environmental Manufacturing• Multiple Feeds of:
– Dredged Material (Navigation) Contaminated Sediments (Superfund) Contaminated Soils– Coal Ash (TVA lagoon breach – Jan. 09)– Construction / Debris Electronic Waste– Sewage sludge– Medical Waste Tires– Auto Fluff Food WasteMunicipal Solid Waste
• Keeps system economics by supplying constant feed of material
• Diversity of Beneficial Use Products
-A department store for Environmental Services
www.envitech.fi
1. LHJ office2. Weighing station3. REF-facility4. REF Storage 5. CRT-Finland Ltd6. Cool-Finland Ltd7. Hazardous waste
storage8. Oil processing
9. Inert waste10 & 13. Niska & Nyyssönen Ltd11. Landfill12. Composting field14. Landfill water pumping station15. VAPO power plant16. Envor Biotech Composting facility
17. Envor Processing paper and cardboard recycling18. Envor Recycling glass and plastic recycling19. Envor Group office and truck wash20. Suomen Erityisjäte Ltd contaminated soil21. J Syrjänen Oy construction waste22. Suomen Uusioaines Oy glass recycling
Why not for beneficial use of sediments?
Sediments / E-Waste Model
E-waste 100%
E-wasteSediments
100%30 - 40%
50%
50%
9.55mW/hr
Construction Industry
Steam / Electricity
Commercial / Residential
Reusable Material
Scrap Buyers
Non-Reusable Landfills
Ecomelt®
Ecomelttm – Cement-Lock Technology for contaminated sediments and multi-media wastes
Cement-Lock
5454
Objective
>Demonstrate at the pilot scale a new technology approach – an integrated macroalgae bio-renewable energy production system.
> In the system, CO2 generated from a fossil-fuel-fired power plant will be used to stimulate the production of a high yielding seaweed biomass to be harvested and converted to a fungible energy product, biomethane, through the anaerobic digestion process.
> DE-FE0002640: Macroalgae for CO2 Capture and Renewable Energy – A Pilot Project
5555
Macroalgae to Biofuels System
Selected SeaweedPropagules
56
Ulva
Porphyra
Gracilaria
Sargassum
Sternism’s Do’s and Don'ts Don’t believe when someone tells you If it
ain’t broken – don’t fix it. It probably is broken and you just don’t quite yet know
how to fix it.. - stuck in the mud… Impedes innovative technology development
Don’t discount sediment treatment as too expensive. Technologies over a decade that have stayed in the game have advanced through bench/pilot/full-scale programs with better economic data. This has caught up (w/in magnitude) with other
alternatives Determine Life Cycle Assessment / Environmental
Cost Benefit of paying more in the short-term as it relates to long-term sustainable approaches
Please don’t tell me everything I can’t do – If you’re so smart please tell me what I can do.It’s easy to comment. More helpful if you
get in the game and help / recommend technical/regulatory solutions.
Don’t mortgage the future. Entertain moving forward with sustainable long-term solutions for dredged material and contaminated sediment management.
When addressing sediment management solutions, approach it from an integrated systems approach.Sediment treatment can play well with others. It
is not give me dcon or give me death.• Renewable CDF / beneficial use regional
sediment management plan
Sediment treatment development needs to take into account a treatment train approach.When the first 3,000 yd3 scow pulls up and the
vendor say’s “wow” – this is not good sign…..Material handling – technology black box – post
treated beneficial use applicationsEducation among Us, Technology Firms, and
Venture capitalists/Financing Firms• Know the business
Do consider that treated contaminated sediments can be a resource with beneficial use applications.Apply state beneficial use guidelinesManufactured soilsConstruction-grade cementAggregatesPolymer coatingsWaste to Energy / Gasification
• Federal / State construction highway / transportation projects
Economic stimulus
There is a change in the wind….globally• [environmentalists] have become more
equity conscious, and through their adoption of the sustainable growth logic of the appropriate technology movement, have largely cast off changes of obstructionism– Cicin-Sain and Knecht (1998)
• Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management
• ….need to be open to new ideas – need to change behavior………technology driven… Stern (2009)
FIRST GPS – GOWANUS CANAL