Innovation

Technology and Instrumentation In Particle Physics

June 9, 2011W. F. Brinkman

Innovation Definition (wikipedia)

Relates to renewal or improvementSocial- democracyEconomic –credit default swapsGovernment-medicareArts-impressionists

We will use “taking inventions to products

The Invisible Revolution behind modern communications

Inventions/innovations that were essential

Optical communications

Laser Coherent lightSemiconductor laser -small high speed deviceOptical fiber -long distances Erbium amplifiers-simple WDM repeaters

n

40

m

Optical Fiber

Single Mode

core

Tremendous advances in communication

First trial was 1.5 miles and a few megabits per second

Multi wavelength systems were introduced in1995.

Today we have systems handle several Terabits/sec with as many as 80-100 wavelengths

Recent reports are one terabit on a single wavelength

However, let’s look at a couple innovations that occurred during all this progress

Dispersion shifted fiber

True Wave Fiber

Solved four wave mixing problem

Scientists involved did not think of Patenting-too trivial

VP Arno Penzias insisted

Patent granted

True wave fiber sold at a factor of 10 higher than NDSF

Corning agreed to cross licensing with Lucent

Rod-In-Tube Process

15 Km preform

225 Km preform

Overclad tube (Sol Gel)MCVD core

Process OverviewStep 1: Mixing and CastingSol and additives are mixed. Centrifugation removes impurities. The gelation agent is added prior to pumping into precision molds for casting.

Step 2: Removal of Mandrel and LaunchingAfter aging in the molds, the mandrel is removed. Tubes are launched under water directly onto carriers.

Step 3: DryingCarrier/tube assemblies are placed into the drier where the tubes slowly rotate and dry over several days in a carefully controlled atmosphere.

Step 4: PurificationTubes are loaded into a silica “boat” and heated in various gases to remove organic compounds, water, and refractory impurities.

Step 5: SinteringThe purified body is consolidated to clear glass in chlorine, helium, and oxygen.

Sol Gel Overcladding Tube

Coresingle mode optical wave guide

substrate

MCVDdeposited material

overcladding tube(~90% of total glass)

Specifications• optically “perfect”• dimensionally precise• chemically pure

Used in preforms for single mode optical fiber production

Sol Gel R&D TimelineStart Process

Feasibility

ProductEvolution

1993 1995 1997

2 Kg 4 Kg 7 Kg 14 Kg

Initial Research

MH Pilot Production

AK Factory Ground-breaking

Production

1999

28 Kg

GeometryEvolution

(e.g.,Siding)

1.0 mm 0.4 mm 0.1 mm 0.08 mmInitial Requirement World Class Sol Gel

So what has happened since?

Supplier came back to Lucent and made an offer that was Very low but would only agree to sell at that price if Lucent shut down The sol-gel production line.

Was a great, difficult innovation but did not get used as we hoped

But was a good return on investment-Innovation

Innovation can come in strange ways

A Unsuccessful Innovation

Using MEMS technology to create optical switches

MCI was claiming their network was growing a factor of ten/yr

We decided to try making a wavelength router

MEMS Optical directional mirror

Mems Mirror Chip

256 1024

1024 Optical Mems Switch

So What happened ?

Switch was not fast enough to do real time switching

Really became an optical automatic patch panel

Not much demand-sold a few

Not all technologies get through the valley of death (and they shouldn’t!!)

One other exciting innovation while at Bell Labs I can’t resist it!!

Functional MRI Imaging of the brain

Seiji Ogawa-1990

Ogawa and colleagues first contrast

Active brain Anesthetized brain

Demonstration of measurement of brain activity

Much development of the technique, reducing signal to noise Now widely used in brain studies by large variety of scientists.

Bell Lawyers refused to patent technique Was not considered relevant to ATT

A healthy Japanese established a institute forOgawa

Ogawa won the Japan Prize in 2003(Thompson and Ritchie won it this year)

Many innovations in particle accelerators and detectors

Detector R&DPast to the Present• Silicon vertex detectors revolutionized collider physics.

– Detailed studies of B mesons told us about CP violation– Tagged B mesons became a critical tool in the study of top quarks and then

the search for Higgs bosons. • Precision electromagnetic calorimetry

– CsI calorimeters are indispensable in the B-Factory detectors to measure photons.– Now they are in space on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope delivering new views of

the sky.

The Future• Large area photodetectors using microchannel plates are being developed

by ANL and University of Chicago– Fast and cheap replacement for phototubes

• Liquid noble gases show potential for great gains in neutrinos and dark matter searches.

Accelerator R&DPast to the Present• Superconducting magnets have given us the Tevatron and now the LHC.

– The LHC has the highest magnetic fields of any operating accelerator and as a result the highest energy.

• Electron cooling dramatically increased the luminosity of the Tevatron.– The scare antiprotons are used much more efficiently.

The Future• New superconducting materials promise higher luminosity at the LHC

– maybe even higher energy someday

• Superconducting RF becomes the workhorse for high power accelerator applications.

• New acceleration techniques like plasma wakefields could lead to higher energy or smaller accelerators.