innovation research in japan and negative co · pdf fileinnovation research in japan and...

1

Innovation Research in Japan and

Negative CO2 Emissions TechnologyExperts’ Group on R&D Priority-setting and Evaluation (EGRD)IEA Committee on Energy Research and Technology (CERT)

University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKJune 14-15, 2017

Atsushi KurosawaThe Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), JAPAN

The views expressed in this material are those of the individual author and do not represent the organizational views of The Institute of Applied Energy.I would like to express thanks to IAE colleagues especially Etsushi Kato and Yuki Ishimoto for providing information. Part of the research results were supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S10) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. http://www.nies.go.jp/icarus/en/index.html

Workshop on Blue Sky Research for Energy Technology, Experts’ Group on R&D Priority‐setting and Evaluation (EGRD), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, June 14‐15, 2017

• Since 1978• Non-profit organization• Expertise - energy technology assessment• Energy areas • Visit http://www.iae.or.jp for further information

Nuclear

Fossil FuelsGlobal

Environment

Renewables &

Power System

Hydrogen

IAE overviewIAE overview

Workshop on Blue Sky Research for Energy Technology, Experts’ Group on R&D Priority‐setting and Evaluation (EGRD), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, June 14‐15,

2017

2

3

1. Innovation Research Initiatives- NESTI 2050 and IMpact

2. Negative Emissions Technologies- Overview and Direct Air Capture

3. Summaries

OutlineOutline


4



3. Summaries

OutlineOutline


*1 The horizontal position of environmental and energy technologies indicates approximate time of practical diffusion based on the roadmap of each technology.*2 “Future path with current technologies” indicates approximate transition of global GHG emissions assuming no change in efficiencies for existing technologies (e.g., generating efficiency of coal-fired generation)*3 The downward arrows for “Improvement and diffusion of existing technologies” and “Diffusion of innovative technologies” indicate both contributions are required to reduce global GHG emissions; they do not specify the amount of reduction by each contribution.

Short/Medium-term

20502030

20502030 Future Path with Current

Technologies

Medium/Long-term

Geothermal PG

Nuclear PG

Biomass Utilization(Microalgae)

Wind PG (Offshore)

CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)

Innovative Devices(Normally-off Processors)

Energy Management Systems(HEMS/BEMS/CEMS)

Innovative Devices(Telework)

Innovative Devices(SiC Semiconductors)

High-Efficiency (Fuel-Saving)Aircrafts, Ships, and Railways

Innovative ManufacturingProcess (Energy-Saving Cement)

Next-Generation Automobiles(Fuel Cell Vehicles)

High-Efficiency Heat Pumps(Hot-Water Supply)

High-Efficiency EnergyIndustrial Use (Cogeneration)

Innovative StructuralMaterials (CERP)

Energy Efficient Houses/Buildings

Fuel Cells(PEFC/SOFC)Heat Storage/Insulation Technol.

High-Performance Electricity StorageHydrogen Production/Transport/Storage

(Transport/Storage)

Hydrogen Production/Transport/Storage(Production)

Methane etc. Reduction Technol.(Anaerobic Treatment)

Carbon Fixation by Vegetation(Super Trees)

Global Warming Adaptation Technol.Earth Observation • Climate Change Prediction

Electricity Transmission bySuperconductivity (SC Cables)

Next-Generation Automobiles(EV)

Marine Energy (Wave, Tides, Current)

Environment-Conscious Iron Manufacturing

Fusion

Space solar

Solar PG (¥14/kWh)

Solar Heat Utilization

ArtificialPhotosynthesis

Intelligent Transportation System(Probe Information Mutual Utilization)

Energy Management Systems(Power Interchanging/Networking Technologies)

2020 2040

Target:Reduce Global Emissions by 50%

*1 Center of bars indicates approximate time of practical diffusion.*2 Parentheses show technology examples. Refer to the full text for details.

LegendConsumption • Demand

Distribution • S/D Integration Other TechnologiesProduction • Supply

~30 billion

tons

Current Emissions

Improvement and Diffusion of Existing Technologies Diffusion of

Innovative Technologies

High-Efficiency Coal-Fired PG(IGCC, A-USC)

High-Efficiency Natural Gas-Fired PG(1700C-class)

Glo

bal G

reen

hous

e ga

s (G

HG

) em

issi

ons

NESTI 2050 and Global GHG Reduction

Source : modified from NESTI webpage

NESTI 2050Technologies

National Energy and Environment Strategy for Technological Innovation towards 2050 (NESTI 2050)(April 2016) by Cabinet Office

Improvement and Diffusion

of Existing Technologies

5Workshop on Blue Sky Research for Energy Technology, Experts’ Group on R&D Priority‐setting and Evaluation (EGRD), University of

Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, June 14‐15, 2017


6

NESTI 2050 – Target Technology AreasNESTI 2050 – Target Technology Areas 4 Criteria

Innovativeness, significant GHG reduction, long-term investment, competitiveness

9 Areas – 2 system technologies and 7 elemental technologies Roadmapping work in progress (1) Energy system integration with ICT (incl. AI, IoT, big data) (2) Core technologies for systems (power electronics, sensors,

superconductivity) Energy saving – (3) production process, (4) structural materials Energy storage – (5) batteries (6) hydrogen Energy Production – (7) photovoltaics (8) geothermal (9) CO2 capture and utilization (CCUS)

R&D system Coordination among government ministries Technology seeds creation Stimulating private industry R&D investment Promotion of international coordination and joint R&D

Main texts: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/nesti/honbun_e.pdfSummary : http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/nesti/gaiyo_e.pdf

ImPACT – Concepts Impulsing PAradigm Change through Disruptive

Technologies Program (ImPACT) http://www.jst.go.jp/impact/en/index.html 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan launched

in fiscal 2016 outlines the strengthening of initiatives aimed at achieving disruptive innovation.

Program led by the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation

High-risk and high impactProgram Managers have significant authority in

organization and budget allocation. They are responsible for overall R&D matters

Funds – 55 billion JPY7


ImPACT – 16 Programs Ultra-Thin and Flexible Tough Polymers Serendipity Ubiquitous Power Laser Ultimate Green IT Devices Innovative Cybernic System Super High-Function Structural Proteins Tough Robotics Nuclear Transmutation of Radioactive Wastes Ultra-high Speed Multiplexed Sensing System Innovative Visualization Brain Information Aperture Radar Satellite Quantum Artificial Brains in Quantum Network Artificial Cell Reactor Bionic Humanoids Ultra Big Data Platform 8



9

ImPACT - Green IT Devices Program

Source : IMpact webpage


10

ImPACT – Ultra Big Data Platform Program

Source : IMpact webpage

11



3. Summaries

OutlineOutline



12Source :modified from FCCC/CP/2015/7

Paris Agreement and Long‐term GoalParis Agreement and Long‐term Goal How to achieve net-zero emissions and temperature goals

Most recent research finding insisted that negative Emissions technology is essential to achieve 1.5 degree target in the long run.


13

Climate Engineering and Negative EmissionsClimate Engineering and Negative Emissions Solar Radiation Management (SRM) and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)

Incoming Solar Radiation

Sunshades

Top of Atmosphere

Atmospheric CO2

Clouds

Nutrition Addition

Soil

Bio-char

Air Capture

Agriculture

Human Settlement

Increase Surface Albedo

Stratospheric Aerosols

Enhanced UpwellingGeological Storage

Coastal Sediments

Cloud Condensation Nuclei Ship

Troposphere

Bio-energy capture

Increase Cloud Albedo

Carbonate Addition

Enhanced Downwelling

Sea IceVegetation

Afforestation and Reforestation

Original SourceSource: Modified from Sugiyama (2011)

Ocean

Intertemporal optimization model (Kurosawa, 2006) 15 global regions 5 modules

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

9

10

1112

14

15

13

1. CAN, 2. USA, 3. WEU, 4. JPN, 5. OCE, 6. CHN, 7. SEA, 8. IND,9. MEA, 10. SSA, 11. BRA, 12. OLA, 13. CEU, 14. EEU, 15. RUS

Integrated Assessment Model GRAPE

14Workshop on Blue Sky Research for Energy Technology, Experts’ Group on R&D Priority‐setting and Evaluation (EGRD), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, June 14‐15, 2017

Kurosawa, Moriyama and Murakami (2013)

Category Conversion Process

Product Potential captured carbon fraction in feedstock

Thermochemical conversion

Power generation

Electricity High

Combustion Heat HighGasification Liquid fuel ModeratePyrolysis Liquid fuel ModerateDirect liquefaction

Chemical product

Moderate

Biochemical conversion

Fermentation Methane, Ethanol, Hydrogen

Moderate(methane and ethanol)/ High (hydrogen)

Conversion and Captured Fraction of Carbon Bioenergy Conversion and Captured Fraction of Carbon Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) Broad technology portfolio Fuel and chemical application – carbon remains in products Lifecycle concern – both in bioenergy and CCS processes



17

Example : Biofuel with CCS Example : Biofuel with CCS Bioethanol production with CCS

Decatur, IL, USA CO2 source: Dehydrated wet CO2 from ethanol fermentation process CO2 storage : Mt. Simon sandstone formation, 1 Mt / year Regulation: Cleared USEPA Underground Injection Control (UIC) (class VI)

Source: 7th IEA CCS Network Regulatory Meeting, 2015

藻類からアスタキサンチンを抽出し、化粧品、サプリメント等に利用

Extraction of Astaxanthin as feedstocks for cosmetics and supplements

Algae Cultivation

MSW power plant

Source http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2016_08/pr1001.htmhttp://www.ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Publications/Information_Papers/2016-IP43.pdf

Flue gas

CO2

Example: captured CO2 utilizationExample: captured CO2 utilization Captured CO2 utilization in production process

“Biomass Industry City Saga” project in Japan CO2 source: Municipal solid waste (MSW) power plant CO2 capture: 10 tCO2/day facility launched in August 2016 CO2 transport: 200 m pipeline to 2 ha algae (Haematococcus) cultivation area


CO2 capture facility

Mikawa 50MW biomass power plant in Fukuoka (source: Toshiba)Capture facility (conception drawing)

Example: Biomass power with CO2 capture Biomass power generation with CO2 capture

Mikawa, Fukuoka, Japan Demonstration project of sustainable CCS technology (MOE, FY2016-2020) Retrofit work completed in April 2017 (fuel : from coal to biomass) CO2 source: biomass power generation flue gas Capture facility (>500 t CO2/day) is scheduled by 2020


Direct Air Capture (DAC) - Technologies Already used in closed space application (e.g. submarine, spaceship) Ambient CO2 concentration is very low (400ppmv)

Large amount of energy for separation Typical separation technologies

Liquid sorbents

Solid adsorbents

20Workshop on Blue Sky Research for Energy Technology, Experts’ Group on R&D Priority‐

setting and Evaluation (EGRD), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, June 14‐15, 2017

Source: Ishimoto et al. Putting Costs of Direct Air Capture in Context (2017). FCEA Working Paper Series: 002, June 2017. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2982422

Source: Keith, 2006

Source: Ishimoto, et al. 2017

DAC Review – Costs Broad range of DAC cost estimates. Three order-of-magnitude differences. Comparison between non-DAC negative emissions technologies and

industrial use Forestation, BECCS CO2 price for EOR and other industrial use



Source: Ishimoto et al. Putting Costs of Direct Air Capture in Context (2017). FCEA Working Paper Series: 002, June 2017. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2982422

PublicationWeb page

Ventures

DAC cost review Other

negative emissions

Price in Industry

DAC plant in operation DAC plant in Hinwil, Switzerland

Sponsored by Swiss Federal Office of Energy CO2 captured : 2,460 kg/day (depending on factors such as weather and air composition) Enriched CO2 : Utilization in a greenhouse Size : Filter system for CO2 ca. 90 m² / Greenhouse 37,632 m² Crop yield increase : up to 20 per cent Low temperature heat source from the waste utilization plant Operated since May 2017



Source: Climeworks web page

Source: Fuss et al 2014; CDIAC; IIASA AR5 Scenario Database; Global Carbon Budget 2016; Smith et al 2015

~12 GtCO2/yr

Role of negative CO2 emissions technologies Role of negative CO2 emissions technologies Negative emission technologies at scale

Could offset carbon feedstock use emissions in material production Additional concerns in land, water, cost, energy and other stresses Limited potentials


SCS: Soil Carbon Sequestration / AR: Afforestation&Reforestation/ EW: Enhanced Weathering

24



3. Summaries

OutlineOutline


Summaries (1) Innovation Research ProgramsRole of technology enablersKnowledges in materials and biology, etc.ICTs with big dataOthers

System integration(Enabler) x (Enabler) will create new values.Demonstration at scale

Public initiatives to stimulate private R&DBusiness model in the next phase


Summaries (2) Negative Emissions TechnologiesRemoval CO2 from the airIndirect: biomass, enhanced absorption of oceanDirect: capture from the air

Carbon storage or utilizationStorage : geological formations, soil, (ocean)Products : permanent storage?Natural capture enhancement

Costs and limits are uncertain in most optionsDAC cost range: factor of 103

Limits in resources: water, land etc.


ICEF 2017 – Save the Dates


ICEF (Innovation for Cool Earth Forum)October 4-5, 2017, Tokyo, JapanDiscussions of innovations in energy sectorsAdmission Free!See 2017 information at

http://www.icef-forum.org/ Open call for ‘Top 10 innovation’ Organizations or individuals Innovations includeSignificant long-term GHG emission

reductions technology Policy/institutions promoting innovations

Application from ICEF websiteDeadline: July 31, 2017

innovation research in japan and negative co · pdf fileinnovation research in japan and...

Documents