injury prevention: knowledge, attitudes & behaviour of...

Injury Prevention: Knowledge, Attitudes &

Behaviour of Netball Players 2007

2007.141

Injury Prevention: KAB of Netball Players Report to the ACC 2007

LINZ® is the registered trademark of the Life in New Zealand Activity & Health Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 56 Dunedin

Suggested Citation: Button AJ, Button, CB and Wilson, NC (2007). Injury Prevention: Knowledge Attitudes & Behaviour of Netball Players. Report No. 2007.141, LINZ® Activity and Health Research Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.

The LINZ® Activity & Health Research Unit The LINZ® Unit facilitates public health research, from inception and design of projects to collection, analysis and reporting of results. The Unit was established in 1991 by a grant from the University of Otago’s Division of Sciences, and is based in the School of Physical Education. The Unit has three permanent and several casual staff, and a number of consultants, including nutrition, medicine, biostatistics, kinesiology, leisure and psychology. Also specialist staff are contracted for specific projects such as the 1997 National Nutrition Survey and the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey which the Unit managed on behalf of the University. Its facilities include clerical, library, biostatistical and data management services, computing facilities and a specialist library. Abbey is the Unit’s innovative software that facilitates survey creation, delivery and management. Visit our website at: www.otago.ac.nz/LINZ.


Injury Prevention: Knowledge Attitudes & Behaviour of Netball Players.

Report

to the Accident Compensation Corporation

Prepared by

LINZ® Activity & Health Research Unit University of Otago

April, 2007


Contents Executive Overview.................................................................................................................. 1

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 Collection of data ................................................................................................................... 3 Data entry and analysis .......................................................................................................... 3 General ................................................................................................................................... 4 Injury Treatment Behaviour for individuals who reported sprain/strain injuries of the ankle, knee or leg. ............................................................................................................................. 4 Injury Treatment Knowledge ................................................................................................. 4

2 Results ............................................................................................................................... 5 Demographics (Table II.1) ..................................................................................................... 5 Attitudes towards key strategies (Tables II.2a & Table II.2b) ............................................... 5 Last injury, site of injury and injury prevention (Tables II.3a, Table II.3b, Table II.3c) ...... 5 Attendance at SMOSS courses (Table II.4) ........................................................................... 5 Roles in preventing injuries: Strength of agreement (Table II.5) .......................................... 6 Injury treatment knowledge (Table II.6a) .............................................................................. 6 Injury treatment behaviour (Table II.6b & Table II.6c)......................................................... 6 Knowledge versus behaviour (Table II.6c) ............................................................................ 6 Training guides (Table II.7) ................................................................................................... 6

3 Comparison with Other Sport Groups......................................................................... 15 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 Demographics (Table III.1).................................................................................................. 15 Attitudes towards key strategies (Table III.2a, III.2b) ......................................................... 15 Last injury and site of injury (Tables III.3, III.4) ................................................................. 15 Strategies that could have prevented injuries (Tables III.5a III.5b)..................................... 15 Roles in preventing injuries (Tables III6a, III.6b) ............................................................... 15 Injury treatment knowledge (Table III.7)............................................................................. 16 Injury treatment behaviour (Tables III.8a, III.8b) ................................................................ 16

4 Comparison between 1999 and 2006 ............................................................................ 26 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 26 Attitudes toward key strategies (Figure IV.1)...................................................................... 26 Injury treatment knowledge (Figures IV.2a, IV.2b, & IV.2c) ............................................. 27 Injury treatment behaviour (Figures IV.3a, IV.3b, IV.3c) ................................................... 28

5 References ....................................................................................................................... 30

6 Appendix A ..................................................................................................................... 31

7 Appendix B...................................................................................................................... 34


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Executive Overview The purpose of this report is to establish key generic sports injury prevention knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of netball players and compare it with data collected since 1999 (Wilson, Bird, Blakey, and Russell, 1999; Wilson, Bird, Blakey, & Russell, 2000; Wilson, Cleghorn, & Blakey, 2002, Wilson & Wohlers, 2004). Comparisons were also made with data from basketball, hockey, soccer, and league players. A total of 14 male and 170 female netball players completed the questionnaire between 20th June and 30th July 2006. Data were collected in different centres throughout the country including Whangerei, North Shore, West Auckland, South Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Invercargill. 2006 Key Results • Less than half of the participants agreed that ‘wore protective gear’ would reduce

injuries in netball. In contrast, the majority of the players agreed with the remaining seven key strategies (74% to 98% agreement across strategies).

• About one in ten players reported an injury in the previous week. • Of those receiving an injury within the last year, a lower limb injury was the most

frequent (64%) • The strategy that the highest percent of netball players agreed could have prevented or

reduced their injury was ‘using good technique’. • 32% of netball players ‘strongly agreed’ that players had a role in preventing injuries,

compared to 19% and 12% ‘strongly agreeing’ a role for referees and coaches respectively.

• Whilst 27% of players had the correct knowledge regarding injury treatment behaviour for Ice, Compression, and Elevation, only two percent acted on this knowledge following an injury. In addition, when length of application was also taken into account, no participants applied ice, compression and elevation as required.

• Pre-season training guides would be used by 59% of players, and off-season training guides by 71% of players.


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Changes between 2004 and 2006. Attitude to Key Injury Preventive Strategies • Since 2004 there has been an increase in the percent of overall strong agreement that

there would be fewer injuries if players adopted the eight key strategies. This increase was significant for ‘wore protective gear’, ‘warmed up’, and ‘did not paly when injured’.

Injury Treatment Knowledge • There has been a significant increase in the percent of players with correct knowledge

about the use of ice, compression and elevation. Injury Treatment Behaviour • There has been a significant decrease in the use of elevation in netball as well as the

percentage of netball player using compression and elevation within the recommended time.

Comparison with other sports. • A significantly lower percentage of netball players agreed with the strategy ‘wore

protective gear’ compared with participants from the other sports. • With respect to strength of agreement, a significantly lower percentage of netball and

basketball players ‘strongly agreed’ with the strategy ‘wore protective gear’, • No significant differences were apparent for the time of injury of netball players when

compared to participants from the other sports. Netball players, as with players from the other sports, were most likely to have an injury to the lower limb (64%).

• Whilst non significant, netball players were more likely to agree that players had a role

in preventing injuries when compared with participants from the other sports. • Netball players compared with players of other sports, have a similar level of

knowledge about the use of ice, compression and elevation, but higher (non-significant difference) knowledge about the recommended time of application of compression.

• No significant differences existed between netball players use of ice, compression and

elevation when compared with players of other sports.


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1 Introduction A sports injury prevention questionnaire for netball players was developed by the LINZ® Activity and Health Research Unit based on the key generic questionnaire used in previous studies 1999-2005 (Wilson, Bird et al., 1999; Wilson, Bird et al., 2000; Wilson, Cleghorn et al., 2002; 2002; Wilson & Wohlers, 2003; Wilson & Wohlers, 2004; Wilson & Wohlers, 2005). 1. The areas covered are:

• Basic demographics (5 questions) • Attitudes towards key strategies of injury prevention (1 question) • Injury prevention behaviour (1 question) • Attitude to key people’s role in injury prevention (1 question) • Knowledge of treatment protocol (1 question) • Attendance at SMOSS (Sideline Management of Strains and sprains) courses (1

question). • Attitude towards different methods of receiving injury prevention information

2. The questionnaire is self-explanatory, can be self-administered and takes less than 5

minutes to complete.

A copy of the questionnaire is included in Appendix A.

Collection of data

Data were collected from netball players in Whangerei, North Shore, West Auckland, South Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Invercargill. Each research assistant was given a verbal explanation of the requirements for data collection and then issued with detailed instructions for data collection (Appendix B). This included details of sampling and the number of individuals who could be selected from one team. In addition to the instructions, a summary sheet was completed by the research assistant and returned with the completed questionnaires to the University of Otago for checking.

Data entry and analysis

All questionnaires were checked and then the data entered on the computer. All data was verified. In addition, all queries noted during data entry were reviewed to ensure consistency. Results were stored in an excel file and analysed using the standard SPSS statistical package.


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Definitions and Notes

General

Ethnic Group Where only one ethnic group was given, that category was coded. In cases where participants stated they belonged to more than one ethnic group, a single ethnic category was assigned on a hierarchical basis: NZ Maori, then Pacific People, then NZ European.

Tables All data are percents unless otherwise stated.

Strength of agreement

Defined as the number selecting 5 or 6 on the scale divided by the number answering the question (including those who disagreed). This figure was expressed as a percent.

Injury Treatment Behaviour for individuals who reported sprain/strain injuries of the ankle, knee or leg.

Ice use Defined from Q4a and the percent who didn’t tick ‘no ice’.

Ice recommended time Defined from Q4a - The correct response was ‘within 10 mins’.

Ice application time Defined from Q4b - The correct response was 20 minutes.

Compression use Defined from Q4c and the percent who didn’t tick ‘none used’. Compression – recommended time of application after injury

Defined from Q4c and the percent that ticked either ‘within 10 mins’ or ‘11-59 mins’.

Compression – recommended application time

Defined from Q4d and percent that ticked ‘up to 30 minutes’

Elevation recommended time

Defined from Q4e and percent that circled either number 5 or 6 (most of the time)

Injury Treatment Knowledge

Ice recommended time Defined from Q7 and the percent that ticked ‘within 10 mins’.

Compression recommended time

Defined from Q7 and the percent that ticked either ‘within 10 mins’ or ‘11-59 mins’.

Elevation recommended time

Defined from Q7 and the percent that circled either number 5 or number 6.


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2 Results

Demographics (Table II.1)

A total of 184 netball players completed the questionnaire. No more than 4 players per team completed a questionnaire with a wide range in grade of players. The age group and genders of players is highlighted in Table II.1. Māori and Pacific players made up 19% and 9% of the players respectively.

Attitudes towards key strategies (Tables II.2a & Table II.2b)

The majority of players supported 7 out of 8 of the key strategies with over 90% of players agreeing ‘warmed up’ and ‘did not play when injured’ would reduce injuries. In addition, over 70% of players agreed that ‘cooled down’ (81.7%), ‘played within rules’, ‘played fair’, ‘used good technique’ (75.3%), and ‘were fitter’ would reduce injuries. Less than half of the players agreed that ‘wore protective gear’ would reduce injuries. Whilst a higher percentage of those individuals that reported attending a SMOSS course in 2006 supported all eight strategies for reducing injuries, it was not possible to calculate the statistical significance of these differences due to the small number of individuals that attended a SMOSS course (n=18). In addition, due to the small number of male netball players (n=14) that completed the survey, it was also not possible to calculate gender differences in attitudes towards the key strategies. With respect to strength of agreement, 67% of players strongly agreed ‘did not play when injured’ would reduce injuries. In contrast, only 20% of players strongly agreed that it would reduce injuries if players ‘wore protective gear’. Individuals that had attended a SMOSS course were less likely to strongly agree that any of the eight key strategies would reduce injuries. Once again, these comparisons should be interpreted with care due to the small number of participants that had attended a SMOSS course.

Last injury, site of injury and injury prevention (Tables II.3a, Table II.3b, Table II.3c)

Just over 45% of players had a sport sprain/strain in the last year. The most frequent injury was to the ‘lower limb’ (63.6%) followed by the ‘upper limb/ shoulder’ (25%) and ‘trunk/pelvis’ (8%). Of the netball players that had experienced a sport sprain/strain in the last year, between 19% and 43% of these felt that the injury could have been prevented or severely reduced through the adoption of one of seven key strategies. Between 13% and 29% of participants ‘strongly agreed’ that these strategies could have helped prevent or severely reduce the injury.

Attendance at SMOSS courses (Table II.4)

Seven percent of players had personally attended a SMOSS course, while ten percent of players reported a team member had attended. As highlighted above, the small number of netball players that had attended a SMOSS course prohibited meaningful comparisons with participants who had not attended a course.


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Roles in preventing injuries: Strength of agreement (Table II.5)

Thirty two percent of Netball players strongly agreed that players had a role in preventing injuries while a lower percent strongly agreed with the role of referees (18.5%) and coaches (12%) in preventing injuries.

Injury treatment knowledge (Table II.6a)

Correct knowledge about the use of ice, elevation and compression varies from 76% down to 53%. Only 27% of the netball players knew the correct treatment following a sprain or strain for all three elements (ice, elevation and compression).

Injury treatment behaviour (Table II.6b & Table II.6c)

Ice was applied by just over 70% of the players that had sustained an injury in the last year. Less than half applied ice within 10 minutes and only 16% of players reported applying ice in the recommended manner (20 minutes every 2 hours). 61% of players used compression but less than 30% within 59 minutes of the injury. In addition, only 12% left the compression on for up to 30 minutes. 67% of netball players used elevation following an injury. However, once again, the percent of players that used it in the recommended manner was low with only 29% elevating his/her injury ‘most of the time’. In addition, whilst over 88% of players used at least one of the three strategies following a sprain or strain, only 17% of netball players used all three strategies (ice, compression and elevation), and none of these used all three elements in the recommended time.

Knowledge versus behaviour (Table II.6c)

The average percent of players who reported the correct injury treatment behaviour for ice, compression and elevation was low (2%) and was below the average percent of players with the correct knowledge (26.6%) across all three treatments.

Training guides (Table II.7)

59% of players reported they would use an off-season training guide and 71% reported they would use a pre-season training guide. The primary reason for not using either of the guides was ‘other commitments, or not got the time’.


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Table II.1: Demographics

Frequency1 Percentage 2

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Age 15-19 3 89 92 21.4% 52.4% 50.0%

20-29 8 51 59 57.1% 30.0% 32.1%

30-39 2 14 16 14.3% 8.2% 8.7%

40-49 1 11 12 7.1% 6.5% 6.5%

50-59 0 5 5 .0% 2.9% 2.7%

Total 14 170 184 7.6% 92.4% 100%

Ethnic NZ European/ Pakeha 10 118 128 71.4 69.4 69.6 NZ Maori 4 31 35 28.6 18.2 19.0 Pacific Island 0 17 17 0 10% 9.2 Other 0 4 4 0 2.4 2.2 Total 14 170 184 7.6% 92.4% 100%

Location Whangerei 0 1 1 0% .6% .5% North Shore 5 25 30 35.7% 14.7% 16.3% West Auckland 5 25 30 35.7% 14.7% 16.3% South Auckland 1 29 30 7.1% 17.1% 16.3% Wellington 0 10 10 .0% 5.9% 5.4% Nelson 1 29 30 7.1% 17.1% 16.3% Christchurch 2 27 29 14.3% 15.9% 15.8% Dunedin 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% Invercargill 0 24 24 .0% 14.1% 13.0%

Total 14 170 184 7.6% 92.4% 100% 1 Number of Netball Respondents 2 Percent of Netball Respondents


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Table II.2a: Attitudes toward key strategies: Agreement1

SMOSS GROUP*

(N=18)

NON SMOSS GROUP*

(N=68)

ALL PARTICIPANTS

(N=184)

Wore protective gear 50.0 45.3 45.7

Used Good Techniques 80.0 77.1 77.5

Cooled Down 100.0 85.5 86.9

Were Fitter 90.9 71.5 73.7

Warmed Up 100.0 97.5 97.7

Played Fair 81.8 79.1 80

Played within Rules 72.7 76.6 77.0

Did not Play when Injured 100.0 94.3 94.8 1 Percent of participants who agreed * Statistical significance not calculated due to small number that had attended a SMOSS course

Table II.2b: Attitudes toward key strategies: Strength of agreement1

NON-SMOSS GROUP* (N = 68)

SMOSS GROUP* (N = 18)

ALL PARTICIPANTS

(N = 184)

Wore Protective Gear 25.0 20.5 20.7

Used Good Techniques 50.0 39.8 40.8

Cooled Down 50.0 41.0 42.9

Were Fitter 41.7 37.3 39.7

Warmed Up 75.0 66.3 66.8

Played Fair 41.7 34.9 35.9

Played within Rules 50.0 40.4 41.3

Did not Play when Injured 75.0 67.5 67.4 1 Percent of participants who chose a ranking of 5 or 6 on the agreement scale. * Statistical significance not calculated due to small number that had attended a SMOSS course


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Table II.3a: Last injury1

Time of Last Injury: Netball (N=184)

Week 9.8

Month 15.8

Year 18.0

Longer 41.5

Never 14.8 1 Percent of participants.

Table II.3b: Site of injury1

Site of Injury

Netball

(N=88)

Lower Limb 63.6

Upper Limb/ Shoulder 25.0

Trunk/ Pelvis 8.0

Head/ Neck 3.4 1 Percent of participants with injuries in the last year.


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Table II.3c: Strategies that could have prevented injury: Agreement1

Strategy Netball (N=88)

Using good technique 43.2

Warming/ Cooling Down 28.4

Being Fitter 24.0

Playing Fair 18.7

Not Carrying an Injury 24.0

Safer Environment 25.4

Stopping Illegal/ Dangerous Play 31.1 1 Percent of participants who agreed strategy could have prevented or severity reduced injury.

Table II.3d: Strategies that could have prevented injury: Strength of Agreement1

Strategy

Netball (N=88)

Using good technique 29.1

Warming/ Cooling Down 13.9

Being Fitter 10.0

Playing Fair 12.5

Not Carrying an Injury 17.5

Safer Environment 18.4

Stopping Illegal/ Dangerous Play 21.5 1 Percent of participants who chose a ranking of 5 or 6 on the agreement scale.


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Table II.4: Attendance at SMOSS courses1

Attendance at SMOSS course?

No Yes Don’t Know

Personal Attendance 91.7 6.6 1.7 Team Member Attendance 38.2 10.1 51.7 1 Percent of participants.

Table II.5: Roles in preventing injuries: Strength of Agreement1

Netball

(N=175)

Player 32.1

Referee 18.5

Coach 12.0 1 Percent of participants.


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Table II.6a: Netball: Knowledge on Key Strategies1

Knowledge SMOSS*

(n=18)

NON-SMOSS*

(n=68)

ALL PARTICIPANTS

(n=184) 2

Correct Response♦:

(within 10 minutes)60.00 77.58 75.69

Ice Application (Q7a)

Incorrect Response:40.00 22.42 24.31

Correct Response♠:

(within 59 minutes)50.00 52.44 52.51

Compressions

(Q7b)


Correct Response♥:

(Most of the time)55.56 58.02 56.82 Elevation

(Q7c)


Ice, Compress And Elevate (Q7a, b & c)

Correct Response♦♠♥: 25.00 27.71 26.63

Incorrect Response: 75.00 72.29 73.37

1 Percent of participants. 2 Including respondents who did not know if they had attended a SMOSS course ♦ Applied within 10 minutes. ♣ Applied for 20+ minutes. ♠ Applied within an hour. ♥ Applied most of the time (ranking of 5 or 6). ● Applied up to 30 minutes * Statistical significance not calculated due to small number that had attended a SMOSS course


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Table II.6b: Behaviour on Key Strategies1

Behaviour SMOSS*

(n=18)

NON-

SMOSS*

(n=68)

ALL

PARTICIPANTS2

(n=184)

Correct Response♦: 28.6 44.2 41.86 Ice Application (Q4a)

Incorrect Response: 71.4 55.8 58.14

Correct Response♣: 28.6 15.6 16.28 Length of Application

(Q4b) Incorrect Response: 71.4 84.4 83.72

Correct Response♠: 28.6 27.3 27.91 Use of Compression

(Q4c) Incorrect Response: 71.4 72.7 72.09

Correct Response●: 16.7 90.8 11.90 Length of

Compression

(Q4d) Incorrect Response: 83.3 9.2 88.10

Correct Response♥: 16.7 31.1 29.27 Elevation of Injury

(Q4e) Incorrect Response: 83.3 68.9 70.73

Correct Response♦♣♠●♥: 0 0 0 Use of Ice,

Compression and

Elevation (Q4 a-e) Incorrect Response: 100 100 100

1 Percent of participants. 2 Including respondents who did not know if they had attended a SMOSS course ♦ Applied within 10 minutes. ♣ Applied for 20+ minutes. ♠ Applied within an hour. ♥ Applied most of the time (ranking of 5 or 6). ● Applied up to 30 minutes * Statistical significance not calculated due to small number that had attended a SMOSS course


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Table II.6c: Comparison between Knowledge about Injury Prevention and Behaviour1

Knowledge Behaviour

Use: 93.9 70.90 Ice Application (Q7a)

Recommended Time♦: 75.69 41.90

Use: 78.2 60.50 Compressions

(Q7b) Recommended Time♠: 52.51 27.90

Use: 90.3 67.10 Elevation

(Q7c) Recommended Time♥: 56.82 29.30

Use: 68.5 17.40 Ice, Compress And Elevate (Q7a, b & c) Recommended Time♦♠♥: 26.63 1.60 1 Percent of participants. ♦ Applied within 10 minutes. ♠ Applied within an hour. ♥ Applied most of the time (ranking of 5 or 6).

Table II.7: Use of Training Guides1

Netball

(N=184)

OFF SEASON:

NO 15.8

YES 58.5

DON’T KNOW 25.7

PRE-SEASON:

NO 10.3

YES 70.7

DON’T KNOW 70.7 1 Percent of participants.


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3 Comparison with Other Sport Groups

Introduction

This section includes a summary of the 2006 netball data compared to the 2006 data for hockey, basketball, soccer and league.

Demographics (Table III.1)

Netball was the only sport where participants were mainly females (92% vs. 7% - 42%). There was a 50-50 split between participants that were under and over 20 years of age. This age distribution was also apparent in basketball, hockey and soccer. A fifth of the participants were NZ Māori (19%) which was lower than in basketball (26%) and league (26%).

Attitudes towards key strategies (Table III.2a, III.2b)

Results across the sporting groups are consistent for all strategies with the exception of ‘wore protective gear’ where a significantly lower percentage of netball players (46%) and a higher percentage of hockey players (82%) agreed with this strategy compared with the mean across all five sports surveyed (mean = 62%). A high percentage of netball participants, as with other sports, agreed with the injury prevention strategy of ‘warmed up’ (98%) and ‘did not play when injured’ (95%). With respect to the strength of agreement, the percentage of netball players that strongly agreed with the key injury prevention strategy ‘wore protective gear’ (21%) was similar to basketball (20%) but significantly lower than the other three sports. A higher percentage of netball players ‘strongly agreed’ with the key injury prevention strategies ‘cooled down’, ‘were fitter’, and ‘warmed up’ than in the other sports, although differences were only significant in terms of the strategy ‘warmed up’.

Last injury and site of injury (Tables III.3, III.4)

The number of netball participants with injuries in the previous month (26%) was similar to the mean across all five sports surveyed (29%). The most frequent injury was to the lower limb in both netball (64%) and the other sports groups (44%-79%).

Strategies that could have prevented injuries (Tables III.5a III.5b)

Agreement for strategies that could have prevented their injury was relatively consistent across sports, except for league where a significantly lower percentage of participants agreed with five of the strategies. A slightly higher (non-significant) percentage of netball players ‘strongly agreed’ that ‘using good technique’ (29% vs. 14% - 25%), ‘not carrying an injury’ (18% vs. 7% - 13%), ‘safer environment’ (18% vs. 4% - 16%), and ‘stopping illegal/dangerous play’ (22% vs. 13% - 21%) could have prevented their injury.

Roles in preventing injuries (Tables III6a, III.6b)

There was high agreement across all sports that players had the most responsibility for preventing injuries (range = 87% - 98%). Although non-significant, netball players were more likely to agree that players had a role in preventing injuries (98%) when compared with all the other four sports (range = 87% - 95%). With respect to the strength of the agreement, the


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percentage of players that agreed that each of the individuals had a role in preventing injuries was relatively consistent across sports (Player = 24% – 36%; Referee = 12% - 19%; Coach = 5% - 13%).

Injury treatment knowledge (Table III.7)

Correct injury treatment knowledge of netball players was similar to participants from all the other sports. Knowledge that compression should be used in treatment of sprains/strains is lower than the other two components for all sports except league. With respect to the recommended time of use of compression, a higher percentage of netball players have the correct knowledge (28% vs. 11%-24%), although differences were non-significant.

Injury treatment behaviour (Tables III.8a, III.8b)

The percentage of netball players, like all other sports, that reported correct injury treatment behaviour was well below their injury treatment knowledge. All sports had less than one in three participants reporting appropriate injury prevention behaviour for at least two strategies: hockey (time: ice, compression, elevations), basketball (time: compression, elevation), netball (time: compression, elevation), soccer (time: ice, compression, elevations), and league (time: ice, compression, elevations).


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Table III.1: All Sports Demographics1

Netball Basketball Hockey Soccer League

n 184 202 195 219 163

Gender Male

Female

8

92

59

41

58

42

76

24

94

6

Age 15-19 50 47 50 48 35

20-29 32 32 32 27 45

30-39 9 12 13 15 15

40-49 7 5 5 7 3

50-59 3 4 0 1 3

60+ 0 0 1 1 0

Ethnic NZ European 70 56 77 75 31

NZ Maori 19 26 13 15 26

Pacific People 9 12 2 4 40

Other 2 6 8 6 2

Location Whangarei 1 14 15 14 0

North Shore 16 14 14 14 36

West Auckland 16 15 15 14 37

South Auckland 16 5 12 12 8

Wellington 5 6 9 10 0

Nelson 16 15 14 13 0

Christchurch 16 15 16 14 18

Dunedin 0 3 3 6 0

Invercargill 13 13 2 5 0 1 Percentage of each group.


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Table III.3a: All Sports Attitudes toward key strategies: Agreement1

Netball Basketball Hockey Soccer League Total

n 184 202 195 219 163 966

Wore protective gear 46** 54 82* 67 66 62

Used good techniques 78 75 84 80 78 77

Cooled down 87 82 88 82 81 82

Were fitter 74 76 79 78 62 72

Warmed up 98 94 95 94 89 91

Played fair 80 74 81 80 71 76

Played within the rules 77 79 86 86 78 80

Did not play when injured 95 93 93 93 96 91

1 Percentage of participants who agreed.

* Significantly more players agreed with strategy

** Significantly less players agreed with strategy

Table III.3b: All Sports Attitudes toward key strategies: Strength of agreement1


n 184 202 195 219 163 966

Wore protective gear 21** 20** 51* 32 31 31

Used good techniques 41 30 43 35 45 39

Cooled down 43 38 41 29 34 37

Were fitter 40 35 33 34 28 34

Warmed up 67* 49 53 47 48 53

Played fair 36 32 33 36 27 34

Played within the rules 41 37 41 42 42 41

Did not play when injured 67 70 71 70 80 72 1 Percentage of all participants who chose a ranking of 5 or 6 on the agreement scale.




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Table III.4: All Sports Last injury1


n 184 202 195 219 163 966

Week 10 10 11 15 2** 10

Month 16 24 20 18 16 19

Year 18 19 19 20 17 19

Longer 42 33 35 35 51* 39

Never 15 14 15 12 15 14 1 Percentage of participants.

* Significantly more players injured

** Significantly less players injured

Table III.5: All Sports Site of injury1

Site of Injury* Netball Basketball Hockey Soccer League Total

n 88 108 101 116 57 470

Lower Limb 64 60 69 79 44** 66

Upper Limb/ Shoulder 25** 29 12 7 40* 20

Trunk/ Pelvis 8 8 11 10 9 9

Head/ Neck 3 3 8 4 7 5

1 Percentage of injured participants.

* Significantly more players injured

** Significantly less players injured


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Table III.6a: All Sports Strategies that could have prevented injuries: Agreement1

Strategy Netball Basketball Hockey Soccer League Total

n 88 108 101 116 57 470

Using good technique 43 36 34 35 31 36

Warming/ Cooling Down 28 32 37 41 13** 32

Being Fitter 24 25 27 23 4** 22

Playing Fair 19 22 21 25 4** 20

Not Carrying an Injury 24 24 28 25 9** 23

Safer Environment 25 29 27 38 7** 28

Stopping Illegal/ Dangerous Play 31 26 33 35 15 29





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Table III.6b: All Sports Strategies that could have prevented injuries: Strength of agreement1

Strategy Netball Basketball Hockey Soccer League Total

n 88 108 101 116 57 470

Using good technique 29 18 17 14 25 20

Warming/ Cooling Down 14 17 19 15 5 15

Being Fitter 10 13 16 9 0** 10

Playing Fair 13 13 9 13 4 11

Not Carrying an Injury 18 13 9 10 7 12

Safer Environment 18 15 12 16 4 14

Stopping Illegal/ Dangerous Play 22 17 18 21 13 18





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Table III.6a: All Sports Roles in preventing injuries: Agreement1


n 184 202 195 219 163 966

Player 98 87 91 95 93 93

Referee 74 66 76 83 72 75

Coach 71 57 73 66 65 66 1 Percentage of participants who agreed.

Table III.6b: All Sports Roles in preventing injuries: Strength of Agreement1


n 184 202 195 219 163 966

Player 32 31 36 38 24 33

Referee 19 15 18 15 12** 16

Coach 12 13 12 11 5 11 1 Percentage of participants who agreed.




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Table III.7: All Sports

Injury treatment knowledge1

Netball Basketball Hockey Soccer League

n 184 202 195 219 163

Ice

Use 94 89 92 89 91

Don’t know 6 11 8 7 9

Recommended time♦ 75 64 64 58 50

Compression

Use 78 73 75 77 82

Don’t know 19 23 22 21 17

Recommended time♠ 53 45 42 42 47

Elevation

Use 90 80 80 78 79

Don’t know 9 19 18 21 20

Recommended time♥ 57 45 43 41 39 1 Percentage of participants. ♦ Applied within 10 minutes. ♠ Applied within an hour. ♥ Applied most of the time (ranking of 5 or 6).


24

Table III.8a: All Sports

Comparison between: Knowledge and behaviour1

Netball Basketball Hockey

n 88 108 101 Knowledge Behaviour Knowledge Behaviour Knowledge Behaviour

Ice

Use 94 71 89 76 92 61 Recommended time♦ 76 42 64 49* 64 29 Compression Use 78 61 73 55 75 41 Recommended time♠ 53 28 45 24 42 11** Elevation Use 90 67 80 66 80 56

Recommended time♥ 57 29 45 29

43 18

1 Percentage of participants. ♦ Applied within 10 minutes. ♠ Applied within an hour. ♥ Applied most of the time (ranking of 5 or 6).




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Table III.8b: All Sports Comparison between: Knowledge and behaviour1

Soccer League

n 116 57

Knowledge Behaviour Knowledge Behaviour

Ice

Use 89 69 93 63

Recommended time♦ 58 31 50 32

Compression Use

77 53 82 49 Recommended time♠

42 22 47 16 Elevation Use

78 70 79 42 Recommended time♥

41 18 39 12 1 Percentage of participants with injuries ♦ Applied within 10 minutes ♠ Applied within an hour ♥ Applied most of the time (ranking of 5 or 6)


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4 Comparison between 1999 and 2006

Introduction

The data collected this year has been compared with the data collected in 1999, 2000, 2002, and 2004 (Wilson et al, 1999; Wilson et al, 2000; Wilson et al, 2002, Wilson & Wohlers, 2004).

Attitudes toward key strategies (Figure IV.1)

This years data shows an increase in the percentage of players strongly agreeing with the 8 key strategies. Their was a significant increase in the percentage of players that strongly agreed with the key strategies ‘wore protective gear’, ‘warmed up’ and ‘did not play when injured’. These increases reverse the decline in the percentage of players ‘strongly agreeing’ with the key strategies that had occurred in 2004. Figure IV.1 shows the proportion of netball players who strongly agreed that these strategies could reduce injuries and compares the data collected with previous years.

Figure IV.1. Attitudes toward key strategies: Strength of agreement1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

# Did not play when injured

Played within the rules

Played fair

# Warmed up

Were fitter

Cooled down

Used good techniques

# Wore protective gear

Percent

200620042003200220001999

# Significant trend change.


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Injury treatment knowledge (Figures IV.2a, IV.2b, & IV.2c)

Since 2004, there has been a significant increase in the percent of players with correct knowledge about use of ice, compression and elevation following a strain or sprain. This increase in knowledge reverses the decline that had been evidenced since initial data collection in 1999. No significant changes have occurred in the correct knowledge about recommended time of use of ice, elevation and compression. Figure IV.2a. Netball: Knowledge on Use of Ice Following a Strain or Sprain

Ice

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Recommendedtime*

# Use

Percent

200620042003200220001999

*within 10 mins of injury.# significant trend change.

Figure IV.2b. Netball: Knowledge on Use of Compression Following a Strain or Sprain

Compression

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Recommendedtime*

# Use

Percent

200620042003200220001999

*within 60 mins of injury.# significant trend change.


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Figure IV.2c. Netball: Knowledge on Use of Elevation Following a Strain or Sprain

Elevation

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Recommendedtime*

# Use

Percent

200620042003200220001999

*most of the time.# significant trend change.

Injury treatment behaviour (Figures IV.3a, IV.3b, IV.3c)

Since 2004, there has been a decrease in the application of ice, compression and elevation and their use in the recommended time. Significant declines had occurred in the use of elevation and the use of compression and elevation in the recommend time. Figure IV.3a. Netball: Behaviour - Use of Ice Following a Strain or Sprain

Ice

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Recommendedtime*

Use

Percent

200620042003200220001999

*within 10 mins of injury.


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Figure IV.3b. Netball: Behaviour - Use of Compression Following a Strain or Sprain

Compression

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

# Recommendedtime*

Use

Percent

200620042003200220001999

*within 60 mins of injury.# significant trend change

Figure IV.3c. Netball: Behaviour - Use of Elevation Following a Strain or Sprain

Elevation

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

# Recommendedtime*

# Use

Percent

200620042003200220001999

*most of the time.# significant trend change


30

5 References Wilson NC and Wohlers M. (2004). 2004 Update. Key Generic Sports Injury Prevention:

Knowledge Attitudes & Behaviour. Report No. 2004.122, LINZ7 Activity and Health Research Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.

Wilson NC and Wohlers MW (2003). 2003 Update. Key Generic Sports Injury Prevention:

Knowledge Attitudes & Behaviour. Report No. 2003.15, LINZ7 Activity and Health Research Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.

Wilson NC, Bird Y, Blakey CW and Russell DG. (1999). Benchmark Data for Key Generic

Sports Injury Prevention Questionnaire. Report No. 99.102, LINZ7 Activity and Health Research Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.

Wilson NC, Bird Y, Blakey CW and Russell DG. (2000). 2000 Update. Key Generic Sports

Injury Prevention: Knowledge Attitudes & Behaviour. Report No. 2000.104, LINZ® Activity and Health Research Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.

Wilson NC, Cleghorn C and Blakey CW. (2002). 2002 Update. Key Generic Sports Injury

Prevention: Knowledge Attitudes & Behaviour. Report No. 2002.10, LINZ7 Activity and Health Research Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.


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6 Appendix A

Appendix A: Questionnaire


32


33


34

7 Appendix B

Appendix B: Instructions to Field Personnel


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Sport (City)

1. Enclosed • 30 questionnaires. • 4 information sheets about the project. 2. Distribution • All individuals must be at least 15 years of age. • Total of 13 males and 13 females (it would be great if you could get all 30

questionnaires completed). • No more than three players in any one team. • Teams from different levels i.e. first grade, social etc. If 5 different grades

not available achieve maximum spread/ 3. Procedure • Confirm with officials that they are agreeable to you handing out the

questionnaires. • Hand questionnaire to randomly selected player and ask them to complete

immediately. Of course, if they choose not to, don’t push it and move on to the next person.

• If they ask questions, answer them and give them a copy of the information sheet if they are interested.

• Note no names, addresses or telephone numbers are required and results will only be presented as group data.

• Complete summary sheet on the back of the envelope. • Return completed questionnaires in the envelope. Thank you for your help

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