Init 2/17/2010 by Daniel R. Barnes

WARNING: This presentation contains graphical and audio elements taken without permission from the world wide web. Do not copy or distribute this presentation. Its very existence may be illegal.

NorthAmerica?

SouthAmerica?Australia?

Africa?

Europe? Asia?

Antarctica?

PacificOcean?

AtlanticOcean?

AtlanticOcean

?IndianOcean?

CONTINENTS AND OCEANS

MediterraneanSea?

Los Angeles

FAMOUS LOCATIONS

West sa-eed!

New York City

Los Angeles

FAMOUS LOCATIONS

New York City

Japan

Brazil

India

Italy

Egypt

SiberiaAlaska

Hawaii

Greenland

IcelandNorway &Sweden

ChinaHimalayas

Philippines

HISTORICAL ASIDE:Countries that were at some point part of the

BRITISH EMPIRE

Sorry, Erlis. Turkey is grey on this map. It has never been a possession of the British.

It looks like the Brits owned the island of Cyprus at some point, though. That’s close to Turkey.

HISTORICAL ASIDE:Countries that, in 1683, were part of the

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

It looks like you were just thinking of the wrong empire.

Grand VizierKöprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha

Topography is . . .

. . . the study of the shape of the earth’s surface

The sea floor has just as much topographic diversity as dry land does . . .

Mountains

Dry Land Ocean Floor

Valleys

Plains

Volcanoes

Faults

Plateaus

The deepest parts of the ocean are colored . . .

. . . dark blue on this map.

These deep, wide, dark, flat regions of the seafloor are called . . .

abyssal plains

gulper eel

gulper eel

Is this one

fake?

Mid-AtlanticRidge

divergentplate boundary

seafloorspreading

Basaltic eruptionsmake new oceanic crust

pillow basalt

Mid-AtlanticRidge

Oceanic ridge

Mid-ocean ridge

What are allthe red zones?

continentalshelf

shallowwater

oftengood for fishing

GrandBanks

continentalshelf

shallowwater

can easily becomea land

bridge . . .

. . . when sea levels drop . . .

. . . during a

glaciation phase of

an ice age

can easily becomea land

bridge . . .

. . . when sea levels drop . . .

. . . during a

glaciation phase of

an ice age

This map has a different color code than the last one.This map has a different color code than the last one.

On this map, what color are the continental shelves?

On this map, what color is the mid-ocean ridge?

On this map, what is in dark blue?

On this map, what color are the highest mountains?

Volcanic eruptions can and do occur underwater . . . a LOT, in fact

Lava comes out and quickly solidifies when it touches the water.

Each layer of igneous rock adds size and mass to the volcano.

These undersea mountains are called “seamounts”.

If the magma supply from underneath doesn’t die out too soon . . .

The seamount will eventually get tall enough to become an island.

Islands have a tendency to become surrounded by coral reefs.

Coral is an animal, even though it sits in place like a plant.

However, coral polyps, which are basically jellyfish with their heads stuck to a rocky skeleton they secrete, do typically have tiny golden-brown algae living in them that photosynthesize.

Therefore, coral must grow in clear, shallow, sunlit waters.

The island itself may shrink, but the ring of coral remains, since it’s alive, and can grow, if needed, to stay high enough to reach light.

If the volcanic eruptions stop, the island stops growing, but weathering and erosion don’t stop, so

the island shrinks.

The ability to fight the forces of weathering and erosion are, in fact, a sign of life.

Coral is a combination of rock and living tissue, so not only is it subject to normal weathering and erosion; it is also subject to being eaten . . .

The green humphead parrotfish eats algae that grows on coral, and also eats the coral itself.

Because it eats coral, it poops out calcium carbonate sediment.

The oceanic crust from which the island projects often begins to sink once the magma supply dies out.

The coral keeps growing upward, creating more and more calcium carbonate skeleton, to stay high enough for light.

Once the island is worn down beneath the waves, coral can grow on top of it, turning the fringing reef from a doughnut shape into a solid disc shape (cookie?). It is now an “atoll”.

If eruptions have stopped, waves will wear the island away until its surface lies beneath the waves, but the coral keeps growing

At some point, though, the crustal plate may sink so low that the coral can’t grow fast enough to stay in

the light, and the reef dies.

At this point, the submerged ex-island is no longer an atoll, but a guyot.

Guyots are flat-topped seamounts that used to be islands.

e=mc2

North PacificGyre

South PacificGyre

North Atlantic

Gyre

South Atlantic

Gyre

IndianOceanGyre

North PacificGyre

South PacificGyre

North Atlantic

Gyre

South Atlantic

Gyre

IndianOceanGyre

NorthAmerica

SouthAmericaAustralia

Africa

Europe Asia

Antarctica

PacificOcean

AtlanticOcean

AtlanticOcean

IndianOcean